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Journal articles on the topic 'Gastrointestinal parasite infection'
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1
Guowu, Zhang, Zhang Kai, Wang Xifeng, Ji Chunhui, Ning Chengcheng, Zhao Yue, Qiao Jun, et al. "Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in camels in the Tianshan Mountains pastoral area in China." Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 4 (November 6, 2020): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0071.
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AbstractIntroductionGastrointestinal parasites are some of the most common pathogens which are seriously harmful to the camel’s health. The infection status of gastrointestinal parasites in camels (Camelus bactrianus) in the Tianshan Mountains pastoral area in China is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the species and infection intensity of gastrointestinal tract parasites in local camels.Material and MethodsA total of 362 fresh faecal samples were collected and examined for parasite eggs using the saturated saline floating and natural sedimentation method. The parasite eggs were subjected to morphological and molecular examination and identification, and the infection rate and mean intensity of the parasites were analysed.ResultsA total of 15 gastrointestinal tract parasite species’ eggs were identified, with a detection rate of 100%. Ostertagia spp. (100%) and Trichostrongylus spp. (98.1%) were dominant. Camels were often coinfected by 5–14 species. The average number of eggs per gram of faeces was higher for Ostertagia spp. (298), Haemonchus contortus (176) and Nematodirus spp. (138). The number of species of parasites infecting young camels was significantly lower than that of adult camels, but the infection intensity in young camels was significantly higher.ConclusionGastrointestinal parasites were highly prevalent in camels from the Tianshan Mountains pastoral area in China. This finding provides important epidemiological data for the prevention and control of associated infections in camels.
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Filip-Hutsch, Katarzyna, Michał Czopowicz, Agnieszka Barc, and Aleksander W. Demiaszkiewicz. "Gastrointestinal Helminths of a European Moose Population in Poland." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040456.
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Parasitic infections have a negative impact on the fecundity and survival of wild ruminants, particularly moose; however, despite being more susceptible to parasitic diseases than other wild cervids, they remain poorly examined in this regard. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify gastrointestinal and liver helminth species of the moose population in central Europe, assess the factors contributing to infection intensities and examine their impact on moose health. Abomasum, small intestine, caecum and liver samples were collected from 46 moose in Poland and evaluated for helminth parasite fauna and histopathological changes. Additionally, 289 moose fecal samples were analyzed for the presence of eggs, oocysts and larvae of parasites. In total, 19 parasite taxa were identified. The most prevalent were Mazamastrongylus dagestanica and Ostertagia antipini, which are typical nematodes of moose, together with Spiculopteragia boehmi and O. leptospicularis, characteristic also of other cervids. Parasite species diversity and abomasal parasitic infection intensity were higher in adult moose than in yearlings and calves. The numbers of histopathological lesions depended on the intensity of parasitic infections, and were most severe in the livers of moose infected with Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha. The analysis of fecal samples revealed several regional differences in the levels of parasite eggs, oocysts and larvae shedding. Our findings indicate an accumulation of parasite infections over time in moose, which may be related to high environmental parasite pressure, possibly connected with high moose density and the presence of wetlands; they also serve as the most comprehensive study of moose parasites in central Europe to date.
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EZENWA, V. O. "Habitat overlap and gastrointestinal parasitism in sympatric African bovids." Parasitology 126, no. 4 (April 2003): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182002002913.
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Gastrointestinal parasite infections are widespread among wild ungulates. Because many of these parasites infect multiple host species, inter-specific interactions among hosts potentially play an important role in parasite transmission dynamics in ungulate communities. In this study, the effects of inter-specific contact on parasitism rates in 11 sympatric African bovids was examined using habitat overlap among species as a measure of cross-species contact rates. Across individual hosts, strongyle nematode abundance increased with increasing numbers of bovid species occupying a habitat. Furthermore, comparative analyses show a positive association between strongyle prevalence and level of habitat overlap across taxa. These findings suggest that among sympatric bovids, contact between species contributes significantly to the transmission of generalist nematode parasites. For a more host-specific parasite group, coccidia, parasite abundance and individual probability of infection declined in hosts living in bovid rich habitats. This pattern may reflect enhanced inter-specific competition among parasites in these areas. Finally, similar to strongyle abundance, individual parasite richness also increased among hosts occupying habitats with higher numbers of bovid species. No association between habitat overlap and parasite richness was detected at higher taxonomic scales, however, which suggests that contact between host species may not contribute to parasite colonization of new host taxa.
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Xu, Shanghua, Shumiao Zhang, Xiaolong Hu, Baofeng Zhang, Shuang Yang, Xin Hu, Shuqiang Liu, Defu Hu, and Jiade Bai. "Temporal and spatial dynamics of gastrointestinal parasite infection in Père David’s deer." PeerJ 9 (May 5, 2021): e11335. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11335.
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Background The Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus) population was established from only a small number of individuals. Their genetic diversity is therefore relatively low and transmissible (parasitic) diseases affecting them merit further attention. Parasitic infections can affect the health, survival, and population development of the host. However, few reports have been published on the gastrointestinal parasites of Père David’s deer. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the intestinal parasites groups in Père David’s deer; (2) to determine their prevalence and burden and clarify the effects of different seasons and regions on various indicators of Père David’s deer intestinal parasites; (3) to evaluate the effects of the Père David’s deer reproductive period on these parasites; (4) to reveal the regularity of the parasites in space and time. Methods In total, 1,345 Père David’s deer faecal samples from four regions during four seasons were tested using the flotation (saturated sodium nitrate solution) to identify parasites of different genus or group, and the McMaster technique to count the number of eggs or oocysts. Results Four groups of gastrointestinal parasites were found, of which strongyles were dominant; their prevalence and burden were significantly higher than other groups. Significant temporal and spatial effects on gastrointestinal parasitic infection were found. Parasite diversity, prevalence, parasite burden, and aggregation were the highest in summer. Among the four regions, parasite diversity, prevalence, and burden were the highest in the Dongting Lake area. In addition, parasite diversity and burden during the reproductive period of Père David’s deer was significantly higher than during the post-reproductive period. Conclusions The summer season and the reproductive period of Père David’s deer had great potential for parasite transmission, and there is a high risk of parasite outbreaks in the Dongting Lake area.
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Morgan, Douglas R., Matthew Benshoff, Mercedes Cáceres, Sylvia Becker-Dreps, Loreto Cortes, Christopher F. Martin, Max Schmulson, and Rodolfo Peña. "Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Parasite Infection in a Developing Nation Environment." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/343812.
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Postinfectious IBS is defined in the industrialized world as IBS onset following a sentinel gastrointestinal infection. In developing nations, where repeated bacterial and parasitic gastrointestinal infections are common, the IBS pathophysiology may be altered. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between intestinal parasite infection and IBS in the “nonsterile” developing world environment. IBS subjects were identified from a population-based sample of 1624 participants using the Rome II Modular Questionnaire. Stool samples from cases and randomly selected controls were examined for ova and parasites. Logistic regression models explored the relationship between IBS and parasite infection. The overall IBS prevalence among participants was 13.2% (9.3% males, 15.9% females). There was no difference in parasite carriage between IBS cases and controls, 16.6% versus 15.4% (P=0.78), nor among IBS subtypes. The pathophysiology of post-infectious IBS may be altered in the developing world as compared to industrialized nations and warrants investigation.
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Kaewnoi, Domechai, Ratchakul Wiriyaprom, Saowakon Indoung, and Ruttayaporn Ngasaman. "Gastrointestinal parasite infections in fighting bulls in South Thailand." August-2020 13, no. 8 (2020): 1544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1544-1548.
