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Journal articles on the topic 'Gastrointestinal hormones Physiology'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

REHFELD, JENS F. "The New Biology of Gastrointestinal Hormones." Physiological Reviews 78, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 1087–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1998.78.4.1087.

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Rehfeld, Jens F. The New Biology of Gastrointestinal Hormones. Physiol. Rev. 78: 1087–1108, 1998. — The classic concept of gastrointestinal endocrinology is that of a few peptides released to the circulation from endocrine cells, which are interspersed among other mucosal cells in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Today more than 30 peptide hormone genes are known to be expressed throughout the digestive tract, which makes the gut the largest endocrine organ in the body. Moreover, development in cell and molecular biology now makes it feasible to describe a new biology for gastrointestinal hor

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2

Lucas, Alan, Stephen R. Bloom, and Albert Aynsley Green. "Gastrointestinal peptides and the adaptation to extrauterine nutrition." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-092.

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The adaptation to extrauterine nutrition involves complex physiological changes at birth which may be regulated by genetic endowment; enteral nutrients, secretions, and bacteria; and endogenous hormones and exogenous hormones in breast milk. The hypothesis is explored that enteral feeding after birth may trigger key adaptations in the gut and in metabolism partly through the mediation of gastrointestinal hormone secretion. Gut peptides are found in the early human fetal gut and by the second trimester some are found in high concentrations in the fetal circulation and amniotic fluid. Major plas

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3

Cullen, Joseph J., J. Chris Eagon, and Keith A. Kelly. "Gastrointestinal peptide hormones during postoperative ileus." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 39, no. 6 (June 1994): 1179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02093781.

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4

Premen, A. J., P. R. Kvietys, and D. N. Granger. "Postprandial regulation of intestinal blood flow: role of gastrointestinal hormones." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): G250—G255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.2.g250.

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Systemic arterial pressure, jejunal perfusion pressure, and jejunal blood flow were measured in eight autoperfused canine jejunum preparations (5 dogs) before and during local intra-arterial infusion of physiological doses of secretin (18.5 pM), neurotensin (233 pM), and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 30 pM). Intra-arterial infusion of secretin, neurotensin, or CCK-8 alone did not affect either systemic or jejunal arterial pressures. Likewise, jejunal blood flow was not significantly altered by secretin (3 +/- 3%), neurotensin (-5 +/- 4%), or CCK-8 (-5 +/- 5%). Even when all three hormone

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5

Lu, Van B., Fiona M. Gribble, and Frank Reimann. "Nutrient-Induced Cellular Mechanisms of Gut Hormone Secretion." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030883.

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The gastrointestinal tract can assess the nutrient composition of ingested food. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms in specialised epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, the enteroendocrine cells, trigger the release of gut hormones that provide important local and central feedback signals to regulate nutrient utilisation and feeding behaviour. The evidence for nutrient-stimulated secretion of two of the most studied gut hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), along with the known cellular mechanisms in enteroendocrine cells r

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6

Somogyi, V., A. Gyorffy, T. J. Scalise, D. S. Kiss, G. Goszleth, T. Bartha, V. L. Frenyo, and A. Zsarnovszky. "Endocrine factors in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake in females: a review of the physiological roles and interactions of ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin." Nutrition Research Reviews 24, no. 1 (March 22, 2011): 132–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422411000035.

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Controlling energy homeostasis involves modulating the desire to eat and regulating energy expenditure. The controlling machinery includes a complex interplay of hormones secreted at various peripheral endocrine endpoints, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the adipose tissue, thyroid gland and thyroid hormone-exporting organs, the ovary and the pancreas, and, last but not least, the brain itself. The peripheral hormones that are the focus of the present review (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin) play integrated regulatory roles in and provide feedback information on th

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7

Jordinson, Mark, Robert A. Goodlad, Audrey Brynes, Philip Bliss, Mohammad A. Ghatei, Stephen R. Bloom, Anthony Fitzgerald, et al. "Gastrointestinal responses to a panel of lectins in rats maintained on total parenteral nutrition." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 276, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): G1235—G1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.5.g1235.

