Relevant bibliographies by topics / GATT 1947

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'GATT 1947'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "GATT 1947"

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Moore, Patrick M. "The Decisions Bridging the GATT 1947 and the WTO Agreement." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 2 (April 1996): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203695.

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On September 20, 1986, the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947) agreed to launch an eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. More than seven years later they concluded the round, not with an amended version of the GATT 1947, but with an entirely new treaty, the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.
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Voon, Tania. "The Security Exception In WTO Law: Entering a New Era." AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.3.

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For seventy years, the security exception in the multilateral trade regime has mostly lain dormant. The exception first appeared in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), before being incorporated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) upon the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, security exceptions also exist in several other WTO provisions, including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Until recently, perhaps through a combination of WTO member restraint and fortuitous circumstances, WTO panels have not had to make a definitive ruling on the meaning and scope of these exceptions. Yet, suddenly, the security exception lies at the center of multiple explosive disputes, posing a potential threat to the WTO's very existence.
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He, Ling Ling, and Razeen Sappideen. "Reflections on China’s WTO Accession Commitments and Their Observance." Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 4 (August 1, 2009): 847–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009033.

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China was one of the original contracting parties to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947. It ceased to be a member in the aftermath of her 1949 Revolution and establishment of an alternative seat of government by the ‘Nationalist Party’ in Taiwan. Following more than fifteen years of sustained negotiation, China once again became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) – its 143rd member – in December 2001. In the period between the original GATT agreement of 1947 and the Uruguay Round WTO agreement of 1994, GATT itself had been transformed from being an effete, uncoordinated body to the dominant force in international trade it now is. This article examines the reasons that prompted China to press on with her attempt to rejoin the international trading body in the face of the reputedly onerous accession commitments she was required to fulfil, and of the skirmishes she continues to have with some of the major players in the WTO, namely the EU and the US on her progress in fulfilling these commitments. This article is divided into the following four sections. Section 1 provides a historical perspective of the evolution of China’s foreign trade-related laws and its decision to regain membership of the WTO. Section 2 discusses the changes to China’s domestic trade laws to comply with the WTO laws, mainly the GATT, General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), as required by the Protocol on the Accession of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Section 3 discusses some continuing issues relating to the fulfilment of her accession commitments, and Section 4 concludes by an evaluation of the progress made thus far and of future directions relating to the legal convergence of China’s trade-related laws and the WTO laws.
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McKenzie, Francine. "GATT and the Cold War: Accession Debates, Institutional Development, and the Western Alliance, 1947–1959." Journal of Cold War Studies 10, no. 3 (July 2008): 78–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.3.78.

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Historical accounts of the Cold War usually relegate the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to footnotes, if they acknowledge the GATT at all. This article examines the impact of the Cold War on the institutional development of GATT, showing how geopolitical considerations influenced decisions about whether to grant membership in GATT to Communist and non-aligned countries. The accession debates in GATT also reveal the multicentered dynamic of the Western alliance, exposing a variety of views about whether the Cold War was a battle to be waged or a condition of global international relations to be accepted. But if the GATT could not evade the Cold War, its secretariat also manipulated Cold War circumstances, beliefs, and priorities to strengthen the institution. The result of the GATT accession debates was to reposition the GATT as a forum and instrument of the Western alliance, rather than the universal organization it was supposed to be, and to impart new meaning to the process of liberalizing world trade.
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Kusumadara, Afifah. "Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup dalam Perdagangan Internasional." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 25, no. 5 (June 9, 2017): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol25.no5.1064.

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Isu lingkungan hidup tidak dapat dipisahkan dari perdagangan intemasional. Dalam sejarahpembentukan GATT pada tahun 1947 isu lingkungan hidup telah dimuat dalam artikel XX tentang "General Exception ". Aturan dasar ini kemudian disepakati dalam "Tokyo Round"menjadi "Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trade" dan disempumakan dalam "Uruguay Round". Melalui perjanjian ini GATT/WTO kemudian mengakui keberadaan "International Organization for Standarization (ISO)". Dengan demikian melahirkan pengakuan keterkaitan antara perdagangan intemasional dengan isu lingkungan hidup.
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Duchesne, Erick. "Governing Global Trade: International Institutions in Conflict and Convergence." Canadian Journal of Political Science 37, no. 4 (December 2004): 1070–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423904500215.