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Background and Aim: Bullfighting is booming in South Thailand, attracting tourists, and stimulating local economies. The bulls are well raised and practiced, but in many cases, the owners lack knowledge and understanding of the prevention of animal diseases, including parasitic infections. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasite infection in fighting bulls. Materials and Methods: A total of 1501 fecal samples were collected from bulls aged 2-5 years visiting the animal hospital of Prince of Songkla University during 2016-2019. The formalin ethylether concentration method was used to detect GI parasites in feces. Results: The overall rate of GI parasite infection was 94.27%. Rumen fluke eggs were detected in 97.17% of all infected animals, followed in prevalence by strongyles (26.29%), Eurytrema spp. (2.83%), Fasciola spp. (2.47%), Trichuris spp. (0.35%), and Moniezia spp. (0.14%). Two protozoan genera were identified, Balantidium coli (6.64%) and Eimeria spp. (3.53%). Coinfection was observed in 33.99%. The five most common coinfections were rumen fluke with strongyles (20.85%), B. coli (4.66%), Eimeria spp. (1.55%), Eurytrema spp. (1.34%), and Fasciola spp. (1.06%). Conclusion: In addition to high GI parasite infection rates, zoonotic parasites were observed. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers should follow good sanitation and prevention practices to control parasitic infections in bulls, and proper hygienic precautions should be taken by the owners. Implementation of deworming programs using appropriate anthelmintic drugs as well as rotation of anthelmintic drug that have different chemical agent to prevent further drug resistance should be considered. The promotion of bull health management is highly recommended to protect humans from zoonotic diseases.
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Lass, Sandra, Peter J. Hudson, Juilee Thakar, Jasmina Saric, Eric Harvill, Réka Albert, and Sarah E. Perkins. "Generating super-shedders: co-infection increases bacterial load and egg production of a gastrointestinal helminth." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 80 (March 6, 2013): 20120588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0588.
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Co-infection by multiple parasites is common within individuals. Interactions between co-infecting parasites include resource competition, direct competition and immune-mediated interactions and each are likely to alter the dynamics of single parasites. We posit that co-infection is a driver of variation in parasite establishment and growth, ultimately altering the production of parasite transmission stages. To test this hypothesis, three different treatment groups of laboratory mice were infected with the gastrointestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus , the respiratory bacterial pathogen Bordetella bronchiseptica lux + or co-infected with both parasites. To follow co-infection simultaneously, self-bioluminescent bacteria were used to quantify infection in vivo and in real-time, while helminth egg production was monitored in real-time using faecal samples. Co-infection resulted in high bacterial loads early in the infection (within the first 5 days) that could cause host mortality. Co-infection also produced helminth ‘super-shedders’; individuals that chronically shed the helminth eggs in larger than average numbers. Our study shows that co-infection may be one of the underlying mechanisms for the often-observed high variance in parasite load and shedding rates, and should thus be taken into consideration for disease management and control. Further, using self-bioluminescent bacterial reporters allowed quantification of the progression of infection within the whole animal of the same individuals at a fine temporal scale (daily) and significantly reduced the number of animals used (by 85%) compared with experiments that do not use in vivo techniques. Thus, we present bioluminescent imaging as a novel, non-invasive tool offering great potential to be taken forward into other applications of infectious disease ecology.
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Pedersen, Amy B., and Janis Antonovics. "Anthelmintic treatment alters the parasite community in a wild mouse host." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20130205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0205.
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Individuals are often co-infected with several parasite species, yet the consequences of drug treatment on the dynamics of parasite communities in wild populations have rarely been measured. Here, we experimentally reduced nematode infection in a wild mouse population and measured the effects on other non-target parasites. A single oral dose of the anthelmintic, ivermectin, significantly reduced nematode infection, but resulted in a reciprocal increase in other gastrointestinal parasites, specifically coccidial protozoans and cestodes. These results highlight the possibility that drug therapy may have unintended consequences for non-target parasites and that host–parasite dynamics cannot always be fully understood in the framework of single host–parasite interactions.
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Win, Shwe Yee, Myintzu Win, Ei Phyu Thwin, Lat Lat Htun, Myint Myint Hmoon, Hla Myet Chel, Yu Nandi Thaw, et al. "Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants in the Central Part of Myanmar." Journal of Parasitology Research 2020 (November 25, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8826327.
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Gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants remains one of the major economic losses caused by reduced productivity. A total of 380 faecal samples were taken from 280 sheeps in Magway and Pwintbyu Townships and 100 goats in Natmauk Township, Myanmar. Faecal flotation and sedimentation methods were carried out to detect the presence of parasitic infections. Faecal egg and oocyst counts were carried out using the McMaster technique. The overall occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants was 98.4% (374/380). The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep (99.3%) was higher than that in goats (96%). The highest occurrence was found in Eimeria spp. (96%), followed by Trichostrongyle (77.1%), Trichuris spp. (35%), and Moniezia expansa (14%). The mixed infection rate was 84.8% (317/374), while a single infection was 15.2% (57/374). The mean eggs per gram (EPG) and oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces were ranged from 50 to 600 and 50 to 29,800, respectively. Among the 4 nucleotide sequences isolated, one sequence was 94.10-94.47% similarity with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, reported from Laos, and three sequences showed 96.64-99.46% identity with Haemonchus contortus from Laos, China, India, and Mongolia. As gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants was relatively high in the study area, the development of appropriate treatment and control measures should be provided to reduce production losses.
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Begum, A., and S. Sehrin. "Gastrointestinal helminths in pigeon Columba livia (Gmelin, 1789)." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 38, no. 1 (June 16, 2013): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i1.15324.
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A total of 60 pigeon, Columba livia (25 males and 35 females) were examined to observe helminth parasite infection. All the birds were found to be infected by eleven species of helminth parasites: four species of trematoda: Echinostoma revolutum (15%) E. trivolvus (5%), Patagifer bilobus (5%), Ehinoparyphium recurvatum (8.33%); six species of cestoda: Hymenolepis columbae (63.33%), Raillietina echinobothrida (100%), R. bonini (43.33%), R. cesticillus (100%), Cotugnia celebesensis (68.33%), C. cuneata (100%); and one species of nematoda: Ascaridia columbae (28.33%). Females showed slightly higher intensity of infestation than the males. Trematode parasites were found in intestine and rectum, cestode parasites were found in duodenum and intestine, nematode parasite Ascaridia columbae was found in caeca. Oesophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, gallbladder, liver, kidney and muscles were free of parasites. Considering among seasons highest intensity of infection was found in autumn. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i1.15324 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 38(1): 93-98, June 2012
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Polello, Loredana, Anna Rita Molinar Min, Angela Fanelli, Ennio Negri, Andrea Peano, Pier Giuseppe Meneguz, and Paolo Tizzani. "First Data on Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infection in the Red-Legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa) in Italy." Diversity 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070287.
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The Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) is a Mediterranean Galliformes, recently classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, due to the constant and significant decline of its global population. While the gastrointestinal parasites of the species are well studied in some part of its range (Iberian peninsula), limited information is available for the Italian populations, that represent the eastern limit of the species range. This study was conducted to fill this gap of knowledge, determining the composition, richness, prevalence, intensity and abundance of A. rufa gastrointestinal parasite community in two populations in Italy. During the autumn seasons 2008–2009 and 2009–2010, necropsies were conducted on 18 Red-legged partridge from the southern part of Alessandria province (Piedmont, northwestern Italy) and 34 from the Parma province (Emilia Romagna, northern Italy). All the animals were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites. Additionally, 229 fecal samples were collected from live animals in Alessandria province. Prevalence, abundance and intensity of infection were calculated for each parasite species, except for coccidia for which only the prevalence was determined. The following parasites were observed: Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaridia spp., Ascaridia columbae, Raillietina spp., Eimeria spp. The highest parasite prevalence was found in Alessandria province for Eimeria sp., infecting almost half of the sampled animals (P: 45%, CI95%: 39–51). Eimeria sp. was also the most prevalent parasite in Parma province but with much lower prevalence (P: 19%, CI95%: 5–32). Intestinal helminths prevalence ranged from 3% (CI95%: 0–9) for A. columbae and Raillietina spp. (Parma Province) to 9% for H. gallinarum in both Parma (CI95%: 0–19), and Alessandria province (CI95%: 0–22). To our knowledge, this is the first study providing information on the gastrointestinal parasites of the Red-legged partridge in Italy. Ascaridia columbae, a parasite typical of the domestic pigeon, was reported for the first time in A. rufa. The epidemiological descriptors reported herein could serve as a basis for future studies, allowing for epidemiological comparison across countries, locations, and time periods.
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Ward, Alexander I., Francisco Olmo, Richard L. Atherton, Martin C. Taylor, and John M. Kelly. "Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes that persist in the colon during chronic stage murine infections have a reduced replication rate." Open Biology 10, no. 12 (December 2020): 200261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200261.