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Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) causes atrophy of gastrointestinal epithelia, so we asked whether lectins that stimulate epithelial proliferation can reverse this effect of TPN. Two lectins stimulate pancreatic proliferation by releasing CCK, so we asked whether lectins that stimulate gastrointestinal proliferation also release hormones that might mediate their effects. Six rats per group received continuous infusion of TPN and a once daily bolus dose of purified lectin (25 mg ⋅ rat−1 ⋅ day−1) or vehicle alone (control group) for 4 days via an intragastric cannula. Proliferation rates were es

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8

Liddle, R. A. "Regulation of cholecystokinin secretion by intraluminal releasing factors." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 269, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): G319—G327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.3.g319.

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Ingested nutrients stimulate secretion of gastrointestinal hormones that are necessary for the coordinated processes of digestion and absorption of food. One of the most important hormonal regulators of the digestive process is cholecystokinin (CCK). This hormone is concentrated in the proximal small intestine and is secreted into the blood on the ingestion of proteins and fats. The physiological actions of CCK include stimulation of pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction, regulation of gastric emptying, and induction of satiety. Therefore, in a highly coordinated manner CCK regulate

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9

Mandal, Anwesha, Kedar S. Prabhavalkar, and Lokesh K. Bhatt. "Gastrointestinal hormones in regulation of memory." Peptides 102 (April 2018): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2018.02.003.

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10

Dockray, Graham J. "Gastrointestinal hormones and the dialogue between gut and brain." Journal of Physiology 592, no. 14 (March 17, 2014): 2927–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.270850.

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11

Kunnimalaiyaan, Muthusamy, Kelly Traeger, and Herbert Chen. "Conservation of the Notch1 signaling pathway in gastrointestinal carcinoid cells." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 289, no. 4 (October 2005): G636—G642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00146.2005.

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Gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoid cells secrete multiple neuroendocrine (NE) markers and hormones including 5-hydroxytryptamine and chromogranin A. We were interested in determining whether activation of the Notch1 signal transduction pathway in carcinoid cells could modulate production of NE markers and hormones. Human pancreatic carcinoid cells (BON cells) were stably transduced with an estrogen-inducible Notch1 construct, creating BON-NIER cells. In the present study, we found that Notch1 is not detectable in human GI carcinoid tumor cells. The induction of Notch1 in human BON carcinoid cells

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12

Walton, Kristen L. W. "Teaching the role of secretin in the regulation of gastric acid secretion using a classic paper by Johnson and Grossman." Advances in Physiology Education 33, no. 3 (September 2009): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00023.2009.

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The regulation of gastric acid secretion has been the subject of investigation for over a century. Inhibition of gastrin-induced acid secretion by the intestine-derived hormone secretin provides a classic physiological example of negative feedback in the gastrointestinal tract. A classic paper by Leonard R. Johnson and Morton I. Grossman clearly shows the ability of secretin to negatively regulate gastric acid secretion, providing students with an example of this feedback loop. In addition, this article demonstrates the step forward in gastrointestinal endocrinology that occurred when pure pre

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13

Seidel, E. R. "Hormonal regulation of postprandial induction of gastrointestinal ornithine decarboxylase activity." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 251, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): G460—G466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1986.251.4.g460.

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The growth of gastrointestinal mucosa can be related to ingestion and digestion of diet, with fasting producing mucosal hypoplasia and hyperphagia producing mucosal hyperplasia. Experiments were designed to determine whether induction of polyamine metabolism following ingestion of a meal was related to mucosal growth. Activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in both jejunum and ileum but not in duodenum was dependent on the presence of food in the gut; ODC activity was more than 200-fold greater in mucosa of fed rats than in fasted rats. Inhibition of ODC with difluoromethylornithi

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14

Murphy, M. S., A. L. Brunetto, A. D. J. Pearson, M. A. Ghatei, R. Nelson, E. J. Eastham, S. R. Bloom, and A. Aynsley Green. "Gut hormones and gastrointestinal motility in children with cystic fibrosis." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 37, no. 2 (February 1992): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01308170.

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15

Buchan, Alison M. J. "III. Endocrine cell recognition of luminal nutrients." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 277, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): G1103—G1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.6.g1103.