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Governing Global Trade: International Institutions in Conflict and Convergence, Theodore H. Cohn, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002, pp. xi, 329.At a time when all eyes are riveted on the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the ups and downs associated with its current round of negotiation initiated in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001, Theodore Cohn's latest publication provides a vivid reminder: The global trading regime is made up of much more than the WTO. The GATT/WTO is still pivotal in Cohn's diachronic overview of the evolution of the global trade regime since the creation of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) in 1947, but unlike several other studies on a similar topic, the author untangles the relationship between the GATT/WTO and other formal and informal international institutions, such as the G7/G8, the Quadrilateral Group (Quad), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the G77, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Each institution, as well as the United States and the European Union, is given relatively equal coverage in this notable study. Yet, as an indication that the GATT/WTO is still primus inter pares, most chapters revolve around the major negotiation rounds of the international organization. Chapter 2 traces the origins and early period of the postwar trade regime (1947–1962). Chapters 3 and 4 concentrate on the Kennedy (1962–1972) and Tokyo (1973–1979) rounds of the GATT respectively. Chapter 5 details the uncertainty associated with the survival of the GATT (1980–1986). Chapters 6 and 7 focus on the momentous Uruguay Round of the GATT (1986–1994), and chapter 8 highlights the post-Uruguay Round period (1995–2001).
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Trachtman, Joel. "The WTO Seal Products Case: Doctrinal and Normative Confusion." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s239877230000948x.

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The negotiators and drafters of the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization(WTO), which includes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947(GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT), as well as other subagreements dealing with domestic regulation, such as the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS), did not do a great job of doctrinal integration among the different documents that comprise the WTO Agreement. To be fair, at the end of the Uruguay Round, the hour was late and they may have felt that the basic ideas were sufficiently clear that it could all be sorted out in litigation. But in several contexts, including within the original GATT, the text of which dates from 1947, they covered the same ground in multiple places, without stating clearly how the different norms relate to one another,and without articulating plausible reasons for different treatment. For example, why is different language used for national treatment in three different places within Article III of GATT, and why is that language different from the language that appearsto have the same purpose in the TBT Agreement or in the SPS Agreement?
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Ngangjoh-Hodu, Yenkong. "Relationship of GATT Article XX Exceptions to Other WTO Agreements." Nordic Journal of International Law 80, no. 2 (2011): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181011x565568.

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AbstractThe 'Single Undertaking' concept was incorporated into the Uruguay Round Trade Talks at the last stage of the negotiations to among other things remedy the problems attributed to General Agreement on Tariff s and Trade (GATT) 1947 a la carte practice. Yet, no extensive discussion on coordination and hierarchy of World Trade Organization (WTO) norms seemed to have taken place. Even if the WTO members had hoped that the inherent flexibility in the GATT/WTO treaty system would be enough to resolve some unforeseen tensions arising from the treaty, the language of some of the WTO treaty provisions does not always point to this direction. As a consequence, it becomes very daunting to demarcate with certainty how some of the legal instruments forming the WTO are to interact with each other. In view of the Appellate Body (AB) report on China - Publications and Audiovisual Products, this article examines the relationship between GATT Article XX exceptions and WTO covered agreements outside GATT 1994.
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Kurniawardhani, Arriza Briella. "SEJARAH ORGANISASI EKONOMI INTERNASIONAL WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)." Widya Winayata: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jjps.v9i1.30381.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) adalah organsasi internasional global yang secara khusus mengatur permasalah dalam perdagangan antarnegara. Tujuan utama nya sendiri berguna untuk membantu produsen barang dan jasa serta mengurangi atau menghilangkan penghalang dan pembatas perdagangan di seluruh dunia.WTO sendiri menggantikan peran GATT 1947 sebagai lembaga perdagangan internasional. Keberlakuan GATT masih berlaku dibawah persetujuan WTO yang dimana termasuk ketentuan yang memberikan hak hak istimewa kepada Negara-negara sedang berkembang anggota WTO. Dengan diterbitkannya Undang-Undang No.7 Tahun 1994 pada tanggal 2 November 1994 tentang pengesahan Agreement Establising the World Trade Organization, yang dimana Indonesia resmi telah menjadi anggota World Trade Organization (WTO).
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Hart, Michael. "Twenty Years of Canadian Tradecraft: Canada at GATT, 1947-1967." International Journal 52, no. 4 (1997): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203244.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GATT 1947"

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Kallmayer, Axel. "Verbot und Rechtfertigung von Präferenzabkommen im GATT /." Baden-Baden : Nomos-Verl.Ges, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/486849767.pdf.

