To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Gaseous pollutants of soil.
Journal articles on the topic 'Gaseous pollutants of soil'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Gaseous pollutants of soil.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Kumar Soni, Rajenda, Santosh Kumar Sar, and Shweta Singh. "APPLICATION OF BIOADSORBENT IN CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i1.54.
Full textAbstract:
A material that has the ability to extract certain substances from gases, liquids, or solids by causing them to adhere to its surface without changing the physical properties of the adsorbent. Rapid urbanization, population growth, industrial expansion and waste generation from domestic and industrial sources have rendered waste which are hazardous to man and other living resources. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and supply us with oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. At the same time, they reduce pollutants in water and soil. They also remove significant amounts of gaseous pollutants and particles from the air. The microscopic plants in soil also reduce air pollutants and degrade many toxic chemicals that enter the soil.
2
Baciak, Michał, Kazimierz Warmiński, and Agnieszka Bęś. "The effect of selected gaseous air pollutants on woody plants." Forest Research Papers 76, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2015-0039.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The article discusses gaseous air pollutants that have the greatest impact on forest ecosystems. This group of pollutants ncludes sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxides (NO and NO2) and ozone (O3). In the 20th century, the major contributor to forest degradation was sulfur dioxide, a gaseous substance with direct and powerful phytotoxic and acidifying effects. Since then, sulfur dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced in Europe and North America, but they continue to grow in East Asia along with China’s economic boom. Nitric oxides affect woody plants directly by entering through the stomata and indirectly through soil acidification and environmental eutrophication. Ozone, in turn, is found in photochemical smog and is produced by conversion of its precursors (nitric oxides, organic compounds and carbon monoxide). It is a strong oxidizing agent which disrupts various physiological processes, mostly photosynthesis and water use in plants, but is also the air pollutant that exerts the most toxic effect on forest ecosystems.
3
Abdelouhab, Malya, Bernard Collignan, and Francis Allard. "Experimental study on passive Soil Depressurisation System to prevent soil gaseous pollutants into building." Building and Environment 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 2400–2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.05.001.
Full text
4
Czerwińska, Justyna, and Grzegorz Wielgosiński. "Changes in the pollution of Lodz voivodship rainwater as a result of changes in pollutant immissions." Acta Innovations, no. 30 (January 1, 2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.30.4.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing urbanization rates, particularly in cities, cause an increase in pollutant emissions into the environment. Immission of pollutants is the amount of particulate or gaseous pollutants that is received by the environment. Natural precipitation, i.e. rainwater, is polluted during the contact with air. As a result of atmospheric precipitation groundwater and soil become polluted. The pollutants also penetrate surface water, causing further contamination. In rainwater that goes to the sewage system, there are pollutants such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, slurries, plant protection products and many more. This is largely dependent on the type of management of the catchment, its sanitary condition, and the time and intensity of precipitation. Another important factor is the composition of pollutants emitted into the atmospheric air in each area. The work shows changes in the pollution of rainwater in Lodz Voivodship in the years 2010-2016 and presents analysis of the data collected by the Regional Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. The analysis shows that the state of rainwater is steadily deteriorating which is directly related to air quality.
5
Schulze, E. D., and P. H. Freer-Smith. "An evaluation of forest decline based on field observations focussed on Norway spruce, Picea abies." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 97 (1990): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005339.
Full textAbstract:
SynopsisForest decline in Europe is centred around areas where air pollution is heaviest. Although statistical relations are still debatable at the stand level, they are a basis for the discussion of mechanisms by which air pollutants affect forest health. The aetiologies of different syndromes of decline are discussed. Exposure to large concentrations of gaseous pollutants appears to have short-term rather than long-lasting effects, whereas pathogens seem to be of only secondary importance. The deposition of sulphur and nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) pollutants has significantly modified soil chemistry and plant nutrition. In acidic low-pH soils spruce roots, instead of utilising nitrate, preferentially take up ammonium which interferes with the uptake of other cations, notably magnesium. The nitrate remaining in soil solution, as a result of the preferential uptake of ammonium, is leached together with sulphate to groundwater, accelerating soil acidification and further decreasing the calcium and/or magnesium to aluminium ratios in soil solution. Soil solution chemistry affects root development, and thus water and nutrient uptake. Canopy uptake of nitrogen, especially of ammonium, which is additional to root uptake, may occur and appears to stimulate growth inciting a nitrogen to cation imbalance with the consequential production of decline symptoms.
6
Wu, Hai Long, Sheng Yong Lu, Xiao Dong Li, and Jian Hua Yan. "Removal of Pollutants from High Polychlorinated Biphenyl Level Contaminated Soil at Different Thermal Treated Time." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1034.
Full textAbstract:
High contaminated level of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in soil could not be easily removed by routine method. Since thermal treatment technology becomes a promising method especially for removal of volatile organic compounds, it has not yet been widespread in China for some technical and economic reasons. Experiments were conducted in a horizontal quartz tube furnace with nitrogen as the unique carrier gas, and heating temperature was set at 500oC with retention time of flue gas desorbed from soil was about 1 min. It has been found that total removal efficiency of PCBs from soil increased with the heating time was prolonged. Thermal treated time of 60 min seems suitable for the removal of PCBs, with the removal efficiency of 95.8% in solid phase. It has also been concluded that the removal mechanism of PCBs from soil endures dechlorination and destruction reactions with anticipation of catalytic metals. Normal gaseous pollutants desorbed from soil were also studied, H2O evaporation was favored with at the beginning of thermal process; after H2O evaporation, the organic matters began to decompose; when the thermal treated time was longer than 20 min, the desorption of the normal gaseous pollutants were almost finished (except for NH3).
7
Marszałek, Marta, Zygmunt Kowalski, and Agnieszka Makara. "Emission of Greenhouse Gases and Odorants from Pig Slurry - Effect on the Environment and Methods of its Reduction." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0026.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Pig slurry is classified as a natural liquid fertilizer, which is a heterogeneous mixture of urine, faeces, remnants of feed and technological water, used to remove excrement and maintain the hygiene of livestock housing. The storage and distribution of pig slurry on farmland affect the environment as they are associated with, among others, the emission of various types of gaseous pollutants, mainly CH4, CO2, N2O, NH3, H2S, and other odorants. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are greenhouse gases (GHGs) which contribute to climate change by increasing the greenhouse effect. Ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are malodorous gases responsible for the occurrence of odour nuisance which, due to their toxicity, may endanger the health and lives of humans and animals. NH3 also influences the increase of atmosphere and soil acidification. The article presents the environmental impact of greenhouse gases and odorous compounds emitted from pig slurry. Key gaseous atmospheric pollutants such as NH3, H2S, CH4, CO2 and N2O have been characterized. Furthermore, methods to reduce the emission of odours and GHGs from pig slurry during its storage and agricultural usage have been discussed.
8
Thomas, W. "Accumulation of Airborne Trace Pollutants by Arctic Plants and Soil." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0015.
Full textAbstract:
Plant and soil samples from 4 locations in Spitsbergen (Norway) were analysed for major ions, heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and chlorinated pesticides. The results indicate that trace amounts of these substance groups result from a number of different sources, namely from subsoil material, local emissions and long range atmospheric transport. A comparison of inorganic and organic micropollutant concentrations allows a distinction between trace substance uptake from soil or air. The correlation of plant and air concentrations makes it obvious that elevated accumulation rates of heavy metals in plants result from low level transport of particles. PAH are very effectively retained by species with large surface areas and represent particle concentrations in the air. Benzohexachloride in plants results from precipitation water rather than from direct uptake of gaseous traces.
9
Huang, P., S. L. Gong, T. L. Zhao, L. Neary, and L. A. Barrie. "GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – Part 2: Global transports and budgets of PCBs." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 15 (August 1, 2007): 4015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4015-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Global transports and budgets of three PCBs were investigated with a 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – GEM/POPs. Dominant pathways were identified for PCB transports in the atmosphere with a transport flux peaking below 8 km for gaseous and 14 km for particulate PCB28, and peaking below 4 km for gaseous and 6 km for particulate PCB180. The inter-continental transports of PCBs in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) are dominated in the zonal direction with their route changes regulated seasonally by the variation of westerly jet. The transport pathways from Europe and North Atlantic contributed the most PCBs to the Arctic. Inter-hemispheric transports of PCBs originated from the regions of Europe, Asia and North America in three different flow-paths, accompanying with easterly jet, Asian monsoon winds and trade winds. PCBs from the Southern Hemisphere (SH) could also be exported into the NH. According to the PCB emissions of year 2000, Europe, North America and Asia are the three largest sources of the three PCBs, contributing to the global background concentrations in the atmosphere, soil and water. Globally, PCB28 in soil and water has become a comparable source to the anthropogenic emissions while heavier PCBs such as PCB153 and 180 are still transporting into soil and water. For all three congeners, particulate PCBs are concentrated in the higher levels than gaseous PCBs. More than half of the particulate PCB28 could reach up to the stratosphere, while most of the heavier counter-parts (PCB153 and PCB180) are stored in the troposphere including boundary layer with more than 99% gaseous PCB180 below 6 km.
