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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gas-particles

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Academic literature on the topic 'Gas-particles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 16 November 2024

Last updated: 5 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Gas-particles"

1

Dac Dien, Nguyen, Luong Huu Phuoc, Do Duc Tho, Nguyen Anh Phuc Duc, Nguyen Duc Chien, and Dang Duc Vuong. "HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS AND NH3 GAS SENSING PROPERTY OFWO3 NANO PARTICLES." Journal of Science, Natural Science 60, no. 7 (2015): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2015-0034.

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KASHU, SEIICHIRO. "Gas deposition of ultrafine particles." SHINKU 35, no. 7 (1992): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.35.649.

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Sychevskii, V. A. "Gas-detonation processing of particles." High Temperature 46, no. 5 (2008): 686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x08050143.

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Burde, Jan-Philipp, Thomas Wilhelm, Jochen Kuhn, and Stephan Lück. "“Particles” simuliert ein ideales Gas." Physik in unserer Zeit 45, no. 1 (2014): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/piuz.201490007.

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x, Shubham. "CFD DEM Study of Gas Solid Fluidized Bed for Non Spherical Particles." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 7 (2023): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23701235635.

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GILBERTSON, M. A., and I. EAMES. "Segregation patterns in gas-fluidized systems." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 433 (April 25, 2001): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001003950.

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The formation of segregation patterns in initially homogeneous, fluidized, binary mixtures of particles has been studied. The adjustment of the bed depends on the proportions of fine and coarse particles in the mixture and the gas flow rate relative to the minimum fluidization velocities of the two components. The particles are immobile until the gas flow rate is sufficiently large to fluidize the mixture of particles. When the gas flow rate exceeds this critical value, alternating vertical bands of coarse and fine particles form. At a second critical gas velocity this pattern breaks down and the more familiar pattern of a mixed horizontal band on top of a layer of coarse particles forms. A phase diagram, constructed from experimental observations, shows the conditions for which each of these regimes exists. Its structure is explained in terms of the fluidization and consequent mobility of the mixture components. When horizontal bands are present, the thickness of the lower layer of coarse particles decreases with increasing gas flow rate depending on the proportion of fine particles in the bed. This, and its development, can be understood by analogy with the sedimentation of particles through a turbulent fluid. The experiments imply that the efficiency of mixing by the bubbles in the fluidized bed is very much less than that expected from gas bubbles in a liquid.

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Wooldridge, Margaret S. "Gas-phase combustion synthesis of particles." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 24, no. 1 (1998): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1285(97)00024-5.

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Bischof, Oliver F., and Henna Tuomenoja. "Measurement of blow-by gas particles." MTZ worldwide 64, no. 7-8 (2003): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03227601.

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Epstein, Norman, and Pratap P. Chandnani. "Gas spouting characteristics of fine particles." Chemical Engineering Science 42, no. 12 (1987): 2977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(87)87069-0.

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Wang, Shining, Jian Xu, Weisheng Wei, et al. "Gas spouting hydrodynamics of fine particles." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 78, no. 1 (2000): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450780120.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gas-particles"

1

Omota, Florin. "Adhesion of catalyst particles to gas bubbles." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2005. http://dare.uva.nl/document/77898.

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Zhao, Fan. "Modelling of gas-solid flows with non-spherical particles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/34398.