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The profile of hormone secretion from the gastrointestinal tract on food ingestion depends to a great extent on the composition of the meal. High levels of protein result in a quantitatively and qualitatively different response compared with a meal rich in fats. The outstanding question is whether this differential response is driven by the ability of gastroenteric endocrine cells to directly sense the contents of the lumen via apical microvilli. Alternative effectors would include activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation or other epithelial cell populations. The data available in

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16

Steinert, R. E., C. Feinle-Bisset, N. Geary, and C. Beglinger. "DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PIG SYMPOSIUM: Secretion of gastrointestinal hormones and eating control1." Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 1963–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-6022.

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17

Busnelli, Marco, Stefano Manzini, and Giulia Chiesa. "The Gut Microbiota Affects Host Pathophysiology as an Endocrine Organ: A Focus on Cardiovascular Disease." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010079.

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It is widely recognized that the microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract—the gut microbiota—deeply affect the pathophysiology of the host. Gut microbiota composition is mostly modulated by diet, and gut microorganisms communicate with the different organs and tissues of the human host by synthesizing hormones and regulating their release. Herein, we will provide an updated review on the most important classes of gut microbiota-derived hormones and their sensing by host receptors, critically discussing their impact on host physiology. Additionally, the debated interplay between mic

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18

Dickinson, CJ, C. Seva, and T. Yamada. "Gastrin Processing: From Biochemical Obscurity to Unique Physiological Actions." Physiology 12, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1997.12.1.9.

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Posttranslational processing is essential for the biological activation of many peptide hormones. Only fully processed and amidated gastrin, a peptide secreted by the stomach, stimulates acid secretion. However, both amidated gastrin and its glycine-extended precursor stimulate cellular proliferation through selective receptors, suggesting that posttranslational processing is critical to gastrointestinal physiology.

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19

Petersen, OH. "Generation of cytosolic calcium signals by gastrointestinal hormones." Regulatory Peptides 40, no. 2 (July 1992): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-0115(92)90370-a.

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20

Raka, Fitore, Sarah Farr, Jacalyn Kelly, Alexandra Stoianov, and Khosrow Adeli. "Metabolic control via nutrient-sensing mechanisms: role of taste receptors and the gut-brain neuroendocrine axis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 317, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): E559—E572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00036.2019.

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Nutrient sensing plays an important role in ensuring that appropriate digestive or hormonal responses are elicited following the ingestion of fuel substrates. Mechanisms of nutrient sensing in the oral cavity have been fairly well characterized and involve lingual taste receptors. These include heterodimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the taste receptor type 1 (T1R) family for sensing sweet (T1R2-T1R3) and umami (T1R1-T1R3) stimuli, the T2R family for sensing bitter stimuli, and ion channels for conferring sour and salty tastes. In recent years, several studies have revealed the

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21

Thomson, A. B. R., and M. Keelan. "The development of the small intestine." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y86-003.

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The remarkable degree of coordination between the development of various aspects of gastrointestinal function suggests that the process may be triggered by a single or a few central mechanisms, such as weaning and (or) hormones. Precocious development of enzyme and transport function can be induced by exogenous thyroxine and corticosteroids, while thyroidectomy and adrenalectomy abolish the normal pattern of postnatal development. These hormones may have a primary or a permissive role. Activation of the dormant hormonal mechanism could be controlled by a genetically coded biologic clock, such

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22

Malfertheiner, P., M. G. Sarr, M. P. Spencer, and E. P. DiMagno. "Effect of duodenectomy on interdigestive pancreatic secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and hormones in dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 257, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): G415—G422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.3.g415.

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We tested the hypothesis that the duodenum is necessary to coordinate interdigestive pancreatic trypsin secretion with gastrointestinal motility and determined whether duodenectomy altered interdigestive cycles of plasma motilin and pancreatic polypeptide and their relationship to trypsin secretion and motility. Consequently, in normal and duodenectomized dogs, we measured trypsin secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and plasma concentrations of motilin and pancreatic polypeptide during the interdigestive period. After duodenectomy, peaks of trypsin secretion continued to cycle at normal inte

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23

Kanno, Noriatsu, Gene LeSage, Shannon Glaser, and Gianfranco Alpini. "Regulation of cholangiocyte bicarbonate secretion." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 281, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): G612—G625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.3.g612.