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Sciarini, Pascal. "La Suisse face à la Communauté européenne et au GATT : le cas test de la politique agricole /." Genève : Georg, 1995. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=2825704970.

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Dunant, Sylvie. "La prise en compte de la protection de l'environnement par le GATT/OMC /." Genève : Université de Genève/Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales, 2003. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00138451.pdf.

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Diplomarb. Univ. de Genève.
Travail de mémoire soutenu pour l'obtention du diplôme d'études approfondies en analyse et management des politiques publiques (DESMAP) sous la dir. d'Yves Flückiger ; jurée Gabrielle Marceau. P. 180-185.
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Ismail, Fazil Abdool-Karrim. "An empirical analysis of Apartheid South Africa's ideas and practices in the GATT, 1947 to 1994." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-empirical-analysis-of-apartheid-south-africas-ideas-and-practices-in-the-gatt-1947-to-1994(beb5f18a-facd-46b4-b786-566fab815711).html.

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South Africa is a developing country. It has been an active participant in the multilateral trading system since the creation of the new democratic government in May 1994. However, the country's role in the history of the multilateral trading system before this was very different. South Africa was a founding member of the GATT in 1947. The apartheid regime positioned itself within the organisation as a developed country and behaved as such. This study examines over 800 GATT documents on the country's participation in the GATT from 1947 to 1994. These documents have not been examined or studied before in any comprehensive manner. Although there is a vast literature on the history of the GATT, much of this is written from an orthodox standpoint, especially on the role of developing countries (Bhagwati, 2002; Srinivasan, 1998; Hoekman and Kostecki, 1995; Martin and Messerlin, 2007). More recently, there has been some revisionist academic literature on the GATT (Wilkinson, 2006, 2014; Wilkinson and Scott, 2008). This empirical study contributes to the work of the revisionists. An examination of the GATT documentation raises three main questions that this study sets out to examine. First, why did Apartheid South Africa project itself as a developed country in the GATT from its formation in 1947? Second, how was South Africa able to implement its domestic protectionist and discriminatory policies and still adhere to the ideas and principles of the GATT? And third, why did the major players in the GATT reflect a tendency to deviate from the main ideas and principles of the GATT in their trade practices vis-a-vis South Africa?John Ruggie's work on ideas and multilateralism and his concept of 'embedded liberalism' to describe the post-war multilateral economic institutions, including the GATT, is utilised to analyse the above questions. This study argues that while Ruggie's work is helpful in setting out the main ideas that drove the creation of the GATT and that became the core principles of the organisation, this analytical work on the multilateral trading system is incomplete and will need to be extended by other theoretical work. The GATT documentation reveals that there was a gap between the ideals of the multilateral trading system and the practice of both South Africa and the developed countries within the organisation. While they both professed their commitment to the GATT ideas of liberalisation, non-discrimination and reciprocity, their practices often tended towards protectionism, discrimination and the exclusion of developing countries. To explain this contradictory behaviour this study has drawn on the revisionist history of the GATT. This extended analytical framework is utilised to analyse the GATT documentation on South Africa.
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Mavroidis, Petros C. "Handelspolitische Abwehrmechanismen der EWG und der USA und ihre Vereinbarkeit mit den GATT-Regeln : eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse der Verordnung 2641/84 (EWG) und "Section 301" des "Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act" von 1988 (USA) /." Stuttgart : Verl.-Ges. Internat. Recht, 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/27725048X.pdf.

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Lawson, Michael Nunes. "A reclamação de não violação no GATT/OMC." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18273.