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Dispersed multiphase flows are common in nature and industry and are governed by complex physical phenomena. The complex features of the turbulence continuity carrier phase and the dispersed phase make the problem of a dispersed multiphase flow much more complex than a single phase flow. This research work focuses on modelling and analysing one type of dispersed multiphase flows: solid particles suspended in a turbulent channel flow. The aim of this thesis is to numerically investigate the effects of Stokes number, particle shape and particle volume fraction on the behaviour of gas-solid turbulent channel flows with non-spherical particles. This study not only considers spherical particles but also studies non-spherical fibre-like ellipsoids suspended in the channel flow. To fully describe the complex dynamics of non- spherical particles, the rotational motion and orientation is efficiently and accurately re- solved by applying unit Quaternions. To address inevitable numerical errors caused by the Quaternion integration algorithms in previous studies, a novel Quaternion integration method is derived, validated and applied for more accurately updating the unit Quaternions. This work also derives a new Quaternion equation to relate second order tensor variables between different frameworks. This research work applies four-way coupling to accurately model the complex gas-solid turbulent channel flows, and the fluid-particle, particle-particle and particle-wall interactions are all taken into account. Important conclusions from this work are summarized as follows. In four-way coupled simulations, the average viscosity of the fluid flow is not affected by the particles, whereas the turbulence intensity is reduced by adding small heavy particles. The average direct dissipation by the particles is negligible, and the primary mechanism by which the particles affect the flow is by altering the turbulence structure near and around the turbulence kinetic energy peak. For non-spherical particles, the distributions of the orientation angles clearly demonstrate that ellipsoids tend to align within the plane that lies perpendicular to the span-wise direction in the very near wall region, follow the stream-wise direction in the buffer layer, and almost randomly distribute in the central region of the channel.

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Rees, Andrew Christopher. "The behaviour of buoyant particles in gas-fluidised beds." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613955.

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Cowan, John D. "A billiard model for a gas of particles with rotation /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2004.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2004.<br>Adviser: Boris Hasselblatt. Submitted to the Dept. of Mathematics. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-62). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

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Hardy, Matthew Philips. "Numerical investigation of gas-powered delivery of micro particles to tissue." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289337.

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Soliman, Salah M. "Micro-Particles and Gas Dynamics in an Axi-Symmetric Supersonic Nozzle." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1313772443.

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Kim, Donghee. "Nucleation and coagulation of particulate matter inside a turbulent exhaust plume of a diesel vehicle." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2305.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 198 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-177).

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Zhang, Ning. "Motion and distribution of micro-sized solid particles in turbulent gas flow /." Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Kassaee, Mohamad Hadi. "Internal surface modification of zeolite MFI particles and membranes for gas separation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44906.

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Zeolites are a well-known class of crystalline oxide materials with tunable compositions and nanoporous structures, and have been used extensively in catalysis, adsorption, and ion exchange. The zeolite MFI is one of the well-studied zeolites because it has a pore size and structure suitable for separation or chemical conversion of many industrially important molecules. Modification of zeolite structures with organic groups offers a potential new way to change their properties of zeolites, beyond the manipulation of the zeolite framework structure and composition. The main goals of this thesis research are to study the organic-modification of the MFI pore structure, and to assess the effects of such modification on the adsorption and transport properties of zeolite MFI sorbents and membranes. In this work, the internal pore structure of MFI zeolite particles and membranes has been modified by direct covalent condensation or chemical complexation of different organic molecules with the silanol defect sites existing in the MFI structure. The organic molecules used for pore modification are 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 1-propaneamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol, and benzenemethanol. TGA/DSC and 13C/29Si NMR characterizations indicated that the functional groups were chemically bound to the zeolite framework, and that the loading was commensurate with the concentration of internal silanol defects. Gas adsorption isotherms of CO2, CH4, and N2 on the modified zeolite materials show a range of properties different from that of the bare MFI zeolite. The MFI/3-amino-1-propanol, MFI/2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol, and MFI/benzenemethanol materials showed the largest differences from bare MFI. These properties were qualitatively explained by the known affinity of amino- and hydroxyl groups for CO2, and of the phenyl group for CH4. The combined influence of adsorption and diffusion changes due to modification can be studied by measuring permeation of different gases on modified MFI membranes. To study these effects, I synthesized MFI membranes with [h0h] out-of-plane orientation on α-alumina supports. The membranes were modified by the same procedures as used for MFI particles and with 1-butanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol, and benzenemethanol. The existence of functional groups in the pores of the zeolite was confirmed by PA-FTIR measurements. Permeation measurements of H2, N2, CO2, CH4, and SF6, were performed at room temperature before and after modification. Permeation of n-butane, and i-butane were measured before and after modification with 1-butanol. For all of the studied gases, gas permeances decreased by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to bare MFI membranes for modified membranes. This is a strong indication that the organic species in the MFI framework are interacting with or blocking the gas molecule transport through the MFI pores. A detailed fundamental study of the CO2 adsorption mechanism in modified zeolites is necessary to gain a better understating of the adsorption and permeation behavior of such materials. Towards this end, an in situ FTIR study was performe.For the organic molecules with only one functional group (1-butanol, benzenemethanol, and 1-propaneamine), physical adsorption was found - as intuitively expected - to be the only observed mode of attachment of CO2 to the modified zeolite material. Even in the case of MFI modified with 1,3-diaminopropane, only physical adsorption is seen. This is explained by the isolated nature of the amine groups in the material, due to which only a single amine group can interact with a CO2 molecule. On the other hand, chemisorbed CO2 species are clearly observed on bare MFI, and on MFI modified with 3-amino-1-propanol or 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol. Specifically, these are carbonate-like species that arise from the chemisorption of CO2 to the silanol group in bare MFI and the alcohol groups of the modifying molecule. The possibility of significant contributions from external surface silanol groups in adsorbing CO2 chemisorbed species was ruled out by a comparative examination of the FTIR spectra of 10 μm and 900 nm MFI particles modified with 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol.