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The objective of this review article is to discuss the role of secretin and its receptor in the regulation of the secretory activity of intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells (i.e., cholangiocytes). After a brief overview of cholangiocyte functions, we provide an historical background for the role of secretin and its receptor in the regulation of ductal secretion. We review the newly developed experimental in vivo and in vitro tools, which lead to understanding of the mechanisms of secretin regulation of cholangiocyte functions. After a description of the intracellular mechanisms by which sec

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24

Gruzdeva, O. V., D. A. Borodkina, E. V. Belik, O. E. Akbasheva, E. I. Palicheva, and O. L. Barbarash. "Ghrelin Physiology and Pathophysiology: Focus on the Cardiovascular System." Kardiologiia 59, no. 3 (April 13, 2019): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2019.3.10220.

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Ghrelin is a multifunctional peptide hormone, mainly synthesized by P / D1 cells of the stomach fundus mucosa. Its basic effect, which is realized via GHS-R1 α receptor in the arcuate and the ventromedial nucleuses of hypothalamus, is stimulation of the synthesis of pituitary hormones. Ghrelin is involved in control of appetite and energy balance, regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as modulation of functioning of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary and immune systems. It was found that cardiomyocytes are able to synthesize ghrelin

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25

Albrechtsen, Nicolai J. Wewer, and Jens F. Rehfeld. "On premises and principles for measurement of gastrointestinal peptide hormones." Peptides 141 (July 2021): 170545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170545.

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26

Riediger, Thomas, Nicole Eisele, Caroline Scheel, and Thomas A. Lutz. "Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 and oxyntomodulin on neuronal activity of ghrelin-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298, no. 4 (April 2010): R1061—R1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00438.2009.

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Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and oxyntomodulin (OXM) are structurally related gastrointestinal hormones that are secreted in response to food intake. They reduce food intake and body weight and exert partly overlapping actions on glucose homeostasis and gastrointestinal function. The hypothalamic arcuate (ARC) nucleus is among the central structures expressing a high density of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R), which are known to be activated by both peptides. It was the aim of our electrophysiological studies to characterize the effects of GLP-1 and OXM on functionally defined ghrelin-sensitive AR

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27

Xie, Cong, Weikun Huang, Richard L. Young, Karen L. Jones, Michael Horowitz, Christopher K. Rayner, and Tongzhi Wu. "Role of Bile Acids in the Regulation of Food Intake, and Their Dysregulation in Metabolic Disease." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (March 28, 2021): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041104.

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Bile acids are cholesterol-derived metabolites with a well-established role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fat. More recently, the discovery of bile acids as natural ligands for the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), and the recognition of the effects of FXR and TGR5 signaling have led to a paradigm shift in knowledge regarding bile acid physiology and metabolic health. Bile acids are now recognized as signaling molecules that orchestrate blood glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Changes in FXR and/or TGR5 signaling modulat

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28

Hornnes, Peter J., and Claus Kühl. "Gastrointestinal hormones and cortisol in normal pregnant women and women with gestational diabetes." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 3_Suppl (August 1986): S24—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.111s0024.

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Abstract. In pregnancy the secretion of a number of gastro-enteropancreatic hormones is considerably altered. These changes might be involved in the gestational modification of gastrointestinal physiology. The enteral stimulation of insulin secretion (the incretin effect) is diminished in pregnancy – both when determined indirectly and when the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) response to glucose ingestion is considered. Whether this is important for the deterioration of glucose tolerance in pregnancy is uncertain. In gestational diabetics similar findings as in normal pregnant women were

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29

Graffner, H., S. R. Bloom, L. O. Farnebo, and J. J�rhult. "Effects of physiological increases of plasma noradrenaline on gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal hormones." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 32, no. 7 (July 1987): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01296137.

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30

McCauley, Heather A. "Enteroendocrine Regulation of Nutrient Absorption." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 1 (August 27, 2019): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz191.

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ABSTRACT Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the intestine regulate many aspects of whole-body physiology and metabolism. EECs sense luminal and circulating nutrients and respond by secreting hormones that act on multiple organs and organ systems, such as the brain, gallbladder, and pancreas, to control satiety, digestion, and glucose homeostasis. In addition, EECs act locally, on enteric neurons, endothelial cells, and the gastrointestinal epithelium, to facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients. Many recent reports raise the possibility that EECs and the enteric nervous system may coordin

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31

Resch-Sedlmeier, G., and D. Sedlmeier. "Release of digestive enzymes from the crustacean hepatopancreas: effect of vertebrate gastrointestinal hormones." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 123, no. 2 (June 1999): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00056-5.

