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1
Raal, J. David, and Wayne Michael Nelson. "Gas chromatograph calibration of gas mixtures using a versatile precision volumetric apparatus." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 5 (2022): 054108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083028.
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A compact, volumetric apparatus was developed for accurate automated preparation of standard gas and gas–liquid mixtures for gas chromatograph detector calibration, with accuracies comparable to those from gravimetric or Coriolis flow methods. The method developed by the principal author is not an adaptation or extension of any other apparatus or technology, and measurements involve only stepper motor steps, temperature, and pressure ratios. Mixture preparation is accomplished via the displacement of gas between chambers in a highly uniform cylinder, separated by a movable piston. Piston movement, with piston end rods of exactly equal diameter, ensures that there is no change in interior volume, and the volume of gas displaced from the bottom into the top compartment is exactly proportional to the piston travel measured to within 10 μm. The apparatus, operation, and previously unpublished measurements on common refinery gas mixtures over large concentration ranges are described in detail. These confirmed the accuracy and versatility of the apparatus and also the principle of no pressure change during mixture preparation, from sensitive pressure measurements. Conservative expanded uncertainties in prepared mixture mole fraction ranged from 0.001 to 0.002 over extended composition ranges. Absolute average deviations for the detector response factor for the mixtures ranged from 0.001 to 0.002. An exact new mathematical solution procedure permits the use of impure “pure” gases without loss of accuracy and can be applied to other procedures for standard gas mixture preparation. An exact expression is listed for determining “pure” gas purity.
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Wong, R. J., J. J. Mahoney, J. A. Harvey, and A. L. Van Kessel. "StatPal II pH and Blood Gas Analysis System evaluated." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 1 (1994): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.1.124.
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Abstract We evaluated a new portable instrument, the PPG StatPal II pH and Blood Gas Analysis System, designed for "point-of-care" measurements of blood gases and pH. Inaccuracy (% of target value) and imprecision (CV%) were assessed by blood tonometry and comparison with a Corning 178. Within-day results for PCO2 inaccuracy and imprecision ranged from 98.2% to 102.9% and 3.3% to 3.9%, respectively; for PO2, these were 95.5% to 102.3% and 2.3% to 3.0%, respectively. Between-day results for PCO2 inaccuracy and imprecision ranged from 99.2% to 99.3% and from 2.9% to 3.2%, respectively; for PO2, the ranges were 96.2% to 98.2% and 2.6% to 3.0%, respectively. Two PCO2 outliers (in 645 samples = 0.3%) were observed. In general, tonometry recovery, measurement stability, and pH bias results for the StatPal II and Corning 178 were comparable. We conclude that the StatPal II performs within acceptable ranges of inaccuracy and imprecision.
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Liu, Baolei, and Changxuan Li. "Mining and Analysis of Production Characteristics Data of Tight Gas Reservoirs." Processes 11, no. 11 (2023): 3159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11113159.
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The production characteristics of gas reservoirs are one of the important research subjects in gas reservoir development. To better guide the production development and strategy formulation of tight gas reservoirs, it is necessary to utilize data mining techniques to clarify the production characteristics of different reserves types of tight gas reservoirs. The production varies with the size of the recoverable reserves. In this study, 261 tight gas reservoirs worldwide were divided into three categories based on the size of their recoverable reserves. By considering the complete lifecycle of tight gas reservoirs, the production variations were classified into 16 production features, and these features were compiled into a dataset. Three algorithms, namely random forest, LightGBM, and CatBoost, were trained separately to analyze the relationship between the production characteristics and the size of the recoverable reserves of tight gas reservoirs. The objective was to define the production characteristics of tight gas reservoirs with different reserve sizes. Consequently, a set of production characteristic judgment rules that align with the size of the recoverable reserves of tight gas reservoirs was established. The findings revealed that LightGBM provided accurate predictions for the development characteristics of tight gas reservoirs with different reserve sizes. The production characteristics of large-scale tight gas reservoirs are as follows: the cumulative production at the end of the production increase phase ranges from 10 to 115.8 billion cubic meters, while the cumulative production at the end of the stable production phase ranges from 7.9 to 154.9 billion cubic meters. The peak production ranges from 2.3 to 3.8 billion cubic meters, and the decline period is estimated to last between 40 to 51 years. For medium-scale tight gas reservoirs, the production characteristics are as follows: the cumulative production at the end of the production increase phase ranges from 2.5 to 10 billion cubic meters, while the cumulative production at the end of the stable production phase ranges from 2.4 to 7.9 billion cubic meters. The peak production ranges from 0.8 to 2.3 billion cubic meters, and the decline period ranges from 20 to 40 years. As for small-scale tight gas reservoirs, the production characteristics are as follows: the cumulative production at the end of the production increase phase ranges from 0.1 to 2.5 billion cubic meters, while the cumulative production at the end of the stable production phase ranges from 0.2 to 2.4 billion cubic meters. The peak production ranges from 0.005 to 0.8 billion cubic meters, and the decline period ranges from 3 to 20 years. This study can provide potential references for the formulation of development technology policies for tight gas reservoirs and the assessment of reservoir production potential.
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Sustiyah, S. Dohong, N. P. Ariani, et al. "CH4 Emissions on Smallholder Plantations in The Tropical Peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1421, no. 1 (2024): 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1421/1/012003.
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Abstract The development of peatlands is considered a contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originating from land clearing, burning, and land management. Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the factors causing climate change and global warming. One of the main greenhouse gas components of peatlands is methane. This study aims to determine the effect of conversion of peat land to smallholder plantations on the amount of CH4 emissions and the water table. This research was conducted in the smallholder farming at Kalampangan Village, Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The results showed that the conversion of peat land to smallholder plantations had an effect on CH4 emissions and the water table. CH4 emissions in oil palm plantations are higher and the water table is deeper than in dragon fruit plantations. CH4 emissions in oil palm plantations were 1.66-53.18 mg CH4 m−2 hours−1 and in dragon fruit orchards it ranged from 12.43-35.00 mg CH4 m−2hours−1. The water table values in oil palm plantations ranged from (-145.33- -196.67) cm and in peat land dragon fruit gardens ranged from 115.00-167.17 cm. CH4 emissions on peatlands before conversion were 0.42-3.92 mg m−2hours−1 and the water tabel value is (-69.48-+22.40) cm in rainy season conditions. This condition shows that the location of the smallerholder plantation land is in anaerobic conditions. The soil temperature in the chamber in the peatlands of oil palm plantations ranges between 27.20-38.60 °C, and in the peatlands of dragon fruit plantations ranges from 34.09-39.45°C. The soil temperature around the chamber in the peatlands of oil palm plantations ranges from 27.81-37.17 °C, and in the peatlands of dragon fruit plantations ranges from 32.51-38.59 °C.
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Hu, Shengbo, Qingkai Wang, Chunjiang Li, and Zhijun Li. "Threshold Ranges of Multiphase Components from Natural Ice CT Images Based on Watershed Algorithm." Water 16, no. 22 (2024): 3330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16223330.
