Academic literature on the topic 'Gas stove. eng'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Gas stove. eng.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Gas stove. eng"
1
Cabrera-Torres, Carolina Priscilla, Maribel Albertina Díaz-Váasquez, Rosa Jeuna Diaz-Manchay, Victoria Sattler, Roseline Jean-Louis, Lisa Thompson, and Franco León-Jiménez. "Women's experiences with mixed use of wood and gas cookstoves and fuels in rural Lambayeque, Peru." Revista del Cuerpo Médico del HNAAA 13, no. 2 (August 9, 2020): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2020.132.662.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Despite program efforts to encourage use of clean cookstoves and fuels to mitigate climate change, many communities continue to use wood-fueled open fires. Objectives: Describe experiences of participants with mixed use of cooking and fuel technologies (e.g. open fires and chimney stoves using wood and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves) in rural Lambayeque, Peru in 2018. Material and methods: Fifteen participants were interviewed using a qualitative exploratory research design. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: Four categories emerged: decisions about acquiring cooking fuels are primarily based on cost; plastic trash is used to light wood-burning stoves; decisions to use gas over wood are based on quick food cooking time; and benefits and health problems are recognized, but mixed use of fuels persist. Conclusion: Use of both traditional wood cookstoves and plastic trash to ignite fires were used frequently because both are free or cheap. The environmental impact of cutting down trees isn't considered important, but interviewees did notice detriments to their wellbeing. Although gas stoves are used and benefits were mentioned, use of traditional stoves persists. We recommend that policy makers in Peru begin to address barriers to full adoption of new clean cooking technologies and consider governmental subsidies to meet families' spending priorities.
2
Caspi, Caitlin Eicher, Jennifer E. Pelletier, Lisa Harnack, Darin J. Erickson, and Melissa N. Laska. "Differences in healthy food supply and stocking practices between small grocery stores, gas-marts, pharmacies and dollar stores." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015002724.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectiveLittle is known about the practices for stocking and procuring healthy food in non-traditional food retailers (e.g. gas-marts, pharmacies). The present study aimed to: (i) compare availability of healthy food items across small food store types; and (ii) examine owner/manager perceptions and stocking practices for healthy food across store types.DesignDescriptive analyses were conducted among corner/small grocery stores, gas-marts, pharmacies and dollar stores. Data from store inventories were used to examine availability of twelve healthy food types and an overall healthy food supply score. Interviews with managers assessed stocking practices and profitability.SettingSmall stores in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN, USA, not participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.SubjectsOne hundred and nineteen small food retailers and seventy-one store managers.ResultsAvailability of specific items varied across store type. Only corner/small grocery stores commonly sold fresh vegetables (63 % v. 8 % of gas-marts, 0 % of dollar stores and 23 % of pharmacies). More than half of managers stocking produce relied on cash-and-carry practices to stock fresh fruit (53 %) and vegetables (55 %), instead of direct store delivery. Most healthy foods were perceived by managers to have at least average profitability.ConclusionsInterventions to improve healthy food offerings in small stores should consider the diverse environments, stocking practices and supply mechanisms of small stores, particularly non-traditional food retailers. Improvements may require technical support, customer engagement and innovative distribution practices.
3
Quinn, Ashlinn K., Kendra Williams, Lisa M. Thompson, Ghislaine Rosa, Anaité Díaz-Artiga, Gurusamy Thangavel, Kalpana Balakrishnan, et al. "Compensating control participants when the intervention is of significant value: experience in Guatemala, India, Peru and Rwanda." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 4 (August 2019): e001567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001567.
Full textAbstract:
The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial is a randomised controlled trial in Guatemala, India, Peru and Rwanda to assess the health impact of a clean cooking intervention in households using solid biomass for cooking. The HAPIN intervention—a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and 18-month supply of LPG—has significant value in these communities, irrespective of potential health benefits. For control households, it was necessary to develop a compensation strategy that would be comparable across four settings and would address concerns about differential loss to follow-up, fairness and potential effects on household economics. Each site developed slightly different, contextually appropriate compensation packages by combining a set of uniform principles with local community input. In Guatemala, control compensation consists of coupons equivalent to the LPG stove’s value that can be redeemed for the participant’s choice of household items, which could include an LPG stove. In Peru, control households receive several small items during the trial, plus the intervention stove and 1 month of fuel at the trial’s conclusion. Rwandan participants are given small items during the trial and a choice of a solar kit, LPG stove and four fuel refills, or cash equivalent at the end. India is the only setting in which control participants receive the intervention (LPG stove and 18 months of fuel) at the trial’s end while also being compensated for their time during the trial, in accordance with local ethics committee requirements. The approaches presented here could inform compensation strategy development in future multi-country trials.
4
Ekhtiari, Ali, Ioannis Dassios, Muyang Liu, and Eoin Syron. "A Novel Approach to Model a Gas Network." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061047.
Full textAbstract:
The continuous uninterrupted supply of Natural Gas (NG) is crucial to today’s economy, with issues in key infrastructure, e.g., Baumgarten hub in Austria in 2017, highlighting the importance of the NG infrastructure for the supply of primary energy. The balancing of gas supply from a wide range of sources with various end users can be challenging due to the unique and different behaviours of the end users, which in some cases span across a continent. Further complicating the management of the NG network is its role in supporting the electrical network. The fast response times of NG power plants and the potential to store energy in the network play a key role in adding flexibility across other energy systems. Traditionally, modelling the NG network relies on nonlinear pipe flow equations that incorporate the demand (load), flow rate, and physical network parameters including topography and NG properties. It is crucial that the simulations produce accurate results quickly. This paper seeks to provide a novel method to solve gas flow equations through a network under steady-state conditions. Firstly, the model is reformulated into non-linear matrix equations, then the equations separated into their linear and nonlinear components, and thirdly, the non-linear system is solved approximately by providing a linear system with similar solutions to the non-linear one. The non-linear equations of the NG transport system include the main variables and characteristics of a gas network, focusing on pressure drop in the gas network. Two simplified models, both of the Irish gas network (1. A gas network with 13 nodes, 2. A gas network with 109 nodes) are used as a case study for comparison of the solutions. Results are generated by using the novel method, and they are compared to the outputs of two numerical methods, the Newton–Raphson solution using MATLAB and SAINT, a commercial software that is used for the simulation of the gas network and electrical grids.
5
Stalker, Linda, David Dewhurst, Yanhua Zhang, Peter Schaubs, Ben Clennell, Yohan Suhardiman, Andrew Maxwell, et al. "Evaluation of the Petrel Sub-basin as a northern Australia CO2 store: future decarbonisation hub?" APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19180.
