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1
Abdelouhab, Malya. "Contribution à l’étude du transfert des polluants gazeux entre le sol et les environnements intérieurs des bâtiments." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS329/document.
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Les outils d’évaluation des risques liés au transfert des polluants gazeux du sol vers les environnements intérieurs comportent de fortes incertitudes quant à la connaissance de certains paramètres et notamment ceux relatifs à l’interface sol-bâtiment : prise en compte des différentes typologies de soubassement, niveau de perméabilité des planchers bas. Ces incertitudes conduisent à une mauvaise estimation de l’impact de ces polluants gazeux sur la qualité d’air intérieur.Afin de contribuer à l’amélioration des modèles d’évaluation pour la gestion des risques vis-à-vis des pollutions gazeuses venant du sol, cette thèse présente dans une première partie, une méthodologie de développement de modèles analytiques adaptés à la prise en compte de différents soubassements, afin de mieux appréhender le transfert de polluants gazeux entre le sol et le bâtiment. Ces modèles ont été développés sur la base d’une analogie avec le transfert des flux de chaleur entre le sol et le bâtiment. Ils traitent, tout particulièrement, des transferts d’air convectifs au niveau de l’interface sol-bâtiment pour différentes typologies de soubassement. Parla suite, les modèles analytiques développés ont été intégrés dans un modèle aéraulique des bâtiments afin d’étudier l’impact des différentes typologies de soubassement sur l’entrée de polluants du sol et donc sur la qualité d’air intérieur résultante.En parallèle, des travaux expérimentaux ont été entrepris afin de compléter la connaissance actuelle relative à la perméabilité à l’air des bétons fissurés, pour laquelle un manque de données a été constaté. D’autre part, les débits d’air convectifs allant du sol vers le bâtiment ont également été quantifiés de façon expérimentale à l’aide de la maison expérimentale ‘MARIA’ dont dispose le CSTB. Ce type de quantification constitue une première base de données expérimentale.Enfin, une dernière partie de cette thèse traite de la réalisation d’un suivi expérimental annuel des performances d’un Système de Dépressurisation des Sols naturels, dans le but d’optimiser à terme les solutions de protection des bâtiments vis-à-vis des polluants gazeux du solRisk assessment tools related to transfers of gaseous pollutant from soil to indoor environments present large uncertainties relative to the knowledge of certain parameters, particularly those relating to the soil-building interface: considering the different basement typology, permeability level of floor. These uncertainties lead to an inaccurate evaluation of the impact of gaseous pollutants on indoor air quality.In order to contribute to the improvement of risk assessment models of gaseous pollutants from the soil, thiswork present in a fist part the development of analytical and numerical models. These models have been adapted to consider the different basement, in order to estimate the transfer of gaseous pollutants from the soil to the building. An analogy with heat transfer phenomena between soil and building is used to develop these models.They predict convective airflow transfers between soils and building, for different soil-building interface.There after, the analytical model has been incorporated into an airflow model. This model enables us to study the impact of different types of basement on the entry of pollutants from soil and the indoor air quality.Besides, experimental works have been made to complete the knowledge of concrete air permeability, because of a lack of data. Furthermore, the convective airflows from soil to building have been quantified experimentally.These airflows have been determined in the experimental house ‘MARIA’ installed in the CSTB. Suchquantification constitutes the first experimental database.Finally, the last part of this work shows a one-year follow-up study about the ability of natural SoilDepressurisation System. This study has been carried out to optimize the solutions of buildings protection from the soil gaseous pollutants
2
Saxton, Carl Graham. "Microporous adsorbents for trapping of gaseous pollutants." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446326.
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Adsorption studies (xenon and iodine) in microporous materials have been carried out on various materials such as zeolites (FAU, MFI, SAV and CHA) and metal-organic frameworks (MOF-5, HKUST-1 and JUC-32). The as-synthesised and commercial zeolites containing Na+, Li+ or K+ cations and then subsequently ion-exchanged for other extra framework cations. The xenon adsorption in zeolites was interpreted using isosteric heats of adsorption (CHA) and also 129Xe NMR (FAU). CHA type zeolites show a high affinity and capacity for xenon at low xenon pressures <10kPa. This affinity changes depending upon the extra framework cation present due to the positioning and size of the cation. The electric field gradient was a primary factor in the xenon adsorption since a neutral framework (ALPO-CHA) was found to have a lower affinity for xenon but having the same framework type. This was further highlighted by the introduction of Si into the framework and a comparison was made between the three structures CHA, ALPO-CHA and SAPO-34 with the latter being a silicon substituted aluminophosphate carrying a slightly negatively charged framework. Another framework studied was that of STA-7 (SAV) and it was found that varying the silicon within the framework had an effect upon the xenon adsorption. Xenon interaction with the MOFs was minimal when compared to the zeolites. MOF materials adsorbed more iodine per gram of material than any of the zeolites studied. In some materials, two different species of iodine exist. These species, I2 (isolated) and (I2)n (wires) have different Raman frequencies and the (I2)n species have been observed in MOFs for the first time.
3
Allen, Deborah. "The removal of gaseous pollutants during coal combustion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335690.
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Wallis, Anna Elizabeth. "Plasma-catalysis for the removal of gaseous pollutants." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542752.
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Rudge-Pickard, Hazel Alison. "Use of tailored zeolites in abatement of gaseous pollutants." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/804450/.
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陳潔瑩 and Kit-ying Anna Chan. "Near-ir tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy of gaseous pollutants." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214940.
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Chan, Kit-ying Anna. "Near-ir tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy of gaseous pollutants /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19905014.
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Kamali, Yousef. "Filament-induced nonlinear fluorescence spectroscopy of trace gaseous pollutants in air." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27545/27545.pdf.