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The multiphase components of natural ice contain gas, ice, unfrozen water, sediment and brine. X-ray computed tomography (CT) analysis of ice multiphase components has the advantage of high precision, non-destructiveness and visualization; however, it is limited by the segmentation thresholds. Due to the proximity of the CT value ranges of gas, ice, unfrozen water, sediment and brine within the samples, there is uncertainty in the artificial determination of the CT image segmentation thresholds, as well as unsuitability of the global threshold segmentation methods. In order to improve the accuracy of multi-threshold segmentation in CT images, a CT system was used to scan the Yellow River ice, the Wuliangsuhai lake ice and the Arctic sea ice. The threshold ranges of multiphase components within the ice were determined by watershed algorithm to construct a high-precision three-dimensional ice model. The results indicated that CT combined with watershed algorithm was an efficient and non-destructive method for obtaining microscopic information within ice, which accurately segmented the ice into multiphase components such as gas, ice, unfrozen water, sediment, and brine. The gas CT values of the Yellow River ice, the Wuliangsuhai lake ice and the Arctic sea ice ranged from −1024 Hu~−107 Hu, −1024 Hu~−103 Hu, and −1024 Hu~−160 Hu, respectively. The ice CT values of the Yellow River ice, the Wuliangsuhai lake ice and the Arctic sea ice ranged from −103 Hu~−50 Hu, −100 Hu~−38 Hu, −153 Hu~−51 Hu. The unfrozen water CT values of the Yellow River ice and the Wuliangsuhai lake ice ranged from −8 Hu~18 Hu, −8 Hu~13 Hu. The sediment CT values of the Yellow River ice and the Wuliangsuhai lake ice ranged from 20 Hu~3071 Hu, 20 Hu~3071 Hu, and the brine CT values of the Arctic sea ice ranged from −6 Hu~3071 Hu. The errors between the three-dimensional ice model divided by threshold ranges and measured sediment content were less than 0.003 g/cm3, which verified the high accuracy of the established microscopic model. It provided a scientific basis for ice engineering, ice remote sensing, and ice disaster prevention.
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Mohamad, A. H., J. T. Creed, T. M. Davidson, and J. A. Caruso. "Detection of Halogenated Compounds by Capillary Gas Chromatography with Helium Plasma Mass Spectrometry Detection." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 7 (1989): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894203714.
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A gas Chromatograph was coupled to a helium microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometer for the detection of halogenated hydrocarbons. The absolute detection limits for the chlorinated compounds investigated ranged from 9.2 to 21 picograms, while the detection limits for brominated and iodinated compounds ranged from 0.92 to 1.05 picograms. The linear dynamic ranges were found to be 2.5–3 orders of magnitude. The results obtained are compared with optical emission from this and other laboratories.
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Fadlilah, A., M. Jayadi, and M. Nathan. "Methane gas emissions (CH4) in paddy fields in Minasatene District, Pangkep Regency: Microbial abundance against increased methane gas." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230, no. 1 (2023): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012035.
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Abstract Global warming caused by various human activities results in increased concentrations of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. This causes the problem of climate change. One of the sources of Indonesia’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions comes from the agricultural sector. Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas and has a global warming potential 25 times greater than CO2. Paddy fields contribute to GHG emissions due to the condition of the rice fields which are always flooded which produce gases such as CO2, N2O and Methane (CH4). This study aims to determine the effect of microbial abundance on increasing emissions of methane gas (CH4) in paddy fields. This research was conducted by collecting samples in the field with variations at 30th, 60th, and 90th day after planting (DAP). The results of laboratory analysis showed that the results of C-Organic analysis were 1.45-2.56%, the results of soil microbial abundance analysis for the total bacterial population ranged from 1.2 x 104 - 6.3 x 105 (CFU/g) and the results of analysis flux of CH4 at 30thDAP sampling from the three sample points ranged from 2.13 - 11.29 (mg/m2/hour). For the 60thDAP sample from the three sample points it ranges from 10.01 - 22.77 (mg/m2/hour). For the 90thDAP sample from the three sample points it ranges from 21.98 - 25.54 (mg/m2/hour). The results of the analysis of methane (CH4) emissions in one growing season show different values of methane emissions at different locations and sampling times.
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Cui, Ze Hong, Bin Ren, Zhao Hui Xia, et al. "Fine Description and Development Strategy of Fort Cooper Coal Measures in North Bowen Basin of Australia." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1309.
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Based on the analysis of coring, logging and experimental data, fine evaluation on Fort Copper Coal Measures (FCCM) of Early Permian Blackwater Group in north Bowen Basin of Australia has been done. FCCM is a potential coal measure. Eight coal seams exist in FCCM. Laterally, they develop steadily. Seams of FCCM characterize interbedding with partings, high ash content, high gas content and mediate-low permeability. The content of partings, which are groups of siltstone, mudstone and tuff, ranges from 15% to 55%. The cumulative thickness of pure coal ranges from 40 to 60 m. The ash content ranges from 20% to 70%, averaging 45%. Coal seams gas content is as high as 7% to 15%, benefitting from the dense rock block effect on the top and bottom, as well as the interplayers. The permeability ranges from 0.1 to 10 mD laterally. Parameters above show FCCM has good developing potential. Western slope of Nebo syncline is suggested as the favorable area, considering its good developing factors such as shallow buried depth of coal seams, relatively high permeability and effective gas preserve environment. Meanwhile, gas in partings can be considered in collaborative development strategy. Developing gas along with ash will be the focus of future development evaluation.
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Basha, J. W., J. J. Sternlieb, V. O. Bjork, T. W. Gabrielson, and V. Hodges. "Clinical Evaluation of Bentley 10 Plus Bubble Oxygenator." Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology 20 (1988): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ject/198820s044.
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This is the first clinical report evaluating the accuracy, safety and operative simplicity of the new BENTLEY 10 PLUS (B10+) bubble oxygenator to control pO2 and pCO2 independently. Eleven patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomly selected. The Bentley Gas Stat (BGS) was used to obtain blood gas values during CPB at five-minute intervals, (N = 270). BGS calibration values were recorded. Confirming blood gas samples were sent to the hospital laboratory at approximately 15-minute intervals to ensure accuracy of the BGS. Adjustments to the gas flow controller (GFC) and total gas flow (TGF) were made to maintain the pO2 and pCO2 with predetermined ranges, 100–150 torr and 38–42 torr, respectively. The number of adjustments required to maintain values within ranges, GFC settings, TGF settings, Hemoglobin, and visual signs of hemolysis (hemoglobin-urea) were charted. The B10+ unique gas flow control mechanism and central filming chamber enables the user to independently control pO2 and pCO2 during CPB: thus, A) maintain blood gases within physiologic ranges, B) reduces microgaseous emboli emission, C) reduces blood trauma and D) allows blood gas control similar to a membrane at significantly less cost. Use of a continuous on-line blood gas analyzer is recommended with this oxygenator.
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Haynes, Jeffrey M., and Robert G. Fishwick. "Verification of Assayed Blood Gas Quality Control Ranges." Respiratory Care 67, no. 4 (2022): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.09342.