Full textAbstract:
The Northern Australia CO2 Store Project has extended investigations for safe, long-term containment of large volumes of CO2 (up to 100 million tonnes) to support liquefied natural gas and other industries in a decarbonised future. Most natural gas fields in the Petrel Sub-basin and the surrounding region have relatively high native CO2 content. This collaborative project improved storage characterisation, evaluated geomechanical risks and estimated engineering demands necessary to progress the concept to ‘prospect’ and ‘resource’. New data have significantly advanced the geological and structural understanding in the region, improving chrono- and litho-stratigraphic correlations, with new well ties across the basin. However, the re-mapping has thrown up new questions that require additional data (e.g. new stratigraphic wells, 3D seismic data) to address those knowledge gaps. Geomechanical modelling in the area has tested (to extreme levels) the potential impact of injection on faults in the area, further de-risking the likelihood of upward migration and leakage. The region could utilise an abundance of energy and feedstocks in the form of solar, natural gas, hydrogen and CO2 to become a future decarbonisation and industrial hub while managing major emissions with offshore CO2 storage.
6
Mohlakoana, Nthabiseng, and Wendy Annecke. "The use of liquefied petroleum gas by South African low-income urban households: A case study." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 20, no. 4 (November 1, 2009): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2009/v20i4a3306.
Full textAbstract:
At the end of 2005 and in 2006, the Western Cape suffered extended blackouts. The cuts came as a shock and customers were loud in their criticism of Eskom and the City of Cape Town’s failure to provide a reliable electricity supply. The utility Eskom’s responses included the introduction of an aggressive Demand Side Management (DSM) programme with the goal of saving electricity and reducing the need to shed customers. In Khayelitsha, Cape Town, the DSM programme entailed an exchange and subsidy programme: households were encouraged to swop their two-plate electric stoves for Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves. This intervention is the subject of this paper. The results of the study were analysed in terms of the socio-economic characteristics of the sample interviewed, multiple fuel use and transition trends in households in urban areas, changes in behaviour in electricity and LPG use, changing perceptions of LPG and the impact of the intervention. Previous studies in household energy use showed that people perceived LPG to be dangerous saying that it posed a greater danger to the household than paraffin since it might explode. Surprisingly, during the electricity power cuts in 2006, people in low-income communities, readily accepted LPG stoves in great numbers and a year later, up to 89% of the households surveyed, reported still using LPG for cooking.
7
Winkler, Megan R., Kathleen M. Lenk, Caitlin E. Caspi, Darin J. Erickson, Lisa Harnack, and Melissa N. Laska. "Variation in the food environment of small and non-traditional stores across racial segregation and corporate status." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 09 (March 8, 2019): 1624–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019000132.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectiveWe examined differences in consumer-level characteristics and structural resources and capabilities of small and non-traditional food retailers (i.e. corner stores, gas-marts, pharmacies, dollar stores) by racial segregation of store neighbourhood and corporate status (corporate/franchise-v. independently owned).DesignObservational store assessments and manager surveys were used to examine availability-, affordability- and marketing-related characteristics experienced by consumers as well as store resources (e.g. access to distributors) and perceived capabilities for healthful changes (e.g. reduce pricing on healthy foods). Cross-sectional regression analyses of store and manager data based on neighbourhood segregation and store corporate status were conducted.SettingSmall and non-traditional food stores in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN, USA.ParticipantsOne hundred and thirty-nine stores; seventy-eight managers.ResultsSeveral consumer- and structural-level differences occurred by corporate status, independent of residential segregation. Compared with independently owned stores, corporate/franchise-owned stores were more likely to: not offer fresh produce; when offered, receive produce via direct delivery and charge higher prices; promote unhealthier consumer purchases; and have managers that perceived greater difficulty in making healthful changes (P≤0·05). Only two significant differences were identified by residential racial segregation. Stores in predominantly people of colour communities (<30 % non-Hispanic White) had less availability of fresh fruit and less promotion of unhealthy impulse buys relative to stores in predominantly White communities (P≤0·05).ConclusionsCorporate status appears to be a relevant determinant of the consumer-level food environment of small and non-traditional stores. Policies and interventions aimed at making these settings healthier may need to consider multiple social determinants to enable successful implementation.
8
Reynolds, Douglas B., and Maduabuchi Pascal Umekwe. "Shale-Oil Development Prospects: The Role of Shale-Gas in Developing Shale-Oil." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173331.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, most of the world’s shale-oil is coming from the United States, but more may be needed from non-U.S. sources in order to keep the world price of oil from increasing, and yet a number of petroleum producing countries have yet to develop shale-oil resources. This article investigates why that may be. One reason for this may be the role that shale-gas development plays in the search for shale-oil. In the oil and natural gas industry over much of the 20th century, finding oil has usually been more valuable than finding natural gas because the gas has less energy density than oil, making each BTU (or Joule) of oil energy easier to store, transport and use for consumers. However, since shale source-rock often has both natural gas and oil, then it behooves a shale search process to start by looking for natural gas first rather than oil to enhance the profitability of the search process. The problem, then, is that a shale-oil only search strategy has the same problem that first plagued the oil and gas industry: What do you do with the natural gas? In this paper, we will examine how this “chicken and egg” exploration scenario has played out in the U.S. in order to draw lessons on how difficult shale-oil development will be for the rest of the world.
9
Marshall, John D., Owain D. Tucker, Cliff E. Lovelock, Sebastian J. Darker, Carlos E. Annia, and Jon B. Hognestad. "Goldeneye: Tomorrow Never Dies (or a field Only Lives Twice)." Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference series 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pgc8.18.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Goldeneye gas–condensate field lies in the Moray Firth Basin of the North Sea and illustrates the potential for further field life after the normal end of production. It was discovered in 1996 in a three-way dip-closed structure in the Lower Cretaceous Captain Sandstone. Five development wells were drilled from a single production platform and first gas was produced in 2004.The field pressure decline indicated partial aquifer support and no compartmentalization. Approaching the end of production, the opportunity arose to propose Goldeneye as a store for CO2. The cap-rock seal was capable of containing gas and the removed hydrocarbons left a significant volume that could be refilled without raising pressures above original conditions. The field's good reservoir properties were favourable for injection, the wellstock and infrastructure were modern, and CO2 sources were available close by.The different requirements of a storage project called for a detailed understanding of the overburden to guard against possible leak paths and to identify secondary containment. Furthermore, greater understanding of the aquifer was needed as it limits storage volumes through its impact on reservoir pressures. Updated interpretation, analysis and modelling demonstrated that Goldeneye is an excellent potential CO2 storage site, which gives it a possible second span of life helping to offset UK CO2 emissions.
10
Pittson, Jarrod, and Allie Convery. "Reducing methane losses across the gas value chain – Woodside journey to excellence." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19234.