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Cousins, Ian T. "Air-soil exchange of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310506.
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Devaney, David. "Soil biogenic gaseous emissions as affected by the low copper levels in soil." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446205.
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Welch, Chris. "Modeling of the BIOSCRUB§T§M process for the control of gaseous pollutants." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0018/MQ55726.pdf.
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Plainiotis, Stylianos. "Atmospheric dispersion modelling of particulate and gaseous pollutants affecting the trans-Manche region." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2006. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6269/.
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This thesis describes the development of a methodology to determine large-scale and meso-scale atmospheric dispersion patterns. The research is only concerned with outdoor exposure to atmospheric pollutants and aims to identify pollution sources using dispersion modelling with the assistance of ground level measurements from British, French and other monitoring stations and remote sensing technology. Lagrangian Particle Dispersion (LPD) models compute trajectories of a large number of notional particles and can be used to numerically simulate the dispersion of a pollutant (passive tracer) in the planetary boundary layer. Two widely used atmospheric dispersion models were employed: the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model by R. Draxler, and the model FLEXPART by Stohl et al. Both models possess forward tracking and inverse (or receptor-based) modes. Meteorological data output from the PSU/NCAR Mesoscale model (known as MM5), or datasets from the European Centre of Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) are used to drive the dispersion models. Linkage routines were developed to interpret the LPD codes with the required meteorological information. This study aims to determine whether current approaches and practice for atmospheric dispersion modelling are reliable, consistent and up-to-date. An intercomparison of the models FLEXPART and HYSPLIT is performed for known episodes to determine their accuracy, ease of use, effect of source specification and to investigate their sensitivity to input data and mesh resolution, and in particular the effect of different model formulations and assumptions followed by the models. The possibility of identifying emission sources in the near and far field is investigated, by modelling dispersion backwards in time, in particular the discrimination of multiple sources from receptor data is discussed. The effect of meteorological data resolution on the output of LPD models was evaluated and the most suitable methodology for better source definition was determined for different modelling scales, ranging from the intercontinental transport of airborne pollutants to simulating pollution episodes caused by local sources.
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Kitto, Abdul-Massih N. "Physico-chemical investigation of acidic and basic gaseous and particulate pollutants in the troposphere." Thesis, University of Essex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292093.
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Lafontaine, Marc Carleton University Dissertation Chemistry. "Supercritical fluid extraction of priority pollutants from soil matrices." Ottawa, 1993.
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15
Teng, Xu, Zhang Wen-hua, and Shi Bi. "Characteristics of typical pollutants in tannery site soil - 75." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34271.
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This paper briefly introduced the process of leather manufacture and the potential pollution sources of soil in tannery sites. Pollutants are mainly derived from the use of a large number of various chemicals and organic matter decomposed by raw skin. The characteristics of typical pollutants in tannery sites soil were summarized, including tannery site soil pH, organic and inorganic compounds, and heavy metals, etc., especially the status of chromium contamination were reviewed. The pH of soil in the tanning workshop (6.65-7.8) is generally lower than tannery sludge dumping site (7.94-8.40). The main organic pollutants contained in the tannery site soil include nitrogen compound, grease, petroleum hydrocarbon. In tannery sludge dumping site soil, the content of nitrogen compound (10cm depth) is 28400 mg/kg, which is similar to tannery sludge. The content of petroleum hydrocarbon is 5-700 mg/kg, which partially exceed the limits of China agricultural land quality standard(<500 mg/kg). In tanning workshop soil, the content of grease is 220-62000 mg/kg. The main inorganic pollutants contained in the tannery site soil include sulfide, high concentration of salt, lime. The high salt content of tannery sludge (99000 mg/kg) leads to high salt content in soil (5500-17500 mg/kg). Total hardness (>450mg/L), total dissolved solids (>1000mg/L), sulfate ions (>250mg/L), nitrite nitrogen (>0.02mg/L) partially exceed the limits of China groundwater quality standard, which are found in groundwater below the tannery site. Heavy metal pollutants in the tannery sites soil have many characteristics and large differences in content, due to the different tanning processes. Among them, chromium (Cr) is the most used heavy metal and the highest content of pollutants. Cr content in tanning process wastewater, dyeing process wastewater and chromiumcontaining sludge are about 2000-3000 mg/L, 30-40 mg/L and 8500-25800 mg/kg, respectively. Total Cr content in the partial tannery sites soil are higher than 800 mg/kg, which exceed the limits of China agricultural land quality standard(<150mg/kg). Surprisingly, Cr(VI) appears in tannery sites soil and the contents are partly higher than 40 mg/kg, which exceed the limits of China development land quality standard(<3.0mg/kg). Furthermore, the more effort needs to be directed toward the chemistry of chromium-organic complex pollutants, and an understanding of the speciation of Cr in highly organics
contaminated tannery site soil is essential for the development of suitable remediation strategies for contaminated soil.
Take-Away:
1. The pH of soil in the tanning workshop (6.65-7.8) is generally lower than tannery sludge dumping site(7.94-8.40).
2. Total Cr content in the partial tannery sites soil are higher than 800 mg/kg, which exceed the limits of China agricultural land quality standard(<150mg/kg).
3. Cr(VI) appears in tannery sites soil and the contents are partly higher than 40 mg/kg, which exceed the limits of China development land quality standard(<3.0mg/kg).