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32

Michell, A. R., E. S. Debnam, and R. J. Unwin. "Regulation of Renal Function by the Gastrointestinal Tract: Potential Role of Gut-Derived Peptides and Hormones." Annual Review of Physiology 70, no. 1 (March 2008): 379–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.69.040705.141330.

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33

Dong, Tien S., John P. Vu, Suwan Oh, Daniel Sanford, Joseph R. Pisegna, and Patrizia Germano. "Intraperitoneal Treatment of Kisspeptin Suppresses Appetite and Energy Expenditure and Alters Gastrointestinal Hormones in Mice." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 65, no. 8 (November 15, 2019): 2254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05950-7.

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34

Tordoff, M. G., S. J. Fluharty, and J. Schulkin. "Physiological consequences of NaCl ingestion by Na(+)-depleted rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): R289—R295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.2.r289.

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We investigated the temporal relationships between NaCl intake, gastrointestinal Na+ content, and plasma concentrations of Na+, aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (angiotensin). Rats depleted of approximately 2.2 mmol Na+ by combined dietary Na+ restriction and furosemide injection (10 mg sc) drank a preload of 1, 2, or 3 mmol 0.5 M NaCl. Intake of a test 0.5 M NaCl solution given 15, 30, 60, or 120 min later was reduced by approximately 50% of the preload content, irrespective of the interval between preload and test. At 15 min after starting to drink, 61-71% of ingested Na+ remained in t

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35

Mackie, Alan R., Balazs H. Bajka, Neil M. Rigby, Peter J. Wilde, Fatima Alves-Pereira, Ellen F. Mosleth, Anne Rieder, Bente Kirkhus, and Louise J. Salt. "Oatmeal particle size alters glycemic index but not as a function of gastric emptying rate." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 313, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): G239—G246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00005.2017.

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The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which oat particle size in a porridge could alter glucose absorption, gastric emptying, gastrointestinal hormone response, and subjective feelings of appetite and satiety. Porridge was prepared from either oat flakes or oat flour with the same protein, fat, carbohydrate, and mass. These were fed to eight volunteers on separate days in a crossover study, and subjective appetite ratings, gastric contents, and plasma glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormones were determined over a period of 3 h. The flake porridge gave a lower glucose res

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Thaler, Joshua P., and David E. Cummings. "Hormonal and Metabolic Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission after Gastrointestinal Surgery." Endocrinology 150, no. 6 (April 16, 2009): 2518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0367.

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Bariatric surgery is the most effective available treatment for obesity. The most frequently performed operation, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), causes profound weight loss and ameliorates obesity-related comorbid conditions, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Approximately 84% of diabetic patients experience complete remission of T2DM after undergoing RYGB, often before significant weight reduction. The rapid time course and disproportional degree of T2DM improvement after RYGB compared with equivalent weight loss from other interventions suggest surgery-specific, weight-independen

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37

Stanley, Sarah, Katie Wynne, Barbara McGowan, and Stephen Bloom. "Hormonal Regulation of Food Intake." Physiological Reviews 85, no. 4 (October 2005): 1131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.2004.

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Our knowledge of the physiological systems controlling energy homeostasis has increased dramatically over the last decade. The roles of peripheral signals from adipose tissue, pancreas, and the gastrointestinal tract reflecting short- and long-term nutritional status are now being described. Such signals influence central circuits in the hypothalamus, brain stem, and limbic system to modulate neuropeptide release and hence food intake and energy expenditure. This review discusses the peripheral hormones and central neuronal pathways that contribute to control of appetite.

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38

Chandwe, Kanta, and Paul Kelly. "Colostrum Therapy for Human Gastrointestinal Health and Disease." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061956.

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There is increasing awareness that a broad range of gastrointestinal diseases, and some systemic diseases, are characterized by failure of the mucosal barrier. Bovine colostrum is a complex biological fluid replete with growth factors, nutrients, hormones, and paracrine factors which have a range of properties likely to contribute to mucosal healing in a wide range of infective, inflammatory, and injury conditions. In this review, we describe the anatomy and physiology of the intestinal barrier and how it may fail. We survey selected diseases in which disordered barrier function contributes to

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Yamatani, Keiichi, Norihiro Sato, Kenji Takahashi, Masao Hara, and Hideo Sasaki. "Effect of gastrointestinal hormones on choleresis from the isolated perfused rat liver." Regulatory Peptides 10, no. 2-3 (March 1985): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-0115(85)90018-7.

