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Journal articles on the topic 'Gastropoda – Physiology'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Ottaviani, Enzo, Anna Maria Bolognani Fantin, and Lorenzo Bolognani. "Muramic acid as a glycoconjugate component in Mollusca Gastropoda." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 96, no. 4 (January 1990): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(90)90205-8.

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2

Abdalla, Abdel-Monem, Mohamed El-Mogy, Nevin M. Farid, and Mohamed El-Sharabasy. "Two glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes purified from Bulinus truncatus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 143, no. 1 (January 2006): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.10.007.

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3

Adema, C. M., and E. S. Loker. "Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda, Mollusca): Responses to immune challenges, a genomics perspective." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 154, no. 1 (September 2009): S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.05.015.

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4

Kurokawa, Makoto, and Uiko Kayaba. "28. Two types of Aplysia juliana (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) from the Japanese seacoast." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 148, no. 3 (November 2007): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.07.066.

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5

Dallinger, Reinhard, Monika Chabicovsky, Elisabeth Hödl, Caroline Prem, Peter Hunziker, and Claudia Manzl. "Copper in Helix pomatia (Gastropoda) is regulated by one single cell type: differently responsive metal pools in rhogocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 4 (October 2005): R1185—R1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00052.2005.

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Like all other animal species, terrestrial pulmonate snails require Cu as an essential trace element. On the other hand, elevated amounts of Cu can exert toxic effects on snails. The homeostatic regulation of Cu must therefore be a pivotal goal of terrestrial pulmonates to survive. Upon administration of Cu, snails accumulate the metal nearly equally in most of their organs. Quantitative studies in connection with HPLC and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry reveal that a certain fraction of Cu in snails is bound to a Cu-metallothionein (Cu-MT) isoform that occurs in most organs at constant concentrations, irrespective of whether the animals had been exposed to physiological or elevated amounts of Cu. In situ hybridization demonstrates that at the cellular level, the Cu-binding MT isoform is exclusively expressed in the so-called pore cells (or rhogocytes), which can be found in all major snail organs. The number of pore cells with Cu-MT mRNA reaction products remains unaffected by Cu exposure. Rhogocytes also are major storage sites of Cu in a granular form, the metal quickly entering the snail tissues upon elevated exposure. The number of rhogocytes with granular Cu precipitations strongly increases upon Cu administration via food. Thus, whereas Cu-MT in the rhogocytes represents a stable pool of Cu that apparently serves physiological tasks, the granular Cu precipitations form a second, quickly inducible, and more easily available pool of the metal that serves Cu regulation by responding to superphysiological metal exposure.

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6

Tunholi-Alves, Vinícius Menezes, Victor Menezes Tunholi, Ludimila Santos Amaral, Juberlan da Silva Garcia, Mariana Gomes Lima, Renato Augusto DaMatta, and Jairo Pinheiro. "Alterations in the Mitochondrial Physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) After Experimental Infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae)." Acta Parasitologica 64, no. 4 (March 18, 2019): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-00039-7.

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7

Russo, Jacqueline, and Luc Madec. "Dual Strategy for Immune Defense in the Land SnailCornu aspersum(Gastropoda, Pulmonata)." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 84, no. 2 (March 2011): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/659123.

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8

SMITH, DAVID A. "Radular Kinetics During Grazing in Helisoma Trivolvis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)." Journal of Experimental Biology 136, no. 1 (May 1, 1988): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.136.1.89.

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Three models for radular feeding in gastropod molluscs have been proposed: (1) odontophoral licking, where the radula is fixed to, and is directed by, a dynamic cartilage; (2) rope-and-pulley rasping, where the radula is dynamic and slides over a static cartilage; and (3) moving-conveyor-belt rasping, which involves independent though concurrent movements both of the radula and of the underlying cartilage. The implications of these alternative mechanical processes with regard to machine efficiency and to feeding optimality are considered. During radular feeding, individual Helisoma trivolvis (Say) employ the model which affords optimality both of food excavation and of food transport. Results showedthat the radula of this species slides over the underlying cartilage while the cartilage independently accelerates across the substrate during each effective feeding stroke. Relative velocities (of the ribbon and of the odontophoral cartilage, VR: VO) ranged from 0.67:1 to 0.92:1 and these values were positively correlated with food availability.