Full textAbstract:
Woodside is the first, and, to date, only, Australian listed company to be a signatory to the Methane Guiding Principles, an industry, non-Government organisation and educational institution collaboration aimed at reducing methane emissions across the natural gas value chain. Woodside’s methane emissions are ~0.04% of our total hydrocarbon production, or 400 kt CO2-eq per annum (Woodside Energy 2019). This is a relatively small methane emission footprint in comparison with other industrial and oil and gas operators; however, to ensure the greenhouse gas and environmental benefits of LNG over coal and other greenhouse intensive fossil fuels remain legitimate and substantial, we recognise the important role of minimising methane losses through the natural gas value chain. The global-warming potential of methane is 86 times more potent over a 20-year time frame than that of carbon dioxide (IPCC 2014). By tackling methane emissions, significant inroads can be made in reducing the impacts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Woodside became a signatory to the Methane Guiding Principles in April 2018 and has commenced a program of work to deliver on the five principles, which are to (1) continually reduce methane emissions, (2) advance strong performance across gas value chains, (3) improve accuracy of methane emissions data, (4) advocate sound policy and regulations on methane emissions and (5) increase transparency. This paper will focus on the journey we are on, namely, understanding our methane emission footprint within our operational boundaries and setting in place an action plan to reduce these emissions. But it is also a lot broader as we start to look beyond our gates to the transport and distribution networks, through to the end user turning on their gas stove at home. It is about cradle to grave custody of our product for it to be a viable long-term solution in a lower-carbon economy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gas stove. eng"
1
Gomes, Beatriz Machado. "Estimativa de emissão de carbono por difusão CO2 e CH4 na bacia do Ji-Paraná /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102948.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Chang Hung KiangBanca: Amauri Antonio Menegário
Banca: Alex Vladmir Krusche
Banca: Ene Glória da Silveira
Banca: Roberto Naves Domingos
Resumo: O objeto de estudo é a estimativa de fluxo de CO2 e CH4 em ambiente aquático, quantificado por medidas diretas com câmara flutuante para o dióxido de carbono e da pressão parcial do CO2 e CH4 (PCO2 e PCH4). A área de estudo localiza-se na Bacia do Ji-Paraná, integrante da Região Hidrográfica do rio Madeira - RO. A amostragem foi mensal, de maio 2006 a fevereiro 2008. Através da amostragem com câmara flutuante foi possível calcular o coeficiente de troca gasosa (K), expresso como K600, para todos os rios amostrados, cuja média geral foi de 23,5 ± 8,5 cm h−1 para o CO2 e 28,8 ± 10,4 cm h−1 para CH4. Os valores estimados para fluxo de CO2 com a câmara foram de 1.845,1 mg C m−2 d−1, por equilíbrio trocas gasosas de 1.690,1 mg C m−2 d−1; e de 24,3 mg C m−2 d−1 para CH4. O período seco apresentou menor fluxo de CO2 em relação à cheia. Para CH4 o fluxo apresentou variabilidade temporal. Os resultados evidenciam que a emissão de gases pelo sistema aquático é um importante integrante do ciclo do carbono e que o fluxo de CO2 esta relacionado ao comportamento hidrológico sazonal característico para a Amazônia.
Abstract: The object of study is the estimated flow of CO2 and CH4 in the aquatic environment, quantified by direct measurements with floating chamber for carbon dioxide and partial pressure of CO2 and CH4 (PCO2 and PCH4). The study area is located in Ji-Parana River Basin, river basin of the river Madeira - RO. Sampling was monthly, from May 2006 to February 2008. By sampling with floating chamber was possible to calculate the gas exchange coefficient (K), expressed as K600, for all the rivers sampled, whose overall average was 23,5 ± 8,.5 cm h-1 for CO2 and 28, 8 ± 10.4 cm h-1 for CH4 The estimated values for flow of CO2 with the chamber were 1.845,1 mg C m-2 d-1, for gas exchange balance of 1.690,1 mg C m-2 d-1, and 24,3 mg C m -2 d-1 for CH4. The falling water had lower flow of CO2 in relation to the rising water. CH4 flow presented to the temporal variability. The results show that the emission of gases by the water system is an important part of the carbon cycle and the flow of CO2 is related to seasonal hydrological behavior characteristic for the Amazon.
Doutor
Books on the topic "Gas stove. eng"
1
Turney, Ben, and John Reynard. Epidemiology of stone disease. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
In developed countries, the lifetime prevalence of kidney stones is around 10% and most commonly affects people in the working age-group. The incidence is increasing internationally. After passage of a first stone, the risk of recurrence is high. Direct and indirect costs involved in treating stones are considerable. Intrinsic risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and metabolic syndromes. The incidence of stone disease peaks between the ages of 20 and 60 years. While historically the male to female ratio was around 3:1, the gender gap is closing. The reasons for increased incidence are due in part to increased detection through better imaging but also due to environmental factors (e.g. diet, obesity, diabetes, dehydration) which put more people with an underlying genetic predisposition at risk. Despite the increasing prevalence of kidney stones, the majority are categorized as idiopathic.
2
Krzanowski, Roman M., and Jonathan Raper. Spatial Evolutionary Modeling. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135688.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Evolutionary models (e.g., genetic algorithms, artificial life), explored in other fields for the past two decades, are now emerging as an important new tool in GIS for a number of reasons. First, they are highly appropriate for modeling geographic phenomena. Secondly, geographical problems are often spatially separate (broken down into local or regional problems) and evolutionary algorithms can exploit this structure. Finally, the ability to store, manipulate, and visualize spatial data has increased to the point that space-time-attribute databases can be easily handled.
3
Mundy, Anthony R., and Daniela E. Andrich. Upper urinary tract reconstruction. Edited by Anthony R. Mundy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0048.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter addresses the problem of dealing with a ruptured, ligated or transected ureter, or a ureteric defect caused accidentally or intentionally by surgery. Ureteric strictures may occur as a result of tuberculosis or schistosomiasis. Tuberculous strictures may occur at either end of the ureter; schistosomal strictures occur primarily in the distal ureter. Ureteric stones are another cause of stricture formation and these tend to occur at the common sites of impaction of a stone; therefore, particularly just above the pelvic brim and just outside the bladder. It also develops the theme known as ‘bridging the gap’ and describes the techniques of ureteroureterostomy; the psoas hitch and Boari flap with ureteric reimplantation; transureteroureterostomy (TUU); and the ileal ureter; and briefly refers to renal autotransplantation. Finally, we introduce the concept of ‘complexity’ by reference to the problems of the patient with ureteric obstruction because of, or otherwise associated with radiotherapy.
4
Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music (Contemporary Musicians). Thomson Gale, 2004.
Find full text
5
Contemporary Musicians: Profiles Of The People In Music (Contemporary Musicians). Thomson Gale, 2005.
Find full text
6
Pilchak, Angela M. Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music (Contemporary Musicians). Thomson Gale, 2005.