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A presente dissertação objetiva contribuir para a compreensão do instituto da reclamação de não violação, previsto no art. XXIII:1(b) do Acordo General de Tarifas e Comércio (GATT) e art. 26:1 do Entendimento sobre Solução de Controvérsias (ESC) da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Parte-se da premissa de que a reclamação de não violação deve ser abordada à luz da sua contraparte, a reclamação de violação (art. XXIII:1(a) do GATT). O estudo é levado a cabo recorrendo-se a conceitos desenvolvidos em direito internacional geral. A reclamação de violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos internacionalmente ilícitos, enquanto a reclamação de não violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos não proibidos pelo direito internacional (do comércio). O contraste entre as duas reclamações manifesta-se, ademais, no que tange ao regramento respectivo, especialmente no que diz com os remédios jurídicos disponíveis. A investigação é completada pela análise da jurisprudência do GATT/OMC que cuidou da reclamação de não violação, essencial face à amplitude da terminologia do art. XXIII:1(b). Assim, examina-se a interpretação conferida ao art. XXIII:1, caput - benefício, princípio da expectativa legítima (implícito), anulação ou prejuízo e nexo de causalidade -; art. XXIII:1(b) - medida -; por fim, art. XXIII:2, que versa sobre remédios jurídicos.
The present dissertation seeks to contribute to the understanding of the non-violation complaint, regulated in GATT art. XXIII:1(b) and WTO's DSU art. 26:1. It departs from the premise that the non-violation complaint must be approached in light of its counterpart, the violation complaint (GATT art. XXIII:1(a)). The study is carried on with resort to concepts developed in general international law. The violation complaint leads to responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, whilst the non-violation complaint leads to liability for acts not prohibited by international (trade) law. The contrast between the two complaints is manifested, in addition, with regard to their respective disciplines, particularly the remedies available. The investigation is completed by the analysis of the GATT/WTO case-law which dealt with the non-violation complaint, essential in view of the breadth of the terminology contained in art. XXIII:1(b). In this sense, it is examined the interpretation of art. XXIII:1, caput - benefit, the principle of legitimate expectations (implicit), nullification or impairment, nexus of causality -; art. XXIII:1(b) - measure -; lastly, art. XXIII:2, which concerns itself of remedies.
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Bourdillat, François. "La France et le GATT de ses origines à la fin des années 1950." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010633.

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Le GATT, né des conférences de 1946 à 1948, est un accord multilatéral avec pour objectif de libéraliser les échanges sur des bases d’égalité de traitement et de transparence. Mais, conséquence de débats difficiles, il comporte de nombreuses exceptions. La France, en particulier, a fait valoir la nécessité de pratiquer des mesures restrictives discriminatoires le temps de la reconstruction et du retour durable à la stabilité. Une application réaliste de ses règles ou des mesures dérogatoires, la recherche de solution pour les différends, des négociations périodiques pour la réduction des tarifs font du GATT un facteur important du fort accroissement des échanges durant la période d'après-guerre. La France fait des propositions dans divers domaines, mais veille au maintien des dispositions protectionnistes ; elle est critiquée. Sa politique de restrictions aux frontières pour contenir le déficit de la balance des paiements et que creuse une inflation qui n'est pas maitrisée par ailleurs, est radicalement changée par les mesures d'ouverture des frontières de fin 1958. C'est aussi pour le GATT le temps d'une nouvelle période avec le retour à la convertibilité des principales monnaies et ses conséquences commerciales
GATT, born at negociations from 1946 to 1948, is a multilateral agreement of trade liberalization on basis of equality of treatment and transparency. But, as a result of difficult debates, it provides for numerous exceptions. France specially insisted on applying discriminatory protection the time of reconstruction and lasting return to stability. Realistic applying of its rules or waivers, search of solution to disputes, periodical negociations to reduce tariffs, give gatt an important part in the strong trade growth. France makes propositions in various fields, but is watchful for keeping protection : she is criticized. Her politics of restrictive measures in order to contain the balance of payments deficit, worsened by inflation which is not kept down otherwise, is radically changed by the frontiers opening measures of end of 1958. It's also time for GATT to start a new period because of return to convertibility of main moneys and its commercial consequences
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Ko, Seung-uk. "Human gait analysis by gait pattern measurement and forward dynamic model combined with non linear feedback control /." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/3754.

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Kajaks, Tara. "The effect of sustained static kneeling on knee joint gait parameters." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1355.