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9

Carvajal, Nelson, Ruby González, and Eduardo Kessi. "Aspartate activation of pyruvate kinase from the kidney of Concholepas concholepas (gastropoda: muricidae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 95, no. 1 (January 1990): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(90)90252-o.

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10

Leibel, Wayne S., Simone A. Oppenheimer, and Bernard Fried. "Esterases in natural populations of normal and Echinostoma revolutum-infected Helisoma trivolvis (gastropoda)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 94, no. 4 (January 1989): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(89)90160-0.

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11

Perez, Ma Jose Amor, Ma José Amor Perez, Montserrat Ramón, and Mercè Durfort. "Ultrastructural study of the pallial reproductive tract of the protandric neogastropod Coralliophila meyendorffii (Gastropoda: Muricidae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (June 2009): S112—S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.166.

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12

Diaz, Fernando, Alfredo Salas, Ana Denisse Re, Marco Gonzalez, and Izbelt Reyes. "Thermal preference and tolerance of Megastrea (Lithopoma) undosa (Wood, 1828; Gastropoda: Turbinidae)." Journal of Thermal Biology 36, no. 1 (January 2011): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.10.004.

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13

Spray, Frances J., and Willard O. Granath. "Comparison of haemolymph proteins from Schistosoma mansoni (trematoda)-susceptible and resistant Biomphalaria glabrata (gastropoda)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 91, no. 4 (January 1988): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(88)90182-4.

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14

Gorbushin, A. M., I. A. Levakin, N. A. Panchina, and Y. V. Panchin. "Hydrobia ulvae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia): a new model for regeneration studies." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.2.283.

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Within 2 weeks of decapitation, Hydrobia ulvae was able to regenerate new head structures including buccal ganglia. It was also capable of regenerating propodial ganglia after anterior foot amputation. The functional regeneration of the buccal ganglia was demonstrated by behavioural observations and by electrophysiological experiments. The presence of the oesophagus was shown to be important for regeneration of the buccal complex. H. ulvae provides a new model for regeneration studies, so details of the topographic anatomy and biology of this species are described. To standardize experimental animals in future studies, the effects of age, sex and trematode infestation on the regeneration capacity of H. ulvae have been evaluated. The high capacity for regeneration together with the possibility of using electrophysiological techniques makes H. ulvae a favourable model in which to study neurogenesis in adult animals.

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15

Welborn, J., and D. Manahan. "Taurine metabolism in larvae of marine invertebrate molluscs (Bilvalvia, Gastropoda)." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 8 (January 1, 1995): 1791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.8.1791.

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Nonfeeding larvae of the gastropod Haliotis rufescens maintained a constant amount of taurine during embryonic and larval development and, since no de novo synthesis of taurine was observed in these larvae, the maternal endowment of taurine to the egg was sufficient for larval development to metamorphosis. In contrast, feeding larvae of the bivalve Crassostrea gigas increased their taurine content by a factor of 43 during growth to metamorphosis (from 86 to 311 µm, valve length). Taurine was not present in algae used to feed the larvae, suggesting that de novo synthesis of taurine by the larvae met their requirements. In unfed larvae, cysteic acid, cysteine sulfinic acid and hypotaurine were labeled from a [35S]cysteine precursor, but taurine was not. Hyperosmotic treatment (from 33 to 44 salinity for up to 3 h) did not induce taurine synthesis in unfed larvae. However, larvae fed the alga Isochrysis galbana up-regulated their taurine synthesis from [35S]cysteine by a factor of 11 (fed, 11.7±2.2 fmol taurine larva-1 h-1; unfed controls, 1.08±0.33 fmol taurine larva-1 h-1; means ± s.e.m.). Fed larvae also synthesized taurine from [35S]methionine (18.4 fmol larva-1 h-1). I. galbana contained 5 fmol cell-1 of cysteine and methionine (combined) and, based on known feeding rates, we calculated that there were sufficient taurine precursors in the algae to supply the taurine requirements of growing larvae. The lack of significant de novo taurine synthesis reported for adult bivalve molluscs has led to the conclusion that taurine is a dietary requirement. Our findings for larval forms differ in that there is significant de novo synthesis of taurine during development.

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16

Marshall, David J., Ryan Peter, and Steven L. Chown. "Regulated bradycardia in the pulmonate limpet Siphonaria (Gastropoda: Mollusca) during pollutant exposure: implication for biomarker studies." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 139, no. 3 (November 2004): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.09.014.