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Mwepu, Mireille K. M. "Attenuation of ionic pollutants in selected South African soils." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2516.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.Two–thirds of South Africa, including more than 280 towns and settlements are largely dependent on groundwater for their drinking water supply and development. However, groundwater resources in South Africa are limited both in terms of quantity and quality, especially in the semi–arid parts of the country (Sililo et al., 2001, p. i). Therefore, the importance of protecting groundwater resources from pollution has been recognized. The first objective of this research was to investigate the attenuation capacity of a selection of soil horizons and materials representing major types of diagnostic horizons and materials in the South African soil classification in order to validate their chemical attenuation ratings as provisionally specified by Sililo et al. (2001, p. 4.6). The second objective was to assess the pollutant attenuation capacity of South African soil horizons and materials as well as describe the diagnostic value of key chemical properties of soils for conveying information on their contaminant transport/attenuation potential. The third objective was to investigate whether it is possible to apply acid/base priming using H2SO4 and Ca(OH)2 to a bulk quantity of soil in order to reduce the mobility of contaminants.
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Mwepu, Mireille K. M. "Mobility of ionic pollutants in selected South African soils /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/370.
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Tanzosh, Joyce K. "Soil carbon dynamics and gaseous emissions in riparian zones in Coshocton, Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1314631878.
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Tiensing, Tinnakorn. "Novel techniques in assessing bioavailability of pollutants in soils." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU153957.
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Effective techniques for assessing soil environmental pollution are required to develop protective policy. Chemical methods have been traditionally used to determine total concentration of pollutants and biologically linked measurements have been used to assess the bioavailable fraction of pollutants. Bioluminescence-based microbial bioassays have been shown to respond to the bioavailable fractions. Growth and bioluminescence of lux-marked E. coli HB101 and P. fluorescens 10586r were characterised and optimised for freeze-drying culture. Freeze-drying cultures have been used effectively because of their ease of use, rapid assay response and sensitivity to a wide range of pollutants. An assessment of Zn and Cd amended soil was investigated. Two different techniques (centrifugation and Rhizon sampler) were used to obtain the interstitial pore water of soils. The concentrations of Zn and Cd were significantly higher in the soil solution extracted using the centrifugation technique compared to the Rhizon sampler technique. The biosensors responded to the free metal concentrations in the soil solution. An assessment of the toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, individually and in combinations, was tested in deionised water (pH 5.5), soil solutions, and soils using lux-marked E. coli HB101 and P. fluorescens 10586r. Toxicity interaction responses of the mixture chlorophenols were predicted using a model. Synergistic interactions were observed for the response of P. fluorescens 10586r pUCD60-7 to all combinations of chlorophenol tested, while the response of E. coli HB101 pUCD607 varied with the matrix solutions tested. Bioavailability of naphthalene was studied using cyclodextrin-based extractions caused to the luminescence response of Pseudomonas fluorescens KH44 pUTK21. Increasing the concentrations of beta-cyclodextrin (b-CD) and hydroxylpropyl-b-cyclodextrin (HPBC) in the extract solutions increased the apparent concentration of naphthalene in the soil solutions. The luminescence response of P. fluorescens HK44 was associated with bioavailable of naphthalene.
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Al-Sulaiman, Sabah. "The formation, distribution and behaviour of gaseous pollutants in the Shuaiba industrial area (SIA) - State of Kuwait." Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267351.
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Simbi, Joseph. "Levels of selected gaseous pollutants in ambient air in the vicinity of a chemical industry, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2015.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.The integrity of natural air has been compromised due to the deposition of chemical, biological and particulate substances from natural and anthropogenic sources. Adverse health consequences arising from the exposure of plants, animals and human to elevated atmospheric concentrations have been reported severally. The ambient baseline levels of many air contaminants in urban and industrial layouts of many Africa cities, especially Zimbabwe have not been fully characterized. Information on levels of these contaminants and their real time variability is therefore scarce and scanty. In this study, the ambient air concentration levels of selected gaseous pollutants in the vicinity of a fertilizer production facility in Zimbabwe were investigated. Nine sampling stations were systematically and randomly identified for the measurement of selected air pollutants (SO2, NO2, and NH3) the fertilizer production factory to capture air quality data on all wind directions. The electrochemical Drager Sensors which rely on electrochemical measuring transducer for measuring concentration of gases under atmospheric conditions was used for the measurement of NH3, SO2, and NO2. The ambient air monitored was allowed to diffuse through a membrane into the sensor liquid electrolytes, containing a sensing electrode, a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and an electronic potentiostat-circuit which ensures constant electrical voltage between the sensing electrode and the reference electrode. The flow of electrons, generated by the reaction is proportional to the concentration of the measured gas. The observed concentrations of NH3, SO2, and NO2 measured within and around the study site were very variable. Levels of NH3 ranged between 0.36 - 7.36 ppm; corresponding values for SO2 and NO2 were 0.02 - 84.61 ppm and 0.61 - 34.78 ppm respectively. These concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than measured (NH3; 0.01 - 0.05 ppm: SO2; 0.03 - 0.18 ppm: NO2; 0.17 - 1.30 ppm) at the control sampling station about 5 km from the industry. Isokinetic and dissipation of the measured gases, governed by the processes of molecular diffusion and convection, confirmed a common pattern of distance dissipation. Thus, the cloud concentrations of NH3, SO2, and NO2 within the facility were higher than observed distances away from the fertilizer factory.
Zimbabwe Presidential Scholarship
22
Mashreghi, Mansour. "Survival and activity of genetically engineered degradative inocula in soil." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302452.