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Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections are typically lifelong, with small numbers of parasites surviving in restricted tissue sites, which include the gastrointestinal tract. There is considerable debate about the replicative status of these persistent parasites and whether there is a role for dormancy in long-term infection. Here, we investigated T. cruzi proliferation in the colon of chronically infected mice using 5-ethynyl-2′deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA to provide ‘snapshots’ of parasite replication status. Highly sensitive imaging of the extremely rare infection foci, at single-cell resolution, revealed that parasites are three times more likely to be in S-phase during the acute stage than during the chronic stage. By implication, chronic infections of the colon are associated with a reduced rate of parasite replication. Despite this, very few host cells survived infection for more than 14 days, suggesting that T. cruzi persistence continues to involve regular cycles of replication, host cell lysis and re-infection. We could find no evidence for wide-spread dormancy in parasites that persist in this tissue reservoir.
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Aragón-Pech, R. A., H. A. Ruiz-Piña, R. I. Rodríguez-Vivas, A. D. Cuxim-Koyoc, and E. Reyes-Novelo. "Prevalence, abundance and intensity of eggs and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites in the opossum Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792 in Yucatan, Mexico." Helminthologia 55, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2018-0008.
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Summary Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana, is a synanthropic mammal associated with peridomestic areas of Yucatán, However, little is known about the gastrointestinal parasite infections of this species. The infection prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity of eggs and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites, in opossums captured in the peridomestic areas were estimated in six rural localities of Yucatán, Mexico. Eighty-four faecal samples were processed by flotation technique. McMaster test was used to estimate the number of helminth eggs and protozoa oocysts per gram of feces. Seven genera of gastrointestinal parasites were identified, and then infection prevalence was estimated as follows: Protozoa Eimeria sp. (51.9 %) and Sarcocystis sp. (1 %); nematodes Ancylostoma sp. (80.56 %), Cruzia sp. (62.04 %), Trichuris sp. (60.19 %), Capillaria sp. (29.63 %), Turgida sp. (23.15 %), Toxocara sp. (11.11 %), and Ascaris sp. (1.85 %); and one acanthocephalan: Oligacanthorhynchus sp. (14.81 %). This is the first study on the diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in Virginia opossums, and first evidence about the potential role of opossums in the transmission of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites in peridomestic areas of Yucatán, Mexico.
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Kohansal, Mohammad Hasan, Asghar Fazaeli, Abbasali Nourian, Ali Haniloo, and Koorosh Kamali. "Dogs’ gastrointestinal parasites and their association with public health in Iran." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2017-0024.
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AbstractIntroduction:Dogs harbour zoonotic parasites that cause serious infections in humans, such as visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, cystic echinococcosis, and alveolar echinococcosis. Studies on dogs’ gastrointestinal parasites in different geographical locations are required to increase knowledge of the risk of canine zoonoses in human populations.Material and Methods:The presence of parasites was examined in 450 faecal samples collected from eight zones of Zanjan province, northwest Iran from June to November 2015. The samples were examined using the sedimentation concentration method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining.Results:Gastrointestinal parasites were found in 86 (19.1%) faecal samples.Sarcocystisspp. (7.3%),Taenia/Echinococcusspp. (5.6%),Toxocaraspp. (1.8%), andCystoisosporaspp. (1.6%) were the most common parasites observed. The other detected parasites consisted ofDicrocoelium dendriticum(0.7%),Eimeriaspp. (0.7%),Cryptosporidiumspp. (0.4%),Physalopteraspp. (0.4%),Giardiaspp. (1.3%), andSpirocerca lupi(1.3%). The lowest parasite infection rates belonged toTrichuris vulpisandAcanthocephalans(0.2% each).Conclusion:This study provides current information on the infection rates in dog populations in Zanjan Province. Furthermore, the study shows a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections, including zoonotic ones and particularlyTaenia/Echinococcusspp., potentially transmissible to humans and thus relevant to public health.
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Bouragba, Messaoud, AbdElkarim Laatamna, Fatima Elzahra Cheddad, Djamel Baroudi, Karim Houali, and Ahcène Hakem. "Gastrointestinal parasites of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria." August-2020 13, no. 8 (2020): 1635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1635-1640.
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Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence and identification of gastrointestinal parasites in feces samples of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria based on microscopic examination. Materials and Methods: A total of 717 fresh fecal samples obtained from 28 farms at Steppe and Northern Sahara regions of Algeria were processed for microscopic examination after concentration by formalin-ether sedimentation and flotation techniques. In addition, microscopic examination of Cryptosporidium spp. was done by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and Lugol staining procedure was used for the detection of Giardia cysts. Results: Microscopic examination indicated an infection rate of gastrointestinal parasites of 48.26% (346/717). Protozoan infections were recorded at 17.02% (122/717), whereas helminth infections were recorded at 23.71% (170/717). In addition, mixed infection (protozoans and helminths) was seen at 7.53% (54/717). No correlation was found between infection and age of the animals, nor the consistency of the stool samples; in addition, neither influence of sex nor breed of camels was observed. Eighteen genera of gastrointestinal parasites were revealed; including four genera of protozoa, 12 Nematoda, one Cestoda, and one Trematoda. Strongyloides spp. and Eimeria spp. showed the highest rate of parasitism, while Cooperia spp. was observed with the lowest prevalence. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 13 among 717 examined samples (1.81%). Conclusion: The parasite fauna infecting the gastrointestinal tract of the Algerian dromedary is much diversified. The detected parasites in camels are similar to counterparts in other ruminants, posing serious challenge to animal farming. Future studies should be carried out to better understand the epidemiology of these parasitic diseases and their economic and public health impact.
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Blackie, Seth. "A Review of the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Sheep and Goats in Ghana." Journal of Agricultural Science 6, no. 4 (March 15, 2014): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n4p109.
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In this paper, the gastrointestinal nematode parasites infecting small ruminants (sheep and goats) in Ghana and the epidemiological factors influencing their prevalence are reviewed and discussed. Twelve nematode species belonging to six families have been reported to infect these livestock in the country with Haemonchus contortus being the most prevalent helminth parasite in both animals. Parasitic gastroenteritis is caused by mixed infection of several nematode species. Management /husbandry practices, climate and host influence are found to be the main factors that affect gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats. Seasonal changes in the level of infective strongylate nematode larvae on pasture in the different agro-ecological zones of Ghana are reviewed. The number of infective larvae on pasture is reported to be directly related to the pattern of rainfall. Consequently, rainfall could be relied on to predict the rate of transmission of infection in grazing animals. Finally, the relevance of epidemiological knowledge in the development of efficient measures for controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats in Ghana is discussed.
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Elmajdoub, Layla O., Omar Mosaab, Om Assaed Alsaghir, and Sobhy Sorour Shimaa. "Investigation and Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Equestrian Clubs Horses in Misurata, Libya." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 3, no. 6 (December 23, 2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2022.3.6.414.
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Background and Objective: The horse has been a loyal friend and trusted partner of human beings. Horses are prone to infestation with both internal and external parasites. A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the gastrointestinal parasite infecting horses in equestrian clubs. Materials and Method: For the study, faecal samples were obtained from 50 randomly chosen horses of varying sexes and ages and analyzed using sedimentation techniques. Results: The overall prevalence of egg/larva or cyst in the study area was 98.0% (49/50). Moreover, the mixed infection was higher than that of a single infection; there were significant differences between Protozoa and helminths (P≤0.01). The types of helminth parasites (egg/larva) detected were Anoplocephala spp. (17%), Parascaris equorum (17%), and Moniezia spp (20%) in increasing with the age of horses had a significant effect with ages above one year, moreover, there reported the oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum (33%). Conclusion: Hence, the present study's findings indicated a high prevalence of parasites compromising horses' health and welfare in the study area. Thus, proper screening and monitoring of the horses should be carried out regularly; regular and strategic anti-parasite programmers should be carried out.
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Coulson, Graeme, Jemma K. Cripps, Sarah Garnick, Verity Bristow, and Ian Beveridge. "Parasite insight: assessing fitness costs, infection risks and foraging benefits relating to gastrointestinal nematodes in wild mammalian herbivores." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1751 (June 4, 2018): 20170197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0197.