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Wong, R. CK, L. R. Bentley, A. W. Ndegwa, A. Chu, M. Gharibi, and S. RD Lunn. "Biodegradation of monoethanolamine in soil monitored by electrical conductivity measurement: an observational approach." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 6 (2004): 1026–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-044.
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Monoethanolamine (MEA) is commonly used by the natural gas industry to remove acid gases from the natural gas stream. A series of pan test studies was conducted to examine the biodegradability of MEA in soil recovered from a decommissioned sour gas processing plant site. Test results indicate that MEA was successfully biodegraded or transformed into simple compounds under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil evolved with changing chemical conditions of its by-products during degradation of MEA. Based on experimental observations, five ranges of EC were correlated with five geochemical zones consisting of various concentrations of MEA and its by-products. The five ranges of EC were translated into equivalent in situ EC ranges. Using these in situ EC ranges, an electrical resistivity tomography image was used to create a geochemical interpretation of the subsurface beneath the plant site. The geochemical interpretation can provide useful information for detailed site assessment and remediation design.Key words: electrical conductivity, biodegradation, monoethanolamine, ammonia, acetate, electrical resistivity tomography, site characterization, observational approach.
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Gao, Bo, Jianguo Li, Xue Yuan, and Peng Chen. "Gas parameter characteristics in Reflux Flotation Cell." Vibroengineering Procedia 55 (September 27, 2024): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2024.24399.
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Flotation is a primary method for separating fine particles, and the growing demand for processing these particles has driven recent research efforts towards developing and designing more efficient flotation devices. Among these, the Reflux Flotation Cell (RFC) stands out as an innovative solution specifically tailored for fine particle flotation. Gas parameters are crucial factors influencing flotation and are essential indicators for evaluating flotation equipment. This study primarily investigates the gas characteristics within the RFC, including bubble size, gas holdup, and bubble surface area flux. The experimental results indicate that bubble diameters range from 0.4 to 0.8 mm, gas holdup ranges from 30 % to 50 %, and bubble surface area flux ranges from 120 to 400 s-1. These findings demonstrate that the RFC provides an optimal gas environment, conducive to effective mineral flotation.
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Patel, Brijesh, Kalpit P. Kaurase, and Anil M. Bisen. "Thermo Mechanical Fatigue Testing of GTD 111 Superalloy for Use in Gas Turbine Blades." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.211.
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Design of Turbo machinery is complex and efficiency is directly related to material performance, material selection is of prime importance. Temperature limitations are the most crucial limiting factors to gas turbine efficiencies. This paper presents the life of GTD 111 applied to gas turbine blade based on LCF and TMF test results. The LCF tests were conducted under various strain ranges based on gas turbine operating conditions. In addition, IP (in-phase) and OP (out of-phase) TMF tests were conducted under various strain ranges. The paper will focus light on above issues and each plays an important role within the Gas Turbine Material literature and ultimately influences on planning and development practices. It is expected that this comprehensive contribution will be very beneficial to everyone involved or interested in Gas Turbines.
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Borkloe, Julius Kwame, Renfang Pan, Jineng Jin, Emmanuel Kwesi Nyantakyi, and Jianghui Meng. "Evaluation of shale gas potential of Cambrian Jiulaodong Formation in Wei-201 well block in Sichuan Basin, China." Interpretation 4, no. 2 (2016): T123—T140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0074.1.
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The Cambrian Jiulaodong Formation of the Wei-201 well block in the Sichuan Basin was investigated for shale gas potential. In the subsurface, the thermally mature formation attained a stable thickness of 234 m encompassing an area of approximately [Formula: see text] and representing a potential gas resource. The total gas content measurements from canistered samples was more than the estimated total gas storage capacity of the free gas, absorbed gas, and gas dissolved in water and in oil. The canister gas content ranged between 0.971 and [Formula: see text] and averaged [Formula: see text]. The average estimated gas in place was 2.5 billion cubic meters for the formation in the Weiyuan area. Reflectance measurements for thermal maturity range between 2.60% and 3.06% and average 2.84%. The results of our total organic carbon content (TOC) content analysis conducted on the core shale samples indicate that the TOC content of the formation ranges from 0.87% to 3.57% and averages 2.2%. The mineral composition of marine mudstone formation of the Jiulaodong shale is relatively consistent. Brittle mineral content increases with organic carbon content and is approximately 32%–43%, of which quartz content is 29%–40% with a very low amount of clay mineral as the mixed layer. The amount of illite-smectite ranges from 0% to 1% and the brittleness index range from 37% to 62% and average 57.1%. The Cambrian Jiulaodong Formation ha very good petroleum-source rock potential due to its average TOC content of greater than 2%, average canister gas content of [Formula: see text], good type I kerogen, high maturity with average 2.84% of source rocks that are characterized by a fairly high abundance of organic matter increasing from top to bottom and a large thickness of 234 m. Natural fractures, cracks, and pores developed in the Jiulaodong Formation also provide space for shale gas storage, and its average brittleness index is greater than 57%, which is good for fracability.
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Zhao, Shihu, Yanbin Wang, Yong Li, Honghui Li, Zhaohui Xu, and Xun Gong. "Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Lower Paleozoic Heituao Shale from Tadong Low Uplift of Tarim Basin, China: Implication for Shale Gas Development." Minerals 11, no. 6 (2021): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060635.
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Tarim Basin is the largest Petroliferous basin in China, while its shale gas development potential has not been fully revealed. The organic-rich black shale in middle Ordovician Heituao Formation from Tadong low uplift of Tarim Basin has been considered as an important source rock and has the characteristic of large thickness, high organic matter content and high thermal maturity degree. To obtain its development potential, geochemical, mineralogical and mechanics research is conducted based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and uniaxial compression experiments. The results show that: (1) the TOC content ranges between 0.63 and 2.51 wt% with an average value of 1.22 wt%, the Tmax values are 382–523 °C (average = 468.9 °C), and the S2 value is relatively low which ranges from 0.08 to 1.37 mg HC/g rock (averaging of 0.42 mg HC/g rock); (2) the organic matter of Heituao shale in Tadong low uplift show poor abundance as indicated by low S2 value, gas-prone property, and post mature stage (stage of dry gas). (3) Quartz is the main mineral component in Heituao shale samples, accounting for 26–94 wt% with an average of 72 wt%. Additionally, its Young’s modulus ranges from 20.0 to 23.1 GPa with an average of 21.2 GPa, Poisson’s ratio ranges between 0.11 and 0.21 (average = 0.15); (4) the fracability parameter of brittleness index (BI) ranges between 0.28 and 0.99 (averaging of 0.85), indicating good fracability potential of Heituao shale of Tadong low uplift and has the potential for shale gas development. This study reveals the shale gas accumulation potential in middle Ordovician of the Tarim Basin, and beneficial for future exploration and production practice.
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Sun, Jing, Yuting Zhao, Jie Liang, Xiujuan Zhang, and Qingfang Zhao. "Tectonic Controls on Late Paleozoic Shale Gas Preservation in Western Shandong, China." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 6 (2025): 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061121.