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In this study bioluminescence-marker systems were used to investigate the fate of two genetically engineered degradative bacteria in soil under different conditions. These bacteria were chromosomally lux-marked Alcaligenes eutrophus H850 Lr with luxAB genes which was able to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Pseudomonas stutzeri P16. P. stutzeri P16 was genetically marked with the luxAB tet cassette by insertional mutagenesis using mini Tn5-transposons and was characterised for lux gene stability, phenanthrene degradability and sensitivity to aldehyde. Insertion of lux gene into genome of P. stutzeri P16 provided a novel strain with lower maximum specific growth rate and less sensitivity to high concentrations of phenanthrene in liquid culture. Survival and activity of P. stutzeri P16 luxAB4 was further investigated in soil amended with low and high concentrations of phenanthrene. Initially high concentrations of phenanthrene had a less toxic effect on viable cell concentrations and luminescence activity of genetically engineered P. stutzeri P16 comparing with its wild type showing that lux-marking the above degradative strain made the marked strain more suitable for environmental application in heavily polluted sites. However, resistant cells to high concentration of phenanthrene were not able to survive longer than those which was inoculated to microcosms with lower concentrations of phenanthrene. This indicates that toxicity of the target compound and its concentration have to be considered before releasing the GEMs. Degradation of phenanthrene was enhanced in both sterile and non-sterile soil inoculated with P. stutzeri P16 luxAB4. This study could be used as model for further investigated of degradation of other PAHs such as fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, by degradative bacteria and also monitoring the survival and activity of those bacteria in the environment using bioluminescence-marker systems.
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Hrapovic, L. "Laboratory study of intrinsic degradation of organic pollutants in compacted clayey soil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58216.pdf.
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Persson, Ylva. "Chlorinated organic pollutants in soil and groundwater at chlorophenol-contaminated sawmill sites." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-989.
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Eastling, Paul Michael. "Polychlorinated biphenyls in Cedar Rapids soil." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/492.
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Extreme flooding of rivers may contribute to increased loading of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to the Great Lakes, the Mississippi river, and other large lakes and surface waters downstream of industrial and urban areas. This study examines the fate of POPs that were mobilized during heavy flooding of the Cedar River and the small urban city of Cedar Rapids, Iowa during the summer of 2008. This study focuses polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). We hypothesize that these PCBs were mobilized by the flood water and that residues remained in the soils and sediments of the residential areas of the city. To test our hypothesis, soil samples were collected from ~200 of residential locations in the downtown Cedar Rapids area and analyzed for the three compound groups. Samples were extracted using an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE 300), and analyzed using GC/ECD, GC/MSD and GC/MS/MS.
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Genc, Derya Deniz. "Short And Long Term Variations In The Concentrations Of Gaseous And Particulate Pollutants In Ankara And Assessment Of Traffic Contribution." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606517/index.pdf.
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Spatial and temporal variations and factors affecting these variations in concentrations of measured parameters at two different groups of stations in Ankara are investigated in this study. The first group consists of three curbside stations that are under the direct influence of traffic emissions, on the other hand, the other group is composed of eight residential stations in which domestic heating is the main emission source.
State of air quality in Ankara is determined through comparison with air quality data generated in other countries and available air quality standards. Based on this comparison, although air quality has improved in recent years, it is still not one of the clean cities around the world. Although measured concentrations of pollutants comply with standards in the Turkish Air Quality Regulation, further reduction in concentrations will be necessary, if EU directives become effective in the country.
Relation between measured concentrations and meteorological parameters are also investigated. Wind speed and mixing height are the two parameters that are most closely related to measured concentrations at residential stations. However, at curbside stations concentrations are determined by emissions.
Qualitative comparison of two groups of stations emphasizes the contribution of motor vehicle emissions on residential areas. Seasonal and diurnal variations of measured parameters and lower winter-to-summer ratio of SO2 indicate contribution of diesel vehicle emissions to SO2 levels at curbside stations. Contribution of traffic emissions are also observed in terms of well defined bimodal traffic pattern of SO2 and PM-10 at non-curbside stations.
Seasonal and diurnal pollutant ratios are investigated to apportion different source types that are effective in each group of station. PM-to-SO2, NO-to-NO2, PM-10-to-NOX and SO2-to-NOX ratios are found to be good tracers for qualitative assessment of source groups, namely traffic and domestic heating.
Different statistical methodologies are demonstrated to determine the source regions of pollutants with respect to wind direction. Air quality level of Ankara, instead of air quality level in each station, is determined in terms of daily API. One by one correlation between API and meteorological factors are investigated, maximum wind speed and daily thermic excursion is found to be the highest correlated variables. The relation between API and these variables is analyzed by multiple linear regression method and then air pollution forecast model highly correlated with API and meteorological variables is developed. The assimilative capacity of Ankara is calculated in terms of ventilation coefficient and found to be highest in summer and lowest in winter. In winter poor dispersion conditions favor the poor air quality in the city.
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Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur. "Persistent organic pollutants and soils : studies on their distribution, air-soil exchange and degradation." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440375.
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Dittmer, Kyle Michael. "Mitigating Gaseous Nitrogen and Carbon Losses from Northeastern Agricultural Soils via Alternative Soil Management Practices." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1161.
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Traditional agricultural practices often result in gaseous losses of nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), and carbon dioxide (CO2), representing a net loss of nutrients from agricultural soils, which negatively impacts crop yield and requires farmers to increase nutrient inputs. By adopting best management practices (BMPs; i.e., no-tillage, cover crops, sub-surface manure application, and proper manure application timing), there is great potential to reduce these losses. Because N2O and CO2 are also greenhouse gases (GHGs), climate change mitigation via BMP adoption and emissions reductions would be an important co-benefit. However, adopting a no-tillage and cover cropping system has had setbacks within the Northeast, primarily due to concerns regarding manure nitrogen (N) losses in no-tillage systems as well as uncertainty surrounding the benefits of cover crops. This thesis used two field-trials located in Alburgh, Vermont to assess differences in (i) GHG emissions from agricultural soils, (ii) nitrate and ammonium retention, (iii) corn yield and protein content, and (iv) N uptake and retention via cover crop scavenging under a combination of different BMPs.