10
Kholdorov, Shovkat, Zafarjon Jabbarov, Ilhomjon Aslanov, Bakhrom Jobborov, and Zoyr Rakhmatov. "Analysing effect of cement manufacturing industry on soils and agricultural plants." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128402005.
Full textAbstract:
Today, the study of the effects of dust and gaseous pollutants in the soil as a result of the cement industry, the justification of changes in their properties, the creation of appropriate reclamation technologies is an urgent issue. In the study area, the main source of soil contamination under the influence of the cement industry is dust. The dust mainly spread around the cement plant to a radius of 5,000 meters, causing the soils to become mostly polluted. In the morphological observation of the cross-sections taken by the soil samples, it was mainly influenced by the change in soil colour in the soil surface layer. The chemical and physical properties of the soil change under the influence of pollution, including the tendency to increase the amount of humus as it moves away from the object of study in a wavy pattern. The pH of the soil changed alkalinity. Changes in the agrochemical and other properties of the soil as a result of the cement industry adversely affected the vegetative development of the agricultural plants grown on it, disrupting the growing season and photosynthesis processes and resulting in reduced yields.
11
Kovacs, Helga, Katalin Szemmelveisz, and Alex Nemes. "Gaseous and Solid Air Pollutants Formed during the Combustion of Heavy Metal Contaminated Oak and Poplar." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.743.
Full textAbstract:
In recent decades several industrial activities polluted the soil, which caused the accumulation of heavy metals to an extent greater than the natural concentration. This is mainly typical of countries, where mining and industry plays or has played an important role in the economy. The utilization of these lands is an economic interest, since locating the contamination, controlling its spreading and maintaining the area has costs. One of the methods for remediation is phytoextraction, during which heavy metals, especially harmful to water and soil, are removed from the soil by plants capable of accumulating contaminants. However, during the combustion of these plants their heavy metal content is replaced into the formed gaseous and solid combustion remains, so the hazard, composition and treating method of these remains must be defined by the appropriate examinations. In this article we present some part of the results of this research, where we examine the gaseous and solid pollutant content of flue gas formed during combustion, as well as the heavy metal content of fly ash. We made two different experiments for domestic and semiplant usage. We have used oak and poplar from a heavy metal contaminated area in both experiments. The domestic examination was conducted in a 7 kW hearth with a closed combustion chamber, the semiplant examination was carried out in a 0,5 MW capacity furnace equipped with an automatic fuel feeding system and a cyclone dust extractor. We have measured the composition of flue gas in both firing experiments with a HORIBA PG-250 type portable gas analyzer, in the case of the analysis of heavy metal content of fly ash DX4 EDAX EDS microprobe of an AMRAY 1830 I scanning electron microscope and ICP-AES, using a 720 ES instrument was used. Based on our results, it can be determined, that the combustion device used to burn biomass grown on heavy metal polluted areas – brownfield lands – must make it possible to separate fly ash from the flue gas and allow the handling of solid burning residues.
12
Delang, Claudio O. "Causes and distribution of soil pollution in China." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/environ-2017-0016.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractChina is the most populated country in the world, but has relatively little fertile land, and even less water. Maintaining the quality of its agricultural land is of paramount importance if China wants to feed its very large and growing population. Yet, China is one of the countries with the largest amount of polluted soil. This paper looks at the causes and distribution of soil pollution in China. It first looks at the amount of organic and inorganic soil pollutants and their geographic distribution. It then looks at the causes of soil pollution, making the distinction between agricultural activities, industrial activities, and urbanization. Pollution from agricultural activities stems primarily from the excessive amounts of pesticides and fertilizers used on farmland, and is mainly located in the south, where most of the food is produced. Pollution from industrial activities is due to airborne industrial pollutants that fall on to the land, and is mainly located in the west of the country, where most manufacturing activities take place. Pollution from urbanization is mainly due to the very large amount of solid, liquid and gaseous waste generated in a small area with insufficient treatment facilities, and exhaust fumes from vehicles, and is located around the largest cities, or roads. The result is that one fifth of China’s farmland is polluted, and an area the size of Taiwan is so polluted that farming should not be allowed there at all.
13
Cichowicz, Robert, and Artur Stelegowski. "Selected air pollutants in urban and rural areas, under the influence of power plants." Acta Innovations, no. 29 (October 1, 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.29.5.
Full textAbstract:
The operation of large power plants, including power stations, and combined heat and power stations, causes the emission of significant amounts of gaseous pollutants into the environment. As a result, in the urban and agricultural areas occurs a pollution of undesirable gaseous substances, such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides. This is especially dangerous for living organisms, soil and water, because, in combination with water vapor, these pollutants are the cause of acid rain. In addition, nitrogen oxides participate in the formation of ground-level ozone, which affects both human health and the condition of existing vegetation. Therefore, the distribution of air pollutants (NO2, SO2 and O3) in the selected urban and rural areas, under the influence of power plants, located in the Lodz Voivodeship, in Poland, in Central-Eastern Europe, was analyzed for a 10-year period (2007–2016). As a result, it was possible to evaluate the impact of the entry into force of Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 “on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe” on the changes in emissions and concentrations of pollutants in selected locations. As a result of the analysis, a significant decrease in the concentration of SO2 (by 75% in the urban area and by 59% in the rural area), and small changes (from - 8% to + 12%) in NO2 and O3 concentrations in ambient air were found. This indicates the effectiveness of actions aimed at reducing SO2 emissions, however the influence of the power plants on the concentration of air pollutants in these areas is not clear. At the same time, considering the criterion of permissible concentration of ozone and nitrogen dioxide, although the air quality did not improve, the air quality index can be considered as being in the category of "good".
14
Riek, Winfried, Alexander Russ, and Marc Marx. "Concentrations of Inorganic and Organic Pollutants in Forest Soils as an Archive of Anthropogenic Inputs in the State of Brandenburg, Germany." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031189.
Full textAbstract:
An important component of the National Forest Soils Inventory (NFSI) is the investigation of inorganic and organic pollutants. Forests are able to filter out large quantities of these substances from the atmosphere and incorporate them into the soil for a long time. The aim of this study was the integrative evaluation of organic and inorganic pollutant concentrations in forest soils in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. With the help of principle component analysis, the pollutant concentrations can essentially be explained by three significant environmental components, which explain 76% of the total variance of all pollutants examined within the scope of the NFSI. The first component characterizes the extent of the atmospheric pollution caused by flue gases and fly ash from lignite combustion in the 1970s and 1980s and is mainly charged by the organic pollutants HCB and PAH, and the elements arsenic and chromium. This component shows positive relation to both spatially interpolated calcium-deposition data from the 1980s (as an indicator for the dust emission from coal combustion) and crown defoliation data of pine stands from the forest condition survey in the early 1990s. The depositions of zinc and cadmium from industrial sources, vehicle traffic and the use of fertilizers in agriculture mainly characterize the second principle component. The use of the pesticides DDT and lindane in the early 1980s and the associated pollutants input into the forest soils are expressed by the third component. In expanding the term archiving function of soils, the results illustrate their particular importance for the long-term archiving of anthropogenic inputs and the associated potential stress factors for forests.
15
Morariu, Stelian Ioan, Letitia Doina Duceac, Alina Costina Luca, Florina Popescu, Liliana Pavel, and Cristina Maria Gavrilescu. "Soil Chemical Pollution and Aggressive Pathologies." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 8 (September 15, 2018): 2278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.8.6515.
Full textAbstract:
Maintaining the soil in optimal parameters is vital for mankind, given its essential role in providing the alimentary base, as well as its extremely slow formation and regeneration (hundreds or thousands of years). The direct and indirect pollution of the soil and especially its chemical pollution represent a corollary of other types of pollution, given that it is produced by solid, liquid and gaseous residues. It may be involved in a wide range of diseases (respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, renal, haematological, osteoarticular, neurological) of allergic, infectious, degenerative or neoplastic nature, from infancy to the old age. Although there are natural causes of soil pollution (e.g. volcanic eruptions), most pollutants come from human activities, which are the most incriminated in its pollution, degradation and erosion at an accelerated pace. The growing concern of all nations for the adoption of measures to limit the chemical pollution of the soil is partially found so far in viable and effective solutions intended to combat soil contamination and degradation and ensure its restoration. Chemical industrialization leads to technical and scientific progress, but at the same time it can develop related pathologies, which means that the role of the occupational health physician is essential in ensuring prophylaxis and the early detection of occupational diseases. Besides that, the role of the pediatrician is equally precious for the detection of specific diseases caused by chemical pollutants to children, because they will develop into adults with pathological stigma.The chemical pollution of the soil is a major challenge for ecologists, given that it is an important risk factor for many types of afflictions. It requires maximum attention from civil society, health care professionals and government institutions. The specialist in occupational medicine, as well as the pediatrician bear an essential responsibility in both, prevention and treatment.
