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Cabrera-Torres, Carolina Priscilla, Maribel Albertina Díaz-Váasquez, Rosa Jeuna Diaz-Manchay, Victoria Sattler, Roseline Jean-Louis, Lisa Thompson, and Franco León-Jiménez. "Women's experiences with mixed use of wood and gas cookstoves and fuels in rural Lambayeque, Peru." Revista del Cuerpo Médico del HNAAA 13, no. 2 (August 9, 2020): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2020.132.662.
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Introduction: Despite program efforts to encourage use of clean cookstoves and fuels to mitigate climate change, many communities continue to use wood-fueled open fires. Objectives: Describe experiences of participants with mixed use of cooking and fuel technologies (e.g. open fires and chimney stoves using wood and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves) in rural Lambayeque, Peru in 2018. Material and methods: Fifteen participants were interviewed using a qualitative exploratory research design. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: Four categories emerged: decisions about acquiring cooking fuels are primarily based on cost; plastic trash is used to light wood-burning stoves; decisions to use gas over wood are based on quick food cooking time; and benefits and health problems are recognized, but mixed use of fuels persist. Conclusion: Use of both traditional wood cookstoves and plastic trash to ignite fires were used frequently because both are free or cheap. The environmental impact of cutting down trees isn't considered important, but interviewees did notice detriments to their wellbeing. Although gas stoves are used and benefits were mentioned, use of traditional stoves persists. We recommend that policy makers in Peru begin to address barriers to full adoption of new clean cooking technologies and consider governmental subsidies to meet families' spending priorities.
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Caspi, Caitlin Eicher, Jennifer E. Pelletier, Lisa Harnack, Darin J. Erickson, and Melissa N. Laska. "Differences in healthy food supply and stocking practices between small grocery stores, gas-marts, pharmacies and dollar stores." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015002724.
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AbstractObjectiveLittle is known about the practices for stocking and procuring healthy food in non-traditional food retailers (e.g. gas-marts, pharmacies). The present study aimed to: (i) compare availability of healthy food items across small food store types; and (ii) examine owner/manager perceptions and stocking practices for healthy food across store types.DesignDescriptive analyses were conducted among corner/small grocery stores, gas-marts, pharmacies and dollar stores. Data from store inventories were used to examine availability of twelve healthy food types and an overall healthy food supply score. Interviews with managers assessed stocking practices and profitability.SettingSmall stores in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN, USA, not participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.SubjectsOne hundred and nineteen small food retailers and seventy-one store managers.ResultsAvailability of specific items varied across store type. Only corner/small grocery stores commonly sold fresh vegetables (63 % v. 8 % of gas-marts, 0 % of dollar stores and 23 % of pharmacies). More than half of managers stocking produce relied on cash-and-carry practices to stock fresh fruit (53 %) and vegetables (55 %), instead of direct store delivery. Most healthy foods were perceived by managers to have at least average profitability.ConclusionsInterventions to improve healthy food offerings in small stores should consider the diverse environments, stocking practices and supply mechanisms of small stores, particularly non-traditional food retailers. Improvements may require technical support, customer engagement and innovative distribution practices.
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Quinn, Ashlinn K., Kendra Williams, Lisa M. Thompson, Ghislaine Rosa, Anaité Díaz-Artiga, Gurusamy Thangavel, Kalpana Balakrishnan, et al. "Compensating control participants when the intervention is of significant value: experience in Guatemala, India, Peru and Rwanda." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 4 (August 2019): e001567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001567.
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The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial is a randomised controlled trial in Guatemala, India, Peru and Rwanda to assess the health impact of a clean cooking intervention in households using solid biomass for cooking. The HAPIN intervention—a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and 18-month supply of LPG—has significant value in these communities, irrespective of potential health benefits. For control households, it was necessary to develop a compensation strategy that would be comparable across four settings and would address concerns about differential loss to follow-up, fairness and potential effects on household economics. Each site developed slightly different, contextually appropriate compensation packages by combining a set of uniform principles with local community input. In Guatemala, control compensation consists of coupons equivalent to the LPG stove’s value that can be redeemed for the participant’s choice of household items, which could include an LPG stove. In Peru, control households receive several small items during the trial, plus the intervention stove and 1 month of fuel at the trial’s conclusion. Rwandan participants are given small items during the trial and a choice of a solar kit, LPG stove and four fuel refills, or cash equivalent at the end. India is the only setting in which control participants receive the intervention (LPG stove and 18 months of fuel) at the trial’s end while also being compensated for their time during the trial, in accordance with local ethics committee requirements. The approaches presented here could inform compensation strategy development in future multi-country trials.
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Ekhtiari, Ali, Ioannis Dassios, Muyang Liu, and Eoin Syron. "A Novel Approach to Model a Gas Network." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061047.
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The continuous uninterrupted supply of Natural Gas (NG) is crucial to today’s economy, with issues in key infrastructure, e.g., Baumgarten hub in Austria in 2017, highlighting the importance of the NG infrastructure for the supply of primary energy. The balancing of gas supply from a wide range of sources with various end users can be challenging due to the unique and different behaviours of the end users, which in some cases span across a continent. Further complicating the management of the NG network is its role in supporting the electrical network. The fast response times of NG power plants and the potential to store energy in the network play a key role in adding flexibility across other energy systems. Traditionally, modelling the NG network relies on nonlinear pipe flow equations that incorporate the demand (load), flow rate, and physical network parameters including topography and NG properties. It is crucial that the simulations produce accurate results quickly. This paper seeks to provide a novel method to solve gas flow equations through a network under steady-state conditions. Firstly, the model is reformulated into non-linear matrix equations, then the equations separated into their linear and nonlinear components, and thirdly, the non-linear system is solved approximately by providing a linear system with similar solutions to the non-linear one. The non-linear equations of the NG transport system include the main variables and characteristics of a gas network, focusing on pressure drop in the gas network. Two simplified models, both of the Irish gas network (1. A gas network with 13 nodes, 2. A gas network with 109 nodes) are used as a case study for comparison of the solutions. Results are generated by using the novel method, and they are compared to the outputs of two numerical methods, the Newton–Raphson solution using MATLAB and SAINT, a commercial software that is used for the simulation of the gas network and electrical grids.
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Stalker, Linda, David Dewhurst, Yanhua Zhang, Peter Schaubs, Ben Clennell, Yohan Suhardiman, Andrew Maxwell, et al. "Evaluation of the Petrel Sub-basin as a northern Australia CO2 store: future decarbonisation hub?" APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19180.
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The Northern Australia CO2 Store Project has extended investigations for safe, long-term containment of large volumes of CO2 (up to 100 million tonnes) to support liquefied natural gas and other industries in a decarbonised future. Most natural gas fields in the Petrel Sub-basin and the surrounding region have relatively high native CO2 content. This collaborative project improved storage characterisation, evaluated geomechanical risks and estimated engineering demands necessary to progress the concept to ‘prospect’ and ‘resource’. New data have significantly advanced the geological and structural understanding in the region, improving chrono- and litho-stratigraphic correlations, with new well ties across the basin. However, the re-mapping has thrown up new questions that require additional data (e.g. new stratigraphic wells, 3D seismic data) to address those knowledge gaps. Geomechanical modelling in the area has tested (to extreme levels) the potential impact of injection on faults in the area, further de-risking the likelihood of upward migration and leakage. The region could utilise an abundance of energy and feedstocks in the form of solar, natural gas, hydrogen and CO2 to become a future decarbonisation and industrial hub while managing major emissions with offshore CO2 storage.
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Mohlakoana, Nthabiseng, and Wendy Annecke. "The use of liquefied petroleum gas by South African low-income urban households: A case study." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 20, no. 4 (November 1, 2009): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2009/v20i4a3306.
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At the end of 2005 and in 2006, the Western Cape suffered extended blackouts. The cuts came as a shock and customers were loud in their criticism of Eskom and the City of Cape Town’s failure to provide a reliable electricity supply. The utility Eskom’s responses included the introduction of an aggressive Demand Side Management (DSM) programme with the goal of saving electricity and reducing the need to shed customers. In Khayelitsha, Cape Town, the DSM programme entailed an exchange and subsidy programme: households were encouraged to swop their two-plate electric stoves for Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves. This intervention is the subject of this paper. The results of the study were analysed in terms of the socio-economic characteristics of the sample interviewed, multiple fuel use and transition trends in households in urban areas, changes in behaviour in electricity and LPG use, changing perceptions of LPG and the impact of the intervention. Previous studies in household energy use showed that people perceived LPG to be dangerous saying that it posed a greater danger to the household than paraffin since it might explode. Surprisingly, during the electricity power cuts in 2006, people in low-income communities, readily accepted LPG stoves in great numbers and a year later, up to 89% of the households surveyed, reported still using LPG for cooking.
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Winkler, Megan R., Kathleen M. Lenk, Caitlin E. Caspi, Darin J. Erickson, Lisa Harnack, and Melissa N. Laska. "Variation in the food environment of small and non-traditional stores across racial segregation and corporate status." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 09 (March 8, 2019): 1624–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019000132.
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AbstractObjectiveWe examined differences in consumer-level characteristics and structural resources and capabilities of small and non-traditional food retailers (i.e. corner stores, gas-marts, pharmacies, dollar stores) by racial segregation of store neighbourhood and corporate status (corporate/franchise-v. independently owned).DesignObservational store assessments and manager surveys were used to examine availability-, affordability- and marketing-related characteristics experienced by consumers as well as store resources (e.g. access to distributors) and perceived capabilities for healthful changes (e.g. reduce pricing on healthy foods). Cross-sectional regression analyses of store and manager data based on neighbourhood segregation and store corporate status were conducted.SettingSmall and non-traditional food stores in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN, USA.ParticipantsOne hundred and thirty-nine stores; seventy-eight managers.ResultsSeveral consumer- and structural-level differences occurred by corporate status, independent of residential segregation. Compared with independently owned stores, corporate/franchise-owned stores were more likely to: not offer fresh produce; when offered, receive produce via direct delivery and charge higher prices; promote unhealthier consumer purchases; and have managers that perceived greater difficulty in making healthful changes (P≤0·05). Only two significant differences were identified by residential racial segregation. Stores in predominantly people of colour communities (<30 % non-Hispanic White) had less availability of fresh fruit and less promotion of unhealthy impulse buys relative to stores in predominantly White communities (P≤0·05).ConclusionsCorporate status appears to be a relevant determinant of the consumer-level food environment of small and non-traditional stores. Policies and interventions aimed at making these settings healthier may need to consider multiple social determinants to enable successful implementation.