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Based on structural geology, petrology, shale gas geology, and basin modeling, this study investigates the characteristics of tectonic evolution and sedimentary responses in Western Shandong since the Late Paleozoic. Additionally, this study systematically investigates the hydrocarbon generation and reservoir formation conditions of Late Paleozoic shale gas and analyzes the controlling effects of tectonic activities on shale gas preservation. It is concluded that the TOC of the Late Paleozoic source rocks in this area ranges from 1.0% to 4.5%, considered as moderate to good source rocks. The Ro ranges from 0.7% to 3.5%, indicating a low to overmature stage. Deep concave source rocks have strong hydrocarbon generation potential. The Late Paleozoic shale gas reservoirs in Western Shandong are affected by superposed multiphase tectonic movements, where the activity of fault systems exerts dual controls on shale gas preservation.
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Niu, Jun, Shuo Liu, and Jing-Yu Xu. "Investigation on separation performance of vane-type gas-liquid tube separator." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 26, no. 3 (2020): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq190909040n.
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In this work, gas phase distribution characteristic and separation performance of a new vane-type gas-liquid separator were carefully investigated using electrical resistance tomography and numerical simulation. The diameter of the separator was 100 mm and the flow rate ranges from 12.0 to 23.0 m3/h. The gas flow rate ranges from 1.2 to 4.0 m3/h. In the experiment, electrical resistance tomography was applied to test section void fraction distribution. Coriolis mass flow meter was applied to obtain separation efficiency by testing separator exits mixture density. In the numerical simulation, full Eulerian multiphase model, together with RNG k-? turbulent model and dispersed phase zero equation models were applied. Results show that the vane-type gas-liquid separator's performance is influenced by gas core size. The separator performs well in all the cases, considering separation efficiency is over 85%, and achieves nearly 100% through adjustment of split ratio. All these findings are beneficial for vane-type gas-liquid separator design and optimization.
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Su, Yue, Peng Chen, Pengjian Wang, et al. "Pd-loaded SnO2 hierarchical nanospheres for a high dynamic range H2S micro sensor." RSC Advances 9, no. 11 (2019): 5987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra09156k.
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The sensitivity of Pd-loaded SnO<sub>2</sub> nanosphere sensor to H<sub>2</sub>S gas: micro gas sensors based on Pd-loaded SnO<sub>2</sub> nanospheres have credible gas detection abilities down to 10 ppb and 4 orders of magnitude concentration detection ranges.
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Lee, Ji Hun, and Sang Koo Jeon. "Development of Volumetric and Manometric Techniques for Measuring Gas Emission Concentration and Diffusivity in Gas Enriched Polymers." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 63, no. 6 (2025): 437–52. https://doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2025.63.6.437.
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Gas sensors are crucial devices in various fields such as industrial safety, environmental monitoring, gas infrastructure including hydrogen use, and medical diagnostics. These sensors precisely measure the presence of gases on-site in different environments to ensure operational safety and efficiency. Designed for high sensitivity, stability, and reliability, gas sensors are often required to be cost effective and compact while providing a rapid response. To address these diverse needs, we have developed two types of gas sensors based on volumetric and manometric methods. These two sensors are operated by measuring the gas volume and the pressure changes, respectively, by emitted gas. They are capable of determining the values of gas transport parameters, such as gas uptake, solubility, and diffusivity, for polymers exposed to gas under a high pressure environment. The sensors provide rapid responses within one second and can measure gas uptake in a range from 0.01 wt·ppm to 1500 wt·ppm with adjustable sensitivity and measurement ranges. Performance evaluations demonstrate the sensors' reliability, adaptability to varying measurement ranges, and stability under temperature/pressure fluctuations. The results demonstrate that this sensor system provides real-time detection and analysis of gas transport properties in gases, including H2, He, N2, O2, and Ar, and that it is suitable for pure gas sensing.
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Ronalds, Beverley F. "Applicability ranges for offshore oil and gas production facilities." Marine Structures 18, no. 3 (2005): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2005.06.001.
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Zulfah, Annisa Muliahati, and Eva Fathul Karamah. "Energy Audit on Oil and Gas Industry Facility: Case Study at Field Y, East Kalimantan." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186704007.
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This paper discusses energy audit in operating oil and gas production facility in Indonesia by taking a case study at Field Y, East Kalimantan. Energy audit is essential to be carried out in order to identify current rate of efficiency and energy intensity in oil and gas production facility, and extrapolate the data as baseline to recommend potential room for improvement in increasing efficiency. Calculation on efficiency and energy intensity has been performed against main equipments which consumes fuel gas, namely generators and turbo compressors. Data from 2015-2017 were collected to perform the calculation. Calculation results showed that generator thermal efficiency ranges from 13.54% - 17.45%, which was affected by generator load power itself. The efficiency improves as the load power increases. Meanwhile, compressor thermal efficiency ranged from 28.36% - 33.79% depending on process variables and compressed gas volume. Energy intensity calculation result showed the value of 64.554 - 71.064 and greenhouse gas emission ranged from 160.48-208.17 kt CO2 eq. From this study, it is identified that improvements to increase efficiency and reduce energy intensity can be made through operating one generator and one compressor, and assessing the use of renewable energy resources to supply power requirement for non-process facilities on site.
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Moroz, Deniz, Nadzeya Hruntovich, Nikolay Hruntovich, Aliaksei Kapanski, Larisa Markaryants, and Zumeyra Shakurova. "Regularities of the formation of structural fields of daily gas consumption of the regional gas supply system." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001076.
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Daily statistics on the volume of gas consumption and the average daily outdoor air temperature for a six-year period were adopted as an information basis for scientific research with the matter of studying the functioning and developing of the regional gas supply system. For the regional gas supply system, the type of structural fields “daily gas consumption – average daily outdoor air temperature” was determined and their constancy over time was proved. For structural fields, 4 temperature ranges are allocated and a system of characterizing indicators was proposed. The regularities of the formation of daily gas consumption from the average daily outdoor air temperature for the proposed temperature ranges were established, the sensitivity coefficient of the relative change in the daily gas consumption with a relative daily change in the outdoor air temperature was determined. Daily models of the gas consumption dependence on the outdoor air temperature was developed, smoothed by a moving average over 30 days for two temperature regions: 1 - the area of the connected state of the heating system, 2 - the area of the disconnected state of the heating system. The seasonal coefficient of gas consumption was assessed.
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Xie, Wei-Dong, Meng Wang, Xiao-Qi Wang, Yan-Di Wang, and Chang-Qing Hu. "Nano-Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Shale Gas Reservoirs: A Case Study of Longmaxi Formation in Southeastern Chongqing, China." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (2021): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18721.