16
Huang, P., S. L. Gong, T. L. Zhao, L. Neary, and L. A. Barrie. "GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – Part 2: Global transports and budgets of PCBs." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 16, 2007): 3837–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-3837-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Global transports and budgets of three PCBs were investigated with a 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – GEM/POPs. Dominant pathways were identified for PCB transports in the atmosphere with a peak transport flux below 8 km and 14 km for gaseous and particulate PCB28, 4 km and 6 km for gaseous and particulate PCB180. The inter-continental transports of PCBs in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) are dominated in the zonal direction with their route changes seasonally regulated by the variation of westerly jet. The transport pathways from Europe and North Atlantic to the Arctic contributed the most PCBs over there. Inter-hemispheric transports of PCBs originated from the regions of Europe, Asia and North America in three different flow-paths, accompanying with easterly jet, Asian monsoon winds and trade winds. PCBs from the Southern Hemisphere (SH) could export into the NH. According to the PCB emissions of year 2000, Europe, North America and Asia are the three largest sources of the three PCBs, contributing to the global background concentrations in the atmosphere and soil and water. Globally, PCB28 in soil and water has become a comparable source to the anthropogenic emissions while heavier PCBs such as PCB153 and 180 are still transporting into soil and water. It is found that lighter PCBs have more long range transport potentials than their heavier counter-parts in the atmosphere.
17
Janas, Monika, and Alicja Zawadzka. "Assessment of environmental impact of agricultural biogas plants." Acta Innovations, no. 27 (April 1, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.27.3.
Full textAbstract:
Operation of biogas plants, anaerobic fermentation processes, collection and purification of biogas and its subsequent combustion may be a source of environmental hazard. The construction and operation of biogas plants is inextricably connected with the generation and emission of solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants into the environment. The aim of the work is to analyze environmental hazards resulting from the construction and operation of biogas plants. As part of the work, a comprehensive analysis of their impact on individual components of the environment was made. The effect of biogas plants on atmospheric air, soil and water environment and acoustic climate was analyzed and the potential range of these impacts was presented.
18
Gui, P., R. Inamori, M. Matsumura, and Y. Inamori. "Evaluation of constructed wetlands by wastewater purification ability and greenhouse gas emissions." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.517.
Full textAbstract:
Domestic wastewater is a significant source of nitrogen and phosphorus, which cause lake eutrophication. Among the wastewater treatment technologies, constructed wetlands are a promising low-cost means of treating point and diffuse sources of domestic wastewater in rural areas. However, the sustainable operation of constructed wetland treatment systems depends upon a high rate conversion of organic and nitrogenous loading into their metabolic gaseous end products, such as N2O and CH4. In this study, we examined and compared the performance of three typical types of constructed wetlands: Free Water Surface (FWS), Subsurface Flow (SF) and Vertical Flow (VF) wetlands. Pollutant removal efficiency and N2O and CH4 emissions were assessed as measures of performance. We found that the pollutant removal rates and gas emissions measured in the wetlands exhibited clear seasonal changes, and these changes were closely associated with plant growth. VF wetlands exhibited stable removal of organic pollutants and NH3-N throughout the experiment regardless of season and showed great potential for CH4 adsorption. SF wetlands showed preferable T-N removal performance and a lower risk of greenhouse gas emissions than FWS wetlands. Soil oxidation reduction potential (ORP) analysis revealed that water flow structure and plant growth influenced constructed wetland oxygen transfer, and these variations resulted in seasonal changes of ORP distribution inside wetlands that were accompanied by fluctuations in pollutant removal and greenhouse gas emissions.
19
Gong, S. L., P. Huang, T. L. Zhao, L. Sahsuvar, L. A. Barrie, J. W. Kaminski, Y. F. Li, and T. Niu. "GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – 1. Model description and evaluations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 2, 2007): 3397–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-3397-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. GEM/POPs was developed to simulate the transport, deposition and partitioning of semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere within the framework of Canadian weather forecasting model GEM. In addition to the general processes such as anthropogenic emissions, atmosphere/water and atmosphere/soil exchanges, GEM/POPs incorporates a dynamic aerosol module to provide the aerosol surface areas for the semi-volatile POPs to partition between gaseous and particle phases and a mechanism for particle-bound POPs to be removed. Simulation results of three PCBs (28, 153 and 180) for year 2000 indicate that the model captured the main features of global atmospheric PCBs when compared with observations from EMEP, IADN and Alert stations. The annual averaged concentrations and the fractionation of the three PCBs as a function of latitudes are agreed reasonably well with observations. The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on the transports and partitioning of the three PCBs are reasonably simulated. The ratio of particulate to gaseous PCBs ranges from less than 0.1 for PCB28 to as high as 100 for PCB180, increasing from the warm lower latitudes to the cold high latitudes. Application of GEM/POPs in a study of the global transports and budgets of various PCBs accompanies this paper.
20
Fenn, Mark E., and Mark A. Poth. "A Case Study of Nitrogen Saturation in Western U.S. Forests." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.280.
Full textAbstract:
Virtually complete nitrification of the available ammonium in soil and nitrification activity in the forest floor are important factors predisposing forests in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California to nitrogen (N) saturation. As a result, inorganic N in the soil solution is dominated by nitrate. High nitrification rates also generate elevated nitric oxide (NO) emissions from soil. High-base cation saturation of these soils means that soil calcium depletion or effects associated with soil acidification are not an immediate risk for forest health as has been postulated for mesic forests in the eastern U.S. Physiological disturbance (e.g., altered carbon [C] cycling, reduced fine root biomass, premature needle abscission) of ozone-sensitive ponderosa pine trees exposed to high N deposition and high ozone levels appear to be the greater threat to forest sustainability. However, N deposition appears to offset the aboveground growth depression effects of ozone exposure. High nitrification activity reported for many western ecosystems suggests that with chronic N inputs these systems are prone to N saturation and hydrologic and gaseous losses of N. High runoff during the winter wet season in California forests under a Mediterranean climate may further predispose these watersheds to high nitrate leachate losses. After 4 years of N fertilization at a severely N saturated site in the San Bernardino Mountains, bole growth unexpectedly increased. Reduced C allocation below- ground at this site, presumably in response to ozone or N or both pollutants, may enhance the bole growth response to added N.
21
Cizdziel, James, Yi Jiang, Divya Nallamothu, J. Brewer, and Zhiqiang Gao. "Air/Surface Exchange of Gaseous Elemental Mercury at Different Landscapes in Mississippi, USA." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090538.
Full textAbstract:
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant with human health and ecological impacts. Gas exchange between terrestrial surfaces and the atmosphere is an important route for Hg to enter and exit ecosystems. Here, we used a dynamic flux chamber to measure gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) exchange over different landscapes in Mississippi, including in situ measurements for a wetland (soil and water), forest floor, pond, mowed field and grass-covered lawn, as well as mesocosm experiments for three different agricultural soils. Fluxes were measured during both the summer and winter. Mean ambient levels of GEM ranged between 0.93–1.57 ng m−3. GEM emission fluxes varied diurnally with higher daytime fluxes, driven primarily by solar radiation, and lower and more stable nighttime fluxes, dependent mostly on temperature. GEM fluxes (ng m−2 h−1) were seasonally dependent with net emission during the summer (mean 2.15, range 0.32 to 4.92) and net deposition during the winter (−0.12, range −0.32 to 0.12). Total Hg concentrations in the soil ranged from 17.1 ng g−1 to 127 ng g−1 but were not a good predictor of GEM emissions. GEM flux and soil temperature were correlated over the forest floor, and the corresponding activation energy for Hg emission was ~31 kcal mol−1 using the Arrhenius equation. There were significant differences in GEM fluxes between the habitats with emissions for grass > wetland soil > mowed field > pond > wetland water ≈ forest ≈ agriculture soils. Overall, we demonstrate that these diverse landscapes serve as both sources and sinks for airborne Hg depending on the season and meteorological factors.
22
Gong, S. L., P. Huang, T. L. Zhao, L. Sahsuvar, L. A. Barrie, J. W. Kaminski, Y. F. Li, and T. Niu. "GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants – Part 1: Model description and evaluations of air concentrations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 15 (August 1, 2007): 4001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4001-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. GEM/POPs was developed to simulate the transport, deposition and partitioning of semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere within the framework of Canadian weather forecasting model GEM. In addition to the general processes such as anthropogenic emissions, atmosphere/water and atmosphere/soil exchanges, GEM/POPs incorporates a dynamic aerosol module to provide the aerosol surface areas for the semi-volatile POPs to partition between gaseous and particle phases and a mechanism for particle-bound POPs to be removed. Simulation results of three PCBs (28, 153 and 180) for the year 2000 indicate that the model captured the main features of global atmospheric PCBs when compared with observations from EMEP, IADN and Alert stations. The annual averaged concentrations and the fractionation of the three PCBs as a function of latitudes agreed reasonably well with observations. The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on the transports and partitioning of the three PCBs are reasonably simulated. The ratio of particulate to gaseous PCBs in the atmospheric column ranges from less than 0.1 for PCB28 to as high as 100 for PCB180, increasing from the warm lower latitudes to the cold high latitudes. Application of GEM/POPs in a study of the global transports and budgets of various PCBs accompanies this paper.
23
Postevaya, Marina Alexeevna, and Zakhar Ivanovich Slukovskii. "Analysis of atmospheric emissions in Murmansk and their relationship with pollution of urban lakes." Vestnik MGTU 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2021-24-2-190-201.