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Mammalian herbivores are typically infected by parasitic nematodes, which are acquired through direct, faecal–oral transmission. These parasites can cause significant production losses in domestic livestock, but much less is known about impacts on wild mammalian hosts. We review three elements of parasitism from the host's perspective: fitness costs of infection, risks of infection during foraging and benefits of nutritious pasture. The majority of wildlife studies have been observational, but experimental manipulation is increasing. Treatment with anthelmintics to manipulate parasite load has revealed varied impacts of parasites on fitness variables across host species, but has not produced consistent evidence for parasite-induced anorexia or impaired body condition. Some experimental studies of infection risk have manipulated faecal contamination and detected faecal avoidance by hosts. Only two field studies have explored the trade-off between infection risk and nutritional benefit generated by avoidance of contaminated patches. Overall, field studies of costs, risks and benefits of the host–parasite relationship are limited and few have examined more than one of these elements. Parasitism has much in common with predation, and future insights into anti-parasite responses by wild hosts could be gained from the conceptual and technical developments in research on anti-predator behaviour. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours’.
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BOURKE, C. D., R. M. MAIZELS, and F. MUTAPI. "Acquired immune heterogeneity and its sources in human helminth infection." Parasitology 138, no. 2 (October 15, 2010): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010001216.
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SUMMARYSimilarities in the immunobiology of different parasitic worm infections indicate that co-evolution of humans and helminths has shaped a common anti-helminth immune response. However, recentin vitroand immuno-epidemiological studies highlight fundamental differences and plasticity within host-helminth interactions. The ‘trade-off’ between immunity and immunopathology inherent in host immune responses occurs on a background of genetic polymorphism, variable exposure patterns and infection history. For the parasite, variation in life-cycle and antigen expression can influence the effector responses directed against them. This is particularly apparent when comparing gastrointestinal and tissue-dwelling helminths. Furthermore, insights into the impact of anti-helminthic treatment and co-infection on acquired immunity suggest that immune heterogeneity arises not from hosts and parasites in isolation, but also from the environment in which immune responses develop. Large-scale differences observed in the epidemiology of human helminthiases are a product of complex host-parasite-environment interactions which, given potential for exposure to parasite antigensin utero, can arise even before a parasite interacts with its human host. This review summarizes key differences identified in human acquired immune responses to nematode and trematode infections of public health importance and explores the factors contributing to these variations.
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Nda, Kacou, Laiban Dahourou, Papa Ndiaye, Stacy Lindshield, Oubri GBATI, and Amadou Traore. "Gastrointestinal parasites of baboons (Papio papio) in NiokoloKoba National Park, Senegal." Open Veterinary Journal 12, no. 4 (2022): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i4.9.
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Abstract Background: Primates can harbour parasites that could be pathogenic or not for humans and primates themselves. It is necessary to know the parasitological situation of the primates that are under surveillance in the park. Aim: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites, including zoonotic potential parasites, in baboons in the Niokolo-Koba National Park located in Senegal. Method: Faecal samples (n=50) from two groups of Baboons (A and B) were collected in October 2019. Faecal samples were processed using the flotation technique and the modified Ritchie method. Slides were examined microscopically, and the parasite identification was based on morphology, colour, and parasite content. Results: A total of seven nematodes (Strongyloides sp., Trichirus sp., Ancylostoma sp., Mammo monogamus, Enterobius sp., Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongle digestif), one cestode (Bertiella sp.) and one trematode (Fasciolopsis sp.) were identified. The overall prevalence was 78% while poly-infestation prevalence was 49%. The parasite with zoonotic potential, Strongyloides stercoralis, was identified in group B samples. Trichuris sp. which is common and pathogenic to humans and primates was present with a prevalence of 52% and of 32% in groups A and B, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that baboons are infested with zoonotic parasites and this situation could expose people working in this park to infection. Contact between humans and these baboons or their faeces could expose to infection with zoonotic parasites.
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Lima, Victor Fernando Santana, Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos, Raphael Lepold, João Carlos Gomes Borges, Carlos Diógenes Ferreira, Laura Rinaldi, Giuseppe Cringoli, and Leucio Câmara Alves. "Gastrointestinal parasites in feral cats and rodents from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 4 (November 9, 2017): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017066.
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Abstract Gastrointestinal parasites are important pathogens affecting animals, some of them are of medical and veterinary concern. Although the dynamic of parasitic infections is a complex phenomenon that has been studied under experimental conditions, it shows several gaps in knowledge, especially in insular regions where a confined population of animals and parasites co-exists. In this study was assessed the parasitism by endoparasite gastrointestinal in feral cats (n = 37) and rodents (n = 30) from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago; in addition, the risk of human infection and ecological implications of these findings were discussed. Out of all samples analysed, 100% scored positive for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in both feral cats and rodents. A total 17 genera and/or species of endoparasite gastrointestinal were identified, Ancylostoma sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichuris campanula and Toxocara cati were the parasites more frequently in feral cats. In rodents Eimeria sp., Strongyloides sp. and Trichuris muris were parasites more frequently herein detected. Human population living in this area are at risk of parasite infections due to the population of rodents and feral cats in the archipelago.
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Klementowicz, Joanna E., Mark A. Travis, and Richard K. Grencis. "Trichuris muris: a model of gastrointestinal parasite infection." Seminars in Immunopathology 34, no. 6 (October 11, 2012): 815–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-012-0348-2.
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Traoré, A., D. R. Notter, A. Soudre, A. Kaboré, I. Álvarez, I. Fernández, M. Sanou, et al. "Resistance to gastrointestinal parasite infection in Djallonké sheep." Animal 11, no. 8 (2017): 1354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1751731116002640.
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EBBERT, M. A., W. C. McGREW, and L. F. MARCHANT. "Differences between chimpanzee and baboon gastrointestinal parasite communities." Parasitology 142, no. 7 (March 3, 2015): 958–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000104.
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SUMMARYCross-species infection among humans, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and baboons (Papio spp.) is potentially a significant public health issue in Africa, and of concern in the conservation of P. troglodytes. However, to date, no statistical comparisons have been made between the prevalence, richness and composition of parasite communities in sympatric populations of baboons and P. troglodytes. We compared parasite communities in sympatric P. troglodytes and Papio papio living in a wilderness site, in the Republic of Senegal, West Africa. We asked whether, in the absence of humans, there are significant differences between these hosts in their interactions with gastrointestinal parasites. We tested whether host, location, or time of collection accounted for variation in prevalence, richness and community composition, and compared prevalence across six studies. We concluded that, despite being closely related, there are significant differences between these two hosts with respect to their parasite communities. At our study site, prevalence of Balantidium, Trichuris and Watsonius was higher in P. papio. Papio papio harboured more parasites per host, and we found evidence of a positive association between Trichuris and Balantidium in P. troglodytes but not P. papio.
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Berhe, Mebrahtu, Berhanu Mekibib, Abrha Bsrat, and Gebretsadik Atsbaha. "Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Chicken under Different Management System in Mekelle Town, Tigray Region, Ethiopia." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2019 (February 11, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1307582.
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The poultry industry is an infant but fast growing sector in Ethiopia. However, it is largely dependent on local chicken managed under backyard production system. The sector is facing different challenges, mainly emanated from prevalence of infectious diseases such as helminth parasite species. Hence, this study came up with an aim to determine the infection rate and identify helminth parasite species in chickens managed under different production systems, in Mekelle, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was employed, from November 2015 to March 2016. Postmortem (N=138) and fecal (N=410) samples of chicken were considered for necropsy and coproscopic examination to see both adult and eggs of helminth parasites, respectively. Similar gastrointestinal helminth parasites infection rate of chicken was obtained from both examination approaches (necropsy, 90.60%; and coproscopy, 90.97%). The study attested high prevalence (87.7%) of mixed infection with helminth parasites of chicken. Heterakis gallinarum (72.5%) and Ascaridia galli (68.8%) were found as the most dominant species (necropsy). During coproscopic examination cestode (89%) infections showed a relatively higher prevalence than nematodes (84.4%), although no difference was observed during that of necropsy examination results. Chickens of local breed from backyard production system had shown more likelihood of getting helminth infection when compared with their corresponding relatives (coproscopy). However, the variation was not statistically significant during that of necropsy finding. Therefore, the higher prevalence of parasitism and mixed infection observed in the study area would warrant for an urgent intervention with regular deworming scheme, and strict attention should be given towards hygienic measures and other health related management activities.