Find full text
7
Pilchak, Angela M. Contemporary Musicians: Profiles Of The People In Music (Contemporary Musicians). Thomson Gale, 2005.
Find full text
8
Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music (Contemporary Musicians). Thomson Gale, 2005.
Find full text
9
Pilchak, Angela M. Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music (Contemporary Musicians). Thomson Gale, 2005.
Find full text
10
Pilchak, Angela M. Contemporary Musicians: Profiles Of The People In Music (Contemporary Musicians). Thomson Gale, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Gas stove. eng"
1
"Road Occupancy Issues and CO2 Emissions of Urban Goods Deliveries Under Contrasted Scenarios of Retail Development." In Logistics and Transport Modeling in Urban Goods Movement, 240–65. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8292-2.ch010.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter presents four contrasted and near-caricatured scenarios of retail location and distribution, and compares them on the bases of both road occupancy rates and greenhouse gas emissions. Two main families of scenarios are defined: retailing land-use scenarios, based on the location of the different retailing activities of a city; and end-consumer delivery organizational scenarios, based on the definition of new services to deliver end-consumers, at home or to reception points. Those scenarios are simulated using an integrated approach combining inter-establishment goods transport flows, shopping trips, and end-consumer deliveries. The assessment approach is able to show the relation between several aspects of retailing deployment (mainly store location, catchment area's supply, and urban retailing planning policies) and both upstream distribution of goods to retailers and downstream usage of private vehicles for shopping. Although scenarios are extreme and contrasted, they are able to identify the limits and forces of the different retailing strategies in urban zones.
2
Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Artificial Ventilators." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0030.
Full textAbstract:
When pressure is applied by the ventilator to drive gas into the lungs, energy is expended to overcome airway resistance R to gas flow in the airways, in order to store gas in the alveoli, whose readiness to having their volume increased is represented by the concept of compliance, C. The storage of gas within individual compliances represents potential energy storage. The acceleration of gas and anatomical components within the system represent kinetic energy change, resisted by the inertance, I, of the system. At conventional ventilation frequencies, these kinetic energy changes are negligible compared with the other energy changes taking place. Inertance can be ignored and the system behaves like a flow resistor in series with a compliance. These variables determine the pressure and volume changes that take place within the lung. As ventilation frequency increases into the high range, inertance becomes significant and the frequency response of anatomical structures becomes important, with phase differences between pressure and volume signals occurring [Lin et al. 1989]. Mechanical resistance, R, in the system is largely due to resistance to gas flow down airways and is defined as pressure change per unit flow ΔP/Q, typically 4 cm H2O l−1 s. at 0.5 l s−1. However there is a contribution from viscous resistive forces in the lung and chest wall tissues. High resistance may require long inspiratory times, while expiratory times that are too short may lead to gas trapping in alveoli. Excessive resistance may mean that the power required to ventilate the patient may exceed that available to the ventilator. Compliance, C, is a measure of the capacitative properties of the alveoli and is defined as volume change per unit pressure change ΔV/ΔP. It is not uniform throughout the respiratory cycle and has values in the range 0.05–0.10 L (cmH2O)−1. Dynamic compliance is the value given to this variable throughout the inspiratory period to the end of inspiration, when airway pressure is highest. During the inspiratory pause, airway pressure falls to a plateau during which the static compliance can be measured, which is greater than the dynamic compliance.
3
Cugler, Daniel Cintra, and Claudia Bauzer Medeiros. "Adaptive Acquisition of VGI to Fill Out Gaps in Biological Observation Metadata." In Advances in Geospatial Technologies, 271–90. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2446-5.ch014.
Full textAbstract:
Biological observation databases store data on species observations, being used in many kinds of research. Such observations are often queried and/or correlated primarily using metadata parameters (e.g., spatial queries on metadata concerning regions where observations were performed). However, metadata are often missing - either blank attributes, or lack of metadata records - which hampers the use of the observations databases. Filling these gaps is challenging because metadata requirements change as researchers acquire new knowledge about their problems. Related work is limited because it does not take this knowledge evolution into consideration. This chapter presents an approach to acquire missing metadata records, which fully supports dynamic on-the-fly evolution of metadata requirements. As proof of concept, we implemented a configurable software platform to collect data from “human sensors” and other sensors. Among its many dynamic characteristics, it allows deployment of context-sensitive forms to be filled by volunteers, according to a location and a research target.
4
Bethke, Craig M. "Changing the Basis." In Geochemical Reaction Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
To this point we have assumed the existence of a basis of chemical components that corresponds to the system to be modeled. The basis, as discussed in the previous chapter, includes water, each mineral in the equilibrium system, each gas at known fugacity, and certain aqueous species. The basis serves two purposes: each chemical reaction considered in the model is written in terms of the members of the basis set, and the system’s bulk composition is expressed in terms of the components in the basis. Since we could not possibly store each possible variation on the basis, it is important for us to be able at any point in the calculation to adapt the basis to match the current system. It may be necessary to change the basis (make a basis swap, in modeling vernacular) for several reasons. This chapter describes how basis swaps can be accomplished in a computer model, and Chapter 9 shows how this technique can be applied to automatically balance chemical reactions and calculate equilibrium constants. The modeler first encounters basis swapping in setting up a model, when it may be necessary to swap the basis to constrain the calculation. The thermodynamic dataset contains reactions written in terms of a preset basis that includes water and certain aqueous species (Na+, Ca++, K+, Cl-, HCO-3, SO4- -, H+, and so on) normally encountered in a chemical analysis. Some of the members of the original basis are likely to be appropriate for a calculation. When a mineral appears at equilibrium or a gas at known fugacity appears as a constraint, however, the modeler needs to swap the mineral or gas in question into the basis in place of one of these species. Over the course of a reaction model, a mineral may dissolve away completely or become supersaturated and precipitate. In either case, the modeling software must alter the basis to match the new mineral assemblage before continuing the calculation. Finally, the basis sometimes must be changed in response to numerical considerations (e.g., Coudrain-Ribstein and Jamet, 1989). Depending on the numerical technique employed, the model may have trouble converging to a solution for the governing equations when one of the basis species occurs at small concentration.
5
Hajirasouliha, Farzaneh, and Dominika Zabiegaj. "Effects of Environmental Emissions on the Respiratory System: Secrets and Consequences." In Environmental Emissions. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92451.
Full textAbstract:
Human health has been affected adversely by air pollution as a serious environmental challenge. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution mainly resulted from human activities (e.g., fuel combustion, heat generation, industrial facilities) causes 4.2 million deaths every year. Moreover, each year, 3.8 million people die from indoor air pollution which means household exposure to smoke from fuels and dirty cook stoves. They are the risks of stroke, heart attack, lung disease, or cancer that resulted from air pollution which assaults our brain, heart, and lungs using its invisible weapons named particulate matter (PM). These inhalable particles are of a nanoscale or microscale size. Upon inhalation, the air with its components enters the human body through the respiratory system. The lungs are the responsible organs for gas exchange with blood. Inhaled particles, such as silica, organic compounds, and metallic dusts, have toxic effects on our pulmonary system. For example, the accumulation of nanoparticles in the kidneys, liver, spleen, and central nervous system through the penetration of the epithelial barriers in the lungs has been observed. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the toxic effects of air particles on the different organs in the human body and to introduce some of the adverse effects of air pollution on human health.