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40

Littlejohn, Erica L., Liliana Espinoza, Monica M. Lopez, Bret N. Smith та Carie R. Boychuk. "GABAA receptor currents in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in females: influence of ovarian cycle and 5α-reductase inhibition". Journal of Neurophysiology 122, № 5 (1 листопада 2019): 2130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00039.2019.

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The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) contains the preganglionic motor neurons important in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and gastrointestinal function. Despite the role of sex in the regulation of these processes, few studies examine the role of sex and/or ovarian cycle in the regulation of synaptic neurotransmission to the DMV. Since GABAergic neurotransmission is critical to normal DMV function, the present study used in vitro whole cell patch-clamping to investigate whether sex differences exist in GABAergic neurotransmission to DMV neurons. It additionally investigated wheth

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Brandler, Justin, Laurence J. Miller, Xiao Jing Wang, Duane Burton, Irene Busciglio, Kayla Arndt, William S. Harmsen, and Michael Camilleri. "Secretin effects on gastric functions, hormones and symptoms in functional dyspepsia and health: randomized crossover trial." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 318, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): G635—G645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00371.2019.

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Abnormal gastric accommodation (GA) and gastric emptying contribute to pathophysiology in functional dyspepsia (FD). Secretin is a key regulator of GA in animal studies. Our aim was to study the effects of secretin on gastric motility, satiation, postprandial symptoms, and key hormones. We performed two double-blind, randomized, saline-controlled crossover trials in 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with FD by Rome IV criteria. We used measured GA (by validated SPECT method) after a 111In radiolabeled Ensure 300-mL meal and quantified gastric emptying for 30 min by scintigraphy. Satiation

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Sartor, Daniela M., Arthur Shulkes, and Anthony J. M. Verberne. "An enteric signal regulates putative gastrointestinal presympathetic vasomotor neurons in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 290, no. 3 (March 2006): R625—R633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00639.2005.

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Ingestion of a meal results in gastrointestinal (GI) hyperemia and is associated with systemic and paracrine release of a number of peptide hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Systemic administration of CCK octapeptide inhibits a subset of presympathetic neurons of the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that may be responsible for driving the sympathetic vasomotor tone to the GI viscera. The aim of this study was to determine whether endogenous release of CCK and/or 5-HT also inhibits CCK-sensitive RVLM neurons. The effects of intraduodenal administration

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Prinz, Christian, Robert Zanner, Markus Gerhard, Sabine Mahr, Nina Neumayer, Barbara Höhne-Zell, and Manfred Gratzl. "The mechanism of histamine secretion from gastric enterochromaffin-like cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 277, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): C845—C855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.5.c845.

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Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells play a pivotal role in the peripheral regulation of gastric acid secretion as they respond to the functionally important gastrointestinal hormones gastrin and somatostatin and neural mediators such as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide and galanin. Gastrin is the key stimulus of histamine release from ECL cells in vivo and in vitro. Voltage-gated K+ and Ca2+ channels have been detected on isolated ECL cells. Exocytosis of histamine following gastrin stimulation and Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane is catalyzed by synaptobrevin and synaptosomal

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Yu, Defu, Weiyun Zhu, and Suqin Hang. "Effects of Long-Term Dietary Protein Restriction on Intestinal Morphology, Digestive Enzymes, Gut Hormones, and Colonic Microbiota in Pigs." Animals 9, no. 4 (April 20, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9040180.

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Using protein-restriction diets becomes a potential strategy to save the dietary protein resources. However, the mechanism of low-protein diets influencing pigs’ growth performance is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of protein-restriction diets on gastrointestinal physiology and gut microbiota in pigs. Eighteen weaned piglets were randomly allocated to three groups with different dietary protein levels. After a 16-week trial, the results showed that feeding a low-protein diet to pigs impaired the epithelial morphology of duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05) and re

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Steinert, Robert E., Christine Feinle-Bisset, Lori Asarian, Michael Horowitz, Christoph Beglinger, and Nori Geary. "Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3–36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB." Physiological Reviews 97, no. 1 (January 2017): 411–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2014.