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Pore structure and fractal dimensions can characterize the adsorption, desorption and seepage characteristics of shale gas reservoirs. In this study, pore structure, fractal characteristics and influencing factors were studied of the Longmaxi formation shale gas reservoir in southeastern Chongqing, China. Scanning electron microscopy was used to describe the characteristics of various reservoirs. High pressure mercury intrusion and low temperature liquid N2 and CO2 adsorption experiments were used to obtain pore structure parameters. V–S model, FHH model and Menger sponge model were selected to calculate the micropore, mesopore and macropore fractal dimensions, respectively. The results show that organic matter pores, inter-granular pores, intra-granular pores and micro-fractures are developed within the shale, and the pore morphology is mostly ink pores and parallel plate pores with aperture essentially in the 1–2 nm and 2–50 nm ranges. Moreover, macropores are the most complex in these samples, with mesopores being less complex than macropores, and the micropores being the simplest. D1 (micropore fractal dimension) ranges from 2.31 to 2.50, D2 (mesopore fractal dimension) ranges from 2.74 to 2.83, D3 (macropore fractal dimension) ranges from 2.87 to 2.95, and Dt (comprehensive fractal dimension) ranges from 2.69 to 2.83 of fractal characteristics. D1 and D2 are mainly controlled by TOC content, while D3 and Dt are mainly controlled by brittle and clay mineral content. These results may be helpful for exploration and the development of shale gas in southeastern Chongqing, China.
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Evitayani, F. Agustin, L. Warly, Syamsuardi, and Ivan M. Kasim. "Fungi Mycorrhizal Arbuscular for Reclamation of Coal Mining Using Land to Determine Characteristics of Rumen Fluids and Gas Production of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum of CV. Taiwan)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1097, no. 1 (2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1097/1/012023.
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Abstract This study aims to determine the nutritional values of elephant grass to save critical land and provide forage quality animal feed which decreases due to conversion. This study employed the experimental method using a randomized block design with five types of treatments and four replications (groups). Fungi Mycorrizal Arbuscula (FMA) cv. Glomus manihotis will be inoculated at a dose of 10 grams/clump. The treatments comprise of A = 100% N, P, and K without FMA; B = 100% N, P, and K + FMA; C = 75% N, P, and K + FMA; D = 50% N, P, and K + FMA; E = 25% N, P, and K + FMA. The analysis results show that the treatments on the characteristics of rumen fluid, gas production, and metabolism energy (ME) are not significantly different (P > 0.05). The pH ranges from 6.86 (E) to 6.89 (B); the N-NH3 ranges from 11.20 (A) to 13.60 mg/100 ml (C); the VFA ranges from 93.3 (A) to 130.30 mM (E); gas production ranges from 34.40 (A) to 40.42 (ml/200 mg DM) (E). To conclude, adding 25% N, P, and K Fertilizer + FMA of Glomus manihotis 10 grams is the best process for the characteristics of rumen fluids and gas production.
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Canas, Benjamin J., Frank L. Joe, Gregory W. Diachenko, and Gordon Burns. "Determination of Ethyl Carbamate in Alcoholic Beverages and Soy Sauce by Gas Chromatography with Mass Selective Detection: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 6 (1994): 1530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.6.1530.
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Abstract A method using gas chromatography with mass selective detection for the determination of ethyl carbamate (EC; also known as urethane) in alcoholic beverages and soy sauce was collaboratively studied by 17 laboratories including authors’ laboratories. The method uses prepacked columns for extraction of liquids with methylene chloride, and n-propyl carbamate as the internal standard. A practice sample and 6 samples of distilled spirits, fortified wines, table wines, and soy sauces were analyzed by each collaborator. Each matrix included blind duplicates of incurred and fortified EC at 3 levels. Distilled spirits contained 50–330 ng EC/g (ppb), fortified wine 40–160 ppb, table wine 10–50 ppb, and soy sauce 15–70 ppb. The ranges of the repeatability relative standard deviations, excluding outliers, were 4.03–6.63% for distilled spirits, 4.01–5.05% for fortified wine, 3.94–6.73% for table wine, and 4.70–8.49% for soy sauce. The ranges of the reproducibility relative standard deviations, excluding outliers, were 8.53–9.49% for distilled spirits, 6.84–12.02% for fortified wine, 8.86–18.47% for table wine, and 13.87–27.37% for soy sauce. Recoveries of added EC ranged from 87 to 93%. Recoveries relative to reference values, labeled as the internal standard, obtained by using gas chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer ranged from 89 to 100%.
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Pavlov, A. V., T. S. Shchepanuk, E. O. Chebykin, Yu Yu Protasov, and V. D. Telekh. "Lead evaporation by VUV radiation of various spectral ranges." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2064, no. 1 (2021): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2064/1/012078.
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Abstract The results of an experimental study of the plasma formed by the evaporation of the lead target in the field of powerful broadband VUV radiation are presented. A pulse light-erosion magnetoplasma compressor (MPC’s) discharge is used as a model source of VUV radiation. “Gas filtration” of radiation is used to control the spectral composition – the discharge takes place in pure inert gases: in argon at 200 torr and neon at 400 torr. This allows us to manage the spectral distribution of radiation energy and to limit the energy of quants which irradiate the lead target with the first ionization potential of buffer gas. Shadow photography, toeplergrathy, double exposure laser holographic interferometry are used for diagnostics. Experimentally established different distribution of parameters in the lead plasma depending on the spectral composition of the impact radiation (the composition of buffer gas). It is shown that when the energy of quants increases (above the lead second ionization potential), a more even heating of the plasma layer is realized.
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Han, Wenxue, Shizhen Tao, Guoyi Hu, et al. "Light hydrocarbon geochemical characteristics and their application in Upper Paleozoic, Shenmu gas field, Ordos Basin." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 35, no. 1 (2016): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598716679962.
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Light hydrocarbon has abundant geochemical information, but there are few studies on it in Shenmu gas field. Taking Upper Paleozoic in Shenmu gas field as an example, authors use gas chromatography technology to study light hydrocarbon systematically. The results show that (1) The Shenmu gas field is mainly coal-derived gas, which is mixed by partial oil-derived gas due to the experiment data. (2) Based on K1, K2 parameter and Halpern star chart, the Upper Paleozoic gas in Shenmu gas field belongs to the same petroleum system and the depositional environment of natural gas source rocks should be homologous. (3) The source rocks are mainly from terrestrial higher plant origins and belong to swamp facies humic due to methyl cyclohexane index and Mango parameter intersection chart, which excluded the possibility of the Upper Paleozoic limestone as source rocks. (4) The isoheptane ranges from 1.45 to 2.69 with an average of 2.32, and n-heptane ranges from 9.48 to 17.68% with an average of 11.71%, which is below 20%. The maturity of Upper Paleozoic gas in Shenmu gas field is low-normal stage, which is consistent with Ro data. (5) The Upper Paleozoic natural gas in the Shenmu gas field did not experience prolonged migration or secondary changes, thus can be analyzed by light hydrocarbon index precisely.
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Yang, Yangyuchen, Yijie Yin, Daniel M. Davies, et al. "Liquefied gas electrolytes for wide-temperature lithium metal batteries." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 7 (2020): 2209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01446j.
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Lin, Zhong-Ping, and Walter A. Aue. "Gas-phase luminescence of aromatic carbonyl compounds in excited nitrogen at atmospheric pressure." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 78, no. 1 (2000): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-203.