Full textAbstract:
The main sources of anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere of Murmansk are emissions from thermal power plants and boiler houses operating on fuel oil. As a result of the analysis of the dynamics of pollutant emissions from stationary anthropogenic sources for the period 1997-2019 it has been established that the level of air pollution is assessed as low; there is a tendency towards a decrease in gross emissions from stationary sources. The main pollutants from thermal power plants are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and benzo(a)pyrene. Together with gaseous and liquid substances, fuel oil ash and products of incomplete underburning of fuel, which include heavy metals V, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe, Sn, enter the atmospheric air. Technogenic compounds of heavy metals and other pollutants from the enterprises of the power unit, falling out with dust or precipitation on the surface and catchment areas of lakes, affect the formation of the chemical composition of surface soils, waters and bottom sediments of water bodies. This is reflected in an increase in the concentration of heavy metals (in particular, V and Ni) in the water and bottom sediments of the lakes of Murmansk in comparison with the background values.
24
Sklyarenko, А. V., and V. P. Bessonova. "Accumulation of sulfur and glutathione in leaves of woody plants growing under the conditions of outdoor air pollution by sulfur dioxide." Biosystems Diversity 26, no. 4 (December 16, 2018): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011849.
Full textAbstract:
In the course of human industrial activity, atmospheric air is polluted by gaseous pollutants, among which sulfur compounds, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in particular, play a key role. Vegetation is a universal filter that is capable, in conjunction with certain technical facilities, of protecting the environment from pollution by the ingredients of industrial emissions. The purpose of this work is to determine the level of accumulation of sulfur and glutathione in the leaves of woody plants growing in the areas of sanitary protection zones of enterprises of the city of Zaporizhzhya in order to develop recommendations for the creation of an effective biofilter. The objects of the study were the woody plant species growing in the area of protective plantations of a number of enterprises in Zaporizhzhya: RE Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine, Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant PJSC, Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant PJSC, Zaporizhstal PJSC, Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant PJSC, Zaporizhvohnetryv PJSC, PrJSC "Ukrgrafit" and Zaporizhtransformator PJSC. The control area was a forest belt located 12 km away from the source of pollution. At each site 5 model trees of a given age category of each species were selected. The leaves needed in order to determine the sulfur content were taken from the south-eastern side of the crown at a distance of 2 m above the soil surface under the same lighting conditions. We have established that the accumulation of sulfur in leaves of woody plants which grow under the conditions of outdoor air pollution by sulfur dioxide (SO2) occurs during the entire vegetation period, with the young leaves that have just finished growing being the most affected. The maximum amount of sulfur is observed at the end of the growing season. The greater concentration of sulfur in the leaves of woody plants in the areas of sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises is linked to the higher level of gaseous pollutant emissions in the atmosphere of a given enterprise, but the degree of increase in the content of the pollutant in the leaves of plants of various protective plantations is not proportional to the quantitative indicators of the level of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air. Woody plant species were divided into three groups according to the amount of sulfur accumulated in their leaves: І – the maximum level – Betula pendula, Tilia cordata, Salix alba, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus alba, P. simonii, P. nigra, ІІ – medium – Acer platanoides, A. negundo, Fraxinus lanceolata, Catalpa bignonioides, ІІІ – the smallest – Morus alba, Ailanthus altissima, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Ulmus carpinifolia. The increase in sulfur content in the leaves of woody plants growing in the area of sanitary protection zones is consistent with the increase in glutathione content compared to our control parameters, which is not only of high physiological significance, but its formation can also be one of the ways of metabolizing this element. The obtained results can be used for the development of recommendations with the purpose of selecting the assortment of woody plants for the reconstruction of green plantations growing in the area of sanitary protection zones of enterprises. In a subsequent study, the accumulation of gaseous pollutants such as chlorine and phenol in the leaves of woody plants growing in and around protective forest belts will be examined.
25
Zgorelec, Željka, Gordana Pehnec, Milan Mesić, Mateja Kolman, and Marija Galić. "Nitrogen Oxide Soil Emission Measurements Using Passive Samplers and Static Chamber Method." Kemija u industriji 70, no. 3-4 (2021): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/kui.2020.057.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen oxides play a major role in atmospheric chemistry, like primary pollutants, in the formation of secondary air pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHGs). This research study was conducted in the Western Pannonian sub-region of Croatia with the aim to determine the suitability of our internally developed passive sampler and static chamber method for N-NO2 concentration measurement. The aim was also to determine the impact of mineral soil fertilization on the N-NO2 flux during triticale vegetation. The research showed that the method used was suitable. Average daily N-NO2 flux ranged from 2.78 to 5.09 mg ha–1 day–1 depending on phenophase and treatment. Statistically significant differences in N-NO2 flux between two monitored treatments (300 kg N ha–1 and 0 kg N ha–1) were not observed, nor between two investigated phenophases.
26
Donovan, S. M., A. M. Skartsila, M. K. Head, and N. Voulvoulis. "An Initial Investigation into the Use of a Flux Chamber Technique to Measure Soil-Atmosphere Gas Exchanges from Application of Biosolids to UK Soils." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/957181.
Full textAbstract:
While a significant amount of work has been conducted to assess the concentration of pollutants in soils and waterways near land that has been amended with biosolids, a relatively small body of research investigating emissions to atmosphere is available in the literature. Some studies have indicated that while the CO2emissions from soils decrease with fertiliser application, the CH4and N2O emissions might be increased, offsetting the benefit. The objective of the research presented in this paper was to address this gap, by the use of a flux chamber technique to measure soil-atmosphere gas exchanges from the application of biosolids to land. This was done by applying three different types of biosolids to soils and measuring gases at the soil-atmosphere interface. The measurements were taken on areas with three different types of vegetation. The gases were collected using a flux chamber technique and analysed by gas chromatography. The results presented here are preliminary findings of an ongoing experiment. Insignificant variation appeared to occur between different areas of vegetation; however, small variations in gas concentrations were observed indicating a need for continued monitoring of soil-atmosphere gas exchanges to determine the long-term impacts on the atmosphere and the environment.
27
Uttarotai, Toungporn, Boyd A. McKew, Farid Benyahia, J. Colin Murrell, Wuttichai Mhuantong, Sunanta Wangkarn, Thararat Chitov, Sakunnee Bovonsombut, and Terry J. McGenity. "Isoprene-Degrading Bacteria from Soils Associated with Tropical Economic Crops and Framework Forest Trees." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051024.
Full textAbstract:
Isoprene, a volatile hydrocarbon emitted largely by plants, plays an important role in regulating the climate in diverse ways, such as reacting with free radicals in the atmosphere to produce greenhouse gases and pollutants. Isoprene is both deposited and formed in soil, where it can be consumed by some soil microbes, although much remains to be understood about isoprene consumption in tropical soils. In this study, isoprene-degrading bacteria from soils associated with tropical plants were investigated by cultivation and cultivation-independent approaches. Soil samples were taken from beneath selected framework forest trees and economic crops at different seasons, and isoprene degradation in soil microcosms was measured after 96 h of incubation. Isoprene losses were 4–31% and 15–52% in soils subjected to a lower (7.2 × 105 ppbv) and a higher (7.2 × 106 ppbv) concentration of isoprene, respectively. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that bacterial communities in soil varied significantly across plant categories (framework trees versus economic crops) and the presence of isoprene, but not with isoprene concentration or season. Eight isoprene-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from the soils and, among these, four belong to the genera Ochrobactrum, Friedmanniella, Isoptericola and Cellulosimicrobium, which have not been previously shown to degrade isoprene.
28
Ayobami, Aigberua Omozemoje, and Okumoko Pearce Dokumo. "Distribution Spread and Environmental Risk Status of Pb, Cd And Cr in Soils of an Open-Air Waste Dumpsite along Tombia/Amassoma Road in Yenagoa Metropolis." Journal of Plant and Animal Ecology 1, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2637-6075.jpae-20-3322.
Full textAbstract:
In spite of the popularity of open-air waste dumping in Nigeria, it remains a relatively less effective waste management option across the globe because of its associated environmental impacts which includes the release of green house gases (GHGs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and metal micro-pollutants amongst others. This study aims to assess the potential environmental risks associated to metals released and vertically delineated across the soil profile within surroundings of dumpsite. Heavy metals in soil samples were acid-digested using the aqua-regia mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid, followed by instrumentation analysis using the GBC 908 PBMT model atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Contaminated sites showed metal concentrations ranging from 1.493 to 109.460 mg/kg, 0.133 to 4.237 mg/kg, and 5.200 to 25.367 mg/kg for lead, cadmium and chromium respectively, with location 1 land area showing the most contamination. Only soil chromium was observed within regulatory stipulations in all cases. There was significant variation (p < 0.05) between the different sample locations, thereby indicating variations in composition of dumped wastes. Lead and cadmium showed the strongest positive correlation (r = 0.855, p < 0.01) and the application of some heavy metal pollution indicators revealed relatively higher metal loads and degree of contamination, as well as depicting potential ecological risk for soils of location 1. The significant heavy metal contamination of soils in the Tombia-Amassoma waste dumpsite requires that the local environmental sanitation and regulatory authorities take necessary remedial action to forestall the escalation of public health concerns that may emanate from this open-air dump.