6
Hajirasouliha, Farzaneh, and Dominika Zabiegaj. "Effects of Environmental Emissions on the Respiratory System: Secrets and Consequences." In Environmental Emissions. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92451.
Full textAbstract:
Human health has been affected adversely by air pollution as a serious environmental challenge. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution mainly resulted from human activities (e.g., fuel combustion, heat generation, industrial facilities) causes 4.2 million deaths every year. Moreover, each year, 3.8 million people die from indoor air pollution which means household exposure to smoke from fuels and dirty cook stoves. They are the risks of stroke, heart attack, lung disease, or cancer that resulted from air pollution which assaults our brain, heart, and lungs using its invisible weapons named particulate matter (PM). These inhalable particles are of a nanoscale or microscale size. Upon inhalation, the air with its components enters the human body through the respiratory system. The lungs are the responsible organs for gas exchange with blood. Inhaled particles, such as silica, organic compounds, and metallic dusts, have toxic effects on our pulmonary system. For example, the accumulation of nanoparticles in the kidneys, liver, spleen, and central nervous system through the penetration of the epithelial barriers in the lungs has been observed. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the toxic effects of air particles on the different organs in the human body and to introduce some of the adverse effects of air pollution on human health.
7
Knappett, Carl. "Networks in Archaeology: Between Scientific Method and Humanistic Metaphor." In The Connected Past. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748519.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Running the full gamut of scholarship from physical science to philosophy, archaeology’s diversity can be a negative rather than a positive—when the same phenomena can attract such different approaches that archaeologists end up talking past one another. Take the example of archaeological landscape analysis: on the one hand, this has produced rich, expressive phenomenological studies, and on the other, detailed palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. These two perspectives are not commonly combined, although when they are archaeology emerges as a solid bridge between the humanities and the environmental sciences (van der Leeuw and Redman 2002; Smith et al. 2012). Take another example: artefact studies—on the one hand, poetic, philosophical musings on anything from fabulous artworks to mundane artefacts, and on the other, neutron activation analysis, X-ray diffraction and petrography employed in characterizing stone and ceramic technologies. There are calls (e.g. Jones 2004; Sillar and Tite 2000) to ‘humanise’ the science (and vice versa would also be fitting), and perhaps in artefact studies the integration of the sciences and humanities has had more success than in landscape studies. It is a difficult balancing act. But those archaeological studies that do find a way to combine both often create more convincing interpretations. Alongside landscape and artefact studies, network analysis is a third exemplar of this tension between scientific and humanistic understandings in archaeology. On the one hand, networks can be used quite formally and quantitatively to analyse interactions in space or, indeed, cultural evolution over time (Henrich and Broesch 2011). This use of networks is quite different from a more qualitative, figurative use, as seen recently in book-length treatments by Irad Malkin (2011) and Ian Hodder (2012). There is a danger of the gap between these different understandings of networks widening, just as the humanistic and scientific understandings of both landscapes and artefacts can sometimes seem incommensurate. I think one can see a certain reticence about being sucked into the ‘scientism’ of networks, what one might even dub ‘networkitis’, along the lines of ‘Darwinitis’ or the tendency for all manner of cultural phenomena to now find ‘explanation’ through evolutionary models, and recently the subject of a stinging critique by Raymond Tallis (2011).
8
Rowley-Conwy, Peter. "Ireland: Realm of the Four Masters." In From Genesis to Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199227747.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
On 9 January 1843, Richard Griffith addressed the Royal Irish Academy (RIA) about some antiquities found in the River Shannon. The river was being dredged to render it navigable, and the artefacts were discovered during the deepening of the old ford at Keelogue. Griffith was the chairman of the Commissioners carrying out the work, and his expertise was in engineering rather than ancient history. He stated that the finds came from a layer of gravel; in its upper part were many bronze swords and spears, while a foot lower were numerous stone axes. Due to the rapidity of the river’s flow there was very little aggradation, so despite the small gap the bronze objects were substantially later than the stone ones. The river formed the border between the ancient kingdoms of Connaught and Leinster. The objects had apparently been lost in two battles for the ford that had taken place at widely differing dates; stressing that he was no expert himself, Mr Griffith wondered whether ancient Irish history might contain records of battles at this spot (Griffith 1844). This was probably the earliest non-funerary stratigraphic support for the Three Age System ever published, but it did not signal the acceptance of the Three Age System. Just as telling as Griffith’s stratigraphic observation was his immediate recourse to ancient history for an explanation; for, as we shall see, ancient history provided the dominant framework for the ancient Irish past until the end of the nineteenth century. The Irish had far more early manuscript sources than the Scots or the English, although wars and invasions had reduced them; the Welsh scholar Edward Lhwyd wrote from Sligo on 12 March 1700 to his colleague Henry Rowlands that ‘the Irish have many more ancient manuscripts than we in Wales; but since the late revolutions they are much lessened. I now and then pick up some very old parchment manuscripts; but they are hard to come by, and they that do anything understand them, value them as their lives’ (in Rowlands 1766: 315). In the seventeenth century various Irish scholars brought together the historical accounts available to them. Geoffrey Keating (Seathrú n Céitinn, in Irish) wrote the influential Foras Feasa ar Éirinn or ‘History of Ireland’ in c.1634, and an English translation was printed in 1723 (Waddell 2005).
9
Ling, Roger, Paul Arthur, Georgia Clarke, Estelle Lazer, Lesley A. Ling, Peter Rush, and Andrew Waters. "I 10, 1." In The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii: Volume 1: The Structures. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198134091.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
This small corner house had acquired an irregular plan in its final phase, thanks, on the one hand, to the offset caused by the fountain at the street corner (Pls. 1, 2), and, on the other, to the small kitchen yard projecting westwards into the neighbouring property 1 10, 2-3. Its entrance, protected by a pent roof, the beam-holes for which (19 cm. in diameter) are visible beneath its modern replacement (Pl 3), was set at the right extremity of the north facade. It opened directly into the central hall (room 1), which can for convenience be called an ‘atrium’, though lacking the architectural pretensions and distinguishing features of traditional atria. Decorated with simple late Third Style paintings in a predominantly red, black, and yellow scheme, this ‘ atrium’ was around 3.50 m. high, and measured 3.75 m. by 5.35 m. on the ground. At its north end the east wall opened in a recess which may in an earlier phase have functioned as a latrine; its side walls preserve the grooves for a wooden shelf which, though rather high and deep (65 cm. above ground and 74 cm. deep), could possibly have been a lavatory seat. By the last period, however, this recess had been blocked by the construction of a stairway, and could only be entered, if it was still used at all, at a height of about 1 m. above floor level. Outside the recess, and also apparently put out of commission by the stairway, was a lararium, the sole relic of which was part of a painting on the north wall showing the Lares and a Genius; the left-hand Lar was missing and had almost certainly been clipped by the stairs. A socket in the wall just beneath the painting could have held a stone shelf for offerings, but is more likely to have been for a wooden beam which bridged the gap between the wall and the first three steps of the stairway, built in masonry against the east wall. The remaining steps, in wood, would have rested on this beam and risen westwards above the street door (Fig. 34 (S3)).