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Reynolds, Douglas B., and Maduabuchi Pascal Umekwe. "Shale-Oil Development Prospects: The Role of Shale-Gas in Developing Shale-Oil." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173331.
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Currently, most of the world’s shale-oil is coming from the United States, but more may be needed from non-U.S. sources in order to keep the world price of oil from increasing, and yet a number of petroleum producing countries have yet to develop shale-oil resources. This article investigates why that may be. One reason for this may be the role that shale-gas development plays in the search for shale-oil. In the oil and natural gas industry over much of the 20th century, finding oil has usually been more valuable than finding natural gas because the gas has less energy density than oil, making each BTU (or Joule) of oil energy easier to store, transport and use for consumers. However, since shale source-rock often has both natural gas and oil, then it behooves a shale search process to start by looking for natural gas first rather than oil to enhance the profitability of the search process. The problem, then, is that a shale-oil only search strategy has the same problem that first plagued the oil and gas industry: What do you do with the natural gas? In this paper, we will examine how this “chicken and egg” exploration scenario has played out in the U.S. in order to draw lessons on how difficult shale-oil development will be for the rest of the world.
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Marshall, John D., Owain D. Tucker, Cliff E. Lovelock, Sebastian J. Darker, Carlos E. Annia, and Jon B. Hognestad. "Goldeneye: Tomorrow Never Dies (or a field Only Lives Twice)." Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference series 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pgc8.18.
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AbstractThe Goldeneye gas–condensate field lies in the Moray Firth Basin of the North Sea and illustrates the potential for further field life after the normal end of production. It was discovered in 1996 in a three-way dip-closed structure in the Lower Cretaceous Captain Sandstone. Five development wells were drilled from a single production platform and first gas was produced in 2004.The field pressure decline indicated partial aquifer support and no compartmentalization. Approaching the end of production, the opportunity arose to propose Goldeneye as a store for CO2. The cap-rock seal was capable of containing gas and the removed hydrocarbons left a significant volume that could be refilled without raising pressures above original conditions. The field's good reservoir properties were favourable for injection, the wellstock and infrastructure were modern, and CO2 sources were available close by.The different requirements of a storage project called for a detailed understanding of the overburden to guard against possible leak paths and to identify secondary containment. Furthermore, greater understanding of the aquifer was needed as it limits storage volumes through its impact on reservoir pressures. Updated interpretation, analysis and modelling demonstrated that Goldeneye is an excellent potential CO2 storage site, which gives it a possible second span of life helping to offset UK CO2 emissions.
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Pittson, Jarrod, and Allie Convery. "Reducing methane losses across the gas value chain – Woodside journey to excellence." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19234.
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Woodside is the first, and, to date, only, Australian listed company to be a signatory to the Methane Guiding Principles, an industry, non-Government organisation and educational institution collaboration aimed at reducing methane emissions across the natural gas value chain. Woodside’s methane emissions are ~0.04% of our total hydrocarbon production, or 400 kt CO2-eq per annum (Woodside Energy 2019). This is a relatively small methane emission footprint in comparison with other industrial and oil and gas operators; however, to ensure the greenhouse gas and environmental benefits of LNG over coal and other greenhouse intensive fossil fuels remain legitimate and substantial, we recognise the important role of minimising methane losses through the natural gas value chain. The global-warming potential of methane is 86 times more potent over a 20-year time frame than that of carbon dioxide (IPCC 2014). By tackling methane emissions, significant inroads can be made in reducing the impacts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Woodside became a signatory to the Methane Guiding Principles in April 2018 and has commenced a program of work to deliver on the five principles, which are to (1) continually reduce methane emissions, (2) advance strong performance across gas value chains, (3) improve accuracy of methane emissions data, (4) advocate sound policy and regulations on methane emissions and (5) increase transparency. This paper will focus on the journey we are on, namely, understanding our methane emission footprint within our operational boundaries and setting in place an action plan to reduce these emissions. But it is also a lot broader as we start to look beyond our gates to the transport and distribution networks, through to the end user turning on their gas stove at home. It is about cradle to grave custody of our product for it to be a viable long-term solution in a lower-carbon economy.
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Ramanan, Siddharth, and Devvarta Kumar. "Prospective Memory in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-analysis." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 10 (September 18, 2013): 1109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713001045.
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AbstractProspective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to carry out an intended action in the future and it is pervasive in our daily living. A failure to execute an intended action (e.g., take medication) at the appropriate juncture in future (e.g., after dinner) can negatively affect our daily functioning and at times, may have devastating effects (e.g., forgetting to turn off the gas stove before leaving the house). Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibit widespread cognitive deficits including deficits in PM. The present study provides a meta-analytic review of PM in PD. Results across nine studies indicated time and event-based PM to be similarly impaired in PD, with time-based PM compromised to a slightly larger extent (Hedges’ g = −0.71) as compared to event-based PM (Hedges’ g = −0.55). The impairment in PM is more likely due to failure in self-initiated retrieval of intention to be executed, rather than forgetting the content of the intention itself. Furthermore, factors such as intervening task complexity and the mediating role of other executive functions have also been proposed to be responsible for impaired PM in PD. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)
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Morton, Suzanne, Alanna Moshfegh, and Donna Rhodes. "Convenience Store Contribution to Adults’ Dietary Intake - What We Eat In America, NHANES, 2013–2016." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_087.
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Abstract Objectives Convenience stores account for a small but growing percentage of household packaged food purchases. This research describes the contribution of convenience stores to U.S. adult food and beverage consumption and energy intake. Methods The study included nationally representative data from 9861 adults, 20+ years old (excluding pregnant/lactating women), participating in What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016. Dietary intake data, obtained from an in-person 24-hour recall, were collected using an interviewer-administered 5-step USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method. For each food/beverage reported, participants were asked name of eating occasion, self-selected from a fixed list, and source where the item was obtained. Meal occasions included breakfast, lunch (includes brunch), and dinner (includes supper). Snack occasions included snack, drink, and extended consumption. Eating occasions of only plain water were excluded from analysis. Convenience store source included convenience-type store (e.g., 7–11, Circle K), dollar store, drug store, gas station, gift shop, and liquor/beer store. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.01. Results Overall, 26% of adults consumed a food or beverage obtained from a convenience store on any given day. Males, older adults (<60 years), and low income individuals (family income <131% of poverty level) were more likely to consume a food or beverage from a convenience store. Comparisons among race/ethnicity groups illustrated a greater percentage of non-Hispanic blacks (36%) and a lower percentage of non-Hispanic Asians (13%) consumed an item from a convenience store. Among consumers of food/beverages from convenience stores, 20% of daily energy intake came from convenience store items, with the majority of energy from these items consumed during snack occasions. Conclusions One in four adults obtained at least one food or beverage from a convenience store on any given day, with convenience store consumers having a different demographic profile than non-consumers. This highlights the importance of convenience stores to U.S. dietary intake and need for further research on socio-demographic differences. Funding Sources United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
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SNYDER, HERMAN E., and ROLF D. REITZ. "Direct droplet production from a liquid film: a new gas-assisted atomization mechanism." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 375 (November 25, 1998): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098002997.
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X-ray lithography and micro-machining have been used to study gas-assisted liquid atomization in which a liquid film was impinged by a large number of sonic micro-gas jets. Three distinct breakup regimes were demonstrated. Two of these regimes share characteristics with previously observed atomization processes: a bubble bursting at a free surface (Newitt et al. 1954; Boulton-Stone & Blake 1993) and liquid sheet disintegration in a high gas/liquid relative velocity environment (Dombrowski & Johns 1963). The present work shows that suitable control of the gas/liquid interface creates a third regime, a new primary atomization mechanism, in which single liquid droplets are ejected directly from the liquid film without experiencing an intermediate ligament formation stage. The interaction produces a stretched liquid sheet directly above each gas orifice. This effectively pre-films the liquid prior to its breakup. Following this, surface tension contracts the stretched film of liquid into a sphere which subsequently detaches from the liquid sheet and is entrained by the gas jet that momentarily pierces the film. After droplet ejection, the stretched liquid film collapses, covering the gas orifice, and the process repeats. This new mechanism is capable of the efficient creation of finely atomized sprays at low droplet ejection velocities (e.g. 20 μm Sauter mean diameter methanol sprays using air at 239 kPa, with air-to-liquid mass ratios below 1.0, and droplet velocities lower than 2.0 m s−1). Independent control of the gas and the liquid flows allows the droplet creation process to be effectively de-coupled from the initial droplet momentum, a characteristic not observed with standard gas-assisted atomization mechanisms.
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Osasuyi, Osahon, Khalid Al-Ali, Mohammad Abu Zahra, Giovanni Palmisano, and Dang Viet Quang. "Material screening for two-step thermochemical splitting of H2S using metal sulfide." E3S Web of Conferences 83 (2019): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198301003.
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Associated with the rise in energy demand is the increase in the amount of H2S evolved to the environment. H2S is toxic and dangerous to life and the environment, thus, the need to develop efficient and costeffective ways of disposing of the H2S gas has become all-important. To this end, a two-step thermochemical H2S splitting cycle is proposed in this work which does more than just getting rid of the toxic gas but has the potential to produce valuable H2 gas as well as store the solar heat energy. Studies have proved that the type of material used, such as metal sulfides, is critical to the efficiency of this thermochemical splitting process. As follows, this study focuses on establishing a criterion to aid in selecting favorable metal sulfides for application and further development in the H2S thermochemical decomposition sphere. Using a computational approach, via the HSC Chemistry 8®, evaluations such as the equilibrium yield from the sulfurization and decomposition reaction steps, the temperature required for reaction spontaneity, and the Reversibility Index were determined. Investigations proved that sulfides of Zirconium, Niobium, and Nickel were auspicious candidates for the thermochemical decomposition.