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17

Newes, MS, and GB Bourne. "Intertidal adaptations and the constraints on the development of the egg capsules of Nucella spp. (Gastropoda: Muricidae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 124 (August 1999): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(99)90398-7.

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18

Wollerman, Lori, Maria Duva, and M. Drew Ferrier. "Responses ofLittoraria irroratasay (Mollusca: Gastropoda) to water-borne chemicals: A comparison of chemical sources and orientation mechanisms." Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 36, no. 3 (September 2003): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236240310001603756.

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19

Nóblega, H. G., F. Rigon, C. Stenert, M. C. Faccioni-Heuser, and M. Achaval. "Permeability of the haemolymph–neural interface in the terrestrial snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): An ultrastructural approach." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 144, no. 1 (May 2006): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.020.

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20

Dennis, A. B., S. H. Loomis, and M. E. Hellberg. "Latitudinal Variation of Freeze Tolerance in Intertidal Marine Snails of the Genus Melampus (Gastropoda: Ellobiidae)." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 87, no. 4 (July 2014): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/676138.

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21

Spray, Frances J., and Willard O. Granath. "Structural analysis of hemolymph proteins from Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda)-susceptible and resistant Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 94, no. 3 (January 1989): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(89)90194-6.

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22

Park, Yoko Y., Bernard Fried, and Joseph Sherma. "Densitometric thin-layer chromatographic studies on neutral lipids-in two strains of Helisoma trivolvis (gastropoda)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 100, no. 1 (January 1991): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(91)90094-t.

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23

Barros, Rosa M. F., Maria A. Cruz-Höfling, and Maria S. A. Matsuura. "Functional and dissociation properties and structural organization of the hemocyanin of Ampullaria canaliculata (gastropoda, mollusca)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 105, no. 3-4 (July 1993): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(93)90112-i.

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24

Carvajal, Nelson, Edgardo Vega, Alejandro Erices, Daniel Bustos, and Claudio Torres. "Lactate dehydrogenase, alanopine dehydrogenase and octopine dehydrogenase from the heart of Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda: Muricidae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 108, no. 4 (August 1994): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(94)90108-2.

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25

Brazão, Sónia, Sofia Morais, Diana Boaventura, Pedro Ré, Luı́s Narciso, and Stephen J. Hawkins. "Spatial and temporal variation of the fatty acid composition of Patella spp. (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) soft bodies and gonads." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 136, no. 3 (November 2003): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00243-4.

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26

Russo, Jacqueline, and Luc Madec. "Linking Immune Patterns and Life History Shows Two Distinct Defense Strategies in Land Snails (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86, no. 2 (March 2013): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/669482.

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27

Fried, Bernard, Eric S. Holender, Prabhakara H. Shetty, and Joseph Sherma. "Effects of Echinostoma trivolvis (Trematoda) infection on neutral lipids, sterols, and carotenoids in Helisoma trivolvis (Gastropoda)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 97, no. 3 (January 1990): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(90)90166-q.

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28

Horst, Claus, Wilhelm Becker, and Andreas Kemper. "Short-term alterations of the ketone body content in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: pulmonata)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 84, no. 4 (January 1986): 555–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(86)90122-7.

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29

Elliott, C. J. H., and A. J. Susswein. "Comparative neuroethology of feeding control in molluscs." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 877–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.7.877.

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SUMMARY Over the last 30 years, many laboratories have examined, in parallel, the feeding behaviour of gastropod molluscs and the properties of the nervous system that give rise to this behaviour. Equal attention to both behavioural and neurobiological issues has provided deep insight into the functioning of the nervous system in generating and controlling behaviour. The conclusions derived from studies on gastropod feeding are generally consistent with those from other systems, but often provide more detailed information on the behavioural function of a particular property of the nervous system. A review of the literature on gastropod feeding illustrates a number of important messages. (i) Many of the herbivorous gastropods display similarities in behaviour that are reflected in corresponding similarities in neural anatomy,pharmacology and physiology. By contrast, the same aspects of the behaviour of different carnivorous species are quite variable, possibly because of their specialised prey-capture techniques. Nonetheless, some aspects of the neural control of feeding are preserved. (ii) Feeding in all species is flexible,with the behaviour and the physiology adapting to changes in the current environment and internal state and as a result of past experience. Flexibility arises via processes that may take place at many neural sites, and much of the modulation underlying behavioural flexibility is understood at a systems and at a cellular level. (iii) Neurones seem to have specific functions that are consistent with their endogenous properties and their synaptic connections, suggesting that individual neurones code specific pieces of information (i.e. they are `grandmother cells'). However, the properties of a neurone can be extremely complex and can be understood only in the context of the complete neural circuit and the behaviour that it controls. In systems that are orders of magnitude more complex, it would be impossible to understand the functional properties of an individual neurone, even if it also coded specific information. (iv) Systems such as gastropod feeding may provide a model for understanding the functional properties of more complex systems.