Chapter 1 evaluates the effects of different reduced-tillage practices and manure application methods (i.e., vertical-tillage, no-tillage, manure injection, and broadcast manure application) on reducing N2O and CO2 emissions, retaining inorganic N, and improving crop yields. Greenhouse gas measurements were collected every other week for the growing season of 2015-2017 via static chamber method using a photoacoustic gas analyzer. Results from this study showed that tillage regimes and manure application method did not interact to affect any of the three research objectives, although differences between individual BMPs were observed. Notably, vertical tillage enhanced CO2 emissions relative to no-tillage, demonstrating the role of soil disturbance and aeration on aerobic microbial C transformations. Manure injection was found to significantly enhance both N2O and CO2 emission relative to broadcast application, likely due to the formation of anerobic micro-zones created from liquid manure injection. However, plots that received manure injection retained greater concentrations of soil nitrate, a vital nutrient for quality crop production, thereby highlighting a major tradeoff between gaseous N losses and N retention with manure injection.
Chapter 2 evaluates the effects of tillage practices and timing of manure application to increase N retention with the use of cover crops in order to mitigate GHG emissions, enhance soil nitrate and ammonium retention, and improve cropping system N uptake. Treatments at this field trial consisted of a combination of the presence or absence of cover crops, no-tillage or conventional-tillage, and spring or fall manure application. Greenhouse gas emissions were measured every other week via static chamber method using a gas chromatograph for the growing season of 2018. Results from this study showed that the presence of cover crops enhanced both N2O and CO2 emissions relative to fallow land, irrespective of tillage regime and manure application season, likely as a result of greater N and carbon substrates entering the soil upon cover crop decomposition. Due to enhanced N2O emissions with cover crops, cover crops did not retain significantly greater inorganic N in the system upon termination.
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Velagapudi, Srikar. "Characterization of the gaseous pollutant behavior over a period of three years inside a public transit bus." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1294351983.
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Juck, David F. "Polyphasic examination of microbial communities in soils contaminated with organic pollutants." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38209.
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A polyphasic approach was used to examine the impact of contamination on soil microbial community structure. Two systems were examined using a combined biochemical and molecular biological approach. Petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils from two Northern Canadian sites, representing long-term contamination, were examined using Biolog GN plates and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of total community 16S rDNA. Results obtained using both methods demonstrated a positive correlation between samples that was based on the geographical origin of the samples, not on contamination level. In the second system, non-contaminated soil was contaminated with the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to monitor the effect of short- to medium-term contamination. Changes in the soil microbial community were examined using PCR-DGGE of total community 16S rDNA combined with RDX mineralization and chemical analysis of intermediates. The non-contaminated loam soil had an inherent RDX degradative capability and contamination of soil columns with 1000 mg RDX/kg soil did not significantly change the 16S rDNA bacterial community profile. The bacterial diversity remained high as estimated by the number of bands present in the DGGE and by NQ-78704 statistical rarefaction analysis of 16S rDNA clone RFLPs. The same soil, used in 10% soil slurries (w/v), demonstrated two apparently different RDX degradation mechanisms based on mineralization and chemical analysis. The differences were based on aerobic versus anaerobic conditions and the presence/absence of Na3 citrate. PCR-DGGE performed on 16S rDNA from aerobic slurries amended with Na3-citrate detected the stimulation of 3 operational taxonomic units, identified as Stenotrophomonas sp., Sphingomonas sp. and a member of the Alcaligenaceae. The results from the two systems examined (short- to medium-term and long-term contamination) demonstrated the utility of a polyphasic approach in the examina
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Howsam, Mike. "The role of woodlands in the cycling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310455.
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Liu, Fuzhen. "Remediation of soil contaminated by organic pollutants using Tween 80 and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2055.
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Sous la direction du professeur Mehmet Oturan et du professeur Hui Zhang, j’ai fini toutes les parties des thèses. Un article a été publié dans SCI et les autres parties sont prêtes à se soumettre à la revue. Maintenant, je modifie les papiers et les thèses. Les difficultés sont la détection des contaminants parce qu’il a besoin de la machine de fluorescence et de la méthode d’extraction complexeSoil contaminated by petroleum-hydrocarbons is a serious environmental problem since it is toxic to agriculture and human. And the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in petroleum-hydrocarbons possess carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, low volatility and poor solubility properties. Moreover, PAHs are persistent in soil and difficult to be degraded. Hence, effective methods are essential to remedy soil contaminated by petroleum-hydrocarbons and particularly the PAHs. Among various remediation methods, soil washing (SW) combined with surfactant is a promising techniques since it is an economical and effective approach. This technology promotes the transformation of contaminants from soil to aqueous solution, which is especially applied for heavily contaminated soil. However, a soil washing solution highly loaded with surfactant and contaminants is produced. Therefore, effective treatment of soil washing solution is a challenge for promoting the application of surfactants and the remediation of contaminated soil. The combination of soil washing process and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) constitutes an effective technique for the treatment of soil washing solution. In this paper, Tween 80 was applied as surfactant during soil washing process. The lipophilic part of Tween 80 tends to contaminants or soil particles and the hydrophilic part has tendency to the aqueous phase. Thus, Tween 80 promotes the transformation of hydrophobic organic contaminants from soil to aqueous phase. Then the soil washing solution highly loaded with contaminants and surfactant was treated by EAOPs, processes based on the generation of strong oxidant species such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), sulfate radicals (SO4•−) and active chlorine (•Cl), are one of the most efficient methods for degrading refractory organic pollutants in soil washing solution. The effect of EAOPs including electro-oxidation (EO), electro-Fenton (EF), sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) was investigated in the degradation of petroleum-hydrocarbons. Besides, a potential advanced oxidation process including the presence of chlorine s was applied for treating soil washing solution which contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Tween 80
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Magoha, Happy Steven. "Destruction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) and aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil using ball milling thesis submitted in (partial) fulfilment of the Master of Applied Science, Auckland University of Technology, May 2004." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004. http://puka2.aut.ac.nz/ait/theses/MagohaH.pdf.