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Certain types of aroyl compounds such as benzaldehyde, acetophenone, benzophenone, and anthraquinone produce intense gas-phase luminescence in excited nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. This luminescence was measured in pressure ranges of 1.001.67 atm and temperature ranges of 343473 K. A novel, radioactively (Ni-63) stimulated, high-voltage( [Formula: see text]1750 V/mm), low-current ( [Formula: see text]35 nA) discharge in high-purity nitrogen was used for gas chromatographic detection and spectral excitation. The gas-phase luminescence spectra of about sixty aroyl compounds - introduced as gas chromatographic peaks - could thus be measured and compared with literature spectra obtained by conventional excitation in condensed phases. Only a few gas-phase spectra are available from the literature, and these did agree well with the spectra of this study. A speculative luminescence mechanism is proposed, in which ground-state N2 becomes excited by collision with fast electrons. This is followed by efficient triplet-triplet energy transfer from N2(A 3Σu+) to the n>π* excited aroyl compound. Key words: aroyl phosphorescence, excited-nitrogen excitation, aroyl triplet-triplet excitation, aroyl luminescence detection, gas-phase phosphorescence spectra, gas-phase aroyl detection.
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Al-Shahrani, Saad Said. "Corrosion Inhibition of a Gas Sparged Copper Cylinder in a Solution of NaCl and Na2S by Using 4-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole as Corrosion Inhibitor." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 19, no. 3 (2016): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v19i3.239.
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 Most of previous investigations for corrosion inhibition of copper using triazole derivatives were carried out in stagnant conditions and mainly in presence either NaCl or Na2S. The main aim of this work is to investigate the performance of one of triazole derivatives namely, 4-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole (AHT) on improving the corrosion resistance of gas sparged copper parts in a solution comprised of NaCl and Na2S with different propotions. The potentiodynamic technique was used for investigating the effect of different variables on the corrosion rate of gas sparged copper such as gas velocity, initial S-2 concentration, gas sparged copper cylinder diameter, and initial AHT inhibitor concentration. The results show that the %improvement in corrosion resistance depends mainly on two main parameters, gas flow rate and amount of AHT inhibitor added. For lower gas velocities 0.07 cm/s the %improvement ranges from 6 to 22%, while for higher gas rate 0.35 cm/s it ranges from 2 to 7% depending on the amount of inhibitor added. The activation energy of the reaction was found to increase by approximately 20% by addition of the inhibitor up to 10ppm. 
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Kudryavtseva, M. S., A. N. Petukhov, D. N. Shablykin, E. A. Stepanova, A. V. Vorotyntsev, and V. M. Vorotyntsev. "Natural Gas Separation by Gas Hydrate Crystallization Technology: Calculation of Gas Hydrate Distribution Coefficients." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 638, no. 4 (2023): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2023-638-4-3-7.
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This work considers the possibility of separating the natural gas from the Orenburg field using gas hydrate crystallization technology to purify methane from impurities. The effect of the mixture composition, process temperature, and pressure on the separation efficiencyof the gas mixture CH4 - C2H6 - C3H8 - i-C4H10 - н-C4H10 - C5H12 - N2 - H2S - CO2 was mathematically modeled. Efficiency was determined based on gas hydrate distribution coefficients. It was shown that the CH4 gas hydrate distribution coefficient variedinsignificantly with the field operation time and amounted to less than 1. The predominant concentration of CH4, n-C4H10, n-C5H12, N2, CO2 in the gas phase and C3H8, i-C4H10, H2S in the gas hydrate phase was established. In the studied temperature (268.15-283.15 K) and pressure (2.00-8.00 MPa) ranges, the maximum gas hydrate distribution coefficient of C3H8, i-C4H10, and H2S was foundto be 32.32, 44.66, and 31.61, respectively, at 268.15 K and 8 MPa.
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Lerche, I. "Ranges of Probable Uncertainty in Gas Resource Estimates for The Usa." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 5 (1994): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200505.
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Estimates have been made by ten different groups of different categories contributing to potential gas resources for the USA. The estimates are evaluated using probabilistic methods to determine both the most likely values of potential reserves (or resources) in a given category, and also to assess the range of uncertainty of each category, i.e. the volatility of each estimate. In the case of conventional existing gas fields, where the most copious and most accurate data are available from which an estimate can be constructed, the range of uncertainty is about 40%. In the cases of all other more speculative resource categories the range of uncertainty is at least 75% and as high as 160% for shale gas. Estimates of the total Lower 40 States reserves are uncertain by about 80% and for the total 50 United States by 70%. A total reserve estimate, risk-weighted inversely with the volatility of each category, would suggest a likely discoverable gas reserve of greater than 110 Tcf (90% chance), less than 260 Tcf (90% change, and probably (2/3 chance) less than about 190 Tcf. It is also 5 times as likely that the majority of this discoverable gas will be in existing and discoverable fields in the Lower 48 States together with tight sands, as compared to anywhere else in the nation or in any other category.
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Khimenkov, A. N., A. V. Koshurnikov, and P. A. Sobolev. "Gas filtration in frozen soils." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 3 (June 28, 2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2020-3-97-103.
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The work is devoted to the laboratory study of gas filtration in samples of ice of various salinity and frozen soils. For this, in a specially designed installation, frozen samples were subjected to pressure gas. Then, using the methods of texture and structural studies in transmitted, reflected and polarized light, a study of their structure was carried out. During the experiments, it was possible to identify the processes accompanying gas filtration in ice of various salinity and frozen soil, as well as to establish the temperature ranges of its beginning.
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Au, S., P. R. Smy, D. R. Topham, and H. A. Woods. "The voltage–current characteristics of a boundary layer arc." Canadian Journal of Physics 70, no. 5 (1992): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p92-047.
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The voltage–current characteristics of a boundary layer arc were measured over wide ranges of flow velocity (Ma 0.02–1.5) and current (10–100 A) by using three different experimental combinations. The arc is held in close contact with a solid surface because of the relative motion of the surrounding gas. The measured data show reasonable agreement with the predictions of a temperature-dependent Prandtl boundary layer model. Analysis of the saturation ion current from the arc to a Langmuir probe set in the solid surface shows that the inner surface of the arc lies very close to the surface as assumed in the theoretical model. A similar arc–flow–solid configuration arises in some circuit breakers, arc heaters, gas lasers, and even spark ignition devices. The ranges of current and flow velocities in these situations generally lie within the ranges covered by the results described in this paper.
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Porszasz, J., T. J. Barstow, and K. Wasserman. "Evaluation of a symmetrically disposed Pitot tube flowmeter for measuring gas flow during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 6 (1994): 2659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.6.2659.
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We evaluated the effect of airflow and gas composition on the linearity of measurement of airflow by a new disposable flowmeter. The flowmeter is based on the principle of differential pressure measurement across two symmetrically disposed Pitot tubes. Nonlinearities arising from the pressure-to-airflow relationship and sensitivity to changes in gas density were linearized with appropriate software and monitoring of the gas composition. With room air used as the respired gas, the measured tidal volume from a piston pump assembly was consistently within 1–2% of the target tidal volume for each of five flowmeters tested across physiological ranges of flow. Changing gas densities by varying concentrations of O2, CO2, and N2 led to errors in tidal volume measurement that ranged up to 6–8%. However, because the errors were predictable, they were corrected by software to within 0.6% of the target volume. Measurement of minute ventilation during exercise was within 1–2% of that determined from bag collections. We conclude that this type of flowmeter can accurately measure exercise minute ventilation and has advantages over some other flowmeters because of its ruggedness, reproducibility, and ease of sterilization or replacement compared with other flowmeters.