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30

Lazaridou-Dimitriadou, Maria, and Marios E. Kattoulas. "Energy flux in a natural population of the land snail Eobania vermiculata (Müller) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) in Greece." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-133.

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Survivorship, production, mortality rate, consumption rate, assimilation, and growth and ecological efficiencies were studied in a natural population of the land snail Eobania vermiculata in Greece. Eobania vermiculata may take 5 years or more to reach maximum size (33 mm). Mortality rate and life expectancy decreased with age. Net reproductive rate was 3.4 and per capita rate of increase was 1.0. Energy flux in E. vermiculata was studied using Urtica dioica and Lactuca sativa as food. The highest daily consumption and assimilation rates (weight specific) were observed in newly hatched animals and the lowest in adults. Assimilation efficiency, mean monthly production, and gross growth and ecological or net growth efficiencies fluctuated with the season and the physiology of the snails. Snails fed U. dioica showed higher assimilation, gross growth, and net growth efficiencies than those fed L. sativa. Energy flow through the E. vermiculata population was 78.9 cal∙m−2∙year−1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J), mean assimilation efficiency was 52% if the snails were fed U. dioica only, and the ingestion rate was 19.5%. When E. vermiculata was fed U. dioica during its lifetime, 4.26% of the total assimilated energy was used for egg production, 10.2% for growth, and 87.8% for metabolic energy. Annual secondary production gave a mean adult density of 4.1 individuals/m2, a mean annual standing crop (biomass) of 6.8 g∙m−2, and an annual production of 13.9 ± 1.8 g∙m−2 or 2859.5 mg C∙m−2. The annual turnover ratio, or productivity rate constant, was 2.0.

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31

Faccioni-Heuser, M. C., D. M. Zancan, and M. Achaval. "Monoamines in the pedal plexus of the land snail Megalobulimus oblongus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 37, no. 7 (July 2004): 1043–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2004000700014.

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32

Pires, A., S. L. Coon, and M. G. Hadfield. "Catecholamines and dihydroxyphenylalanine in metamorphosing larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae Bergh (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 181, no. 3 (August 19, 1997): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050105.

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33

Fried, Bernard, Joseph Sherma, K. Sundar Rao, and R. G. Ackman. "Fatty acid composition of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: planorbidae) experimentally infected with the intramolluscan stages of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 104, no. 3 (March 1993): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(93)90287-f.

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34

Pinkina, T. V., and A. A. Pinkin. "Оцінка токсикорезистентності ставковика озерного (Mollusca: Gastropoda) до впливу йонів мангану (II) у водному середовищі." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_272.