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Preston, Sarah Jane Margaret, Mark Sandeman, Jorge Gonzalez, and David Piedrafita. "Current Status for Gastrointestinal Nematode Diagnosis in Small Ruminants: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?" Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/210350.
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Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites pose a significant economic burden particularly in small ruminant production systems. Anthelmintic resistance is a serious concern to the effective control of GIN parasites and has fuelled the focus to design and promote sustainable control of practices of parasite control. Many facets of sustainable GIN parasite control programs rely on the ability to diagnose infection both qualitatively and quantitatively. Diagnostics are required to determine anthelmintic efficacies, for targeted treatment programs and selection of animals for parasite resistant breeding. This review describes much of the research investigated to date to improve the current diagnostic for the above practices which is based on counting the number of parasite eggs in faeces.
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Chali, Adamu R., and Fedhiko T. Hunde. "Study on Prevalence of Major Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep in Wayu Tuka and Diga District, Oromia Regional State." Veterinary Medicine – Open Journal 6, no. 1 (September 4, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/vmoj-6-154.
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Aim This study was devised to be conducted to determine the prevalence and identify the major gastrointestinal nematode parasites based on fecal examination. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and associated factors with ovine gastrointestinal nematode infestation by fecal examination of 384 sheep from Wayu Tuka and Diga district, Eastern Oromia regional state. Results Out of the total 384 sampled sheep, 169 (44.0%) had been infected with gastrointestinal nematode parasite. Haemonchus species were the most frequently (20.8%) recovered nematode eggs followed by Trichostrongylus (13.0%) and Nematodirus (10.2%). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in prevalence between age groups and sex. Sheep with poor body condition had a significantly higher prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasite (p<0.05) than those sheep in moderate or good body condition. There was no significant association between the gastrointestinal nematode infection in animals of different ages and sex groups. Conclusion The study shows that the gastrointestinal nematode parasite was a major important health problem and impact on the production of sheep in the study area. Therefore, a detailed study should be conducted to identify the parasite at the species level and special consideration should be taken on the management of sheep in poor body condition to reduce the burden of gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Shiroma Tamashiro, Patricia Luciana. "Characteristics of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite infections in owned dogs. Lima-Peru." Ciencia Veterinaria 22, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/cienvet202022205.
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Urban growth in Peru is accompanied by an increase in dog ownership. Which constitutes a potential risk in the transmission of zoonotic diseases. The objective of the research was to describe the characteristics of the zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite infections in dogs with an owner. For this, 296 stool samples from patients treated in veterinary clinics located in the districts of South Central (Miraflores, Chorrillos) and South (San Juan de Miraflores) Lima were analyzed. Of which 288 were positive for gastrointestinal zoonotic parasites during the period 2015 - 2018. Likewise, the direct examination and the flotation concentration test were carried out to identify zoonotic parasites. Regarding the results, infection caused by Giardia spp (66,3%) was the most frequent, followed by Toxocara canis (18,8%), Ancylostoma caninum (3,5%) and Dypilidium caninum (2,4 %). Likewise, a higher frequency of parasites was observed in the diarrheal feces of male dogs (52,8%) of small breeds (43,8%). Mixed-breed dogs (12,2%), English Bulldog (10%) and Labrador retriever (9,7%) were the most frequently infected. It is concluded that 97,3% of the owned dogs were infected with zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites, which constitutes a problem for public health.
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Gontero, Chiara, Angela Fanelli, Stefania Zanet, Pier Giuseppe Meneguz, and Paolo Tizzani. "Exotic Species and Autochthonous Parasites: Trichostrongylus Retortaeformis in Eastern Cottontail." Life 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10040031.
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Introduction: A parasite community is usually well adapted and specific to the host species they co-evolved with. Although exotic pathogens infecting autochthonous species have been documented, the infection of an alien species with native parasites is rare in lagomorphs. Trichostrongylus retortaeformis is a nematode parasite infecting the small intestine of domestic and wild lagomorphs in Europe. Methods: Thirty-two Eastern cottontails from a naturalized population in Italy were processed to describe the gastrointestinal parasite community. Results and discussions: T. retortaeformis is reported for the first time in the Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus introduced to Europe. The Eastern cottontail is an invasive lagomorph, living in sympatry with the autochthonous European brown hare in certain areas of Italy. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of parasite communities of native and alien lagomorph species in sympatric areas.
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Fraser, A., and P. S. Craig. "Detection of gastrointestinal helminth infections using coproantigen and molecular diagnostic approaches." Journal of Helminthology 71, no. 2 (June 1997): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00015753.
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Intestinal helminth parasites are responsible for a significant amount of pathology in both humans and farmed animals, resulting in a reduction in the quality of life, and occasionally lethal infection as well as causing decreases in livestock productivity. The importance of these parasites globally has resulted in efforts to understand the mechanisms of the host–parasite interaction epidemiology, and to develop methods for diagnosis and control.
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Kapczuk, Patrycja, Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Patrycja Kupnicka, Emilia Metryka, Donata Simińska, Karolina Rogulska, Marta Skórka-Majewicz, Izabela Gutowska, Dariusz Chlubek, and Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka. "The Influence of Selected Gastrointestinal Parasites on Apoptosis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050674.
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Studies on the parasite–host interaction may provide valuable information concerning the modulation of molecular mechanisms as well as of the host immune system during infection. To date, it has been demonstrated that intestinal parasites may affect, among others, the processes of digestion in the gastrointestinal system of the host, thus limiting the elimination of the parasite, the immune response as well as inflammation. However, the most recent studies suggest that intestinal parasites may also affect modulation of the apoptosis pathway of the host. The present paper presents the latest scientific information on the influence of intestinal parasite species (Blastocystis sp., Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium sp., Trichuris sp., Entamoeba histolytica, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus) on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. This paper stresses that the interdependency between the intestinal parasite and the host results from the direct effect of the parasite and the host’s defense reactions, which lead to modulation of the apoptosis pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic). Moreover, the present paper presents the role of proteins involved in the mechanisms of apoptosis as well as the physiological role of apoptosis in the host’s intestinal epithelial cells.
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Sriasih, Made, Oscar Yanuarianto, Dahlanuddin Dahlanuddin, and William Ernest Pomroy. "GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTION ON BALI CATTLE RAISED IN SEMI-INTENSIVE FARMING SYSTEM IN DOMPU, SUMBAWA ISLAND: A PRELIMINARY STUDY." International Journal of Biosciences and Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ijbb.2018.v06.i01.p01.
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To date, there are very few studies have been carried out on the effect of parasite infection on Bali cattle, and more importantly, there is no published data on the epidemiology of worm infections on Bali cattle in the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. This research aimed to undertake a preliminary study on gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infection on Bali cattle raised under semi-intensive farming system in five different sites in district of Dompu, Sumbawa island. Fecal samples of 76 Bali cattle, from three farmer groups namely site number 1, 4 and 5, were collected, processed and examined under a microscope, with 100x magnification, for egg fecal counting or oocyst fecal counting using the modified McMaster technique. The number of eggs/oocysts observed was then determined and identified. The results show that the eggs/oocysts ranged from 50-14800. The types of GI parasites identified were Strongyloides sp, Strongyle sp, Toxocara sp, Trichuris sp, and Coccidia. Coccidia oocyst is a type of parasite which was found with the highest percentage of 23.68% followed by Strongyle sp. (18.42%) and Toxocara sp. (10.52%). The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infection in cattle accounted for 43.42%. Young calves (0-3 months old) was more susceptible to GI parasitic infection among other age groups. This preliminary data could be used as a basic data on gastrointestinal parasitic infection in Dompu district. These results may also indicate the need to develop control strategies aiming at lowering the gastrointestinal parasitism.
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Hofmeester, Tim R., Esther J. Bügel, Bob Hendrikx, Miriam Maas, Frits F. J. Franssen, Hein Sprong, and Kevin D. Matson. "Parasite Load and Site-Specific Parasite Pressure as Determinants of Immune Indices in Two Sympatric Rodent Species." Animals 9, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121015.