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Abramov, Nikita S. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STATUS OF THE OFFSHORE MOBILE OIL AND GAS INSTALLATIONS." RUDN Journal of Law 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 510–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-4-510-532.
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Mobile offshore oil and gas installations are the essential infrastructural facilities for the oil and gas industry. The present-day offshore installations are able to explore, extract, store and offload hydrocarbons, thus ensuring the complete cycle of offshore fields development. Nonetheless, multifunctionality of mobile oil and gas installations makes it difficult to define their international legal status. Under the UNCLOS 1982, the mobile offshore oil and gas installations international status is uncertain. Due to dualistic nature, the mobile installations should be considered under the category of “instal- lations” during the hydrocarbons exploration and exploitation operations and be classified as “ships” while navigating. The article seeks to analyse a set of international law provisions, that define the mobile offshore oil and gas installations international legal status. It is intended to assess whether the existing legal regulations meet the needs of a present-day offshore industry. To this end, the article addresses the relevant provisions of international maritime conventions, that define the status of mobile oil and gas installations in accordance with their object and purpose. The study finds that there are at least four distinct approaches towards the definition of the mobile installations international legal status. The author concludes that the differentiated approaches towards the definition of the mobile installations international legal status for the object and purpose of the various maritime treaties is a substantial shortcoming of the applicable international legal framework. The study attempts to make the case for unification of a “dual approach”, that treats mobile offshore units as an “installations” or “ships” depending upon the function preformed. Elaborating further on the unification proposal the author argues for the improvement of the “dual approach” through the specific process-related criteria, that establish the exact moment of the international legal status change.
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Mokodongan, Wahyudi ,., Juliana R. Mandei, and Joachim N. K. Dumais. "NILAI TAMBAH KERIPIK PISANG PADA INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA IBU DEWI (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Malalayang)." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 13, no. 3A (November 20, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.13.3a.2017.18011.
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This study aims to determine the amount of: (1) the cost per one time production, (2) revenue and income per one time production (3) added value from the banana processing business into banana chips. This research was conducted in Kecamatan Malalayang. Data collection begins at the end of February to March 2017. Data collection methods are conducted using primary data. Primary data was obtained through interviews based on a prepared list of questions, as well as on-site observations. The data collected involves: The variable cost is the amount of value influenced by the amount of production of banana chips is the cost of raw materials (bananas) and the cost of fuel (kerosene, LPG gas), Fixed costs consist of: depreciation cost of equipment and construction depreciation or cost other beyond the variable cost. Depreciation is the cost of depreciation per year, ie stove, knife, spoon of fryers, chopper, scales, and trays per year. Additives material are ingredients other than the main ingredients needed in the production process ie cooking oil, sugar, salt, egg yolk, and wrapping plastic. The total cost is all costs incurred in the production of bananas into banana chips. Methods of data analysis conducted in this study are: (1) calculate the total cost per one time production, (2) calculate the business profits processing banana fruit into banana chips per one time production with the formula π = TR - TC. (3) Calculating the added value of the banana processing business into banana chips. The results showed that (1) The amount of cost the banana Dewi chips per production is Rp. 164.000, - with details of banana raw material Rp. 25.000, - and auxiliary materials, among others, cooking oil, sugar, salt, egg yolks cendrawasih, plastic wrapping, and gas Rp. 139.000, -. (2) Large income and income per one time banana banana chips production is 20 packs per one time production with selling price Rp. 20.000, - so the revenue of Dewi banana chips is 400,000, - and (3) the amount of added value from the processing of banana into Dewi banana chips is Rp. 232.555,48 and for the value added to the raw material of banana chips, 232.555.48 divided by 100 bananas the result is 2,325,55, meaning that each banana that is processed into banana chips can give the addition of value of 2,325,55.
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Wolter, Anna, Guido Consolandi, Marcella Longhetti, Marco Landoni, and Andrea Bianco. "The Cartwheel galaxy as a stepping stone for binaries formation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S346 (August 2018): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319001157.
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AbstractUltraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are end points of stellar evolution. They are mostly interpreted as binary systems with a massive donor. They are also the most probable progenitors for BH-BH, and even more, for BH-NS coalescence. Parameters of ULXs are not know and need to be better determined, in particular the link with the metallicity of the environment which has been invoked frequently but not proven strongly. We have tackled this problem by using a MUSE DEEP mosaic of the Cartwheel galaxy and applying a Monte Carlo code that jointly fits spectroscopy and photometry. We measure the metallicity of the emitting gas in the ring and at the positions of X-ray sources by constructing spatially resolved emission line ratio maps and BPT diagnostic maps. The Carthweel is the archetypal ring galaxy and the location and formation time of new stellar populations is easier to reconstruct than in more normal galaxies. It has the largest population of ULXs ever observed in a single galaxy (16 sources have been classified as ULXs in Chandra and XMM-Newton data). The Cartwheel galaxy is therefore the ideal laboratory to study the relation between Star Formation (SF Rates and SF History) and number of ULXs and also their final fate. We find that the age of the stellar population in the outer ring is consistent with being produced in the impact (≤300Myr) and that the metallicity is mostly sub-solar, even if solutions can be found with a solar metallicity that account for most observed properties. The findings for the Cartwheel will be a testbed for further modelisation of binary formation and evolution paths.
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LEIGHTON, T. G. "FROM SEAS TO SURGERIES, FROM BABBLING BROOKS TO BABY SCANS: THE ACOUSTICS OF GAS BUBBLES IN LIQUIDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 18, no. 25 (October 20, 2004): 3267–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979204026494.
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Gas bubbles are the most potent naturally-occurring entities that influence the acoustic environment in liquids. Upon entrainment under breaking waves, waterfalls, or rainfall over water, each bubble undergoes small amplitude decaying pulsations with a natural frequency that varies approximately inversely with the bubble radius, giving rise to the "plink" of a dripping tap or the roar of a cataract. When they occur in their millions per cubic metre in the top few metres of the ocean, bubbles can dominate the underwater sound field. Similarly, when driven by an incident sound field, bubbles exhibit a strong pulsation resonance. Acoustic scatter by bubbles can confound sonar in the shallow waters which typify many modern maritime military operations. If they are driven by sound fields of sufficient amplitude, the bubble pulsations can become highly nonlinear. These nonlinearities might be exploited to enhance sonar, or to monitor the bubble population. Such oceanic monitoring is important, for example, because of the significant contribution made by bubbles to the greenhouse gas budget. In industry, bubble monitoring is required for sparging, electrochemical processes, the production of paints, pharamaceuticals and foodstuffs. At yet higher amplitudes of pulsation, gas compression within the collapsing bubble can generate temperatures of several thousand Kelvin whilst, in the liquid, shock waves and shear can produce erosion and bioeffects. Not only can these effects be exploited in industrial cleaning and manufacturing, and research into novel chemical processes, but we need to understand (and if possible control) their occurrence when biomedical ultrasound is passed through the body. This is because the potential of such bubble-related physical and chemical processes to damage tissue will be desireable in some circumstances (e.g. ultrasonic kidney stone therapy), and undesireable in others (e.g. foetal scanning). This paper describes this range of behaviour. Further information on these topics, including sound and video files, can be found at .
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Gupta, Rajni. "Resource Provisioning and Scheduling Techniques of IoT Based Applications in Fog Computing." International Journal of Fog Computing 2, no. 2 (July 2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijfc.2019070104.
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Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a computing paradigm to develop smart applications such e-health care systems, smart city, smart waste management systems, etc. It contains a large number of different devices and heterogeneous networks, which make it difficult to provide secure and fast response to the end user. To provide the faster response services, there is a need to use the concept of Fog computing Recently, the use of fog computing is a rapidly increasing in many industries for the development of applications such as manufacturing, e-health, oil and gas, As more and more users have started to store/process their real-time data in Fog-based Cloud environments, resource provisioning and scheduling of IoT based applications becomes a key element of consideration for efficient execution of these applications. This article will help to select the most suitable technique for processing smart IoT based applications in Fog computing environments.
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Doehne, Eric, and David Carson. "Charge Contrast Imaging (CCI) in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope: Optimizing Operating Parameters for Calcite." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 780–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600029974.
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Charge contrast imaging (CCI) is a useful new method for imaging sub-micron features in crystalline materials using the unique gas/ion/electron imaging system of the environmental scanning electron microscope (Griffin, 1997; Doehne, 1998). Crystal growth zoning, microfractures, solution boundaries, and areas of chemical alteration or recrystallization can be imaged in a wide range of materials (Griffin, 2000; Watt, et al. 2000). While not fully understood, charge contrast images reflect differences in the ability of materials to accept, store and discharge deposited electrons from the primary electron beam. These differences are expressed, in turn, as contrasts in secondary electron emission from flat samples (e.g. these contrasts are not related to topography, as is usually the case). Charge contrast appears be related to differences in electronic properties which are often controlled by defect density. CCI is also affected by small-scale physical defects (such as microfractures) which appear to affect the distribution and timing of charge buildup and discharge in the sample (Johansen, et al. 1997).
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Nenycz-Thiel, Magda, and Jenni Romaniuk. "How far is too far?" European Journal of Marketing 53, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-04-2017-0273.