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Gallen, Lucien. "Prediction of soot particles in Gas Turbine Combustors using Large Eddy Simulation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0058.

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Les futures réglementations en termes d'émission de polluants, notamment sur les particules fines (PM), qui s'appliquent aux chambres de combustion de nouvelle génération nécessitent de nouvelles approches de conception. Afin de réduire la formation des particules de suies, la compréhension des processus de formation et de transports des particules est nécessaire. La chimie et la dynamique de ces particules de suies dépendent fortement de la taille et de la morphologie de celle-ci, leur prédiction requière donc calculer la distribution en taille des particules. Pour cela, des méthodes Eulériennes sont utilisées (Moments, Sectionnels), ou des méthodes stochastiques Lagrangiennes sont proposées. Dans ce travail, une méthode semidéterministique basée sur l'approche Lagrangienne est proposée. Parallèlement, une description précise de la chimie, notamment pour les précurseurs de suies nécessaire aux modèles détaillés de formation de suies est développée. La méthodologie incluant la description des précurseurs de suies et le transport de celles-ci est calculée dans deux configurations de type aéronautiques. La première est la configuration FIRST, une flamme étudiée au DLR opérant à haute pression dans un milieu confiné et stabilisée à l'aide d'un swirleur. L'impact du choix du précurseur de suies ainsi que la prise en compte des transferts radiatifs est évaluée. La température et la fraction volumique des suies sont en accord avec les mesures expérimentales. La seconde configuration est le bruleur UTIAS Jet A-1 où le Jet A-1 est un carburant aéronautique, il est caractérisé par une flamme swirlée diphasique et étudié à l'université de Toronto au Canada. La simulation aux grandes échelles de cette configuration procure de nouvelles connaissances sur la formation des particules des suies dans les flammes turbulentes diphasiques. Un très bon accord avec les données expérimentales est observé pour cette configuration concernant les particules de suies<br>Expected stringent legislation on particulate matter (PM) emission by gas turbine combustors is currently motivating considerable efforts to be better understand, model and predict soot formation. This complex phenomenon is very difficult to study in detail with experiment, and numerical simulation is an essential complementary tool. Considering that the chemistry of soot particles strongly depends on their size, the numerical prediction of soot formation requires the description of their size distribution. To do so, either Eulerian methods (sectional or moments) or stochastic Lagrangian approaches are reported in the literature. In the present work, a far more simple semi-deterministic Lagrangian approach is proposed. An accurate description of the gaseous phase including first Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons is also developed as a necessary input to detail soot model. The combination of reduced chemistries with Lagrangian soot tracking is applied to canonical laminar sooting flames, later to two complex configurations representative of an aeronautical combustors. The first one is the FIRST configuration, a gaseous confined pressurized swirled flame studied experimentally at DLR. Impact of precursors species and radiative transfers through the resolution of Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE). Good predictions are obtained compared to experiments for predicted temperature and soot volume fraction. The second target configuration is the UTIAS Jet A-1 burner and corresponds to a confined turbulent spray flame burning aviation jet fuel A-1 studied experimentally at UTIAS Toronto. LES of this configuration provides a qualitative and quantitative understanding of soot evolution in turbulent spray flames. Numerical predicted soot volume fraction using Lagrangian soot tracking and an ARC mechanism including pyrolysis method is compared to experimental measurements. Results show the ability of the proposed methodology relying on ARC chemistry for Jet A-1 including pyrolysis method and Lagrangian soot tracking, to predict accurately soot compared to available measurements