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Wildlife is exposed to parasites from the environment. This parasite pressure, which differs among areas, likely shapes the immunological strategies of animals. Individuals differ in the number of parasites they encounter and host, and this parasite load also influences the immune system. The relative impact of parasite pressure vs. parasite load on different host species, particularly those implicated as important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, is poorly understood. We captured bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) at four sites in the Netherlands. We sampled sub-adult males to quantify their immune function, infestation load for ecto- and gastrointestinal parasites, and infection status for vector-borne microparasites. We then used regression trees to test if variation in immune indices could be explained by among-site differences (parasite pressure), among-individual differences in infestation intensity and infection status (parasite load), or other intrinsic factors. Regression trees revealed splits among sites for haptoglobin, hemagglutination, and body-mass corrected spleen size. We also found splits based on infection/infestation for haptoglobin, hemolysis, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. Furthermore, we found a split between species for hemolysis and splits based on body mass for haptoglobin, hemagglutination, hematocrit, and body-mass corrected spleen size. Our results suggest that both parasite pressure and parasite load influence the immune system of wild rodents. Additional studies linking disease ecology and ecological immunology are needed to understand better the complexities of host–parasite interactions and how these interactions shape zoonotic disease risk.
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Ögren, Jessica, Olaf Dienus, Jessica Beser, Anna J. Henningsson, and Andreas Matussek. "Protozoan infections are under-recognized in Swedish patients with gastrointestinal symptoms." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39, no. 11 (July 7, 2020): 2153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03974-w.
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Abstract In acute gastroenteritis (GE), identification of the infectious agent is important for patient management and surveillance. The prevalence of GE caused by protozoa may be underestimated in Swedish patients. The purpose was to compare the prevalence of E. histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., G. intestinalis, and C. cayetanensis in samples from patients where the clinician had requested testing for gastrointestinal parasites only (n = 758) to where testing for bacterial GE only (n = 803) or where both parasite and bacterial testing (n = 1259) was requested and a healthy control group (n = 197). This prospective cohort study was conducted in Region Jönköping County, Sweden (October 2018–March 2019). Fecal samples were analyzed with microscopy and real-time PCR. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 16 patients in the bacterial GE group and in 13 in the both bacterial and parasite group; no cases were detected in the group were only parasite infection was suspected. C. cayetanensis was detected in two patients in the bacterial GE group. One case of E. histolytica was detected in the bacterial group and one in the both bacterial and parasite group. G. intestinalis was detected in 14 patients in the parasite only group, 12 in the both parasite and bacterial group, three in the bacterial GE group, and one in the control group. Diarrhea caused by protozoa, especially Cryptosporidium was under–recognized by clinicians and is likely more common than hitherto estimated in Sweden. A more symptom-based diagnostic algorithm may increase detection and knowledge about protozoan infections.
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Hallinger, Malek J., Anja Taubert, and Carlos Hermosilla. "Endoparasites infecting exotic captive amphibian pet and zoo animals (Anura, Caudata) in Germany." Parasitology Research 119, no. 11 (September 22, 2020): 3659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-020-06876-0.
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Abstract Alongside exotic reptiles, amphibians, such as toads, frogs, salamanders, and newts, are nowadays considered popular pets worldwide. As reported for other exotic pet animals, amphibians are known to harbor numerous gastrointestinal parasites. Nonetheless, very little data are available on captive amphibian parasitic diseases. In this study, we applied direct saline fecal smears (DSFS) to examine in total 161 stool samples from 41 different amphibian species belonging to the orders Anura and Caudata. In addition, carbolfuchsin-smear (CFS) staining (n = 74 samples) was used to detect amphibian Cryptosporidium oocysts. Also, complete dissections of deceased amphibians (n = 107) were performed to specify parasite infections and to address parasite-associated pathogenicity. Overall, examined amphibian fecal samples contained 12 different parasite taxa. The order Rhabditida with the species Rhabdias spp. and Strongyloides spp. were the most prevalent nematode species (19.3%), followed by flagellated protozoans (8.7%), Amphibiocapillaria spp./Neocapillaria spp. (7.5%), Oswaldocruzia spp. (4.3%), Blastocystis spp. (3.1%), Cosmocerca spp. (3.1%), oxyurids (Pharyngonoidae) (3.1%), spirurids (1.2%), un-sporulated coccidian oocysts (0.6%), Tritrichomonas spp. (0.6%), Karotomorpha spp. (0.6%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (0.6%). One CFS-stained fecal sample (1.4%) was positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Within dissected amphibians, 31 (48.4%) of the anurans and 11 (26.2%) of the salamanders were infected with gastrointestinal parasites. One cutaneous Pseudocapillaroides xenopi infection was diagnosed in an adult African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Etiologically, 17 (15.9%) of them died due to severe parasitic and/or bacterial infections (e.g., Chryseobacterium indologenes, Citrobacter freudii, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Klebsiella pneumoniae). High prevalence and pathological findings of several clinical amphibian parasitoses call for more detailed investigation on gastrointestinal parasite-derived molecular mechanisms associated with detrimental lesions or even death.
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Bishop, S. C., and M. J. Stear. "Genetic control of host resistance to ruminant gastrointestinal parasites." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008899.
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On a global scale, ruminant diseases caused by gastrointestinal parasite infection are the diseases with the greatest impact upon animal health and productivity (Perry et al., 2002). The problems associated with anthelmintic resistance amongst nematode parasites are well known, and considerable effort is now being made to devise alternative and complementary control strategies. Selection of animals with enhanced resistance is one such control strategy. This paper considers the genetic control of host resistance to gastrointestinal parasites and the selection of host animals with genetically enhanced resistance.
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Koinari, M., S. Karl, U. Ryan, and A. J. Lymbery. "Infection levels of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Helminthology 87, no. 4 (October 11, 2012): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000594.
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AbstractGastrointestinal parasites of livestock cause diseases of important socio-economic concern worldwide. The present study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in lowland and highland regions of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Faecal samples were collected from a total of 165 small ruminants (110 sheep and 55 goats) from February to April 2011. Analysis by a modified McMaster technique revealed that 128 animals (72% of sheep and 89% of goats) were infected with one or more species of gastrointestinal parasites. The gastrointestinal parasites found and their prevalences in sheep (S) and in goats (G) were as follows: strongyle 67.3% (S), 85.5% (G); Eimeria 17.3% (S), 16.4% (G); Strongyloides, 8.2% (S), 23.6% (G); Fasciola, 5.5% (S), 18.2% (G); Trichuris, 1.8% (S), 3.6% (G); and Nematodirus, 1.8% (S), 3.6% (G). Two additional genera were found in goats: Moniezia (9.1%) and Dictocaulus (3.6%). This is the first study to quantitatively examine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats in PNG. The high rates of parasitism observed in the present study are likely to be associated with poor farming management practices, including lack of pasture recovery time, lack of parasite control measures and poor-quality feed.
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Suwanti, Lucia Tri. "IDENTIFICATION AND PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN BEEF CATTLE IN SIAK SRI INDRAPURA, RIAU, INDONESIA." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 7, no. 6 (October 9, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v7i6.10392.
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Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites infection are one of the major constraints cattle farm in tropical countries including Indonesia and some of GI parasites in cattle have the potential to transmit to humans. This study was aimed to identify and determine the level of prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in beef cattle in Siak Sri Indrapura District, Riau Province, Indonesia. This research was conducted on 100 beef cattle consisted of, respectively, 32, 34 and 34 cattles from Bungaraya, Sabak Auh, and Dayun sub-district. The characteristic of sample such as age and sex cattle, cage management, feed and drinking water were recorded. Native, sedimentation and sucrose flotation methods were used to find protozoa and eggs worm. We assessed GI parasites based on finding eggs worm, protozoan cyst and coccidial oocysts in stool samples and identification of GI parasite was based on the morphology and size of the eggs worm and cysts or oocysts of protozoan. The result showed that all of 100 feces samples that examined 100% positive infection for parasites. There were eleven types of gastrointestinal parasites that have been identified, 6 genera of protozoan and 5 genera of worms. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in beef cattles in Siak Sri Indrapura District were Blastocystis sp. (100%), Entamoeba sp. (90%), Eimeria sp. (53%), Giardia sp. (7%), Balantidium coli (4%), Cryptosporidium sp. (2%) Oesophagustomum sp. (45%), Toxocara vitulorum (20%), Moniezia expansa (9%), Trichuris sp. (5%), and Fasciola sp. (4%). In conclusion, Siak Sri Indrapura Riau is an endemic GI parasite and this can threaten the health of livestock and potentially as a zoonotic transmission.