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PurposeRetailers are increasingly adding banks, gas stations, mobile services and even real estate agencies to their portfolio and branding these new ventures with the retailer name, such as Tesco Bank or Asda Money. The purpose of this paper is to test the ability of a retailer brand to stretch from traditional packaged goods categories to very different categories such as banking.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from an online survey collected from 953 UK grocery buyers, this paper examines consumers’ behaviour towards UK retailer brands across four categories: soft drinks, chocolate, fuel and banking.FindingsThe results show that cross-category retailer brand purchasing is stronger between categories with similar buying behaviour (e.g. soft drinks and chocolate) than in categories with very different buying behaviour (e.g. soft drinks and banking). The behavioural spill over effects are stronger for retailer brands from the same chain and persist even for unrelated categories. However, apart from fuel, the strongest cross-purchasing occurs across competing retailer-branded offers within the same category.Research limitations/implicationsThe main implication of this study is that behavioural spill overs for retailer brands are possible even between unrelated categories. The finding about the effects being strongest within a given chain implies that umbrella branded strategy is a key to take advantage of the effects.Practical implicationsThese findings extend past literature about the cross-category buying of umbrella branded store brands to very different categories. This paper highlights the challenges retailers face regarding their ability to extend the retailer brand across categories. The findings also provide insights for cross-selling retailer brands in unrelated categories to current store brand buyers.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine the use of retailer brands across a wide spectrum of categories from Soft Drinks to Fuel.
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Hooper, B., B. Koppe, and L. Murray. "COMMERCIAL AND TECHNICAL ISSUES FOR LARGE-SCALE CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE PROJECTS—A GIPPSLAND BASIN STUDY." APPEA Journal 46, no. 1 (2006): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj05025.
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The Latrobe Valley in Victoria’s Gippsland Basin is the location of one of Australia’s most important energy resources—extremely thick, shallow brown coal seams constituting total useable reserves of more than 50,000 million tonnes. Brown coal has a higher moisture content than black coal and generates more CO2 emissions per unit of useful energy when combusted. Consequently, while the Latrobe Valley’s power stations provide Australia’s lowest- cost bulk electricity, they are also responsible for over 60 million tonnes of CO2 emissions per year—over half of the Victorian total. In an increasingly carbon constrained world the ongoing development of the Latrobe Valley brown coal resource is likely to require a drastic reduction in the CO2 emissions from new coal use projects—and carbon capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to meet such deep cuts. The offshore Gippsland Basin, the site of major producing oil and gas fields, has the essential geological characteristics to provide a high-volume, low-cost site for CCS. The importance of this potential to assist the continuing use of the nation’s lowest-cost energy source prompted the Australian Government to fund the Latrobe Valley CO2 Storage Assessment (LVCSA).The LVCSA proposal was initiated by Monash Energy (formerly APEL, and now a 100% subsidiary of Anglo American)—the proponent of a major brown coal-to-liquids plant in the Latrobe Valley. Monash Energy’s plans for the 60,000 BBL per day plant include CCS to store about 13 million tonnes of CO2 per year. The LVCSA, undertaken for Monash Energy by the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC), provides a medium to high-level technical and economic characterisation of the volume and cost potential for secure geosequestration of CO2 produced by the use of Latrobe Valley brown coal (Hooper et al, 2005a). The assessment’s scope includes consideration of the interaction between CO2 injection and oil and gas production, and its findings have been publicly released for use by CCS proponents, oil and gas producers and all other interested parties as an executive summary, (Hooper et al, 2005b), a fact sheet (Hooper et al, 2005c) and a presentation (Hooper et al, 2005d)).The LVCSA identifies the key issues and challenges for implementing CCS in the Latrobe Valley and provides a reference framework for the engagement of stakeholders. In effect the LVCSA constitutes a pre-feasibility study for the implementation of geosequestration in support of the continuing development of Victoria’s brown coal resources.The LVCSA findings indicate that the Gippsland Basin has sufficient capacity to safely and securely store large volumes of CO2 and may provide a viable means of substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants and other projects using brown coal in the Latrobe Valley. The assessment also indicates that CO2 injection could well be designed to avoid any adverse impact on adjacent oil and gas production, so that CO2 injection can begin near fields that have not yet come to the end of their productive lives. However, CCS proposals involving adjacent injection and production will require more detailed risk management strategies and continuing cooperation between prospective injectors and existing producers.
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Lange, O. L., H. Reichenberger, and H. Walz. "Continuous Monitoring of CO2 Exchange of Lichens in the Field: Short-Term Enclosure with an Automatically Operating Cuvette." Lichenologist 29, no. 3 (May 1997): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0076.
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AbstractField measurements of CO2 exchange by lichens are difficult because these poikilohydric organisms rely on direct hydration by rain, dew or fog. Continuous enclosure of thalli in conditioned, measurement cuvettes is, therefore, not experimentally reasonable. Porometric instruments with brief enclosure times, have proved useful for studies of lichen gas exchange but allow only spot measurements and recording is not easily possible for extended time periods. We describe a newly developed, automatically operating cuvette that allows long-term monitoring of lichen photosynthetic and respiratory CO2 exchange in the field. Samples, e.g. flat stone slabs covered with epilithic lichens, are positioned on the base of the cuvette where, when the cuvette is open, they are exposed to the same environmental conditions as naturally growing thalli. At regular intervals (typically 30 min), an upper lid automatically encloses the lichen for c. 3 min in a stirred cuvette; CO2 exchange is measured using IRGA techniques and microclimate data arc recorded. The successful operation of the cuvette is illustrated by means of diel time courses of CO2 exchange for selected, very different weather conditions.
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Cheng, Xiang, Guangming Zhao, Yingming Li, Xiangrui Meng, Qingyi Tu, Shunjie Huang, and Zhihong Qin. "Mining-Induced Pressure-Relief Mechanism of Coal-Rock Mass for Different Protective Layer Mining Modes." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 9, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3598541.
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The protective layer mining method of the traditional deep coal seam in has been confronted with great challenges, and it is difficult for coal and gas to be extracted together. Taking the occurrence conditions of III1 mining area of Luling Coal Mine located at Huaibei, China, as engineering background, the influence law of the lithology on stress environment in front of the stope was analyzed by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. The mining-induced mechanical effect of coal-rock mass was studied under different protective layer mining modes. The results showed that the peak value of the advanced abutment pressure decreased with the decrease of lithologic strength under the same mining conditions. For simulated geological conditions, the stress concentration coefficient of soft rock and coal seam protective layer mining modes was 1.9 and 1.7, respectively. Under the mining stress path of different protective layers, the ratio of axial stress increase and confining pressure unloading in secondary unloading phase were 2 : 1 and 1.5 : 1, respectively. The axial stress-strain curves of different protective layer mining modes had similar trends, and they had a volume expansion at the end of unloading (failure stage). In addition, it revealed the pressure-relief antireflection mechanism of the protective layer mining. Under the same confining pressure condition, the peak stress and peak strain increased with the increase of loading and unloading velocity ratio. The reduced value of the confining pressure increased, while the volume expansion decreased at failure. The results were applied to III1 mining area in soft rock protective layer mining, which created the mining way of traditional coal seam protective layer. Furthermore, the gas control technology of soft rock protective layer working face was put forward for deep coal seam with low permeability and high gas, enriching the pressure-relief mining theory of protective layer.
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U R, RESHMA, and SIMI S. "A correlation study of pre-sowing treatments, sowing positions and age of stones after extraction from fruit on germination of mango." Journal of AgriSearch 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v8i2.7291.
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The present study was undertaken to assess the correlation relationship between various pre-soaking treatments, sowing positions and age of stone on germination and vigour of mango seedlings. Mango stones of different age groups viz., freshly extracted stones, 10 and 20 days after extraction of pulp were soaked in aqueous solutions of GA3 (100 and 200 ppm), KNO3 (1 and 2 ppm), cow dung slurry, water and control (without treatments) for 24 hours and were sown in flat and stalk end up method. The correlation coefficients indicate the presence of inherent association between various characters under study. The study revealed that the seedling vigour index –I had very high positive and very dependable relationship with germination percentage (r=0.988**) and seedling length (r=0.974**) whereas seedling vigour index-II had very high positive, significant correlation and very dependable relationship with seedling length (0.931**) in case of stalk end up method over the flat method of sowing.
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Drastichová, Vendula, Lubomír Martiník, Jiří Horák, Kamil Krpec, František Hopan, and Petr Kubesa. "Emissions of Nanoparticles from Small Combustion Equipment with Regard to the Combustion Mode and Wood Humidity." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.226.
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Contamination of air by solid particles is serious problem for human health and also environment, especially in certain regions of the Czech Republic and Poland. Small particles in nano-sizes are more dangerous than same weight of larger size. Negative effect namely of the solid particles depends on number, specific surface area, respirability and bonding of others substances (e.g. PAH, As, Cd, Zn, Cu etc.) which are higher for smaller (nano-sizes) particles compared to larger one. With the approaching winter, yearly problems with distribution of particles from small combustion equipments arise. The annual emission balance indicate that the proportion of small sources to total air pollution (PAH, dust) is surprisingly expressive [1]. For this reason mentioned above this contribution deals with measuring of amount, and distribution of nanoparticles produced form combustion of wood in small combustion unit. <br />For combustion test in grave-free stoves were used three samples of wood (wet spruce, dry spruce and raw spruce) and two combustion modes. Nanoparticles from flue gas were characterized by the aperture low-pressure cascade impactor DLPI (separation and weighing of particles in sizes 30 ηm ÷ 10 µm). Wood were combusted in the form of ¼ logs.
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Phothisuwan, Saifon, Nirundorn Matan, and Narumol Matan. "Controlled release of essential oil from a rubberwood box using activated carbon to extend the shelf life of strawberries and its possible mode of action." BioResources 16, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 1726–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.1726-1739.
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The controlled release of bergamot oil was evaluated from rubberwood boxes containing activated carbon and bergamot oil. Rubberwood boxes impregnated with different concentrations of bergamot oil (50, 100, and 300 µg g−1) with and without activated carbon were prepared. The treated rubberwood boxes were utilized to store strawberries at 6 °C for 21 d, while boxes with only activated carbon were used as a control. The inhibitory effects relative to Botrytis cinerea growth and quality of the strawberries after storage in rubberwood box were investigated. The microstructure of the rubberwood was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to quantify the volatile compounds. The rubberwood boxes with activated carbon and 100 µg g−1 of bergamot oil were found to inhibit Botrytis cinerea growth on strawberries and extend their shelf life for at least 21 d. Compared to rubberwood boxes without activated carbon, activated carbon was able to retard the release of bergamot oil into the system, yielding increased strawberry quality. Releasing less bioactive components from bergamot oil could decrease undesirable effects on strawberries, e.g., tissue, weight loss, flavour, and colour changes.