10
Hurson, Ali R., and Xing Gao. "Location-Based Services." In Electronic Services, 759–66. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-967-5.ch046.
Full textAbstract:
The past decade has seen advances in wireless network technologies and an explosive growth in the diversity of portable computing devices such as laptop computers, handheld personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and smart phones with Internet access. Wireless networking technologies and portable devices enable users to access information in an “anytime, anywhere” fashion. For example, a mobile user (MU) on the highway may query local weather, traffic information, nearby gas stations, next rest areas, or restaurants within 10 miles. Such new demands introduce a new type of services, location-based services (LBS), where certain location constraints (e.g., the user’s current location) are used in the service provision. The idea of queries with location constraints is originally introduced by Imielinski and Badrinath (1992), in which mobile users are likely to query information relating to their current positions, leading to the need for LBS. Such services are also termed as location dependent information services (LDIS) in Lee, Lee, Xu, and Zheng (2002). LBS system is the context sensitive systems in a mobile computing environment that consider the user’s location as a significant and dynamic factor affecting the information and services delivered to the users. The major LBS applications include: • Destination guides with maps, driving directions, and real time prompt • Location-based traffic and weather alerts • Wireless advertising and electronic coupons to nearby mobile devices • Movie, theatre and restaurant location and booking • Store locating applications helping users to find the desired services • Telematics-based roadside assistance (e.g., OnStar from General Motors) • Personal content and messaging (Live Chat with friends) • Mobile Yellow Pages provide local information • Information Services (News, Stocks, Sports) • E911: (Wireless carriers provide wireless callers’ numbers and locations.) Generally, LBS services can be classified into three general categories: telematics LBS, Internet LBS, and wireless LBS (Telc). Telematics LBS is the integration of wireless communications, vehicle monitoring systems, and location devices. Telematics LBS applications include automated vehicle location, fleet tracking, online navigation, and emergency assistance. For example, a trucking company can track all their fleet, proactively warn about traffic ahead, and estimate the arrival time. Commercial LBS providers are beginning to offer important management applications that help direct vehicle fleets and ensure optimal usage of key assets. Telematics LBS is a multibillion dollar service industry and is currently the largest segment of the LBS market (Telc). Internet LBS provide Internet users the services relevant to their specified locations. Because they use a user-specified location instead of the user’s current location, no positioning technology is required. For example, one can find turn-by-turn driving direction from one location to another and search for tour information about the destination. These services are targeting applications with stationary users, relatively powerful computers, and reliable network connections. As a result, Internet LBS support sophisticated services, such as local business searching and comparison, trip planning, online virtual tours, and so forth. Wireless LBS deliver location relevant content to cell phones, PDAs, and other wireless devices. Equipped with automated positioning technologies, MUs can query local weather, nearby traffic information, and local businesses close to them. For example, a user can search neighboring post office or coffer shop from the PDA. The wireless LBS market is currently in a nascent stage, but it will potentially become the largest segment of the LBS market. The deployment of third generation (3G) mobile network, which support handsets that are both mobile and location sensitive, will lead to more wireless LBS subscribers and more useful LBS applications.
Conference papers on the topic "Gas stove. eng"
1
Welker, Thomas F. "Gas Quality Can Only Be Determined by a Representative Sample." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1918.
Full textAbstract:
The Natural Gas Industry is changing rapidly. Yesterday, the producer sold to the gathering company, the gathering company sold to the pipeline company, the pipeline company sold, processed, stored, and moved the gas to the end user. Today, the end user buys from the producer, the gatherer, pipeliner, processor, storer. All handle someone else’s gas. There is only one way to know the quality of your product. Take a representative sample. Since everything that is done to gas changes it, you must know its’ quality as it is produced, compressed, processed, stripped, stored, and sold. This takes an analysis of that collected representative sample. Your company’s sampling techniques determine that gas quality. The people involved and the equipment used to collect the sample, store, transport, condition, and analyze that sample all make a profound difference. This paper will cover all of the aspects of gas quality determination and the business impacts of sampling accuracy. The issues discussed include: where on the line should the sample be taken, how should it be taken to protect its’ quality, what about transportation, D.O.T., cylinders, what happens to the gas in that cylinder, conditioning in the lab, heating, cooling, manifolds, and analyzers. Each step in the sampling operation will be discussed, as well as the ramifications of errors involved. This paper will also cover recent tests involving spot sampling test to maintain phase control and data from continuing test of composite samplers.
2
Brandt, Martin, Wolfgang Polifke, Blazenko Ivancic, Peter Flohr, and Bettina Paikert. "Auto-Ignition in a Gas Turbine Burner at Elevated Temperature." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38224.
Full textAbstract:
Many facilities, e.g. reheat gas turbines or internal combustion engines, are operated with hydrocarbon fuels at elevated preheat temperatures such that conditions may be encountered where the flame is not stabilized by flame propagation, but by self-ignition. A model for turbulent reacting flow in this combustion regime has been developed, based on an ignition indicator representing the evolution of a pool of chemical intermediates. Interactions between turbulence and chemistry are taken into account using a new Monte-Carlo joint PDF approach. The joint PDF is not approximated by an analytical function, but by representative ensembles of particles, which are generated with a biased random number generator. Mean reaction rates are computed from the first and second moments — including co-variances — of those variables which describe the thermochemical state of the mixture. It is possible to calculate mean reaction rates in a pre-processing step and store them in a lookup-table table for use in a subsequent CFD simulation, making the approach very efficient. The model has been implemented in a CFD code and validated against an industrial gas turbine burner configuration. It has been found that the model describes the combustion process for a range of operating conditions with good accuracy.
3
Kozak, Mustafa Tugrul, Erdinc Nuri Yildiz, Yigit Yazicioglu, and Ender Cigeroglu. "Effects of Aircraft Aeroelastic Deformations on External Store Separation Dynamics." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63772.