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Humphry, Melinda Susan. "Four projects: gate, island, square, airport." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53131.

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"When we go wandering....it is ourselves we desire to have translated into stones and plants, and it is in ourselves that we wish to walk." -Nietzche What happens when a building speaks to you? The structure makes a simple statement. That statement is reinforced by the light, the space, and the primary materials and how they are connected to the secondary materials and the tertiary materials. Attention is given to the scale of a large group of people, as well as to the scale of a man and to the size of his hand. Unlike the familiar image of a machine, architecture retains the complexities of life and is founded on them. It develops in a variety of episodes, situations, and possible conditions. The relative juxtaposition of structured elements (walls, surfaces, structures, windows) conveys a sense of the whole. It is harmonious because it is related to a purpose. It is beautiful because it is a poetic manifestation of life. Thus, a building is a reasoned fragment, the sign of a presence. Its aesthetic is a condition discovered, not a starting point.
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Books on the topic "GATT 1947"

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Stanford University. Libraries & Academic Information Resources. GATT digital library: 1947-1994. [Palo Alto, Calif.]: Stanford University, 2004.

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Peter, Bruns Klaus, and Agrarsoziale Gesellschaft Herbsttagung, eds. GAP, GATT und die Folgen. Göttingen: Agrarsoziale Gesellschaft, 1993.

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Royal Institute of International Affairs., ed. Restructuring the GATT system. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1990.

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Royal Institute of International Affairs., ed. Restructuring the GATT system. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1990.

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Touchette, Pierre. Le GATT de 1993: Perspectives d'avenir. Ottawa, Ont: Bibliothèque du Parlement, Service de recherche, 1994.

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Group, Canada International Trade Communications. The World our market : Canada, GATT and the Uruguay Round =: Le monde notre marché : le Canada, le GATT et la Ronde Uruguay. Ottawa, Ont: External Affairs Canada = Affaires extérieures Canada, 1987.

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Canada, Canada Finance. Canada's use of the GATT Anti-dumping code. Ottawa: Finance Canada, 1991.

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Montero, Manuel Mindreau. Del GATT a la OMC, 1947-2005: La economía política internacional del sistema multilateral de comercio. Lima: Universidad del Pacífico, Centro de Investigación, 2005.

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Organization, World Trade, ed. Institutioneller Wandel und Macht im Welthandelssystem: Die Intensität von Handelskonflikten im GATT-1947- und WTO-Streitschlichtungsverfahren. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2007.

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Cemerin, Michael. Institutioneller Wandel und Macht im Welthandelssystem: Die Intensität von Handelskonflikten im GATT-1947- und WTO-Streitschlichtungsverfahren. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "GATT 1947"

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McKenzie, Francine. "Free Trade and Freedom to Trade: The Development Challenge to GATT, 1947–1968." In International Organizations and Development, 1945–1990, 150–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137437549_7.

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Grogan, Erin. "‘We Belong to the World’: Christine Longford’s War Plays During Irish Neutrality." In Cultural Convergence, 217–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57562-5_9.

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Abstract Regrettably, Christine Longford is at present remembered mostly for her marriage to Lord Edward and her administrative work at the Gate Theatre. However, she was also a successful and prolific playwright. This chapter focuses on three history plays written during World War II: Lord Edward (1941), The United Brothers (1942) and Patrick Sarsfield (1943). In these works, Longford used the stage to voice strong critique of the increased state control and censorship practices during ‘the Emergency’ in Ireland. Through the female characters, Longford comments, in particular, on the static roles Irish women had while women around the world found new opportunity.
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Josling, Timothy E., Stefan Tangermann, and T. K. Warley. "Early Encounters: 1948–60." In Agriculture in the GATT, 21–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230378902_2.

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Purkis, Charlotte. "The Other Gates: Anglo-American Influences on and from Dublin." In Cultural Convergence, 107–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57562-5_5.