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Books on the topic "Gas-particles"

1

Tortorelli, Joseph Patrick. The effect of external gas/slurry contact on the flotation of fine particles. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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Weikle, Donald H. TiCl₄ as a source of TiO₂ particles for laser anemometry measurements in hot gas]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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Center, Ames Research, ed. CFD modelling of bore erosion in two-stage light gas guns. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1998.

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Center, Ames Research, ed. CFD modelling of bore erosion in two-stage light gas guns. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1998.

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Watterson, John R. A pyrolysis-gas chromatographic study of organic matter from Snake River flake-type placer gold particles. U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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S, Leventhal Joel, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. A pyrolysis-gas chromatographic study of organic matter from Snake River flake-type placer gold particles. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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S, Leventhal Joel, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. A pyrolysis-gas chromatographic study of organic matter from Snake River flake-type placer gold particles. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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S, Leventhal Joel, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. A pyrolysis-gas chromatographic study of organic matter from Snake River flake-type placer gold particles. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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S, Leventhal Joel, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. A pyrolysis-gas chromatographic study of organic matter from Snake River flake-type placer gold particles. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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S, Leventhal Joel, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. A pyrolysis-gas chromatographic study of organic matter from Snake River flake-type placer gold particles. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gas-particles"

1

Buttà, Paolo, Guido Cavallaro, and Carlo Marchioro. "Gas of Point Particles." In Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14759-8_1.

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Sasoh, Akihiro. "Motion of Gas Particles and Thermodynamics." In Compressible Fluid Dynamics and Shock Waves. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0504-1_2.

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Tan, Zhongchao. "Separation of Particles from a Gas." In Green Energy and Technology. Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-212-8_6.

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Wu, C. P., and M. K. Mazumder. "Transport of Charged Particles in Gas Streams." In Particles in Gases and Liquids 2. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3544-1_23.

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Cao, Jianping. "Interaction Between Gas-Phase Pollutants and Particles." In Handbook of Indoor Air Quality. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7680-2_12.

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Cao, Jianping. "Interaction Between Gas-Phase Pollutants and Particles." In Handbook of Indoor Air Quality. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5155-5_12-1.

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Klingenberg, Horst. "Measurement of Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components and Diesel Exhaust Gas Particles." In Automobile Exhaust Emission Testing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80243-0_7.

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Mahieu, Stijn, Koen Van Aeken, and Diederik Depla. "Transport of Sputtered Particles Through the Gas Phase." In Reactive Sputter Deposition. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76664-3_6.

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Koks, Don. "The Motion of Gas Particles, and Transport Processes." In Microstates, Entropy and Quanta. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02429-1_6.

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Garrett, Steven L. "Ideal Gas Laws." In Understanding Acoustics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_7.