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<p>Under the conditions of growing environmental pollution heavy metal ions took one of the first places among other pollutants. Nowadays annual anthropic entry of a great number of heavy metals into hydrosphere several times exceeded the entry from natural sources. The topicality of the research influence of the above pollutants on hydrobionts with the aim of introducing the research results to the ecological monitoring system is beyond doubt. <em>Lymnaea stagnalis</em> (Linné, 1758) a secondary-water lung pondmollusc, can be a suitable object for toxicological investigations. The fundamental ecotoxicological indices of <em>L</em><em>.</em><em> stagnalis</em> effected by various concentrations of Mn<sup>2+ </sup>water environment and the ranges of acute – and chronically lethal, trausferred and subthreshold toxicant concentrations as well as the decrease of toxicity of ions covered have been determined. The fundamental ecotoxicological indices of <em>L</em><em>.</em><em> stagnalis</em> effected by various concentrations of Mn<sup>2+</sup> water environment and the ranges of acute – and chronically lethaled, trausferred and subthreshold toxicant concentrations as well as the decrease of toxicity of manganese ions (ІІ) covered have been determined. The effect of Mn<sup>2+</sup> on dimensional and weight characteristics and the survival of adult and young mollusks has been studied. Reversibility of poisoning <em>L</em><em>.</em><em> stagnalis</em> by different Mn<sup>2+</sup> has been studied. Restoration of the broken functions is of a reversible nature. The linear indices varying considerably with toxicity have been distinguished. At first the aquatic balance in the bodies of mollusks is becoming positive along with the increase in the heavy metal concentrations in the environment, while under the toxicant concentration increase the balance gradually tends to be positive. The paper covers the effects of manganese ions on the pond snail behavioral reactions. The paper investigates the effects of Mn<sup>2+</sup> (acute lethal concentration – 100‒195 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>; chronically lethal – 35‒95 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>; trausferred – 0,3‒20 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>; subthreshold concentration – 1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>) on the peculiarities of <em>L</em><em>.</em><em> stagnalis</em> reproduction and development. There have been determinate sensitive ethological responses of <em>L</em><em>. </em><em>stagnalis</em> at their reproductive period in the polluted environment. The studies have been made into structural stability of mollusk syncapsule, the peculiarities of their texture and formation physiology as well as an incidence of evolution disturbances at different intoxication levels by manganese ions (ІІ). The research makes it possible to ecologically estimate the nature of the substance influence and the response of the affected organism.</p>

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35

Carvajal, Nelson, Eduardo Kessi, Claudio Torres, Oscar Marín, Viviana Torres, Alejandro Campos, and Claudia Posada. "Properties and possible role of malate dehydrogenase in the foot muscle of the sea mollusc Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda: Muricidae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 99, no. 1 (January 1991): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(91)90011-2.

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36

Ottaviani, Enzo, and Patrizia Tarugi. "Isolation and characterization of an agglutinin present in the haemolymph of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus (L.) (Gastropoda, pulmonata)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 84, no. 3 (January 1986): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(86)90079-9.

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37

Horst, Claus, and Wilhelm Becker. "Nutritive medium chain triacylglycerols cause a rapid increase of ketone bodies in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 85, no. 4 (January 1986): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(86)90190-2.

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38

Sakurai, Akira, Charuni A. Gunaratne, and Paul S. Katz. "Two interconnected kernels of reciprocally inhibitory interneurons underlie alternating left-right swim motor pattern generation in the mollusk Melibe leonina." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 6 (September 15, 2014): 1317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00261.2014.

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The central pattern generator (CPG) underlying the rhythmic swimming behavior of the nudibranch Melibe leonina (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) has been described as a simple half-center oscillator consisting of two reciprocally inhibitory pairs of interneurons called swim interneuron 1 (Si1) and swim interneuron 2 (Si2). In this study, we identified two additional pairs of interneurons that are part of the swim CPG: swim interneuron 3 (Si3) and swim interneuron 4 (Si4). The somata of Si3 and Si4 were both located in the pedal ganglion, near that of Si2, and both had axons that projected through the pedal commissure to the contralateral pedal ganglion. These neurons fulfilled the criteria for inclusion as members of the swim CPG: 1) they fired at a fixed phase in relation to Si1 and Si2, 2) brief changes in their activity reset the motor pattern, 3) prolonged changes in their activity altered the periodicity of the motor pattern, 4) they had monosynaptic connections with each other and with Si1 and Si2, and 5) their synaptic actions helped explain the phasing of the motor pattern. The results of this study show that the motor pattern has more complex internal dynamics than a simple left/right alternation of firing; the CPG circuit appears to be composed of two kernels of reciprocally inhibitory neurons, one consisting of Si1, Si2, and the contralateral Si4 and the other consisting of Si3. These two kernels interact with each other to produce a stable rhythmic motor pattern.

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39

Nonyukela, AS, S. Baldanzi, and LU Vumazonke. "The subtropical–temperate transition along the east coast of South Africa shapes the thermal physiology of the truncated mangrove snail Cerithidea decollata (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda, Potamididae)." African Journal of Marine Science 41, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2019.1612784.

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Vietri, Nicholas J., and Willard O. Granath. "Identification, comparison and partial characterization of glycoproteins in the hemolymph of schistosoma mansoni (trematoda)-susceptible and resistant biomphalaria glabrata (gastropoda)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 102, no. 2 (June 1992): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(92)90128-e.

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Vorontsova, Yu A., N. I. Yurlova, S. N. Vodyanitskaya, and V. V. Glupov. "Activity of detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) during invasion by trematode cercariae." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 46, no. 1 (February 2010): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0022093010010032.