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The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we review the nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control the secretion of four of these hormones, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY(3–36)], and their contributions to the controls of GI motor function, food intake, and me

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Furness, John B., Wolfgang A. A. Kunze, and Nadine Clerc. "II. The intestine as a sensory organ: neural, endocrine, and immune responses." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 277, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): G922—G928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.5.g922.

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The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is the largest vulnerable surface that faces the external environment. Just as the other large external surface, the skin, is regarded as a sensory organ, so should the intestinal mucosa. In fact, the mucosa has three types of detectors: neurons, endocrine cells, and immune cells. The mucosa is in immediate contact with the intestinal contents so that nutrients can be efficiently absorbed, and, at the same time, it protects against the intrusion of harmful entities, such as toxins and bacteria, that may enter the digestive system with food. Signals are

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Ramos-Alvarez, Irene, and R. T. Jensen. "P21-activated kinase 4 in pancreatic acinar cells is activated by numerous gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters and growth factors by novel signaling, and its activation stimulates secretory/growth cascades." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 315, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): G302—G317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00005.2018.

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p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases, which are divided into two groups: group-I (PAKs1–3) and group-II (PAKs4–6). In various tissues, Group-II PAKs play important roles in cytoskeletal dynamics and cell growth as well as neoplastic development/progression. However, little is known about Group-II PAK’s role in a number of physiological events, including their ability to be activated by gastrointestinal (GI) hormones/neurotransmitters/growth factors (GFs). We used rat pancreatic acini to explore the ability of GI hormones/neurotransmitters/GFs to ac

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Seidel, E. R., and R. G. Snyder. "Pentagastrin induction of spermine/spermidine N1-acetyltransferase and mucosal polyamines." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 256, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): G16—G21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.256.1.g16.

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The trophic response of the gastrointestinal mucosa to treatment with the hormone gastrin includes a polyamine-dependent step. Because gastrin does not induce ornithine decarboxylase, experiments were designed to determine whether pentagastrin induced the polyamine interconverting enzyme, spermine/spermidine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT). Eight hours after intraperitoneal treatment of rats with either spermidine (0.8 mmol/kg) or pentagastrin (250 micrograms/kg) oxyntic gland mucosal SAT activity was increased from roughly 400 to 800 pmol [14C]acetate.mg protein-1.h-1. In contrast, colonic mucosa

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Kolek, Olga I., Eric R. Hines, Marci D. Jones, Loren K. LeSueur, Maciej A. Lipko, Pawel R. Kiela, James F. Collins, Mark R. Haussler та Fayez K. Ghishan. "1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 upregulates FGF23 gene expression in bone: the final link in a renal-gastrointestinal-skeletal axis that controls phosphate transport". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 289, № 6 (грудень 2005): G1036—G1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00243.2005.

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Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 is a phosphaturic hormone that decreases circulating 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and elicits hypophosphatemia, both of which contribute to rickets/osteomalacia. It has been shown recently that serum FGF23 increases after treatment with renal 1,25(OH)2D3 hormone, suggesting that 1,25(OH)2D3 negatively feedback controls its levels by inducing FGF23. To establish the tissue of origin and the molecular mechanism by which 1,25(OH)2D3 increases circulating FGF23, we administered 1,25(OH)2D3 to C57BL/6 mice. Within 24 h, these mice displayed a dramatic ele

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Davis, M. S., K. W. Hinchcliff, K. K. Williamson, E. C. McKenzie, and C. M. Royer. "Effect of multiday exercise on serum hormones and metabolic substrate concentrations in racing sled dogs." Comparative Exercise Physiology 16, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190068.

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Prolonged submaximal exercise relies on the steady delivery of oxidizable substrates to the working muscle, with the sources of those substrates either stored reserves or food absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract during exercise. Fat oxidation could be advantageous for this type of exercise because of potentially greater reserves, but recent studies suggest that athletic dogs remain highly dependent on carbohydrate to fuel exercise despite ingesting a high fat diet. The purpose of this study was to characterise the pattern of exercise-induced hormone and substrate concentrations as they re

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