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Abstract This is the first chapter to explicitly address fluid media. For springs and solids, Hooke’s law, or its generalization using stress, strain, and elastic moduli provided an equation of state. In fluids, we have an equation of state that relates changes in pressure (stresses) to changes in density (strain). The simplest fluidic equations of state are the Ideal Gas Laws. Our presentation of these laws will combine microscopic models that treat gas atoms as hard spheres with phenomenological (thermodynamic) models that combine the variables that describe the gas with conservation laws that restrict those variables. The combination of microscopic and phenomenological models will give us the important characteristics of gas behavior under isothermal or adiabatic conditions and will provide relationships between gas heat capacities and their constituent particles when augmented with elementary concepts from quantum mechanics. The chapter ends by adding a velocity field to the pressure, temperature, and density, thus providing the equations of hydrodynamics that will guide all of the subsequent development of acoustics in fluids.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gas-particles"

1

Qu, Huang, Sun ZS, Hu Yu, Guo Yanqiang, and Zhang Yin. "Research on the characteristics of particles motion of turbo-jet engine gas-path in complex gas-solid two-phase flow." In First Aerospace Frontiers Conference (AFC 2024), edited by Han Zhang. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3032689.

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Zhang, F., and H. Gröning. "Detonation study of two-phase flow (reactive particles-gas)." In Current topics in shock waves 17th international symposium on shock waves and shock tubes Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (USA). AIP, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.39503.

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Moiseeva, Ksenia, and Alexey Krainov. "Features of combustion of gas suspension of boron particles." In ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS: EXPERIMENT, THEORY, AND APPLICATIONS. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0132288.

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Oman, I., Peter Novak, and M. Tuma. "APPLICATION OF ANTHRACITE PARTICLES FOR GAS HEATING BY SOLAR ENERGY." In International Heat Transfer Conference 9. Begellhouse, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc9.750.

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Gan, Jieqing, Zongyan Zhou, Ruiping Zou, and Aibing Yu. "Discrete element modeling of gas fluidization of fine ellipsoidal particles." In POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4812135.

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Andreev, Alexander A., Toshitsugu Ueda, and Muneaki Wakamatsu. "Laser plasma emission of small particles in different gas atmospheres." In High-Power Lasers and Applications, edited by Koji Sugioka, Malcolm C. Gower, Richard F. Haglund, Jr., et al. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.470648.

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ORIANI, R. A., and J. C. FISHER. "ENERGETIC CHARGED PARTICLES PRODUCED IN THE GAS PHASE BY ELECTROLYSIS." In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cold Fusion. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701510_0049.

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Paczkowski, Sebastian, Tilman Sauerwald, Alexander Weiß, Marco Bauer, Dieter Kohl, and Stefan Schütz. "Biomimetic gas sensors for large-scale drying of wood particles." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Raúl J. Martín-Palma and Akhlesh Lakhtakia. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.882421.

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Zhang, Xinyu, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "Effects of Neutrally Buoyant Particles on Gas-Liquid-Solid Flows." In ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASME, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2013-16299.

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Zhang, Xinyu, and Goodarz Ahmadi. "Roles of Neutrally Buoyant Particles in Gas-Liquid-Solid Flows." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72038.

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A CFD study is carried out to investigate the roles of neutrally buoyant particles in gas-liquid-solid flows in bubble columns. An Eulerian-Lagrangian model is used and the liquid flow is modeled using a volume-averaged system of governing equations, while motions of bubbles and particles are evaluated using Lagrangian trajectory analysis. Bubbles are assumed to remain spherical. Bubble-liquid interaction and particle-liquid interaction are included in the study. The drag, lift, buoyancy, and virtual mass forces are included in the discrete phase equations. Particle-particle interactions and bubble-bubble interactions are accounted for by a hard sphere model. The bubble coalescence is also included in the analysis. Neutrally buoyant particles are used in the study. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data in a previous work, and good agreement was obtained. The transient flow characteristics of a gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow and a gas-liquid two-phase flow are studied and the roles of neutrally buoyant particles are discussed. The simulations show that the transient characteristics of the flows in a bubble column are dominated by time-dependent vortices. The presence of particles can affect the characteristics of the flows and flows with particles evolve faster.

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Reports on the topic "Gas-particles"

1

Choudhuri, Ahsan. Investigation of Gas Solid Fluidized Bed Dynamics with Non-Spherical Particles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1121749.

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LaVerne, Jay A. Hazardous Gas Production by Alpha Particles in Solid Organic Transuranic Waste Matrices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828402.

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LaVerne, Jay A. Hazardous Gas Production by Alpha Particles in Solid Organic Transuranic Waste Matrices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828404.