Full textAbstract:
Store separation analyses are carried out in order to estimate the safe separation envelope for external stores carried on military aircrafts by varying the flight/ejection conditions. Typical separation analysis considers either only the store motion beyond the end-of-stroke (EoS), or solves the EoS conditions with predefined ejection forcing that are assumed to be unaltered with respect to flight/ejection conditions. There exists a gap in the literature in modeling the EoS conditions and precise ejection loads. Data from ground and flight tests show that, dynamic responses of a store differ beyond acceptable limits where aerodynamics and aircraft elasticity are the two main sources of this miscorrelation. In order to have a reliable mathematical model that modifies the ground test data to have a reasonable correlation with the real ejection case, not only ejector and store dynamics but also store aerodynamics, aircraft aerodynamics, aircraft rigid body dynamics, aircraft elasticity should be considered. To show the effects of aircraft deformation on the EoS store conditions, first of all, a methodology that can be used to estimate the ejection loads and EoS conditions of the store more precisely is presented. For the purpose of visualizing the aeroelastic effects on store ejection dynamics, various virtual test cases are handled by changing wing torsional stiffness values and store mounting station positions along aircraft longitudinal axis. The acceleration responses of the store, obtained with and without the inclusion of aeroelastic effects, are used to emphasize the effects of aeroelasticity on ejection.
4
Ditaranto, Mario, Inge Saanum, and Jenny Larfeldt. "Experimental Study on High Pressure Combustion of Decomposed Ammonia: How Can Ammonia Be Best Used in a Gas Turbine?" In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60057.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Hydrogen, a carbon-free fuel, is a challenging gas to transport and store, but that can be solved by producing ammonia, a worldwide commonly distributed chemical. Ideally, ammonia should be used directly on site as a fuel, but it has many combustion shortcomings, with a very low reactivity and a high propensity to generate NOx. Alternatively, ammonia could be decomposed back to a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen which has better combustion properties, but at the expense of an endothermal reaction. Between these two options, a trade off could be a partial decomposition where the end use fuel is a mixture of ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen. We present an experimental study aiming at finding optimal NH3-H2-N2 fuel blends to be used in gas turbines and provide manufacturers with guidelines for their use in retrofit and new combustion applications. The industrial burner considered in this study is a small-scale Siemens burner used in the SGT-750 gas turbine, tested in the SINTEF high pressure combustion facility. The overall behaviour of the burner in terms of stability and emissions is characterized as a function of fuel mixtures corresponding to partial and full decomposition of ammonia. It is found that when ammonia is present in the fuel, the NOx emissions although high can be limited if the primary flame zone is operated fuel rich. Increasing pressure has shown to have a strong and favourable effect on NOx formation. When ammonia is fully decomposed to 75% H2 and 25% N2, the opposite behaviour is observed. In conclusion, either low rate or full decomposition are found to be the better options.
5
Butt, Muhammad Faisal Javed, Michael P. Paidoussis, and Meyer Nahon. "An Investigation Into the Dynamics of a Pipe Aspirating Fluid." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86179.
Full textAbstract:
Pipes aspirating fluid have applications in the filling and recovery processes for underground caverns — large subterranean cavities used to store hydrocarbons, such as natural gas and oil. This paper deals with the dynamics of a vertical cantilevered flexible pipe, immersed in fluid. Fluid is aspirated from its bottom free end up to the fixed upper end. In this study, the working fluid is assumed to be water. An existing analytical model is used to predict the dynamical behaviour of the aspirating pipe. This model is then discretized with Galerkin’s method, using Euler-Bernoulli eigen-functions for cantilevered beam as comparison functions. Once solved, the model results show a unique kind of flutter comprising three regions, denoted regions 01–03. These regions are delineated by two critical flow velocities, Ucf1 and Ucf2. In addition, two frequencies of oscillation, f1 and f2, are found to characterize the aforementioned flutter. The dominant frequency of oscillation changes from f1 to f2 as the flow velocity is increased from approximately 3 to 6 m/s — a frequency exchange phenomenon observed and reported here for the first time for this system. The analytical/numerical study was followed by a corresponding experimental study. Experiments were performed on a flexible (Silastic) pipe that was completely submerged in water. The behaviour observed experimentally was similar to the numerical study, as the aspirating fluid velocity was increased from zero to 7 m/s.
6
Safaei, Hossein, and Michael J. Aziz. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Compressed Air Energy Storage Facility Exporting Compression Heat to an External Heat Load." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20412.
Full textAbstract:
Fluctuations of electric load call for flexible generation technologies such as gas turbines. Alternatively, bulk energy storage (BES) facilities can store excess off-peak electricity to generate valuable peaking electricity. Interest in electricity storage has increased in the past decade in anticipation of higher penetration levels of intermittent renewable sources such as wind. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is one of the most promising BES technologies due to the large amount of energy (hundreds of MWh) that can be economically stored. CAES uses off-peak electricity to compress air into underground reservoirs. Air is combusted and expanded at a later time to regenerate electricity. One of the downsides of CAES is the large energy losses incurred in the form of waste compression heat. Distributed CAES (D-CAES) has been proposed in order to improve the roundtrip efficiency of CAES by utilizing the compression heat for space and water heating. The compressor of D-CAES is located near a heat load (e.g. a shopping mall) and the compression heat is recovered to meet this external load. D-CAES collects fuel credits equal to the negated heating fuel, leading to a higher overall efficiency compared to conventional CAES. We perform a thermodynamic analysis of conventional CAES and D-CAES to compare their heat rate, work ratio (electric energy stored per unit of electric energy regenerated), and exergy efficiency.
7
Brewster, Robert A., Emilio Baglietto, Eric Volpenhein, and Christopher S. Bajwa. "CFD Analyses of the TN-24P PWR Spent Fuel Storage Cask." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78491.
Full textAbstract:
Dry storage casks are used to store spent nuclear fuel after removal from the reactor spent fuel pool. Even prior to the Fukushima earthquake of March 2011, dry storage of spent fuel was receiving increased attention as many reactor spent fuel pools near their capacity. Many different types of cask designs are used, and one representative design is the TN-24P spent fuel cask, a non-ventilated steel cask with a shielded exterior shell and lid. The cask is typically filled with an inert gas such as helium, argon or nitrogen. In this paper, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculation results for the thermal performance of the TN-24P cask using the commercial CFD software STAR-CCM+ are presented. Initial calculations employ a common approach of treating the fuel assemblies as conducting porous media with calibrated volume-averaged properties, and comparison to existing measured temperature data shows good agreement. One of the fuel assemblies is then replaced with a more accurate representation that includes the full geometric detail of the fuel rods, guide tubes, spacer grids and end fittings (flow nozzles), and the results shown are consistent with the initial analysis, but without the need for the assumptions inherent in the porous media approach. This hybrid modeling approach also permits the direct determination of important results, such as the precise location of peak fuel cladding temperatures (PCTs), which is not possible using the more traditional porous media approach.