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Galdón, M., V. Roca, D. Barbosa, and M. Carretero. "Intestinal helminth communities of Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis carbonelli (Sauria: Lacertidae) in NW Portugal." Helminthologia 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-006-0008-y.
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AbstractA survey of gastrointestinal helminth communities of Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis carbonelli (Sauria: Lacertidae) from NW Portugal was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and diversity of intestinal parasites in these lizards. A few parasite species were found in both hosts, their prevalences, mean intensities and abundances of infection being low or very low. Low values of richness and abundance of parasite species were also found in the helminth infracommunities of individuals of both host species. These low values of parameters of infection and diversity are discussed and compared between both host species and among other Iberian lacertid lizards.
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Bickle, Quentin D., Julie Solum, and Helena Helmby. "Chronic Intestinal Nematode Infection Exacerbates Experimental Schistosoma mansoni Infection." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 12 (September 29, 2008): 5802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00827-08.
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ABSTRACT Mixed-parasite infections are common in many parts of the world, but little is known of the effects of concomitant parasite infections on the immune response or on disease progression. We have investigated the in vivo effects of a chronic gastrointestinal nematode infection on the infectivity and development of the immune response against the common trematode helminth Schistosoma mansoni. The data show that mice carrying an established chronic Trichuris muris infection and coinfected with S. mansoni, had significantly higher S. mansoni worm burdens than mice without coinfection. The increase in S. mansoni worm burden was accompanied by a higher egg burden in the liver. Kinetic analysis of S. mansoni establishment indicate reduced trapping of S. mansoni larvae during skin-to-lung migration, with T. muris-induced alterations in lung cytokine expression and inflammatory foci surrounding lung-stage schistosomula, suggesting that the immunomodulatory effects of chronic T. muris infection elicited at the gut mucosal surface extend to other organs and perhaps specifically to other mucosal surfaces. The data show that a preexisting chronic gastrointestinal nematode infection facilitates the survival and migration of S. mansoni schistosomula to the portal system, and as a result, increases the egg burden and associated pathology of S. mansoni infection.
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Stear, M. J., D. Singleton, and L. Matthews. "An evolutionary perspective on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep." Journal of Helminthology 85, no. 2 (April 19, 2011): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x11000058.
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AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to discuss from an evolutionary perspective the interaction between domestic sheep (Ovis aries)and their gastrointestinal nematodes. Although evolution is the central theme of biology, there has been little attempt to consider how evolutionary forces have shaped and continue to shape the relationships between domestic animals and their parasite community. Mathematical modelling of the host–parasite relationship indicated that the system is remarkably robust to perturbations in its parameters. This robustness may be a consequence of the long coevolution of host and parasites. Although nematodes can potentially evolve faster than the host, coevolution is not dominated by the parasite and there are several examples where breeds of cattle or sheep have evolved high levels of resistance to disease. Coevolution is a more equal partnership between host and nematode than is commonly assumed. Coevolution between parasites and the host immune system is often described as an arms race where both host immune response genes and parasite proteins evolve rapidly in response to each other. However, initial results indicate that nematode antigens are not evolving rapidly; the arms race between the immune system and nematodes, if it exists, is happening very slowly. Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection states that genes with positive effects on fitness will be fixed by natural selection. Consequently, heritable variation in fitness traits is expected to be low. Contrary to this argument, there is considerable genetic variation in resistance to nematode infection. In particular, the heritabilities of nematode-specific IgA and IgE activity are moderate to high. The reasons for this apparent violation of the fundamental theorem of natural selection are not clear but several possible explanations are explored. Faecal nematode egg counts increase at the beginning of the grazing season – a phenomenon known as the periparturient rise. This increase benefits host and parasite and appears to be a consequence of coevolution. In conclusion, an evolutionary perspective can shed light on many aspects of the host–parasite relationship in domestic animals.
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Ostera, G., J. Blum, C. Cornejo, S. Burgula, R. Jeun, P. E. Bryan, and R. Mejia. "Strongyloidiasis in Latin American immigrants: a pilot study." Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 2 (April 28, 2016): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000213.
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AbstractThe United States of America (USA) has the largest international population of any nation in the world. Immigrants from Latin American countries, where intestinal parasites are endemic, comprise more than half of this population. This study aims to determine the prevalence of strongyloidiasis, a potentially deadly parasitic infection, in foreign-born individuals. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Washington, DC, to determine the seroprevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection using an NIE-ELISA IgG antibody assay. Multi-parallel quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed in stool samples of NIE-ELISA-positive patients to investigate possible polyparasitism. The NIE-ELISA assay detected an S. stercoralis prevalence of 4.2% in a group of 119 volunteers. Combining NIE-ELISA and qPCR detected a parasite prevalence of 5.0%. Our results underscore the relevance of systematic testing for gastrointestinal parasites in individuals from endemic regions. It also makes a case for a survey in the USA to identify immigrants' risk for strongyloidiasis and other gastrointestinal parasitic infections.
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LECLAIRE, SARAH, and CHARLES T. FAULKNER. "Gastrointestinal parasites in relation to host traits and group factors in wild meerkatsSuricata suricatta." Parasitology 141, no. 7 (February 20, 2014): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002333.
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SUMMARYMeerkats are one of the most endearing of South African's wildlife celebrities and one of the most highly studied social mammals. However, although parasites are widely recognized as important regulatory factors in animal population, basic knowledge on meerkats’ parasites is lacking. Here 100 fresh fecal samples of wild meerkats were examined for the presence of endoparasitic infection. Endoparasitic taxa identified by the presence of eggs or oocysts includedToxocara suricattae,Oxynema suricattae,Pseudandrya suricattae,Cystoisosporasp. andEimeriasp. Non-specific diagnoses were made for parasites in the Order Strongylida, Order Spirurida and coccidian based on the morphology and size of the eggs and oocysts. The prevalence of infection withT. suricattaeand the strongylate species increased with age, while prevalence of coccidia and intensity of infection by the strongylate species increased with decreasing group size, suggesting that stress associated with living in smaller group may increase susceptibility to parasitism. Moreover, parasite communities were more similar between individuals from the same group than between individuals from different groups, suggesting an important role of the environment in parasite infestation. We did not detect any differences between males and females. This study represents the first detailed report of gastrointestinal parasites in wild meerkats, and is a key starting point for future studies on the effect of endoparasite load in the life history of this species.
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Mohammad, Marwa J., and Aysir S. M. Al-Samarrai. "Epidemiological Study of Internal Parasites in the Usual Carp Fish Cypinus Carpio." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 02 (June 25, 2022): 692–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.12.2.40.
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Samples of 90 Carp fish (cyprinid fish) were collected from the basins for several areas (Isaac, al-Sa’i, Castle, Heat, Talker) between January and February 2021 to show that they were infected with gastrointestinal parasites and using direct examination with crystal violet dye. The results of a direct examination with crystal violet showed a variation in the types of parasites detected, with the highest rate of Rhabdochonakazirensisk parasites at 20%, Neoechinorhynchus at 16.5%, Cryptosporidium parasites at 10%, and Cucullanellus minutes at 6.5%. Monthly changes in the incidence of fish with various parasites were also studied, with the highest incidence for December being cryptosporidium at 13.3%. While January recorded the highest incidence of Rhabdochonakazirensisk parasite by 50% in The Good Month of February, the highest rate of Neoechinorhynchus parasite was 33.3%. The study also recorded a different infection rate depending on the type of parasite and its relation to fish weight, with 100% infection rates with Neoechinorhynchus and Rhabdochonakazirensisk parasites in fish weights ranging from 710 to 800 g. In comparison, the highest 100% showed duck infection Cucullanellus minutes at fish weights between 110 and 200 g and the highest incidence of cryptosporidium was recorded at 100% at fish weights 40–100 g and 210–300 g.