29
Zhang, Gang, Xuhang Zhou, Xu Li, Lei Wang, Xiangyun Li, Zheng Luo, Yangjie Zhang, et al. "Gaseous Elemental Mercury Exchange Fluxes over Air-Soil Interfaces in the Degraded Grasslands of Northeastern China." Biology 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090917.
Full textAbstract:
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that may potentially have serious impacts on human health and ecologies. The gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) exchanges between terrestrial surfaces and the atmosphere play important roles in the global Hg cycle. This study investigated GEM exchange fluxes over two land cover types (including Artemisia anethifolia coverage and removal and bare soil) using a dynamic flux chamber attached to the LumexR RA915+ Hg analyzer during the growing season from May to September of 2018, in which the interactive effects of plant coverage and meteorological conditions were highlighted. The daily mean ambient levels of GEM and the total mercury concentrations of the soil (TSM) were determined to be 12.4 ± 3.6 to 16.4 ± 5.6 ng·m−3 and 32.8 to 36.2 ng·g−1, respectively, for all the measurements from May to September. The GEM exchange fluxes (ng·m−2·h−1) during the five-month period for the three treatments included the net emissions from the soil to the atmosphere (mean 5.4 to 7.1; range of −27.0 to 47.3), which varied diurnally, with releases occurring during the daytime hours and depositions occurring during the nighttime hours. Significant differences were observed in the fluxes between the vegetation coverage and removal during the growing months (p < 0.05). In addition, it was determined that the Hg fluxes were positively correlated with the solar radiation and air/soil temperature levels and negatively correlated with the air relative humidity and soil moisture under all the conditions (p < 0.05). Overall, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that the grassland soil served as both a source and a sink for atmospheric Hg, depending on the season and meteorological factors. Furthermore, the plants played an important inhibiting role in the Hg exchanges between the soil and the atmosphere.
30
Khomko, Natalia. "ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE PAPER ENTERPRISE ON THE ENVIRONMENT." Environmental Problems 5, no. 4 (2020): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2020.04.185.
Full textAbstract:
Pulp and paper enterprises are of great importance for sustainable economic and environmental development of certain regions and the economy of Ukraine. Man uses many natural resources during the lifetime, creating a burden on nature. As the world's population increases, this load increases, leading to a shortage of resources and deterioration in the environment. The main activity of Kokhavynska Paper Mill PJSC is the production of sanitary products for the domestic market and export. Rational use of secondary raw materials helps to cut the use of forest resources and reduce the amount of waste paper utilized in landfills. 15291.76 t of pollutants from the sources of the enterprise emissions enter the air each year. A total of 9 standardized and 3 non-standardized substances (greenhouse gases) are released into the atmosphere, namely nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen (1) oxide (N 2 O) (greenhouse gas), carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas), methane (greenhouse gas), iron and its compounds, manganese and its compounds, hexavalent chromium (expressed in terms of chromium trioxide), gaseous fluorides, hydrogen sulfide, saturated hydrocarbons C12- C19. There is no excess of the established maximum concentration limits at all emission sources at this enterprise. To assess the impact of the enterprise on soils, the content of heavy metals Zn, Cr (VI), Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Fe at the border of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise was determined and the maximum multi plicity of the excess of MPC of heavy metals was calculated. The content of heavy metals in the selected soil samples was determined using a spectrophotometer atomic absorption C-115-M1. Evaluation of soils for heavy metals showed that the soils at the border of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise are contaminated with heavy metals. The maximum multiplicity of the excess of the MPC of heavy metals in the soil is 1.04 times for lead; 0.43 times for zinc; 0.37 times for chromium; 0.93 times for copper; 1.85 times for manganese; 0.35 times for cobalt. Maximum concentrations of heavy metals exceed their background content: 1.6 times for lead; 1.8 times for zinc; 1.16 times for chromium; 0.77 times for copper; 3.9 times for manganese; 9.7 times for iron; 1.2 times for cobalt.
31
Komosiński, Bogusław, Bartłomiej Bobik, Tomasz Konieczny, and Ewelina Cieślik. "Dust emission from wet, low-emission coke quenching process." E3S Web of Conferences 28 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801002.
Full textAbstract:
Coke plants, which produce various types of coke (metallurgical, foundry or heating), at temperatures between 600 and 1200°C, with limited access to oxygen, are major emitters of particulates and gaseous pollutants to air, water and soils. Primarily, the process of wet quenching should be mentioned, as one of the most cumbersome. Atmospheric pollutants include particulates, tar substances, organic pollutants including B(a)P and many others. Pollutants are also formed from the decomposition of water used to quench coke (CO, phenol, HCN, H2S, NH3, cresol) and decomposition of hot coke in the first phase of quenching (CO, H2S, SO2) [1]. The development of the coke oven technology has resulted in the changes made to different types of technological installations, such as the use of baffles in quench towers, the removal of nitrogen oxides by selective NOx reduction, and the introduction of fabric filters for particulates removal. The BAT conclusions for coke plants [2] provide a methodology for the measurement of particulate emission from a wet, low-emission technology using Mohrhauer probes. The conclusions define the emission level for wet quenching process as 25 g/Mgcoke. The conducted research was aimed at verification of the presented method. For two of three quench towers (A and C) the requirements included in the BAT conclusions are not met and emissions amount to 87.34 and 61.35 g/Mgcoke respectively. The lowest particulates emission was recorded on the quench tower B and amounted to 22.5 g/Mgcoke, therefore not exceeding the requirements.
32
Ge, Pengxiang, Mindong Chen, Yan Cui, and Dongyang Nie. "The Research Progress of the Influence of Agricultural Activities on Atmospheric Environment in Recent Ten Years: A Review." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050635.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the industrial emission of air pollution has been reduced via a series of measures. However, with the rapid development of modern agriculture, air pollution caused by agricultural activities is becoming more and more serious. Agricultural activities can generate a large amount of air pollutants, such as ammonia, methane, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and persistent organic pollutants, the sources of which mainly include farmland fertilization, livestock breeding, pesticide use, agricultural residue burning, agricultural machinery, and agricultural irrigation. Greenhouse gases emitted by agricultural activities can affect regional climate change, while atmospheric particulates and persistent organic pollutants can even seriously harm the health of surrounding residents. With the increasing threat of agricultural air pollution, more and more relevant studies have been carried out, as well as some recommendations for reducing emissions. The emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases can be significantly reduced by adopting reasonable fertilization methods, scientific soil management, and advanced manure treatment systems. Regarding pesticide use and agricultural residues burning, emission reduction are more dependent on the restriction and support of government regulations, such as banning certain pesticides, prohibiting open burning of straw, and supporting the recycling and reuse of residues. This review, summarizing the relevant research in the past decade, discusses the current situation, health effects, and emission reduction measures of agricultural air pollutants from different sources, in order to provide some help for follow-up research.
33
Zavadskiy, Sergey, and Evgeniy Abizov. "Accumulation of heavy metals by silverberry softwood shoots cultivated in urban environments." Farmacevticheskoe delo i tehnologija lekarstv (Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology), no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-13-2002-05.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle emissions make up to 50% of total pollutant emissions in Russia. The main roadside pollutants are heavy metals, petrol oil, lubricants and different readily soluble salts. Silverberry or Elaeagnus argentea Pursh is a deciduous shrub with height up to 4 meters, spreading crown, silver leaves and fruits. It originates from North America and is known since 1813. Its specific features are rather slow growth and ability to grow due to abundant root system. It reproduces itself by seeds, shoots and root suckers. It tolerates transplantation and cutting well. Due to such features as decorative effect, frost resistance, unpretentiousness to soil, resistance to drought, smoke and gases, some researchers recommend to use Elaeagnus argentea Pursh in urban greening. This kind is quite common in single or multiple plantings in Moscow such as green hedges in parks and along roads. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh is not only ornamental but also a medicinal plant.
34
Roy, Akanksha, and Umesh C. Kulshrestha. "Interlinkages Between Total Nitrogen and DOC Levels at an Urban Site of Saharsa District of Bihar (India)." Current World Environment Special Issue, no. 1 (June 16, 2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.special-issue1.07.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen is an element essential for building fundamental blocks of life. When present in excess amount in air, it causes adverse effects for the environment and human health.Different air pollutants when scavenged through rains are deposited on the surface. The chemical composition of rain water is an indicator of the levels of different air pollutants in the region. The present study reports the concentrations of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and the reactive nitrogen species (NO3- and NH4+) in rain water at an urban site located in the Saharsa district of Bihar. The sampling was carried out during July 2018 to October 2018.Total 18 samples were collected during this period. Results showed that the concentration of NO3- was considerably higher (2.91 mg/L)ranging from 0.26 to 11.84 mg/L than the NH4+(0.84 mg/L) ranging from 0.00 to 3.2 mg/L.The pH value in the samples ranged from 5.50 to 7.68 with a mean value of 6.52.The DOC in rain water has been estimated by using the Shimadzu TOC analyzer. Apart from DOC, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) & inorganic carbon (IC) have also been also analyzed by Shimadzu TOC analyzer. The results showed that both anthropogenic and natural sources contributed to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rain water. The linkages between the sources and the transformations of gaseous NH3 with DOC have been established considering the fact that most of TN is represented by NH3.Airmass back trajectory analysis showed that the site has trans-boundary source influence from Bay of Bengal and Bangladesh. The study suggests that there is need of continuous monitoring of these parameters in air in order to notice any impact on human health, soil and vegetation.