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Diesch, Jovana-Maria [Verfasser]. "Stationary in-situ measurements of aerosols, gaseous pollutants and meteorology : chemical and physical characterization of natural and anthropogenic sources / Jovana-Maria Diesch." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1051349524/34.
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Meijer, Sandra N. "The role of air-soil exchange in the global transport and distribution of persistent organic pollutants." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404221.
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Louie, Krista L. "The relationship between short-term exposure to gaseous air pollutants and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the elderly population in Vancouver, British Columbia." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27882.
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The present study investigated the association between gaseous air pollutants and mortality and morbidity due to specific cardiovascular conditions in the elderly population in Vancouver, British Columbia. Time-series analysis was utilized to evaluate the daily levels of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) in relation to cardiovascular hospital admissions and deaths between January 1985 and March 1999. Results showed significant associations between CO and ischemic heart disease and heart failure admissions, NO 2 and all cardiovascular hospitalizations and stroke deaths and between SO2 and heart failure hospital admissions. Vancouver air pollutant levels were well below the Canadian National Ambient Air Quality Objectives maximum acceptable levels. However the results of this study showed a negative influence on the population's health suggesting that a re-evaluation of these standards may be necessary.
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龍銀花 and Yinhua Long. "Determination of organic pollutants in air and soil by supercritical fluid extraction, capillary electrophoresis, chromatographic andelectrochemical methods." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242108.
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Quinn, Laura Penelope. "Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soil associated with an active incinerator in Potchefstroom, South Africa / L.P. Quinn." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1013.
Full textAbstract:
POPs are a group of chemicals that have been extensively studied over the last few
years. The main reason that these chemicals have received so much scientific
attention is the myriad of negative effects they have on the environment and human
health. The properties that cause the deleterious effects include a high molecular
stability, rendering them highly persistent. Added to this is the lipophilic and
hydrophobic nature of the compounds. POPs will thus tend to bio-accumulate and
bio-magnify in the environment, causing a direct threat to humans and wildlife. To
address this threat, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,
under the supervision of United Nations Environment programme (UNEP), was
initiated and became legally binding on 17 May 2004. All countries, including South
Africa, which ratified this agreement, will be expected to monitor and regulate the
formation of POPs.
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are all members of the dioxin-like family of
POPs. This family of chemicals pose serious health threats such as carcinogenic
effects and negative effects on reproduction. These substances, with the exception of
PCBs, are formed unintentionally as by-products of industrial and thermal processes.
One of the main sources of dioxin-like chemicals is medical waste incinerators.
In this project the area surrounding a medical waste incinerator was monitored using
a bio-assay technique. The determination of dioxin concentrations is usually
preformed by chemical analysis, however, bio-assays have proven themselves to be
a cheaper and time-saving screening method. The Toxic Equivalency Quotient
(TEQs) determined through bio-assays can support chemical analysis in determining
biologically-relevant risk assessments since bio-assay data has ecotoxicological
relevance. These assays represent an integrated biological response to chemical
pollutants, where biological effects are accounted for which is not possible in
chemical analyses. One of the bio-assays used in the determination of the dioxin-like
chemical TEQ is the H411 E reporter gene bio-assay. This assay is based on the Ah-receptor
mediated toxicity of dioxin-like chemicals. Using this technique the TEQs for
areas surrounding an active incinerator were determined, to indicate the distribution
of these substances. The TEQs for the soil samples collected ranged between nondetectable
and 154 ngTEQ/kg. There was no clear distributional pattern and the total
organic carbon content in the soil did not seem to play a crucial role in the distribution
of dioxin-like chemicals. Although a decrease in soil tillage showed a corresponding
increase in TEQ. The predominant wind direction was taken into account but no
correlation could be seen. However, meteorological parameters such as the ambient
temperature and low precipitation in the area may have contributed to lower TEQ
values. Cytotoxicity excluded data points and the phenomenon has to be addressed.
High TEQ values in a residential area where free-range chickens are raised pose a
serious concern to the level of dietary dioxin-like chemical intake. Eggs in the area
could theoretically contain between 2.75 and 28.75 pgTEQ/g egg fat. Further studies
are needed to determine how much dioxin-like chemicals are being transferred to
humans through the consumption of free-range eggsThesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Taylor, Tammy Palmer. "Characterization and surfactant enhanced remediation of organic contaminants in saturated porous media." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19899.
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Long, Yinhua. "Determination of organic pollutants in air and soil by supercritical fluid extraction, capillary electrophoresis, chromatographic and electrochemical methods /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23316834.
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Heil, Jannis [Verfasser]. "The role of abiotic processes in the formation and degradation of gaseous nitrogen compounds in the soil / Jannis Heil." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1095099132/34.
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Eriksson, Johan. "Retention and mobilisation of trinitrotoluene, aniline, nitrobenzene and toluene by soil organic matter /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s266.pdf.
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Schuster, Jasmin. "Temporal and spatial trends of persistent organic pollutants in air and soil : implications for their sources and environmental cycling." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618816.