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Schmidt, Andrew J., Calvin H. Delegard, Samuel A. Bryan, et al. Gas Generation from K East Basin Sludges and Irradiated Metallic Uranium Fuel Particles Series III Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15010540.

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LaVerne, J. A. Hazardous gas production by alpha particles in solid organic transuranic waste matrices. 1998 annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13650.

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Svedeman. L51729 Gas Scrubber Performance Evaluation - Measurement Methods. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010420.

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Scrubbers and separators are used in natural gas pipelines to remove solid and liquid materials from the gas stream. Failure to remove the entrained materials from the gas can result in equipment damage, increased pressure drop due to liquid accumulation, flow measurement errors, and corrosion. The performance of separators is rarely tested after a separator is installed because there is a lack of test instrumentation and it is difficult to conduct tests at the high pressures. The only indicators of poor separator performance are recurring problems in downstream equipment or the detection of accumulated materials in downstream piping. Instrumentation is needed that can verify separator performance when the unit is installed and to periodically monitor separator performance. The report documents results of instrument tests. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. One important result was that the separator minimum removable drop size increased as the operating pressure increased. This trend is not generally known, since there is a lack of test results for pressures above atmospheric pressure. The separator performance test results are documented in this report. Two different particle measuring instruments were evaluated for documenting separator performance. The two instruments were the video imaging system with automatic image analysis and the laser-based phase Doppler particle measuring system. The instruments were evaluated in laboratory tests that were conducted on a commercially available vane-type separator. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the two instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. The video imaging system has a number of attractive attributes, but it was not able to measure the small diameter drops at the separator exit. The primary limitation was that the optical system could not clearly image the small drops (in the range from 5 to 30 um). The phase Doppler particle measuring system was capable of measuring all of the parameters needed to document the separator performance. Based on the instrument evaluations, future efforts on developing measurement methods for documenting separator performance should focus on adapting the phase Doppler system to field testing.

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Ben-Dor, G., and O. Igra. A Numerical Investigation of the Flow Field Developed Behind (A) An Oblique Shock Wave Propagating into a Dusty Gas (B) A Normal Shock Wave Propagating into a Dusty Gas Having Dust Particles of Various Size. Defense Technical Information Center, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada204219.

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Lawson. L51597 Feasibility Study of New Technology for Intake Air Filtration. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010105.

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Inlet air filters are widely used to remove solids and liquid droplets from the ambient air before it enters the compressor of a gas turbine. Clean inlet air provides many advantages: Less corrosion of the compressor and of gas-path hot parts, such as the turbine, decreased compressor fouling, less erosion of the compressor bladeThese in turn prevent deterioration of output and heat rate, and reduce maintenance costs. Compressor fouling is caused by the ingestion of substances that deposit and adhere to blade surfaces, resulting in reduced aerodynamic efficiency and decreased available output. Air contamination could be significantly reduced by the use of more efficient air filtration systems, especially through the reduction of the quantity of smaller particles ingested. The consequent lower loss of output power and decreased cleaning efforts provide lower costs of operation and increased shaft power. This work was composed of three major efforts: 1) A literature search was performed to establish the state of the art for particle removal from gases, particularly by electrostatic precipitation, and to identify the leading vendors of the equipment-considering both experience and technical expertise. 2) Two chosen companies were visited to determine their technical capabilities as they apply to gas turbine inlet air filtration. 3) A representative gas turbine was specified by PRCI as being the equivalent of a GE Model 3002J turbine, with airflow of 91,200 acfm. A specification based upon that airflow was prepared and submitted to the two vendors. Each vendor prepared a proposal for a filter system compliant with the specification. The proposed air filtration equipment is sufficiently different from existing products that it was judged not beneficial to visit manufacturing facilities. Both vendors are reputable suppliers of air filtration equipment. This study is intended to provide definitive information relative to the use of new technology for air inlet filtration on gas turbines in gas pipeline pumping applications.

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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.

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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.

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Hazardous Gas Production by Alpha Particles. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/791495.

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