35
Albu, Madalina. "Sustainable Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Products." Advanced Engineering Forum 42 (September 7, 2021): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.42.151.
Full textAbstract:
In nature, it acts, simultaneously or successively, synergistically or antagonistically, on small or larger spaces, for a long or very short time, numerous natural or artificial processes that pollute, leading to the alteration of the quality of the environment. The basic activity carried out within the oil scaffolding consists in the extraction of crude oil and gases from the deposits in their exploitation, their collection, separation of phases (crude oil, reservoir water, gas), crude oil treatment, storage and sending to users. Contamination of the field related to drilling-extraction wells with crude oil, heavy petroleum products, salt water, various chemicals, etc. has a random character, but with undesirable implications on soil, surface water and / or groundwater, depending on the nature of the pollutant, its quantity and area of spread Pollution sources in the oil industry, both systematic and accidental, have a greater or lesser spread, depending on the size of the field, the type and composition of the extracted fluids, the extraction technology used, the age of oil exploitation in the area, relief and hydrographic network. Having available the data provided by the pollution diagnosis, it is possible to assess the risk that the investigated pollution represents for the people on the site and for the natural environment. If it turns out that the risk is significant, then the decision is made to switch to depollution works. The choice of an appropriate depollution path is made on the basis of relevant technical and economic criteria, which is a feasibility study. The proposed depollution technology must be the most appropriate for the case at hand and, at the same time, be available on the technology market. The most important part of the paper is dedicated to presenting the results of an experimental study on the depollution of soils contaminated with liquid petroleum products by sparging technologies, in order to ensure a sustainable remedy. The results of the soil analysis used in the experimental determination are presented, as well as the physic - chemical characteristics of the main soil pollutants. In the experimental part, laboratory decontamination of systems consisting of polluted soils was performed at the laboratory level, using air as a depollution agent. The processing of the data obtained from the experimental determinations allowed obtaining qualitative and quantitative information related to the decontamination speed depending on the nature of the soil, the nature and concentration of the pollutant and the temperature of the decontamination air. Estimating the cost places this technology at a low level compared to thermal technologies and slightly higher than microbiological technologies.
36
SHAH, ZARBAD, TOFAIL ARSHAD, KAUSAR SHAHEEN, SHER BAHADAR KHAN, SYED MUHAMMAD SALMAN, and ALA UDDIN. "RECENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE OF VARIOUS PHOTO-CATALYSTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION: A REVIEW." Surface Review and Letters 28, no. 09 (May 7, 2021): 2130002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x21300021.
Full textAbstract:
Photo-catalysis has shown a prominent and effective role for the degradation of textile dyes and organic compounds on large scale to keep environment and water reservoirs clean and usable. Photo-catalysts produce hydrogen through water splitting which is an eco-friendly source of renewable energy. Photo-catalysts are used for solar cells construction. Photo-catalysis generates an electron–hole (e−–h[Formula: see text] pair due to light interaction. The electron–hole (e−–h[Formula: see text] pair produces ⋅OH and O[Formula: see text], which play the main role in degradation process; it leads to redox reaction and oxidizes organic pollutants to H2O and CO2. Major causes of water, air and soil pollution are organic pollutants, heavy metals and non-biodegradable dyes released by different industries. These pollutants especially phenols and dyes have seriously affected the water reservoirs. This paper gives a critical review on visible and solar light photo-catalysis and techniques used for the photo-degradation of hazardous pollutants. A systematic study has been carried out from the published literature on photo-degradation of organic pollutants, factors effecting the photo-degradation and the various operating parameters. The role of semiconductors/nano-catalysts for eco-friendly renewable energy sources, such as hydrogen and solar cells production is also elaborated for future energy crises. The published data has shown that different parameters, such as pH of the system, light intensity, catalyst amount, initial concentration and amount of photo-catalysts play a crucial role for the degradation of various dyes and organic pollutants. Photo-catalysis has also shown significant results for remediation of volatile organic pollutants and acid gases from air. This review has focused to find an efficient, low cost and result oriented photo-catalyst and the effective environment for reaction. The concluded data has shown that photo-catalysis is economically suitable and fit for the treatment of waste water, industrial effluents and energy production.
37
Dreshaj, Adem, Bedri Millaku, Sabiha Shala, Afrim Selimaj, and Halit Shabani. "SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN KOSOVO." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 29, 2017): 1275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1111.
Full textAbstract:
: Concerns and uncertainty about the life on Earth are constantly growing, today greater than ever before, as a result of human activity. In this regard, the major dangers that threaten our planet include uncontrolled utilization of natural resources, environmental deterioration and environmental pollution over Earth's regenerating possibilities. Whereas, the main causes of pollution are deforestation, erosion, greenhouse gas emissions, poor urban and industrial waste control and uncontrolled mining activities. All of these lead to serious consequences for life on Earth, because of the natural resources of the soil and its capacity to absorb waste gases (CH4), and the release of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Fe and As, which are the biggest soil pollutants. The Earth is being cemented, and its regenerating capacities are being diminished every day.
38
Matoušková, L., R. Novotný, I. Hůnová, and V. Buriánek. "Visible foliar injury as a tool for the assessment of surface ozone impact on native vegetation: a case study from the Jizerské hory Mts." Journal of Forest Science 56, No. 4 (May 3, 2010): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/61/2009-jfs.
Full textAbstract:
Surface ozone is considered to be a very phytotoxic gaseous air pollutant. Its negative impacts at both the cell and the organ level have been shown, mainly as a result of experiments. However, the demonstration of ozone negative impacts on native plants is not explicit. An assessment of ozone impact on vegetation and ecosystems using indicators based on ambient ozone concentrations is insufficient and assessment techniques based on internal ozone dose and on real plant damage are more appropriate. Such a possible technique is the mapping of ozone visible symptoms due to ozone influence. The ICP-Forest method concerning ozone visible symptoms and the assessment of ozone influence were applied for the purposes of this case study. The visible symptoms are characterized by a few typical signs. Nevertheless, the identification of visible symptoms in native conditions can be problematic and misleading conclusions could be drawn. Therefore it is necessary to complete the identification of visible symptoms with a validation in order to confirm ozone as the cause of plant injury.
39
Trysnyuk, Vasyl M., Viktor O. Shumeiko, and Yuriy M. Holowan. "Mechanism to determine quantitatively characterize the level of concentration of pollutants emissions road transport." Environmental safety and natural resources 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2021.2.79-93.
Full textAbstract:
The basic mechanisms of pollution of the surface atmosphere and upper soil layer emission car transport roadside strip. Road transport, together with heavy industry, is one of the main air pollutants. Exhaust gases, crankcase gases, smoke, soot lead to complex chemical reactions in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Presented a number of methods to assess the level of contamination, analyses their strengths and weaknesses. Considered methodology issuance previous forecast spread of contamination including disturbing factors and their impact on the concentration of contaminants, as well as mathematical tools to determine the quantitative characteristics of concentration levels pollutants substances. The developed methodology is one of the ways to issue a preliminary forecast of the spread of pollution, taking into account disturbing factors in the presence of a priori data. This methodology takes into account a set of factors influencing the level of pollution concentration and the empirically obtained functional dependences of the influence of each of the disturbing components on the level of pollution. The constructed model of interaction of the established factors in the form of the graph of interaction characterizes causal relations.
40
Baya, A. P., and B. van Heyst. "Assessing the trends and effects of environmental parameters on the behavior of mercury in the lower atmosphere over cropped land over four seasons." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2010): 2549–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-2549-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Mercury is released to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources. Due to its persistence in the atmosphere, mercury is subject to long range transport and is thus a pollutant of global concern. The terrestrial ecosystem is an important atmospheric mercury sink as a significant portion of the mercury emitted can be accumulated on soil surfaces making terrestrial surfaces an important source of previously emitted and deposited mercury. Studying the factors and processes that influence the behavior of mercury from terrestrial sources is thus important for a better understanding of the role of natural ecosystems in the mercury cycling and emission budget. A one year study (July 2006–August 2007) was conducted at Elora, Ontario, Canada to measure total gaseous mercury (TGM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate bound mercury (HgP) as well as TGM fluxes over different ground cover spanning the four seasons typical of a temperate climate zone. TGM concentrations were measured using a mercury vapour analyzer (Tekran 2537A) while RGM and HgP were measured with the Tekran 1130/1135 speciation unit coupled to another mercury vapour analyzer. A micrometeorological approach was used for TGM flux determination using a continuous two-level sampling system for TGM concentration gradient measurement above the soil surface and crop canopy. The turbulent transfer coefficients were derived from meteorological parameters measured on site. A net TGM volatilization (6.31±33.98 ng m−2 h−1, annual average) to the atmosphere was observed during the study. Average TGM concentrations and TGM fluxes showed significant seasonal differences and distinct diurnal patterns while no trends were observed for HgP or RGM. Highest TGM concentrations recorded in late spring and fall were due to meteorological changes such as increases in net radiation and air temperature in spring and lower atmospheric mixing height in fall. Highest TGM fluxes (18.1 ng m−2 h−1, monthly average) were recorded in late spring but also during specific events in winter and fall. The main factors influencing TGM flux were soil moisture content, soil temperature, precipitation events and ground cover. These trends indicate that the soil surface could be a significant mercury source in spring and summer seasons but also under specific meteorological conditions in winter or fall.