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A., Ansart, Vernon P., and Daguzan J. "Elements of cold hardiness in a littoral population of the land snail Helix aspersa (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)." Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 172, no. 7 (October 1, 2002): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-002-0290-z.

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Nóblega, H. G., V. Missaglia, C. Stenert, M. C. Faccioni-Heuser, and M. Achaval. "Vascular supply of the central nervous system of the land snail Megalobulimus oblongus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)." Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 36, no. 9 (September 2003): 1247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2003000900016.

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SMITH, P. J. S. "Cardiac Performance in Response to Loading Pressures in Busycon Canauculatum (Gastropoda) and Mercenaria Mercenaria (Bivalvia)." Journal of Experimental Biology 119, no. 1 (November 1, 1985): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.119.1.301.

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The performance of the isolated hearts of a gastropod, Busycon canaliculatum (L.), and a bivalve, Mercenaria mercenaria(L.), were examined at different perfusion levels around the expected physiological ranges. Both hearts followed the Frank-Starling relationship with regard to stroke volume versus preload, but the heart-rate response was species-dependent. The argument is developed that the molluscs might functionally apply Starling's Law of the heart to accommodate increased output during exercise. At the expected in vivo filling pressures the power output of the two hearts was the same (15–30 × 10−6Wg−1 ventricular tissue), but the Mercenaria filling levels were considerably lower. This clearly indicates that the cardiac muscle of each of the two species has evolved to operate at specific pressure ranges. Electrical recordings from the surface of the myocardium in the perfused Busycon hearts confirm that the shape changes reported in the literature, dealing with stretched myocardium, also occur for changes in the whole heart at realistic loading pressures. These results support previous conclusions that the cardiac output is controlled by the duration of the action potential plateau.

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Susswein, A. J., Y. Achituv, M. S. Cappell, and M. V. Bennett. "Pharyngeal movements during feeding sequences of Navanax inermis (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) in successive stages of dissection." Journal of Experimental Biology 128, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.128.1.323.

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Feeding in Navanax inermis Cooper was filmed and analysed after various dissections. In preparations with a cut through the body wall exposing the pharynx and buccal ganglia, completely normal feeding was observed. In addition to seven motor acts previously described in intact animals, an eighth act, peristalsis, was observed. In preparations with the pharynx excised from the animal but attached to the buccal ganglia, four motor acts were observed: flaring, expansion, contraction and peristalsis. In addition to increasing information about the nature of feeding movements in Navanax, these data indicate that preparations suitable for neurophysiological studies are capable of producing a variety of feeding acts.

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Kalil-Gaspar, Pedro, Simone Marcuzzo, Paula Rigon, Cynthia Goulart Molina, and Matilde Achaval. "Capsaicin-induced avoidance behavior in the terrestrial Gastropoda Megalobulimus abbreviatus: Evidence for TRPV-1 signaling and opioid modulation in response to chemical noxious stimuli." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 148, no. 2 (October 2007): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.04.019.

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Attia, J., A. Blanc, M. Hassnaoui, M. Rehailia, and B. Buisson. "A Neurosecretory Phenomenon in Some Cerebral Nervous Cells of the Land Snail Helix aspersa maxima (Mollusca, Gastropoda), and Its Relationship to Circadian Locomotor and Food-Intake Activities." Biological Rhythm Research 29, no. 4 (October 1998): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/brhm.29.4.329.1430.

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Granath, Willard O., and James E. Aspevig. "Comparison of hemocyte components from Schistosoma mansoni (trematoda)-susceptible and resistant Biomphalaria glabrata (gastropoda) that cross-react with larval schistosome surface proteins." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 104, no. 4 (April 1993): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(93)90196-c.

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Czeczuga, Bazyli. "Changes in the content of carotenoids in specimens of Helix pomatia (L.) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Helicidae) in the period of their life activity." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 80, no. 3 (January 1985): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(85)90307-4.

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Tripp-Valdez, Miguel A., Christian Bock, Gisela Lannig, Nils Koschnick, Hans O. Pörtner, and Magnus Lucassen. "Assessment of muscular energy metabolism and heat shock response of the green abalone Haliotis fulgens (Gastropoda: Philipi) at extreme temperatures combined with acute hypoxia and hypercapnia." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 227 (January 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.08.009.

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