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Enaime, Ghizlane, and Manfred Lübken. "Agricultural Waste-Based Biochar for Agronomic Applications." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 8914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198914.
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Agricultural activities face several challenges due to the intensive increase in population growth and environmental issues. It has been established that biochar can be assigned a useful role in agriculture. Its agronomic application has therefore received increasing attention recently. The literature shows different applications, e.g., biochar serves as a soil ameliorant to optimize soil structure and composition, and it increases the availability of nutrients and the water retention capacity in the soil. If the biochar is buried in the soil, it decomposes very slowly and thus serves as a long-term store of carbon. Limiting the availability of pesticides and heavy metals increases soil health. Biochar addition also affects soil microbiology and enzyme activity and contributes to the improvement of plant growth and crop production. Biochar can be used as a compost additive and animal feed and simultaneously provides a contribution to minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Several parameters, including biochar origin, pyrolysis temperature, soil type when biochar is used as soil amendment, and application rate, control biochar’s efficiency in different agricultural applications. Thus, special care should be given when using a specific biochar for a specific application to prevent any negative effects on the agricultural environment.
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Bertelsen, Nis, and Brian Vad Mathiesen. "EU-28 Residential Heat Supply and Consumption: Historical Development and Status." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081894.
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EU is moving towards a climate neutrality goal in 2050 with heating of buildings posing a major challenge. This paper provides a deep understanding of the historical development, path dependency and current status of the EU-28 residential heat sectors to inform strategy and policy makers and to open up this black box. Data is combined for buildings, installed technologies, fuel consumption and energy supply for Member States from 1990 to 2015, to analyse the importance of large-scale infrastructures and supply chains. Primary energy supply for residential heating is mainly based on fossil fuels; 70% in 2015 with 69% imported. The building level technologies are dominated by non-condensing boilers and stoves. Primary and final energy consumption decreased in spite of an increase in the total occupied living area in most countries. Path-dependency effects are found in the residential heat supply in EU. The analysis show path-dependent trajectories are present in most Member States, especially regarding natural gas infrastructure. The period shows many options for decarbonisation are not used to the full potential, e.g., energy efficiency in buildings, district heating, heat pumps. Past experiences should be considered when developing new decarbonisation strategies in Member States and on the EU level.
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Montanaro, G., V. Nuzzo, C. Xiloyannis, and B. Dichio. "Climate change mitigation and adaptation in agriculture: the case of the olive." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.023.
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Abstract Agriculture might serve as a mitigation solution through carbon (C) sequestration in soil, in tree biomass and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Increased C is beneficial for some soil structures and functions, improving the use of water and in turn the crop adaptation. This study reports on the synergy between mitigation and adaptation in agriculture through the paradigm of the olive (Olea europaea). Through data on net ecosystem productivity and soil respiration, the role of olive groves to store C in tree biomass (from 0.36 to 2.78 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) and into soil (∼8.5 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) is reviewed. The influence of some management practices on that role is also discussed. The overall climatic impact of olive fruit and oil production has been evaluated also considering GHG emissions by field operations (e.g., pruning, mulching of cover crop, fertilization, harvest, etc.) and by the extraction and bottling of oil. Soil C as interface between climate change mitigation and adaptation has been delineated, linking C-induced improvements in soil properties to increased water storage and reduced run-off and erosion. The outcomes may strengthen the environmental role of agriculture and promote synergistic mitigation and adaptation policies assisting in soil and water resources conservation.
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Wilson, Annie M., and Melinda J. Ickes. "Purchasing condoms near a college campus: environmental barriers." Sexual Health 12, no. 1 (2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14155.
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Background Given the propensity for college students to engage in sexual activity and the subsequent lack of consistent condom use, there is a need to determine environmental factors that may be motivating or deterring factors for college students to access condoms. This study aimed to determine the number of businesses available to purchase condoms from near a large, south-eastern college campus and investigate environmental differences between types of businesses. Methods: Environmental factors (e.g. distance from campus, barriers to purchasing, selection availability and price) were collected among businesses within a 2-mile radius of the campus. Both χ2 and ANOVA determined significant differences between types of businesses (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Forty-two businesses sold condoms, 66.7% of which were convenience-type stores. The average distance from the campus was 1.33 miles (s.d. = 0.58). The average unit price of male condoms was significantly higher in drug store/pharmacies (M = 1.68) compared with convenience-type stores (M = 1.22) and grocery stores (M = 0.97); P = 0.005. Assistance was needed to purchase condoms in 25% of businesses. Barriers to purchasing condoms were significantly higher in convenience stores/gas stations (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Environmental barriers related to purchasing condoms exist and must be considered when targeting sexual health promotion on college campuses.
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Hasan, Mudhar N., Marianne Brehmer, and Piotr Harbut. "Preliminary Evaluation of High Frequency Jet Ventilation in RIRS from a Tertiary Center." Journal of Endoluminal Endourology 2, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): e1-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/jeleu.v2i1.25.
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PurposeRetrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is an effective and safe therapeutic option in the treatment of renal stones&upper tract urothelial carcinoma. High frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) is a lung ventilation mode offering a substantial reduction of renal movement. In our pilot study, we evaluated a HFJV ventilatory protocol in endoscopic treatment of renal stones.Materials and methods15 consecutive cases of the treatment of renal stones larger than 7mm have been included in our study, with exclusion of patients suffering from severe pulmonary disease. Total intravenous anesthesia has been chosen with intraprocedural HFJV. The intraoperative gas exchange parameters, as well as eventual postoperative respiratory adverse events were taken note of. A laser stone disintegration has been performed in all procedures, including a three-month postoperative follow-up.ResultsMean duration of HFJV procedure was 56,3 min (35-110), Et CO2(end tidal ; carbon dioxide concentration measured at the end of expiration,the normal values of which are 4-6%) before HFJV - 4,81 % (4,1-5,8) and after HFJV 5,22 % (3,9-7,2) respectively. No signs of respiratory impairment were detected. The operative time ranged between 20- 102 min. The renal movement reduction with HFJV was of significantly noticeable by the surgeon. Three patients were readmitted to the hospital; one of them due to a urinary tract infection. No perioperative pulmonary complications were reported. ConclusionHFJV is a safe, feasible method that can be used in RIRS and can significantly enhance the efficacy of the procedure. However, further evaluation of the method is needed.
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Froiz-Míguez, Iván, Paula Fraga-Lamas, José Varela-Barbeito, and Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés. "LoRaWAN and Blockchain based Safety and Health Monitoring System for Industry 4.0 Operators." Proceedings 42, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-6-06577.
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The latest advances in the different Industry 4.0 technologies have enabled the automation and optimization of complex tasks of production processes thanks to their ability to monitor and track the state of physical elements like machinery, environmental sensors/actuators or industrial operators. This paper focuses on the latter and presents the design and evaluation of a system for monitoring industrial workers that provides a near real-time decentralized response system aimed at reacting and tracing events that affect operator personal safety and health. Such a monitoring system is based on the information collected from sensors encapsulated in IoT wearables that are used to measure both personal and environmental data. The communications architecture relies on LoRaWAN, an LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Network) technology that offers good reliability in harsh communications environments and that provides relatively long distance communications with low-energy consumption. Specifically, each wearable sends the collected information (e.g., heart rate, altitude, external temperature, gas concentration, location) from the sensors to the nearest LoRaWAN gateway, which is transmitted to a pool of nodes where information is stored in a distributed manner. Such a decentralized system allows for providing information redundancy and guarantees its availability as long as there is an operative node. In addition, the proposed system is able to store and to process the collected data through smart contracts in a blockchain, which eliminate the need for a central backend and ensure the traceability and immutability of such data in order to share them with third parties (e.g., insurance companies or medical services).
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Riskha, Hartawi, Ildrem Syafri, Ismawan Ismawan, and Nanda Natasia. "Characterization of Basement Fracture Reservoir In Field ‘X’, South Sumatera Basin, Based On The Analysis of Core And FMI Log." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2017.2.2.196.
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Basement reservoir is a reservoir that is located in the basement rock, comprised of either igneous rock or metamorphic rock that has secondary porosity, resulting in its capability to store oil and gas. The research was conducted at field 'X' that is located at South Sumatra basin and it is a part of Jambi Sub-Basin. The study was focused on discussing hydrocarbon potential in Fields 'X', particularly at the basement metamorphic rock. The study was conducted at two wells in the field. The secondary porosity system of the basement is fracture porosity. Fracture analysis as secondary porosity system was performed on two wells, HA-1 and HA-2, by using FMI log interpretation. Based on the analysis of fracture on HA-1 well, the trend of fracture system is Northeast - Southwest (NE-SW) with a fracture porosity of 1.49%. On a different note, the trend of fracture system on HA-2 wells is East Northeast - West Southwest (ENE-WSW) with a fracture porosity of 0.888%. The effect of rock properties itself has little influence on the number of fractures as opposed to the effect of surrounding tectonic forces. The fractures are controlled by geological structures following Jambi pattern that has an orientation of Northeast - Southwest (NE-SW). Although the fracture porosity is relatively small, it is enough to storing hydrocarbons in economical quantity.
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Melita, Lucia Noor, Katarzyna Węgłowska, Diego Tamburini, and Capucine Korenberg. "Investigating the Potential of the Er:YAG Laser for the Removal of Cemented Dust from Limestone and Painted Plaster." Coatings 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111099.