41
Bian, Q., X. H. H. Huang, and J. Z. Yu. "One-year observations of size distribution characteristics of major aerosol constituents at a coastal receptor site in Hong Kong – Part 1: Inorganic ions and oxalate." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2014): 1443–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-1443-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Size distribution data of major aerosol constituents are essential in source apportioning of visibility degradation, testing and verification of air quality models incorporating aerosols. We report here one-year observations of mass size distributions of major inorganic ions (sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium) and oxalate at a coastal suburban receptor site in Hong Kong, China. A total of 43 sets of size segregated samples in the size range of 0.056–18 μm were collected from March 2011 to February 2012. The size distributions of sulfate, ammonium, potassium and oxalate were characterized by a dominant droplet mode with a mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) in the range of ~0.7–0.9 μm. Oxalate had a slightly larger MMAD than sulfate on days with temperatures above 22 °C as a result of the process of volatilization and repartitioning. Nitrate was mostly dominated by the coarse mode but enhanced presence in fine mode was detected on winter days with lower temperature and lower concentrations of sea salt and soil particles. This data set reveals an inversely proportional relationship between the fraction of nitrate in the fine mode and product of the sum of sodium and calcium in equivalent concentrations and the dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate (i.e., (1/[Na+] + 2[Ca2+]) × (1/Ke')). The seasonal variation observed for sea salt aerosol abundance, with lower values in summer and winter, is possibly linked with the lower marine salinities in these two seasons. Positive matrix factorization was applied to estimate the relative contributions of local formation and transport to the observed ambient sulfate level through the use of the combined datasets of size-segregated sulfate and select gaseous air pollutants. On average, the regional/super-regional transport of air pollutants was the dominant source at this receptor site, especially on high sulfate days, while local formation processes contributed approximately 30% of the total sulfate. This work provides field measurement-based evidence for importance of understanding both local photochemistry and regional/super-regional transport in order to properly simulate sulfate aerosols in air quality models.
42
Kuz’mina, N. A., P. E. Mokhnachev, and S. L. Menshchikov. "Accumulation of heavy metals in snow water, soil and the state of birch stands in conditions of technogenic pollution." FORESTRY BULLETIN 24, no. 6 (December 2020): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2020-6-73-82.
Full textAbstract:
The results of research of snow cover, soil and condition of birch stands under the influence of aerotechnogenic emissions from JSC «Karabashmed», which pollute the environment and change it for more than 100 years. It was revealed that as the source of pollution is approached, the pH of snow water decreases, the mass of dry residue and the content of suspended solids significantly increase. The excess of heavy metals within a radius of 5 km from the plant in snow water was established, compared to the background by tens of times. Here, in some places, the absence of a ground cover was found. Atmospheric precipitation partially sorbs on itself the pollutants contained in the airborne industrial emissions of the enterprise, and directly gets into the snow cover and soil. The results of studying the level of pollution of snow and soil make it possible to assess the state of forest ecosystems. A strong quality of metals on the earth's surface was revealed by analyzing the chemical composition of the sediments, a series was determined in decreasing order: Fe> Zn> Cu> Pb> Mn> Cd> Ni 1 km from the plant. One of the main pollutants is iron, zinc, copper is contained in ore slags in the form of pyrite, magnetite and enters the atmosphere during processing with dust emissions, then adsorbs or dissolves and enters with snow, polluting the soil cover. Under background conditions (24 km) with snowfall, Fe, Zn, and Cu were received less by 95 % than under impact zones near the source (1 km). A significant excess of the content of heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe and Cd, in the forest litter and in the upper soil horizons in the zone of strong pollution was determined. A decrease in the Fe content down the soil profile in the zone of strong pollution was found, and in the background — an increase with depth. The indirect (through the soil) and direct negative impact of gases (sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde vapor and hydrogen fluoride) and dust emissions from the plant on the state of birch stands was established, which determines an increase in defoliation, an average damage index, as well as a decrease in the average height of trees
43
Pan, Gang, Xiaojun Miao, Lei Bi, Honggang Zhang, Lei Wang, Lijing Wang, Zhibin Wang, et al. "Modified Local Soil (MLS) Technology for Harmful Algal Bloom Control, Sediment Remediation, and Ecological Restoration." Water 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061123.
Full textAbstract:
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), eutrophication, and internal pollutant sources from sediment, represent serious problems for public health, water quality, and ecological restoration worldwide. Previous studies have indicated that Modified Local Soil (MLS) technology is an efficient and cost-effective method to flocculate the HABs from water and settle them onto sediment. Additionally, MLS capping treatment can reduce the resuspension of algae flocs from the sediment, and convert the algal cells, along with any excessive nutrients in-situ into fertilisers for the restoration of submerged macrophytes in shallow water systems. Furthermore, the capping treatment using oxygen nanobubble-MLS materials can also mitigate sediment anoxia, causing a reduction in the release of internal pollutants, such as nutrients and greenhouse gases. This paper reviews and quantifies the main features of MLS by investigating the effect of MLS treatment in five pilot-scale whole-pond field experiments carried out in Lake Tai, South China, and in Cetian Reservoir in Datong city, North China. Data obtained from field monitoring showed that the algae-dominated waters transform into a macrophyte-dominated state within four months of MLS treatment in shallow water systems. The sediment-water nutrient fluxes were substantially reduced, whilst water quality (TN, TP, and transparency) and biodiversity were significantly improved in the treatment ponds, compared to the control ponds within a duration ranging from one day to three years. The sediment anoxia remediation effect by oxygen nanobubble-MLS treatment may further contribute to deep water hypoxia remediation and eutrophication control. Combined with the integrated management of external loads control, MLS technology can provide an environmentally friendly geo-engineering method to accelerate ecological restoration and control eutrophication.
44
Wang, Ya Jun, and Jin Xi Wang. "Development of Natural Organic Matter as a Permeable Reactive Barrier Medium for Pipeline Leakage." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.963.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the development of a new remediation technology of contaminated soil and groundwater using humic acid (HA) in permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for pipeline leakage. The objective of this study was to use humic acid that could be medium within a PRB to filter complex contaminated soil and groundwater containing chromium. Leakage of pollutants (such as hydrocarbon、gasoline、oil、wastewater、heavy metal et al) has a large economic and environmental impact. When a pipeline leak is large or undiscovered for a longer period of time, substantial volumes of gases and liquids can leak into the soil and groundwater, which can develop into dangerous situations involving costly remediation works. Traditional methods for remedying contaminated soil and groundwater from pipeline leakage, such as drilling and geochemical analysis, are destructive, time consuming and expensive. A PRB was determined to be the best option for remedying groundwater that has become contaminated with a wide range of organic contaminants (i.e., benzene, toluene, methylbenzene, xylene and polyaromatic hydrocarbons), heavy metals (i.e., lead and arsenic). PRB is installed in or down gradient from the flow path of a contaminant plume. The contaminants in the plume react with the media inside the barrier to either break the compound down into harmless products or immobilize contaminants by precipitation or sorption. It is made up of humic acid that reduce contaminants. With the development of industry and agriculture, environmental contamination has become more and more serious, especially heavy metal pollution, have been a major environmental issue, drawing much scientific and public attention. Chromium is identified as “priority pollutant” by the United States Environment Protection Agency (US EPA). the measurements show a significant increase of the adsorption of Cr (VI) because of the complexion reaction between HA and Cr (VI) occurred under acidic condition. It could be concluded that HA could be used effectively on remediation of Cr (VI)-contaminated soil and groundwater in a wide range of pH, with or without sunlight.
45
محمد سعيد بايرلي, ريم, رشدي حسن النجار, and عزيز عزت السيد. "دراسة تلوث الهواء في المناطق المحيطة بمصفاة بانياس في الجمهورية العربية السورية." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 3, no. 1 (November 6, 2008): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v3i1.74.