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Zhang, Jian, Dawen Zeng, Shiqian Zhao, et al. "Room temperature NO2 sensing: what advantage does the rGO–NiO nanocomposite have over pristine NiO?" Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 22 (2015): 14903–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp01987g.
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Qiao, Jinqi, Luofu Liu, Baojian Shen, and Xiaoqing Shang. "Geologic and geochemical characteristics of the Cambrian marine shale in the Tarim Basin of China and their implication for the prediction of shale-gas resources." Interpretation 7, no. 3 (2019): T657—T669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0045.1.
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Although the Cambrian marine shale in the Tarim Basin is usually considered to be the source rocks for overlying conventional reservoirs, its unconventional shale-gas potential has not yet been evaluated. To indicate the unconventional resource play potential and highlight more favorable zones, we conducted a comprehensive lithologic, petrophysical, and geochemical analysis of 228 drill core samples from 14 wells and 167 outcrop samples from eight geologic sections in the basin. The results indicate that the Cambrian marine shale was deposited in basinal and slope environments dominated by shale and siliceous shale. The average total organic carbon (TOC) content of the Є1xd (Xidashan) and Є2m (Moheershan) Formations ranges from 0.5% to 2.5%, and that of the Є1y (Yuertusi) Formation ranges from 1.0% to 7.0%. Phytoplankton is dominant in the Є1xd and Є2m Formations, whereas benthic algae are more prevalent in the Є1y Formation. The organic matter ranges in maturity from high to postmature. The shale consists of abundant meso- and macropores. The mineral matter is mostly composed of quartz ([Formula: see text] in most samples) followed by carbonate minerals, with minor contributions made by clay minerals ([Formula: see text]). The analysis of methane adsorption isotherm indicates a positive correlation between the gas and TOC content and a negative correlation between the gas content and burial depth implying the good adsorption capacity of the shale-gas play. Resource estimation of the Middle-Lower Cambrian indicates that the Yuli and Ruoqiang areas contain a potential [Formula: see text] of shale gas, and they are the most favorable zones for further exploitation.
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Kim, Dae-Hyun, and Keun-Oh Lee. "Temperature Characteristics on Cooking Equipment Materials of Portable Gas Ranges." Journal of the Korean Society of Safety 29, no. 3 (2014): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14346/jkosos.2014.29.3.008.
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Roydhouse, Mark D., Marc Pradas, Noor Al-Rifai, et al. "Operating ranges of gas–liquid capillary microseparators: Experiments and theory." Chemical Engineering Science 114 (July 2014): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2014.04.017.
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Yano, Takahiroi, Peter A. Gardiner, Yuya Egawa, and Keiko Watanabe. "Velocity Control of Diaphragmless Vertical Gas Gun for Low Pressure Ranges." Key Engineering Materials 715 (September 2016): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.715.133.
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In the field of impact engineering, high-speed impact phenomena are simulated using a projectile accelerator. At the Impact Engineering Laboratory in Ritsumeikan University, a single-stage gas gun was designed to investigate the high-speed penetration phenomena of impacts in sand, which is known to show fluid-like behavior. The gas gun consists of a 2 m launch tube that can achieve projectile muzzle velocities of up to around 500 m/s. The theoretical muzzle velocity of the projectile can be calculated by considering the speed of sound and the specific heat ratio of propellant gases. A performance evaluation for high-pressure ranges of 1 MPa and higher in a high-pressure vessel has been conducted. When fitting parameters are introduced to the theoretical formula, good agreement is obtained with the experimental results. In this study, experiments for low pressure ranges were conducted to predict the projectile velocity and to investigate the minimum velocity limit of the projectile. By introducing fitting parameters to the theoretical formula, the projectile velocity could be predicted accurately for pressure ranges less than 1 MPa. Furthermore, the minimum velocity limit of this equipment was found to be around 30 m/s.
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Wu, Jia-Lun, and De-Fang Fan. "Gas Chromatographic Determination of Dimethoate Residues in Chrysanthemums and Soil." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 3 (1992): 588–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.3.588.
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Abstract A gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed for determination of dimethoate residues In chrysanthemums and soil. Dry flowers, fresh flowers, and leaves of chrysanthemum and soil samples are extracted with acetone, cleaned up by coagulation, and partitioned with dlchloromethane. Dimethoate is determined by GC with nitrogenphosphorus detection. Recovery ranges of dimethoate from samples of dry flowers, fresh flowers, and leaves of chrysanthemums are 86.7-91.0% (fortified at 0.5-2.0 ppm), 88.1-93.6% (fortified at 0.036- 0.721 ppm), and 83.3-96.9% (fortified at 0.5-1.31 ppm), respectively. Recovery ranges of dimethoate from soil samples are 93.0-104% (fortified at 0.125- 0.327 ppm). Average recoveries of the 4 kinds of samples (n = 9) are 88.4 ± 8.94%, 91.5 ± 4.18%, 91.1 ± 4.69%, and 97.3 ± 5.1 %, respectively
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SAVCHENKO, E. V., O. N. GRIGORASHCHENKO, A. N. OGURTSOV, et al. "THERMALLY ASSISTED EMISSION OF ELECTRONS AND VUV PHOTONS FROM IRRADIATED RARE GAS SOLIDS." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (2002): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02002269.
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Relaxation processes and stability of charge centers in preirradiated doped rare gas solids were studied combining spectrally resolved thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) and exoelectron emission (TSEE) techniques. The thermally assisted emission of electrons was found. Comparison of the yields of electrons and photons in VUV and visible ranges made it possible for the first time to discriminate between reactions of neutral species and charge carriers and find their interconnection. Ranges of charge center thermostability were found.
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Iranzi, Joseph, Hanam Son, Youngsoo Lee, and Jihoon Wang. "A Nodal Analysis Based Monitoring of an Electric Submersible Pump Operation in Multiphase Flow." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (2022): 2825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062825.
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Electrical submersible pump (ESP) operation is compromised by free gas, resulting in premature pump failure and production losses in new wells. It is essential to detect the onset of abnormal operations. We develop a model that predicts abnormal ESP operation when the free gas level increases in the pump. The model compares operation parameters with the parameters of normal operating ranges; it shuts down the ESP when necessary. We used a Schlumberger PIPESIM software (version 2017.01) to perform nodal analysis technique; we tested the model using the other multiphase correlation model and field case studies (where the gas problem in ESP was reported). We employ a homogenous model to calculate the differential pump pressures at various gas volume fractions. Nodal analysis of the intake and discharge point predicted the commencement of abnormal ESP conditions and the associated parameters (critical gas fraction, minimum operating pump intake pressure, and pump discharge pressure). The model results were similar to other surging correlation models (e.g., Romero, Dunbar, Turpin, Cirilo, and Zhou models); they were also identical to field case studies. We identify three performance stability phases when an ESP is exposed to free gas. These are the normal and abnormal operating ranges, as well as the ESP shutdown condition. Modeling permits careful monitoring of ESP operations that can be compromised by free gas.