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A successful application of Er:YAG laser for the cleaning of a restored Assyrian relief sculpture from the British Museum collection is presented. Displayed in the gallery, the sculpture has darkened over time due to the natural deposition of dirt, in particular on restored parts. Since traditional cleaning methods have demonstrated to be unsuccessful, a scientific investigation was performed to identify the composition of the soiling and the materials used for the restoration. The analysis suggested the presence of gypsum, calcium oxalate, carbonates and alumino-silicates on the encrustation. The molded plaster, composed of lime and gypsum and pigmented aggregates, was likely prepared at the end of the 19th century to mimic the stone color. It was repainted with what was identified as a modern oil-based overpaint, applied to cover darkening during a second conservation treatment in the 20th century. Laser trials were first performed on small areas of the objects and on mock-ups to determine the critical fluence thresholds of the surface, investigated through visual examination and analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS). The right parameters and conditions to be used during the cleaning process were, therefore, determined. The chemical selectivity of the cleaning process allowed us to complete the treatment safely while preserving the restoration.
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Rabalais, Nancy. "Elevating Dissolved Oxygen—Reflections on Developing and Using Long-Term Data." Gulf and Caribbean Research 32 (2021): xv—xxviv. http://dx.doi.org/10.18785/gcr.3201.09.
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This prospectus took me about as long to generate as my 36-year record of working on the issue of northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) oxygen deficiency, or so I felt. There was so much to cover, but I focused on the issue of hypoxia on the Louisiana continental shelf from the early 1980s to present and my participation in the research and outreach. Not that I was ignoring other aspects of my academic research career (e.g., stone crab populations and their differences in physiology and larval development along the nGOM coast; settlement of crab megalopae, especially blue crabs, on artificial substrates and their timing with tidal events; oil and gas pollutant discharges in coastal waters of Louisiana, and as Director of the Coastal Waters Research Consortium (CWC) of the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI), and marsh infaunal researcher. I must say, however, that the journey through the documentation of low dissolved oxygen on the Louisiana continental shelf, and its linkage to the changes in the Mississippi River nutrient loads to the coastal waters of the nGOM, marked a dominant part of my career. This prospectus follows my research and outreach career from my first journey offshore in an outboard to set stations for the transect off Terrebonne Bay in early summer of 1985 to now.
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English, Marcia M. "The chemical composition of free-range and conventionally-farmed eggs available to Canadians in rural Nova Scotia." PeerJ 9 (May 4, 2021): e11357. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11357.
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In rural Nova Scotia (NS), many small family farms raise free-range hens that consume a varied diet that is different from that of conventionally-farmed hens in caged housing systems. However, it is not known how this varied diet impacts the quality of these eggs. The objective of the present study was to compare the chemical composition of free-range eggs obtained from a small family farm in rural NS to that of conventionally-farmed eggs purchased from a local grocery store. The values obtained from the present study were also compared to published values in the Canadian Nutrient File (CNF) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central database. The egg components and the amino acid compositions were evaluated, and protein concentrations were determined using the Kjeldahl method whereas the fatty acid profiles of the egg yolks were determined using gas chromatography. No difference (P = 0.3) in protein content was observed in free-range eggs (10.6 ± 1.1%) compared to conventionally-farmed eggs (9.7 ± 0.6%). Similar values were also observed for the physical properties of the two types of eggs measured except for the weights of the egg shells. Conversely, the amino acid cysteine, was in higher amounts (P = 0.05) 0.26 g/100 g in the CNF compared to the measured values of ~0.16 g/100 g. Notably, the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was higher (P = 0.001) in the free-range eggs (45.6%) compared to (40.8%) the conventionally-farmed eggs. The cholesterol content of egg yolks was lower in free-range eggs (253.4 ± 0.01 mg/extra-large yolk or 14 mg cholesterol/g of yolk) vs. for conventionally-farmed eggs (263 ± 0.7 mg/extra-large yolk or 15.4 mg cholesterol/g of yolk), respectively. In terms of protein nutrition, free-range eggs may be a suitable alternative to conventionally-farmed eggs, moreover, the lower cholesterol content may be a favourable attribute for Canadian consumers who wish to purchase local free-range eggs.
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Belkheiri, Oumelkheir, and Maurizio Mulas. "Effect of water stress on growth, water use efficiency and gas exchange as related to osmotic adjustment of two halophytes Atriplex spp." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 5 (2013): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12245.
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Atriplex halimus L. is known in the Mediterranean basin and along the coastal areas of Sardinia for its adaptability to salinity, although less information is available on the resistance of this species to water stress in absence of salinity. The effect of water stress on growth and water utilisation was investigated in two Atriplex species: A. halimus originating of south Sardinian island and the exotic species Atriplex nummularia Lindl., originating in Australia and widely used in land restoration of arid areas. Water stress was applied to young plants growing in 20 L pots with a sufficient water reserve to store a potentially sufficient water reserve to maintain substrate near to field capacity (30%) between irrigations. Watering was at 70% (control) or 40% (stress) of field capacity. In order to simulate the grazing by livestock, four plant biomass cuttings were conducted at times T0, T1, T2 and T3, corresponding to one cutting at the end of well watered phase (T0) before water stress induction, two cuttings after cycles of 5 weeks each during full summer (T1) and late summer (T2) and one cutting during autumn (T3). All plants remained alive until the end of treatment although growth was strongly reduced. Leaf dry weight (DW) and water use efficiency (WUE) were determined for all cuttings; relative water content (RWC), turgid weight : dry weight ratio (TW : DW), water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), CO2 assimilation, osmotic adjustment (OA), abscisic acid (ABA) and sugar accumulation were determined for the late summer cutting at T2. Water stress induced a decrease in DW, RWC, Ψw, Ψs, TW : DW and CO2 assimilation for both species, but an increase in WUE expressed in terms of dry matter production and a high accumulation of ABA and total sugars mainly for A. halimus. This suggests a more developed adaptive mechanism in this selection. Indeed, the clone was selected from the southern part of the island, where natural populations of saltbush are more exposed to abiotic stresses, mainly the water stress generated not by salinity. A. nummularia showed a greater OA and a positive net solute accumulation as than A. halimus, suggesting that water stress resistance in A. halimus is linked to a higher WUE rather than a greater osmotic adjustment.
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Eady, Sandra, James Viner, and Justin MacDonnell. "On-farm greenhouse gas emissions and water use: case studies in the Queensland beef industry." Animal Production Science 51, no. 8 (2011): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11030.
Full textAbstract:
In response to climate change, research is being undertaken to understand the on-farm greenhouse gas emissions and water use for agricultural systems and investigate options farmers may have for mitigating or offsetting emissions. In the present study, a life cycle assessment framework is used to determine on-farm GHG emissions and water use, and the overall ‘cradle-to-farm gate’ GHG emissions and water use attributed to beef production. The total on-farm emissions for the two properties were 2984 t CO2-e/year (or 1.93 t CO2-e/livestock unit) for the 634-cow enterprise turning off weaner cattle at Gympie and 5725 t CO2-e/year (or 1.70 t CO2-e/livestock unit) for the 720-cow enterprise turning off finished steers in the Arcadia Valley. The on-farm emissions are largely attributable to enteric methane emissions from the beef herd. The overall ‘cradle-to-farm gate’ GHG emissions associated with enterprise products were 3145 t CO2-e/year at Gympie and 7253 t CO2-e/year in the Arcadia Valley, with the additional emissions coming from off-farm inputs (fuel for farm vehicles and earth-moving equipment, electricity, supplementary feed, agricultural chemicals, farm services) and additionally, for the Arcadia Valley enterprise, from purchased store steers. The carbon footprint of beef products at the farm gate ranged from 17.5 to 22.9 kg CO2-e/kg liveweight at Gympie, where wearers are the primary product, and from 11.6 to 15.5 kg CO2-e/kg liveweight in the Arcadia Valley, where finished steers are the primary product. Green water use ranged from 7400 to 12 700 L/kg liveweight depending on class of livestock, with on-farm blue water use of 51–96 L/kg liveweight and off-farm blue water use of 0.1–59 L/kg liveweight. The ability to offset on-farm GHG emissions through reforestation varied between the two locations, with predicted biosequestration rates of 19.3–34.7 t CO2-e/ha per year at Gympie (rainfall 1200 mm/year) from eucalypt plantation and 1.5–9.8 t CO2-e/ha per year in the Arcadia Valley (rainfall 600 mm/year) through reforestation from a combination of brigalow regrowth, leucaena and environmental eucalypt plantings. The area that would need to be reforested to offset on-farm emissions (over a 30-year time horizon) would be 86–155 ha at Gympie (7–13% of the holding) and 629–4108 ha in the Arcadia Valley (9–60%). If carbon sequestration could be achieved at the higher end of the rates nominated, a significant proportion of on-farm emissions could be offset by sequestration in timber, with minimal impact on beef production. However, at the lower end of the forest sequestration range, the required level of land-use change would reduce the carrying capacity, and hence beef production, especially at the Arcadia Valley site.
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Holloway, S. "Storage capacity and containment issues for carbon dioxide capture and geological storage on the UK continental shelf." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 223, no. 3 (December 19, 2008): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe650.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be stored in geological formations beneath the UK continental shelf (UKCS) as a greenhouse gas mitigation option. It can be trapped in subsurface reservoirs in structural or stratigraphic traps beneath cap rocks, as a residual CO2 saturation in pore spaces along the CO2 migration path within the reservoir rock, by dissolution into the native pore fluid (most commonly brine), by reaction of acidified groundwater with mineral components of the reservoir rock, or by adsorption onto surfaces within the reservoir rock, e.g. onto the carbonaceous macerals that are the principal components of coal. Estimates of the CO2 storage capacity of oil and gas fields on the UKCS suggest that they could store between 1200 and 3500×106 t of CO2 and up to 6100×106 t CO2, respectively. Estimating the regional CO2 storage potential of saline water-bearing sedimentary rocks is resource-intensive and no UK estimates have yet taken into account all the factors that should be considered. Existing studies estimate the pore volume and the likely CO2 saturation in the closed structures in a potential reservoir formation but do not take account of the potentially limiting regional pressure rise likely to occur as a result of the very large-scale CO2 injection that would be necessary to make an impact on national emissions. There is undoubtedly great storage potential in the saline water-bearing reservoir rocks of the basins around the UK, but the real challenge for studies of aquifer CO2 storage capacity in the UK is perhaps not to estimate the total theoretical CO2 storage capacity, as this is not a particularly meaningful number. Rather it is to thoroughly investigate selected reservoirs perceived to have good storage potential to a standard where there is scientific consensus that the resulting storage capacity estimates are realistic. This will allow it to be considered as closer to the status of a reserve rather than a resource and will help define the scope for CO2 capture and storage in the UK.