Full textAbstract:
Banias Refinery discharges every day from its chimneys very large amounts of gases that form pollutants which has direct effect on the air leading to its deviation from the natural composition. Starting from the target put under research, the following pollutants were surveyed: Sulfur dioxide gas (SO2), which is considered as the most important pollutants discharging and mainly resulting from the burning of the petroleum products, operations of oil excavation, derivation, gathering and purification. (SO2) affects directly on human health upon reaching the tissues of the lungs. It also affects environment in general as it helps in forming acidic rains and by their turn affect the water resources and the soil. Carbon monoxide gas, which results from the incomplete burning operations, affects directly human beings upon to its dissolution in blood hemoglobin.It affects environment as it reacts with water to form Carbon acid (HCO3) and which affects by its turn water and soil. Nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2), resulting from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in high temperatures during the operations of burning of different kinds of fuels. Nitrogen oxides have a great effect on human beings. It also affects the environment in general as it helps in forming acidic rains, therefore affecting the water, plant and soil resources. The level of these gases were measured in three different sites around the refinery, which are : Al-Roman Hotel located to the west of the refinery, Abtelah, located to the north east of the refinery and Dair Al-Beshel, located on the primary line of the eastern hills surrounding the refinery. The observation operation of each of the aforementioned three sites was performed during the four seasons of the year, and Drager Gas Detector instrument was used for this purpose. The results were listed into special charts and were laid on graphs made for this purpose. The standard specifications issued by the Arab Syrian Standards and Specifications Organization were adopted as a reference for comparing the results and to know the extent of air pollution in those areas. We reached the following results: The air in Abtelah and Dair Al-Beshel is polluted due to the high concentrations of (NO2) and (CO) gases above the permissible averages and which was determined by the Syrian Specifications and Standards Organization. This is because these areas are influenced by the western and southwestern winds which are predominant during the most times of the year. It is suggested that to find the suitable solutions as soon as possible in order to reduce the rates of pollution resulting from the pollution of the air of the areas surrounding the refinery with the gases discharged around the year in order to perform valid arrangements and measures and especially the areas located to the east and northeast of the refinery.
46
Baya, A. P., and B. Van Heyst. "Assessing the trends and effects of environmental parameters on the behaviour of mercury in the lower atmosphere over cropped land over four seasons." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 17 (September 15, 2010): 8617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8617-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Mercury is released to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources. Due to its persistence in the atmosphere, mercury is subject to long range transport and is thus a pollutant of global concern. Mercury emitted to the atmosphere enters terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems which act as sinks but also as sources of previously emitted and deposited mercury when the accumulated mercury is emitted back to the atmosphere. Studying the factors and processes that influence the behaviour of mercury from terrestrial sources is thus important for a better understanding of the role of natural ecosystems in the mercury cycling and emission budget. A study was conducted over ten months (November 2006 to August 2007) at Elora, Ontario, Canada to measure gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate bound mercury (HgP) as well as GEM fluxes over different ground cover spanning the four seasons typical of a temperate climate zone. GEM concentrations were measured using a mercury vapour analyzer (Tekran 2537A) while RGM and HgP were measured with the Tekran 1130/1135 speciation unit coupled to another mercury vapour analyzer. A micrometeorological approach was used for GEM flux determination using a continuous two-level sampling system for GEM concentration gradient measurement above the soil surface and crop canopy. The turbulent transfer coefficients were derived from meteorological parameters measured on site. A net GEM volatilization (6.31 ± 33.98 ng mM−2 hr−1, study average) to the atmosphere was observed. Average GEM concentrations and GEM fluxes showed significant seasonal differences and distinct diurnal patterns while no trends were observed for HgP or RGM. Highest GEM concentrations, recorded in late spring and fall, were due to meteorological changes such as increases in net radiation and air temperature in spring and lower atmospheric mixing height in fall. Highest GEM fluxes (18.1 ng m−2 hr−1, monthly average) were recorded in late spring but also during specific events in winter and fall. The main factors influencing the GEM flux were soil moisture content, soil temperature, precipitation events and ground cover. These trends indicate that the soil surface could be a significant mercury source in spring and summer seasons but also under specific meteorological conditions during the winter and fall.
47
Watanabe, Makoto, Hiroka Hiroshima, Yoshiyuki Kinose, Shigeaki Okabe, and Takeshi Izuta. "Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Growth of Fagus crenata Seedlings Under Elevated Ozone and Different Soil Nutrient Conditions." Forests 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040371.
Full textAbstract:
Ozone is a phytotoxic gaseous air pollutant and its negative effects on forest production are a major concern. To understand the effects of ozone on forest production, it is important to clarify the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for tree growth under elevated ozone conditions, because nitrogen is a primal limiting factor of forest production in many cool-temperate forests. Soil nutrient conditions are considered factors affecting ozone susceptibility of tree growth. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of ozone on NUE for the growth of Siebold’s beech (Fagus crenata Blume) seedlings grown under different soil nutrient conditions. Seedlings of Siebold’s beech were grown under three gas treatments (charcoal-filtered air or ozone at 1.0 or 1.5 times the ambient concentration) in combination with three soil nutrient conditions (non-fertilised, low-fertilised or high-fertilised) for two growing seasons. Based on the dry mass and nitrogen concentration in each plant organ, we calculated NUE and its components, including nitrogen productivity (NP) and the mean residence time of nitrogen (MRT) during the second growing season. Ozone did not decrease the NUE of the seedlings during the second growing season, whereas leaf level photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), a component of NP, was decreased by ozone. On the other hand, the soil nutrient supply decreased the NUE of the seedlings. Reductions in both NP and MRT were attributed to the decrease in NUE because of soil nutrient supply, whereas PNUE did not respond to soil nutrient supply. There was no significant interaction of ozone and soil nutrient supply on the NUE, or its components, of the seedlings. Our results indicated that there is a difference in the response between the NUE for individual growth and that of leaf level PNUE of Siebold’s beech seedlings to ozone and soil nutrient supply.
48
Yeung, Alex C. Y., Aleksey Paltsev, Abby Daigle, Peter N. Duinker, and Irena F. Creed. "Atmospheric change as a driver of change in the Canadian boreal zone1." Environmental Reviews 27, no. 3 (September 2019): 346–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0055.
Full textAbstract:
Global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and hazardous air pollutants have produced broad yet regionally disparate changes in climatic conditions and pollutant deposition in the Canadian boreal zone (the boreal). Adapting boreal resource management to atmospheric change requires a holistic understanding and awareness of the ongoing and future responses of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in this vast, heterogeneous landscape. To integrate existing knowledge of and generate new insights from the broad-scale impacts of atmospheric change, we first describe historical and present trends (∼1980–2015) in temperature, precipitation, deposition of hazardous air pollutants, and atmospheric-mediated natural disturbance regimes in this region. We then examine their associations with ecosystem condition and productivity, biological diversity, soil and water, and the carbon budget. These associations vary considerably among ecozones and likely undergo further changes under the emerging risks of atmospheric change. We highlight the urgent need to establish long-term, boreal-wide monitoring for many key components of freshwater ecosystems to better understand and project the influences of atmospheric change on boreal water resources. We also formulate three divergent future scenarios of boreal ecosystems in 2050. Our scenario analysis reveals multiple undesirable changes in boreal ecosystem structure and functioning with more variable atmospheric conditions and frequent land disturbances, while continuing business-as-usual management of natural resources. It is possible, though challenging, to reduce unwanted consequences to ecosystems through management regimes focussed on socio-ecological sustainability and developing resilient infrastructure and adaptive resource-management strategies. We emphasize the need for proactive actions and improved foresight for all sectors of society to collaborate, innovate, and invest in anticipation of impending global atmospheric change, without which the boreal zone will face a dim future.
49
Rakhmanin, Yu A., and Aleksandr V. Levanchuk. "Quantitative spatio-temporal assessment of pollutants in atmospheric air in the combustion of the fuel of road transport." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1021–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-11-1021-1024.
Full textAbstract:
In the paper there are presented results of the study of the number of compounds of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emitted into the environment with exhaust gases of road transport. In the composition of the exhaust gases 11000 tons of heavy metal compounds and 49.8 tons of highly toxic of PAHs in the soil were established to annually be emitted into the ambient air of St. Petersburg. There was justified the application of the method of the emission inventory of pollutants into the atmosphere from the combustion of the fuel of vehicles. There was established the quantity of PAH and metals emitted to the environment in dependence on the intensity of the traffic flow. The implementation of results of the study will allow to improve the quality of the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in the territories of the cities with the developed road transport industry.
50
Shah-Heydari pour, A., P. Pahlavani, and B. Bigdeli. "PROVIDING THE FIRE RISK MAP IN FOREST AREA USING A GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION MODEL WITH GAUSSIN KERNEL AND MODIS IMAGES, A CASE STUDY: GOLESTAN PROVINCE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W4 (September 27, 2017): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w4-477-2017.
Full textAbstract:
According to the industrialization of cities and the apparent increase in pollutants and greenhouse gases, the importance of forests as the natural lungs of the earth is felt more than ever to clean these pollutants. Annually, a large part of the forests is destroyed due to the lack of timely action during the fire. Knowledge about areas with a high-risk of fire and equipping these areas by constructing access routes and allocating the fire-fighting equipment can help to eliminate the destruction of the forest. In this research, the fire risk of region was forecasted and the risk map of that was provided using MODIS images by applying geographically weighted regression model with Gaussian kernel and ordinary least squares over the effective parameters in forest fire including distance from residential areas, distance from the river, distance from the road, height, slope, aspect, soil type, land use, average temperature, wind speed, and rainfall. After the evaluation, it was found that the geographically weighted regression model with Gaussian kernel forecasted 93.4% of the all fire points properly, however the ordinary least squares method could forecast properly only 66% of the fire points.