Full textAbstract:
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are defined by their characteristic properties in the environment, such as adverse effects on humans and other organisms, a low degradation rate, a potential for bioaccumulation and long range-transport. These properties are the reason that POPs are monitored in remote regions, like the Polar Regions and open oceans, even though they were mostly used in populated areas (urban or rural). A group of POPs was banned under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001 by a number of countries and more chemicals have been added to the list subsequently. To assess the effect of international regulation more information about the long-term fate of these chemicals, the transport processes and the exchange between different environmental media is needed. The first part of this thesis describes long-term trends of POPs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environmental compartment air. One study discusses the trends that were observed with passive air samplers in remote locations along a transect across the UK and Norway. The air• concentrations monitored from 1994 to 2008 at 11 sites showed a general decline. While the total air concentrations decreased with increasing latitude, the decline rates did not differ between sampling sites. A second study discusses the trends of PCBs in the UK atmosphere for urban and rural sites. As in the remote areas, a steady decline was observed following first order kinetics. The PCB concentrations at each sampling site were directly proportional to the population density of the area. It was therefore concluded that air concentrations of PCBs are currently still defined by the direct input from primary source emissions and the observed decline mirrors a decline in emission. In order to assess the fate of POPs in other environmental media soil cores were collected following the transect for the passive air data across the UK and Norway. The soil cores were collected at identical locations ten years earlier. A direct comparison of the data between the sampling years proved that the decline in soil is more variable than in air for most monitored POPs. While there were nearly no changes in soil concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, there was a slight decline for PCBs and a strong decline for PBDEs. Changes in the burden, of PCBs per unit soil organic matter between 1998 and 2008 indicate the approach of soil-air equilibrium for the monitored sites. However chiral data and atmospheric data from the regions indicate that the influence of re-volatilization contributed only a minor component of the air burden of PCBs in remote areas of northern Europe. Important tools in monitoring regional and temporal trends of POPs are passive air samplers, which can be deployed at low cost in remote areas. A new type of sampling medium. the sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk, was assessed for its applicability for long-term monitoring of PCBs, PBDEs and hexachlorobenzene. Long-term deployment is a necessity for areas with low concentrations. In order to estimate the most precise atmospheric concentrations from the chemicals sequestered on the sampling medium, it would be preferable if the sampler and atmosphere are not in equilibrium and the sampled air volume is therefore directly proportional to the deployment time. It was found that the SIP disk presents a valid alternative to other established passive air sampling media. The last part of the thesis discusses a group of emerging POPs, the perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). PFCs were monitored in a passive air sampling campaign in different Asian countries. Differences were observed in the PFC composition at different sampling sites. These were explained with different usage pattern and regulations in the different countries. Further research is required to gain deeper understanding the transfer mechanism between different environmental compartments for POPs. The application of a model is needed to assess the increasing influence of secondary sources, i.e. revolatilisation from soils on atmospheric concentrations. While long-term studies for emerging compounds already exist, it is necessary to establish similar monitoring campaigns for emerging chemicals.
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Desborough, Jennifer L. "Exploring the utility of chiral signatures to further understanding of soil-to-herbage transfer of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3537/.
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Chiral signatures were utilised as a means of determining the pathways of PCBs in the environment. Concentrations of HBCD diastereoisomers, enantiomers and degradation products were also determined in top soils from both the UK and Australia. Concentrations of PCBs 28/31, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180 and enantiomer fractions (EFs) of PCB 95 and 136 were determined in air, top soil and grass from an urban site in Birmingham, UK. Samples were taken approximately every 14 days at 5 graduating heights from the ground in summer 2009 (114 days) and spring 2010 (84 days). EFs of PCB 95 in air at 3cm height (average of 0.453 in 2009 and 0.468 in 2010), differed significantly (p<0.05) from the racemic EFs in air at 10, 40, 90, and 130 cm. The EFs of PCB 95 in soil were on average 0.452 in 2009 and 0.447 in 2010 and matched those in air at 3cm particularly in the 2009 campaign. Grass displayed an average EF of 0.468 (2009) and 0.484 (2010); values which were intermediate between those in soil and the racemic EFs in air measured at 10 cm and above. These data imply that at the study site, PCBs volatilise from soil to an extent discernible only at the soil:air interface, and that PCBs in grass arise due to foliar uptake of volatile emissions from soil. Atmospheric concentrations of PCBs increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing height above the soil surface. This combined with the PCB 95 chiral signature data, suggests that the influence of PCB emissions from soil on airborne concentrations decreases with height while emissions from indoor air increases. HBCD chiral signatures were found to be racemic or near-racemic in all the air, grass and soil samples from the same urban site in Birmingham, UK used for sampling PCBs. Soils from 24 ii sites across the UK were also found to contain near racemic chiral signatures of HBCDs. This indicates that enantioselective microbial degradation is not occurring and the sites were unsuitable for a study like that used for PCBs to determine pathways of HBCDs into plants using chiral signatures. Concentrations of ΣHBCD from soils from the UK (n=24) were found to be 22 ng/g ranging between <0.03 to 420 ng/g. By comparison, the average concentration of ΣHBCD in soils from Australia (n=17) was 0.74 ng/g ranging between <0.0005 to 5.6 ng/g. Degradation products of HBCD, pentabromocyclododecenes (PBCDs) and tetrabromocyclododecadienes (TBCDs) were also semi-quantitatively determined in the soil samples. In the UK soils, PBCDs and TBCDs were determined in 7 and 6 of the soil samples respectively with concentrations ranging from 10-7300 pg/g for ΣPBCDs and 10-1300 pg/g for ΣTBCDs. In the Australian soils only TBCD was detected in soil at concentrations ranging from 2.3 to 450 pg/g ΣTBCDs. A preliminary environmental budget found soil to be the principal sink for HBCD in the UK.
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Ahmad, Faheem. "Numerical modelling of transport of pollutant through soils." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-040239/.
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Hollinger, Eric, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. "Links between management of a market garden and stormwater losses of sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus." THESIS_FEMA_XXX_Hollinger_E.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/306.