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Ciechanowska, Maria. "Program ramowy Horyzont Europa czynnikiem wspierającym transformację energetyczną kraju." Nafta-Gaz 76, no. 11 (November 2020): 870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2020.11.13.
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The article discusses the objectives of the Horizon Europe framework programme, conceived by the European Commission for 2021–2027, for the purposes of research and innovation. This programme is structured around three pillars, focusing on: creating the right conditions for researchers to acquire a high level of knowledge and skills, harnessing Europe’s intellectual capital, development of key technologies and innovative solutions in selected areas. The thematic groups of Horizon Europe have been presented, including: health, digital solutions, climate, energy, industry, bioeconomy. Attention has been paid to the organisation of international cooperation in the scope of research and innovation, where partnership has a special place in the upcoming programme perspective. The partnership is understood here as cooperation between research teams from EU Member States, the private sector, foundations or associations in undertaking and carrying out initiatives to support the development and implementation of the research agenda. The place of hydrogen technology in the development of various sectors of the economy was emphasised – from energy, road, rail, air, inland and sea transport, through heating and air conditioning, to the petrochemical, chemical and steel industries. The gas industry has a great role to play in the implementation of these technologies, having both the experience and the infrastructure to transport natural gas with the addition of hydrogen or to store hydrogen as an energy carrier. The benefits of implementing Horizon Europe have been presented. In addition to the chief benefits, related to the main objective of helping to make Europe a climate-neutral continent by 2050, attention has been paid to ensuring open access to publications and raw research results as well as to reinforcing international cooperation between research teams. The main assumptions and objectives of the Digital Europe programme have been presented, as well as the areas covered by funding (e.g. artificial intelligence, advanced digital skills, wide use of modern digital technologies in the entire economy). Both Horizon Europe and Digital Europe are compatible with the European Green Deal strategy of the EU.
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Terrones-Saeta, Juan María, Jorge Suárez-Macías, Francisco Javier Iglesias-Godino, and Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias. "Evaluation of the Use of Electric Arc Furnace Slag and Ladle Furnace Slag in Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixes with Discarded Cellulose Fibers from the Papermaking Industry." Metals 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2020): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10111548.
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The construction sector is one of the most demanding of raw materials that exist at present. In turn, the greenhouse gas emissions that it produces are important. Therefore, at present there are several lines of research in which industrial by-products are incorporated for the manufacture of bituminous mixtures and the reduction of CO2 emissions, framed inside the circular economy. On the base of the aforementioned, in this research, bituminous mixtures of the Stone Mastic Asphalt type were developed with electric arc furnace slag, ladle furnace slag and discarded cellulose fibers from the papermaking industry. To this end, the waste is first characterized physically and chemically, and its properties evaluated for use in bituminous mixtures. Later, different groups of samples are conformed with conventional materials and with the waste in order to be able to compare the physical and mechanical properties of the obtained bituminous mixtures. The physical tests carried out were bulk density, maximum density and void index, as well as the Marshall test for the evaluation of the strength and plastic deformations of all the bituminous mixtures manufactured. The study and evaluation of the results showed that the incorporation of slag makes it possible to absorb a greater percentage of bitumen and obtain better mechanical properties, while maintaining a similar deformation and void content. Therefore, it is feasible to use the mentioned slags to create sustainable, resistant and suitable pavements for important traffic.
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Magrini, Donata, Susanna Bracci, Roberta Iannaccone, Lucia Nucci, and Barbara Salvadori. "Chemical Characterization of Pope Pius VII Ancient Ecclesiastical Vestment by a Multi-Analytical Approach." Heritage 4, no. 3 (August 6, 2021): 1616–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030090.
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This paper presents a multi-analytical investigation performed for the study of the ecclesiastical vestment, with insignia, of Pope Pius VII, painted from the end of the 18th up to the beginning of the 19th century, made of five clothing elements: chasuble, stole, maniple, chalice veil and purse. The aim of this research was to assess the conservation state of the silk and painted backgrounds; to define the manufacturing technique of the work; to localize, if present, the underdrawing and any retouching; to identify the pigments and, where possible, the binders used. A diagnostic protocol was developed based on preliminary investigations through multiband imaging techniques known as MBI (visible, ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence (UVL), near-infrared reflected (NIR) and infrared reflected false color (IRRFC) photography). The images acquired with MBI techniques ensured a more specific choice of spots to be analyzed directly in situ by non-invasive techniques. In particular, portable digital optical microscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were performed. Two fragments detached from the chasuble were also analyzed by microFT-IR, microRaman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Application of the multi-analytical protocol enabled the materials used to be characterized and helped to define the peculiar execution technique used. The presence of an underdrawing made with a carbon pencil was highlighted by MBI. Red lakes, iron-based pigments and copper-based pigments have been identified on the painting palette, applied with arabic gum as a binder.
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Vaidyanathan, Subramanian, Gerd E. von Unruh, Ian D. Watson, Norbert Laube, Steve Willets, and Bakul L. Soni. "Hyperoxaluria, Hypocitraturia, Hypomagnesiuria, and Lack of Intestinal Colonization byOxalobacter formigenesin a Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Patient with Suprapubic Cystostomy, Short Bowel, and Nephrolithiasis." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 2403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.373.
Full textAbstract:
Although urolithiasis is common in spinal cord injury patients, it is presumed that the predisposing factors for urinary stones in spinal cord injury patients are immobilization-induced hypercalciuria in the initial period after spinal injury and, in later stages, urine infection by urease-producing micro-organisms, e.g.,Proteussp., which cause struvite stones. We describe a patient who sustained C-7 complete tetraplegia in a road traffic accident in 1970, when he was 16 years old. Left ureterolithotomy was performed in 1971 followed by left nephrectomy in 1972. Probably due to adhesions, this patient developed volvulus of the intestine in 1974. As he had complete tetraplegia, he did not feel pain in the abdomen and there was a delay in the diagnosis of volvulus, which led to ischemia of a large segment of the small bowel. All but 1 ft of jejunum and 1 ft of ileum were resected leaving the large bowel intact. In 1998, suprapubic cystostomy was performed. In 2004, this patient developed calculus in the solitary right kidney. Complete stone clearance was achieved by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Stone analysis: calcium oxalate 60% and calcium phosphate 40%. Metabolic evaluation revealed hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, and hypomagnesiuria. Since this patient had hyperoxaluria, the stool was tested forOxalobacter formigenes, a specific oxalate-degrading, anerobic bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans; absence of this bacterium appears to be a risk factor for development of hyperoxaluria and, subsequently, calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. DNA from the stool was extracted using the QIAamp DNA stool Mini Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA). The genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers for oxc gene (developed by Sidhu and associates). The stool sample tested negative forO. formigenes. The patient was prescribed potassium citrate mixture; he was advised to avoid oxalate-rich food, maintain recommended levels of calcium in his diet, and take live bio-yogurt. Two months later, 24-h urinary oxalate decreased from 0.618 to 0.411 mmol/day; 24-h urine citrate increased from 0.58 to 1.10 mmol/day. Six months later, an oxalate absorption test was performed. The patient swallowed a capsule, soluble in gastric juice, containing 50 mg (0.37 mmol) sodium [13C2]oxalate corresponding to 33.8 mg of [13C2]oxalic acid. The amount of labeled oxalate, excreted in urine, was measured by a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay. Oxalate absorption, expressed as the percentage of the labeled dose recovered in the 24-h urine after dosing, was 8.3% (reference range: 2.3–17.5%). In addition to other conventional measures, oral administration ofO. formigenesor lactic acid bacteria mixture to promote bacterial degradation of oxalate in the gut, and thus combat hyperoxaluria, may play a role in prevention of calcium oxalate kidney stones.
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Zhang, Yanping, Min Luo, Yu Hu, Hongbin Wang, and Duofu Chen. "An Areal Assessment of Subseafloor Carbon Cycling in Cold Seeps and Hydrate-Bearing Areas in the Northern South China Sea." Geofluids 2019 (March 17, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2573937.
Full textAbstract:
Gas hydrates, acting as a dynamic methane reservoir, store methane in the form of a solid phase under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions and release methane through the sediment column into seawater when they are decomposed. The seepage of methane-rich fluid (i.e., cold hydrocarbon seeps) fuels the chemosynthetic biota-inhabited surface sediments and represents the major pathway to transfer carbon from sediments to the water column. Generally, the major biogeochemical reactions related to carbon cycling in the anoxic marine sediments include organic matter degradation via sulfate reduction (OSR), anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), methanogenesis (ME), and carbonate precipitation (CP). In order to better understand the carbon turnover in the cold seeps and gas hydrate-bearing areas of the northern South China Sea (SCS), we collected geochemical data of 358 cores from published literatures and retrieved 37 cores and corresponding pore water samples from three areas of interest (i.e., Xisha, Dongsha, and Shenhu areas). Reaction-transport simulations indicate that the rates of organic matter degradation and carbonate precipitation are comparable in the three areas, while the rates of AOM vary over several orders of magnitude (AOM: 8.3-37.5 mmol·m-2·yr-1 in Dongsha, AOM: 12.4-170.6 mmol·m-2·yr-1 in Xisha, and AOM: 9.4-30.5 mmol·m-2·yr-1 in Shenhu). Both the arithmetical mean and interpolation mean of the biogeochemical processes were calculated in each area. Averaging these two mean values suggested that the rates of organic matter degradation in Dongsha (25.7 mmol·m-2·yr-1) and Xisha (25.1 mmol·m-2·yr-1) are higher than that in Shenhu (12 mmol·m-2·yr-1) and the AOM rate in Xisha (135.2 mmol·m-2·yr-1) is greater than those in Dongsha (27.8 mmol·m-2·yr-1) and Shenhu (17.5 mmol·m-2·yr-1). In addition, the rate of carbonate precipitation (32.3 mmol·m-2·yr-1) in Xisha is far higher than those of the other two regions (5.3 mmol·m-2·yr-1 in Dongsha, 5.8 mmol·m-2·yr-1 in Shenhu) due to intense AOM sustained by gas dissolution. In comparison with other cold seeps around the world, the biogeochemical rates in the northern SCS are generally lower than those in active continental margins and special environments (e.g., the Black sea) but are comparable with those in passive continental margins. Collectively, ~2.8 Gmol organic matter was buried and at least ~0.82 Gmol dissolved organic and inorganic carbon was diffused out of sediments annually. This may, to some extent, have an impact on the long-term deep ocean carbon cycle in the northern SCS.