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Anant, Dattatray Awasare, and D. Yadav Sanjay. "Programming for Gas Separation Membrane." Journal of Advanced Research in Industrial Engineering 6, no. 1 (2024): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605331.
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<em>Gas separation membrane technology plays a pivotal role in various industrial applications, including gas purification and environmental protection. Effective programming of these membrane systems is essential to maximize efficiency, ensure optimal gas separation performance, and maintain long-term reliability. This abstract outlines key considerations and strategies involved in programming for gas separation membranes. The programming framework encompasses sensor integration, control system design, and real-time feedback mechanisms. Sensors are employed to monitor critical parameters such as gas composition, pressure, temperature, and flow rates. A robust control algorithm, featuring feedback loops, governs the regulation of operating conditions. This includes controlling gas flow rates, maintaining appropriate pressure differentials, and managing operating temperatures within specified ranges.</em>
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Faiz, M. M., and A. C. Hutton. "COAL SEAM GAS IN THE SOUTHERN SYDNEY BASIN, NEW SOUTH WALES." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96025.
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The coal seam gas content of the Late Permian Illawarra Coal Measures ranges from Methane that occurs within the basin was mainly derived as a by-product of coalification. Most of the CO2 was derived from intermittent magmatic activity between the Triassic and the Tertiary. This gas has subsequently migrated, mainly in solution, towards structural highs and accumulated in anticlines and near sealed faults.The total desorbable gas content of the coal seams is mainly related to depth, gas composition and geological structure. At depths
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Horzhyi, Ihor, and Anna Pysarets. "METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF NATURAL GAS MEASUREMENT." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 69(1) (June 28, 2025): 39–44. https://doi.org/10.20535/1970.69(1).2025.331832.
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The issue of reliable and accurate natural gas metering is critically important in the context of the ongoing transformations in the gas transmission and distribution systems of our country. These transformations are associated with a decrease in gas transportation volumes, industrial decline, a shift of consumers to alternative energy sources, and other structural changes in the energy sector. This issue is especially relevant for industrial enterprises and gas distribution stations (GDS), where significant fluctuations in gas flow are observed. In particular, the equipment of gas distribution stations often operates outside the optimal range of traditional flow measurement instruments. Therefore, conventional gas metering units (based on a single flow measurement instrument operating under standard conditions) do not always provide the required range and accuracy of measurement across the entire flow spectrum. This leads to economic losses for both gas suppliers and consumers. In this context, the implementation of multiple measurement lines with different measurement ranges and an automatic range-switching system becomes highly relevant. The authors propose the structural configuration of an automated natural gas metering system, substantiate the requirements for its structural components, and develop a control algorithm for automatic switching between the measurements ranges of the system’s lines. The implementation of automated systems with the proposed architecture at industrial facilities and gas distribution stations with variable consumption patterns will significantly expand the measurement range and ensure high measurement accuracy. This will be achieved through optimal use of each line’s flowmeter and will contribute to reducing imbalances in the gas transmission and distribution systems, as well as improving the overall efficiency of natural gas usage.
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Chen, Yu-Ting, Kerwin Hui, and Jeng-Da Chai. "The van der Waals interactions in rare-gas dimers: the role of interparticle interactions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 4 (2016): 3011–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06317e.
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Wilson, Mark M., and Frederick J. Curley. "Gas Embolism: Part I. Venous Gas Emboli." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 11, no. 4 (1996): 182–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088506669601100402.
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Gas emboli syndromes occur in many different settings, and their medical significance ranges from being life-threatening emergencies to being totally innocuous. We discuss venous gas embolization in Part I of this review, and it can result from a variety of traumatic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and surgical interventions. The pathophysiological consequences depend on where the gas bubbles impact and obstruct the circulation—by creating an “air lock” in the right ventricle, by obstruction of pulmonary arterioles, and sometimes with passage into the arterial circulation (so called paradoxical emboli). Various monitoring techniques are available and are known to be useful in high-risk patients. Nevertheless, the diagnosis can be difficult to establish. Myriad and generally nonspecific clinical manifestations may be present; the patient may often exhibit signs and symptoms suggestive of other acute cardiopulmonary or central nervous system events. The classically described “mill-wheel murmur” is actually a rare finding, and it is transient at best. There are no specific diagnostic tests available, and clinicians, must depend on a high level of suspicion in the appropriate settings. Rapid identification of the problem, with prevention of further gas entry into the venous circulation, should be a routine measure. The left lateral decubitus position, administration of 100% oxygen, and hyperbaric oxygenation should all be considered, and they have been shown to be effective treatment modalities.
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Wu, Bin. "Reservoir Characteristics and Gas Content of Black Shale of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Qianjiang Area, Southeast Chongqing, China." Geofluids 2023 (March 4, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6652863.
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The shale gas exploration in Changning, Weiyuan, Fuling Jiaoshiba, and other areas has achieved great success in the Sichuan Basin, and the basin margin of the Sichuan Basin will be an important target in the future. In view of the lack of understanding of shale gas reservoir characteristics of the basin margin area of the Sichuan Basin, this paper conducts a study on reservoir characteristics and gas-bearing properties of this area using qualitative and quantitative techniques. The results show that the thickness of the black shale reservoir in the Qianjiang area is up to 33 m, the kerogen sapropelic type (I) is dominant, and Ro ranges from 2.2 wt% to 3.39 wt%. The mineral composition is relatively complex, mainly composed of quartz and clay minerals. Quartz content is in the range between 9.4 wt% and 79 wt% ( average = 47.48 wt % ), while clay content is in the range between 10.02 wt% and 43.6 wt% ( average = 29.41 wt % ). There are various types of reservoir spaces, mainly including organic pores dominated by matrix pores, intergranular and intragranular pores, intergranular and intragranular dissolution pores, secondary dissolution pores, and microfractures, among which organic pores are the main pore types. The pore volume of nanopores is 0.009897-0.017177 cm3/g ( average = 0.01304 c m 3 / g ), and the specific surface area ranges from 12.1 m2/g to 35.1 m2/g ( average = 20.47 m 2 / g ). Micropores and mesopores are the main pore sizes for the development of organic pores. Quartz particles promote the development of reservoir space, while clay minerals are not conducive to the development of pores. The total gas content ranges from 0.5 m3/t to 4.43 m3/t ( average = 1.69 m 3 / t ). Its enrichment is controlled by many factors. The increase of organic matter abundance is the material basis for shale gas enrichment. The development of organic pores provides high-quality storage space for shale gas preservation. The development of different mineral components restricts the enrichment of shale gas.
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Meng, Xiang Bao, Guo Liang Yu, Qing Guo Yao, and Chun Yan Bao. "Impact Analysis of Ignition Energy for Gas Explosive Limit." Advanced Materials Research 827 (October 2013): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.827.255.
Full textAbstract:
Under the different experimental condition of ignition energy, the variations of gas explosive limit were obtained. The explosive limit ranges from 4.86% to 16.72%, under the condition of high ignition energy of 450 J. The result is quite different from the theoretical explosion limit range from 5% to 16%, thus providing a new basis to effectively prevent the gas explosion accidents.