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Market gardening is commonly characterised by intensive cultivation, high inputs of both organic and inorganic fertilisers, chemical over/misuse, frequent irrigation, and a low degree of soil cover. While market gardening is readily perceived to be detrimental to waterways, there is remarkably little data to quantify the impacts. Soil and nutrient loss in stormwater runoff varies with soil type, climate and production systems. Therefore local data are needed to determine the impact of market gardening on the Hawkesbury-Nepean. This should lead to a better understanding of how land management influences runoff quantity and quality so that practices can be improved. Objectives of this research were to : quantify sediment, N and P loss and assess the implications for waterways; relate sediment, N and P losses to specific land management practices and assess their impacts on profitability; and, reflect on this research in terms of extension and adoption of better land management. An 8.8 ha property with 6.6 ha of market garden was used as a case study in the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment. Soil samples were collected at the beginning and end of the study. Sediment core samples were collected from the drainage channel. A rainfall simulator was used to compare runoff volume from green manure and bare fallow beds. The research produced several recommendations for the extension and adoption of improved land management. In order to reduce sediment, N and P losses in stormwater, the primary focus should be on improving soil and nutrient management, in particular matching fertiliser inputs more closely to nutrient requirements. The secondary focus should be on utilising structural measures, in particular farm dams, to prevent pollutants from entering waterways. The outcome should be decreased costs to the farmer and decreased impacts on waterways. The use of N-fixing green manure to decrease the use of poultry manure should be explored.Master of Science (Hons)
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Schonhoff, Bradley R. "Gaseous Carbon Emissions (Methane and Carbon Dioxide) from Wetland Soils in a Re-created Everglades Landscape." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2289.
Full textAbstract:
Reducing the rates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is critical in combatting global climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two most important carbon-based GHGs, for their atmospheric warming potential. Wetlands such as the Florida Everglades play major roles in the global carbon cycle, as varying hydrologic conditions lead to differential production rates of these two GHGs. This study measured CO2 and CH4 emissions in a re-created Everglades ridge-and-slough wetland, where water levels were controlled to reflect natural flood patterns. As expected, lower elevations were flooded longer and produced more CH4, while higher elevations produced more CO2. Since CH4 has a relatively high global warming potential, CO2 production would need to be 70 times that of CH4, to balance their GHG output. The average ratio of CO2 to CH4 across elevations was 22.0 (mol:mol), indicating that future water management within wetlands should consider GHG production potential.
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Eigenhuis, Bernhard. "Developing the soil pollution potential as an environmental management cost estimation index for washing inorganic pollutants from soils / B. Eigenhuis." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/283.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the concept of the Soil Pollution Potential (SPP), a concept analogous to
the Global Warming Potential used to compare various chemicals during Life Cycle Analysis of
industrial projects.
The objective of the study was to identify a reference soil pollution scenario and a reference
inorganic soil pollutant that provide the basis for calculating Soil Pollution Potentials for a wide
range of soil pollution scenarios. The reference inorganic soil pollutant has been identified as
Aluminium and a reference soil pollution scenario is also described in this dissertation, proving
the hypothesis that such a reference pollutant could be identified through the use of statistical
analysis of resulting modelling data for a wide range of parameter values.
The reference pollutant was identified through a statistical evaluation of the model simulation
time required to simulate the remediation of the soil profile. It was found that lower diffusion
coefficients resulted in more time required, effectively limiting mass transfer in the soil profile.
A regression equation was developed that simplifies the calculation of SPP values, reducing the
need for complex numerical modelling. The regression equation describes approximately 96%
of the variation found in the modelling data and is considered sufficiently accurate. A simpler
form of the regression equation was also derived exhibiting a R2 of approximately 0.87. This
dissertation also provides a simple equation to calculate the volume of flushing water required to
remediate polluted soil profiles in other soil pollution scenarios within the parameter value
ranges identified in this study.
It is possible to repeat this study, but focussing on organic pollutants in the soil profile. Azelate
has been identified as a possible candidate reference organic pollutant based on a similar
diffusion coefficient in water as compared to that of Aluminium. A similar approach has been
followed by ICI using Environmental Quality Standards and toxicity characteristics of Copper
and Formaldehyde in the aquatic environment to select inorganic and organic reference
chemicals. Such an organic reference will provide an important link in the SPP continuum and
should be further investigated.
This study has clearly and conceptually illustrated how the SPP can be used as an environmental
management cost estimation index for different soil washing (flushing) scenarios. A generic
equation for relative cost (cost index) was derived.
Finally, SPP values were found to range from 9.81E-06 to 9.67 for the parameter values in this
study, with an associated water cost ranging from R0.00 to R145.00 per m3 at an assumed cost
of R3.00 per m3. Published soil flushing cost (water and operation of equipment) was found to
range from R140.00 to R1400.00 per m3 of soil (year 2004); it appears less expensive than the
published cost of soil washing. Furthermore does it appears that the cost of water accounts for
approximately 10% of the published cost of soil flushing, but further investigation is required in
future to confirm this.Thesis (Ph.D. (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Lindeberg, Carola. "Long-term changes of mercury, lead and persistent organic pollutants in arctic environments." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Univ, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1060.
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Krištof, Ondřej. "Použití scruberů při čištění vzduchu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216831.
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The Diploma thesis is focused on the separation of gaseous pollutants from contaminated mixtures of gases into liquids using absorbent device. The theoretical part is mainly concerned with describing the absorption process, the method expression and the factors influencing the rate of transfer of contaminants between phases. The experimental part deals with the dependence of transfer of carbon dioxide contained in an air mixture into an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide on the process conditions of separation in pilot scrubber.