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Kondrat, O. R., S. M. Petrushchak, and N. S. Dremliukh. "Experimental studies of the removal properties of liquid and solid foaming surfactants." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 2(75) (August 31, 2020): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2020-2(75)-32-42.
Full textAbstract:
Using the laboratory model of a well, foaming and removal properties of liquid and solid surfactants (savenol, light and dark stinol, Sofir M2, TEAS and Nadra) are studied. The authors determine experimentally the height of the level of the foam in the glass column at the end of the foam-forming process and the duration of re-moving half volume of liquid out of the foam. Using height and duration values, the authors determine the multi-plicity and stability of the foam. Based on the results of experiments on the laboratory model of the well, a graph-ical dependence of the multiplicity and stability of the foam on the mass concentration of surfactants in fresh and salt water, in mineralized water with the addition of hydrocarbon condensate for various temperatures is con-structed. Based on the results of experimental studies, the influence of the concentration of surfactants in a foam-ing liquid, the salinity of water, hydrocarbon condensate and temperature on the foaming ability of liquid and solid surfactants for the removal of liquid from watered gas and gas condensate wells is analyzed. The authors determine the optimal values of the concentrations of foaming surfactants in aqueous solutions. Above these val-ues the multiplicity and stability of the foam varies slightly. It has been established that the outflow properties of the solid Nadra surfactant are the best in saline water and in solutions with hydrocarbon condensate, in contrast to the investigated liquid surfactants. Based on experimental studies, the patterns of foaming of aqueous surfac-tant solutions with modeling bottomhole temperature (from 20 to 80 °) are established. The authors recommend the use of various types of surfactants under different operating conditions of wells with a high fluid content in the well production. Foaming surfactants are supplied to the bottom of the well in the form of aqueous solutions and samples of solid surfactants. As a result, the foamed formation fluid brings to the surface not only the liquid phase, but also the solid particles that accumulate at the bottom due to corrosion of the pipe metal, the destruction of cement stone and rock of the bottomhole formation zone.
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Gutierrez-Martinez, Victor, Carlos Moreno-Bautista, Jose Lozano-Garcia, Alejandro Pizano-Martinez, Enrique Zamora-Cardenas, and Miguel Gomez-Martinez. "A Heuristic Home Electric Energy Management System Considering Renewable Energy Availability." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040671.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the development of a heuristic-based algorithm for a Home Electric Energy Management System (HEEMS). The novelty of the proposal resides in the fact that solutions of the Pareto front, minimizing both the energy consumption and cost, are obtained by a Genetic Algorithm (GA) considering the renewable energy availability as well as the user activity level (AL) inside the house. The extensive solutions search characteristic of the GAs is seized to avoid the calculation of the full set of Pareto front solutions, i.e., from a reduced set of non-dominated solutions in the Pareto sense, an optimal solution with the best fitness is obtained, reducing considerably the computational time. The HEEMS considers models of the air conditioner, clothes dryer, dishwasher, electric stove, pool pump, and washing machine. Models of the wind turbine and solar PV modules are also included. The wind turbine model is written in terms of the generated active power exclusively dependent on the incoming wind profiles. The solar PV modules model accounts for environmental factors such as ambient temperature changes and irradiance profiles. The effect of the energy storage unit on the energy consumption and costs is evaluated adapting a model of the device considering its charge and discharge ramp rates. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the Matlab® platform and its validation is performed by comparing its results to those obtained by a freeware tool developed for the energy management of smart residential loads. Also, the evaluation of the performance of the proposed HEEMS is carried out by comparing its results to those obtained when the multi-objective optimization problem is solved considering weights assigned to each objective function. Results showed that considerable savings are obtained at reduced computational times. Furthermore, with the calculation of only one solution, the end-user interaction is reduced making the HEEMS even more manageable than previously proposed approaches.
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Bissonnette, Bruno, Luc Pellerin, Patrick Ravussin, Véronique B. Daven, and Pierre J. Magistretti. "Deep Hypothermia and Rewarming Alters Glutamate Levels and Glycogen Content in Cultured Astrocytes." Anesthesiology 91, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199912000-00030.
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Background Deep hypothermia has been associated with an increased incidence of postoperative neurologic dysfunction after cardiac surgery in children. Recent studies suggest an excitotoxic mechanism involving overstimulation of glutamate receptors. Extracellular glutamate uptake occurs primarily by astrocytes. Astrocytes also store glycogen, which may be used to sustain the energy-consuming glutamate uptake. Extracellular glutamate and glycogen content were studied during temperature changes mimicking cardiopulmonary bypass in vivo. Methods Primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes were used in a specially designed incubator allowing continuous changes of temperature and ambient gas concentrations. The sequence of events was as follows: normothermia, rapid cooling (2.8 degrees C/min) followed by 60 min of deep hypothermia (15 degrees C), followed by rewarming (3.0 degrees C/min) and subsequent 5 h of mild hyperthermia (38.5 degrees C). Two different conditions of oxygenation were studied: (1) normoxia (25% O2, 70% N2, 5% CO2); or (2) hyperoxia (95% O2, 5% CO2). The extracellular glutamate concentrations and intracellular glycogen levels were measured at nine time points. Results One hundred sixty-two cultures were studied in four independent experiments. The extracellular concentration of glutamate in the normoxic group increased significantly from 35+/-10 nM/mg protein at baseline up to 100+/-15 nM/mg protein at the end of 5 h of mild hyperthermia (P < 0.05). In contrast, extracellular glutamate levels did not vary from control in the hyperoxic group. Glycogen levels decreased significantly from 260+/-85 nM/mg protein at baseline to < 25+/-5 nM/mg protein at the end of 5 h in the normoxic group (P < 0.05) but returned to control levels after rewarming in the hyperoxic group. No morphologic changes were observed in either group. Conclusion The extracellular concentration of glutamate increases, whereas the intracellular glycogen content decreases when astrocytes are exposed to a sequence of deep hypothermia and rewarming. This effect of hypothermia is prevented when astrocytes are exposed to hyperoxic conditions.
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Nakamura, Yuta, Yuanyu Zhang, Masahiro Sasabe, and Shoji Kasahara. "Exploiting Smart Contracts for Capability-Based Access Control in the Internet of Things." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061793.
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Due to the rapid penetration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into human life, illegal access to IoT resources (e.g., data and actuators) has greatly threatened our safety. Access control, which specifies who (i.e., subjects) can access what resources (i.e., objects) under what conditions, has been recognized as an effective solution to address this issue. To cope with the distributed and trust-less nature of IoT systems, we propose a decentralized and trustworthy Capability-Based Access Control (CapBAC) scheme by using the Ethereum smart contract technology. In this scheme, a smart contract is created for each object to store and manage the capability tokens (i.e., data structures recording granted access rights) assigned to the related subjects, and also to verify the ownership and validity of the tokens for access control. Different from previous schemes which manage the tokens in units of subjects, i.e., one token per subject, our scheme manages the tokens in units of access rights or actions, i.e., one token per action. Such novel management achieves more fine-grained and flexible capability delegation and also ensures the consistency between the delegation information and the information stored in the tokens. We implemented the proposed CapBAC scheme in a locally constructed Ethereum blockchain network to demonstrate its feasibility. In addition, we measured the monetary cost of our scheme in terms of gas consumption to compare our scheme with the existing Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized Capability-Based Access Control (BlendCAC) scheme proposed by other researchers. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the BlendCAC scheme in terms of the flexibility, granularity, and consistency of capability delegation at almost the same monetary cost.
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Barakat, Stephanie, Bob Cook, Karine D'Amore, Alberto Diaz, and Andres Bracho. "An Australian first initiative to re-develop the first commercial onshore oilfield into a CO2 miscible-EOR project." APPEA Journal 59, no. 1 (2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18095.
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The Moonie onshore oil field discovered in 1961, was the first commercial oil discovery in Australia. The field was purchased by Bridgeport Energy Limited (BEL) from Santos in late 2015. An Australian first initiative by BEL is to enhance oil production from the field using tertiary recovery CO2 miscible flood to maximise field oil recovery. The process involves an evaluation of well injection strategies for a miscible displacement process using reservoir simulation modelling. In addition, the project jointly addresses community concerns regarding the rise in greenhouse gas emissions by sourcing 60000–120000 tonnes/annum of CO2 from a nearby power station and/or an ethanol plant. Justified by laboratory experiments and reservoir compositional simulations, BEL’s project timeline to implement a CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) pilot could start from 2020 followed by a 2–3-year full field oil production acceleration project if additional CO2 can be sourced. Based on incremental recovery and operational consideration, an injection well in the southern end of the field surrounded by six existing producers has been selected as a pilot flood. Positive indicative economics are achieved by the efficient displacement with CO2 of 8000 scf/bbl of incremental oil. Full field dynamic modelling predicts a further 8% oil recovery factor by injecting 60 Bcf of CO2 over five years, which could store in excess of three million tonnes of CO2. For the pilot, more than 90% of the injected CO2 will remain in the Precipice sandstone reservoir. However, the efficiency and viability of a CO2-EOR project is subject to successful implementation of the miscibility modelling, logistics and injection strategy and uncertainty quantification. To propel the project into the execution phase a fast-multiphase reservoir simulator has been implemented to complete a probabilistic range of results in optimal time.