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Capasso, Michele, Maria Paola Maurelli, Davide Ianniello, Leucio Camara Alves, Alessandra Amadesi, Piero Laricchiuta, Pasqualino Silvestre, Marco Campolo, Giuseppe Cringoli, and Laura Rinaldi. "Use of Mini-FLOTAC and Fill-FLOTAC for rapidly diagnosing parasitic infections in zoo mammals." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 1 (March 2019): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180087.
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Abstract Animals reared in restricted environments are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal infection by helminths and protozoa and therefore zoos are characterized as being parasite-rich environments. Successful implementation of control programs of these parasites in zoo environment depends upon precise and rapid diagnosing of gastrointestinal infections. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of the Mini-FLOTAC technique in combination with Fill-FLOTAC for rapidly diagnosing parasitic infections in zoo mammals. Fecal samples were collected from 70 animals in four different zoos located in central and southern Italy. All the samples were analyzed using Mini-FLOTAC in combination with Fill-FLOTAC. Out of the 70 pooled samples examined, 80% (24/30) were positive for at least one parasite. Among the gastrointestinal nematodes, Strongyles were the most frequent (40%), followed by Trichuris spp. (23.3%), Parascaris spp. (13.3%) and Capillaria spp. (3.3%). Among the protozoa, Blastocystis spp., Giardia spp. and Eimeria spp. were detected in 6.6%, 3.3% and 3.3%, respectively. These results show that Mini-FLOTAC in combination with Fill-FLOTAC can be used, not only for rapidly diagnosing parasitic infections in zoo mammals, but also for monitoring control programs in which large numbers of fecal samples need to be examined rapidly and reliably.
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Webley, L. S., I. Beveridge, and G. Coulson. "Endoparasites of an insular subspecies of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 6 (2004): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04011.
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This study examined parasites occurring in the insular subspecies of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus, from Kangaroo Island. A total of 25 kangaroos from three sites were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. Fifteen parasite species were identified: eight in the stomach, five in the small intestine and two in the large intestine. Parasite prevalence showed a bimodal distribution: 'satellite' species were predominantly cestodes, whereas 'core' species were nematodes. There was no evidence of co-speciation in the 12 parasite species occurring in both island and mainland western grey kangaroo subspecies. M. f. fuliginosus harboured fewer parasite species than M. f. melanops from the Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia. This might be related to parasite prevalence and the intensity of infection in the original population of kangaroos. Alternatively, it might be related to differing environmental conditions or to chance. Host switching was evident, with Cloacina kartana, which has been recorded as a common parasite of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, also occurring in some kangaroos.
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Mathewos, Mesfin, Dereje Teshome, and Haben Fesseha. "Study on Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Equines in and around Bekoji, South Eastern Ethiopia." Journal of Parasitology Research 2022 (May 30, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8210160.
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Parasitic infections can cause a variety of respiratory, intestinal, and other problems in horses, as well as contribute to some performance issues. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in and around Bekoji, South Eastern Ethiopia, from November 2020 to June 2021 to identify species and evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys and horses, using direct fecal smear, floatation methods, and larval cultures. In this study, the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites was 94.5% (363 out of 384), with donkeys accounting for 95.8% and horses accounting for 90.5%. The coprological study indicated that an overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites was 87%, 8.3%, 2.5%, 1.4%, and 0.8% for mixed parasite infection, nonmigratory strongylids, migratory strongylids, Parascaris equorum, and Oxyuris equi, respectively. Among mixed infections, nonmigratory strongylids+migratory strongylids (51.5%) occurred most frequently. The odds of male horses being infected by GIT nematodes were 1.59 times higher than male donkeys. Horses which have poor body condition were 2.94 times more infected than donkeys. The odds of old-aged donkeys were 3.11 times more infected than horses. A statistically significant difference ( p < 0.05 ) was observed in the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes with species and body conditions of the animals. However, no statistically significant difference ( p > 0.05 ) was seen in the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites between the sex and age of the Equidae. The mean fecal egg count of nematodes revealed that horses ( 1364.4 ± 483.5 ) had a more severe infection than donkeys with a statistically significant difference ( p < 0.05 ). The current study determined there was a high prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in Equidae. Regular deworming, improved housing and nutrition management systems, increased animal owner awareness, and prevention techniques should all be undertaken to minimize the disease’s economic burden in the area.
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Praptanto, Egga Johar, Bambang Purnomo Sunardi, Budiarto Budiarto, and Agus Wijaya. "Gastrointestinal Parasite Infection on Stray Cat and Pet Cat at Blitar Regency, East Java Province." Journal of Parasite Science 5, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jops.v5i1.29958.
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The purpose of this study was to find out the parasite species and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite on stray cat and pet cat at Blitar. In an amount of 90 cats feces were collected from two different types of sample, those are stray cat and pet- cat from three sub-districts located at Blitar Regency. Cats feces were analyzed with native, sedimentation and float techniques. The result showed that prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite infection on cat at Blitar was amounted to 71% at stray cat and 40% at pet cat. The parasite that was found in this research are Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma sp. and Isospora sp.
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Bada, A. A., S. O. Adewole, L. K. Olofintoye, and T. C. Omotoriogun. "Gastrointestinal parasitic infections of ruminants in extensive management system in Southwest, Nigeria." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2021.262.
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Parasitic diseases are major impediments and causes of mortality and morbidity in animals leading to drastic decrease in economic returns in livestock production. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among free–ranging ruminant species; with the objectives to determine difference in parasitic infection among ruminant species, and difference in parasitic infection between the sexes and age of the ruminant species. Random sampling method was used to collect small quantity of feaces from individual ruminants (n=54). Direct smear method was used to identify the eggs of the helminths in ruminant species. Chi-square test was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Higher prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite was found in Capra hircus relative to Ovis aries and Bos taurus. Both nematodes (Trichostrongylu ssp, Haemonchus contortus, Strongloides papillous, Sygamus larygenes and Ascaris sp; and trematodes (Fasciola gigantica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were found in the ruminant in this study. Trichostrongylu ssp and Fasciola gigantica showed higher prevalence than other gastrointestinal parasites. Young and female had higher infection of helminths than adult and male of the studied ruminant species. Preventing economic loss due to helminthic parasitic infections rely on available data, which in turn is paramount to guide effective coordination of animal health care system.
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Yan, Xiaofei, Mingjun Liu, Sangang He, Ting Tong, Yiyong Liu, Keqi Ding, Haifeng Deng, and Peiming Wang. "An epidemiological study of gastrointestinal nematode and Eimeria coccidia infections in different populations of Kazakh sheep." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0251307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251307.
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This is an epidemiological study on the gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) and Eimeria coccidia infections in Kazakh sheep and the F1 and F2 generations of Kazakh × Texel sheep crosses. A total of 7599 sheep fecal samples were collected from the Zhaosu County and Nilka County in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the four seasons-spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2019. The parasite causing the infection was identified by the saturated saline floating method, and the infection intensity was calculated by the modified McMaster method. SPSS19.0 was used to evaluate the differences in the fecal egg count (FEC) of for GIN and the fecal oocyst count (FOC) value of for coccidia per sample. The results showed that there were nine types of sheep GIN infections and Eimeria coccidia in these two counties of Ililocations, with the dominant parasite species of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., and Ostertagia spp as the predominant parasites in the sheep. Most of the GIN and coccidia infections in these two regions were mild and moderate. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection in the Zhaosu area was significantly higher than that in the Nilka area, whereas the mean log (FOC) of coccidia infection in Zhaosu was significantly lower than that of Nilka. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection in the four seasons was the highest in spring, followed by in summer, then in autumn, and the lowest in winter. The mean log (FOC) of coccidia infection was the highest in spring, followed by in autumn, and was the lowest in summer and winter. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection and log (FOC) of coccidia infection of Kazakh sheep was significantly higher than the F1 generation, which was then significantly higher than the F2 generation of summer. A positive correlation was found between the EPG and OPG levels in the sheep. These results showed that the GIN and coccidia infection intensities of the F1 generation sheep of Kazakh ×Texel crosses were significantly lower than that of Kazakh sheep paving the way for marker-based resistance selection.