8
Chudnovsky, B., L. Levin, A. Talanker, A. Kunin, J. Cohen, R. Harpaz, and J. Karni. "Advanced Power Plant Concept With Application of Exhaust CO2 to Liquid Fuel Production." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3037.
Full textAbstract:
Today there is a growing concern about the ramifications of global warming resulting from the use of fossil fuels and the associated carbon dioxide emissions. Oxy-fuel combustion is a promising response to this issue, since the product of the combustion is a CO2 rich flue gas, which requires no further separation from other emission gases and thus can be sequestrated, or utilized. Here we present an analysis of a novel technology for combining oxy-fuel combustion with utilization of the CO2 rich flue gas for syntetic fuel production. The technology concept involves a new method of using concentrated solar energy for the dissociation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O2). Simultaneously, the same device can dissociate water (H2O) to hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). The CO, or the mixture of CO and H2 (called Syngas), can then be used as a gaseous fuel (e.g. in power plants), or converted to a liquid fuel (e.g. methanol), which is relatively easy to store and transport, and can be used in motor vehicles and electricity generation facilities. The oxygen produced in the process can be used in oxy-fuel combustion or other advanced combustion methods in power plants. In this study it is assumed that a typical sub-critical, 575 MW, coal firing power plant is converted to oxy-fuel combustion. The flue gases from that power plant are then used as raw material for fuel production. The aim of the study is to estimate the optimal conceptual design of a power generation plant, including liquid/gaseous fuel generation facility. In the present study we used a series of special models for simulating the heat balance, heat transfer, performance and emissions of an oxy-fuel converted utility boiler. We also employed cycle simulation software that facilitates the optimization of an electricity generation plant with CO2 conversion to liquid fuel and usage of the fuel produced from CO2 for additional electricity production. The simulation results show that the amount of fuel produced, additional power generated and power station self consumption may be changed over a wide range, depending on the size of the solar field, which provides the energy for the liquid fuel production. The paper includes an overview of some of the key technical considerations of the new concept of CO2 conversion to fuel. Based on the obtained results it may be concluded that the methodology presented in this study is an attractive option for CO2 emission reduction, which can be implemented in existing and/or new power generation units. The technology proposed in this paper is not indented as an alternative for replacing coal combustion with natural gas, however may be used effectively with oxy-fuel combustion of either coal or natural gas.
9
Morris, Jenny, Stephen Wickham, Phil Richardson, Colin Rhodes, and Mike Newland. "Contingency Options for the Dry Storage of Magnox Spent Fuel in the UK." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16330.
Full textAbstract:
The UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) is responsible for safe and secure management of spent nuclear fuel. Magnox fuel is held at some Magnox reactor sites and at Sellafield where it is reprocessed using a number of facilities. It is intended that all Magnox fuel will be reprocessed as described in the published Magnox Operating Programme (MOP) [1]. In the event, however, that a failure occurs within the reprocessing plant, the NDA has initiated a programme of activities to explore alternative contingency options for the management of wetted Magnox spent fuel. Magnox fuel comprises metallic uranium bar clad in a magnesium alloy, both of which corrode if exposed to oxygen or water. Consequently, contingency options are required to consider how best to manage the issues associated with the reactivity of the metals. Questions such as whether Magnox spent fuel needs to be dried, how it might be conditioned, how it might be packaged and held in temporary storage until a disposal facility becomes available, all require attention. During storage in the presence of water, the corrosion of Magnox fuel produces hydrogen (H2) gas, which requires careful management. When uranium reacts with hydrogen in a reducing environment, the formation of uranium hydride (UH3) may occur, which under some circumstances can be pyrophoric, and might create hazards which may affect subsequent retrieval and/or repackaging (e.g. for disposal). Other factors that may affect the choice of a viable contingency option include criticality safety, environmental impacts, security and Safeguards and economic considerations. Magnox fuel has been successfully dry-stored as intact fuel elements in CO2- and air-filled primary and secondary cells at Wylfa Power Station, UK. Storage of some fuel elements in the Wylfa secondary cells has been carried out successfully for over 25 years. Other relevant experience includes the French UNGG (Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz) and U.S. Hanford N-Reactor spent fuels, both of which have been retrieved and dried after decades of wet storage. The dried fuels are respectively stored in sealed canisters in modular vault stores at Cadarache (CASCAD) and Hanford (Canister Storage Building). The applicability of these and other potential store designs, such as concrete and metal casks and silos, to the storage of Magnox spent fuel is discussed.
10
Seevam, Patricia N., Julia M. Race, Martin J. Downie, and Phil Hopkins. "Transporting the Next Generation of CO2 for Carbon, Capture and Storage: The Impact of Impurities on Supercritical CO2 Pipelines." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64063.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change has been attributed to greenhouse gases with carbon dioxide (CO2) being the major contributor. Most of these CO2 emissions originate from the burning of fossil fuels (e.g. power plants). Governments and industry worldwide are now proposing to capture CO2 from their power plants and either store it in depleted reservoirs or saline aquifers (‘Carbon Capture and Storage’, CCS), or use it for ‘Enhanced Oil Recovery’ (EOR) in depleting oil and gas fields. The capture of this anthropogenic (man made sources of CO2) CO2 will mitigate global warming, and possibly reduce the impact of climate change. The United States has over 30 years experience with the transportation of carbon dioxide by pipeline, mainly from naturally occurring, relatively pure CO2 sources for onshore EOR. CCS projects differ significantly from this past experience as they will be focusing on anthropogenic sources from major polluters such as fossil fuel power plants, and the necessary CO2 transport infrastructure will involve both long distance onshore and offshore pipelines. Also, the fossil fuel power plants will produce CO2 with varying combinations of impurities depending on the capture technology used. CO2 pipelines have never been designed for these differing conditions; therefore, CCS will introduce a new generation of CO2 for transport. Application of current design procedures to the new generation pipelines is likely to yield an over-designed pipeline facility, with excessive investment and operating cost. In particular, the presence of impurities has a significant impact on the physical properties of the transported CO2 which affects: pipeline design; compressor/pump power; repressurisation distance; pipeline capacity. These impurities could also have implications in the fracture control of the pipeline. All these effects have direct implications for both the technical and economic feasibility of developing a carbon dioxide transport infrastructure onshore and offshore. This paper compares and contrasts the current experience of transporting CO2 onshore with the proposed transport onshore and offshore for CCS. It covers studies on the effect of physical and transport properties (hydraulics) on key technical aspects of pipeline transportation, and the implications for designing and operating a pipeline for CO2 containing impurities. The studies reported in the paper have significant implications for future CO2 transportation, and highlight a number of knowledge gaps that will have to be filled to allow for the efficient and economic design of pipelines for this ‘next’ generation of anthropogenic CO2.