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Abstract An important influence on the foundation of the Dublin Gate Theatre in 1928 was the London Gate Theatre Studio. This chapter offers a historiographical survey concerning how the range of connections between these theatres have been treated by theatre commentators up to the present. Alongside this re-examination is a discussion of two other theatres that were also inspired by the London Gate, but established independently by the two London co-directors, Peter Godfrey and Velona Pilcher. Godfrey revived the early programming from London in 1943 at his ‘transplanted’ theatre in Hollywood, which also connected Los Angeles emigré culture back to Ireland. In London, Pilcher worked with a group of women associates to found a ‘new Gate’, the Watergate Theatre Club in 1949, which, with its avant-garde artistic ethos, had a cultural impact on the post-war London scene similar to the achievements of the earlier Gate theatres.
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Ecker, A., S. M. Goodnick, C. Berven, and M. N. Wybourne. "Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Split Gate Quantum Waveguides." In Quantum Transport in Ultrasmall Devices, 505–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1967-6_38.

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Haynes, Galen C., Fred R. Cohen, and Daniel E. Koditschek. "Gait Transitions for Quasi-static Hexapedal Locomotion on Level Ground." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 105–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19457-3_7.

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Pilný, Ondřej. "The Brothers Čapek at the Gate: R.U.R. and The Insect Play." In Cultural Convergence, 141–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57562-5_6.

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Abstract The chapter examines two important but hitherto largely neglected productions of famous European dramas at Dublin’s Gate Theatre, R.U.R. (1929, revived 1931) and The Insect Play (1943) by the brothers Čapek, which it attempts to reconstruct insofar as the available documentary evidence allows. In the process, it discusses the complicated textual history of the English versions produced by the Gate and compares their staging by Hilton Edwards and Micheál mac Liammóir with the celebrated original productions in Czechoslovakia. Finally, the reception of the respective productions is juxtaposed, with points of convergence being teased out and the differences brought about by the respective theatrical and political contexts being elucidated.
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Morita, Hironobu, and Minoru Watanabe. "MEMS Interleaving Read Operation of a Holographic Memory for Optically Reconfigurable Gate Arrays." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 242–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19475-7_25.

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Trebichavsky, Ilja, Leos Mandel, Helena Tlaskalová, Igor Splichal, and Rita Barot. "Stimulation of Galt by Nocardia Delipidated Cell Mitogen (NDCM) in Irradiated Germfree Piglets." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 489–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_102.

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McKenzie, Francine. "The Havana Conference and the Reception of the GATT Agreements across the Commonwealth." In Redefining the Bonds of Commonwealth, 1939-1948, 238–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230554689_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "GATT 1947"

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Ohtani, N., T. Katayama, H. Yamamoto, and H. Koyama. "Detection of Gate Oxide Defects Using Electrochemical Wet Etching in KOH:H2O Solution." In ISTFA 1997. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1997p0279.

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Abstract A new technique to detect gate oxide defects has been developed. This method is based on electrochemical wet (ECW) etching of Si in KOH:H 20 electrolyte. Using this method, only leaky poly-Si gates caused by gate oxide defects can be clearly observed. When applying a certain voltage to a Si substrate in KOH:H20 after exposing the polySi gates, normal poly-Si gates can be etched, but poly-Si gates shorted to the Si substrate through gate oxide defects remain unetched because of the anodic oxide which covers the leaky gate. This method has proved to be very effective in obtaining information concerning gate oxide integrity without direct observation of gate oxides, which requires complicated deprocessing and a lot of time. This technique also reveals electrical characteristics of gate oxides which may be difficult to identify by conventional physical analysis.
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Prise, Michael E., Norbert Streibl, and Maralene M. Downs. "Computational Properties of Nonlinear Optical Devices." In Photonic Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phs.1987.fb4.

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To design an optical digital computer it is essential to have a cascadable logic gate with a fanin and fanout of at least two. For a complete logical coverage it is necessary to have either a NAND or a NOR gate or have an AND and an OR gate and use dual rail logic to perform a spatial inversion. To built a general purpose computer without a ridiculous number of gates we must have loops in the system. That is the data must flow through the same gates more than once. This means one gate must be able to drive any other identical ones.
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Tsang, Y. L., and C. Cavins. "A Process Induced Failure Mechanism in the EEPROM Cell - Its Identification and Solution." In ISTFA 1997. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1997p0267.

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Abstract A 0.8 μm technology based Electrical Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) cell having a high voltage select transistor and a floating gate transistor with a control gate on top as used in the Motorola Neuron product chip set was analyzed for program and erase failure. Silicon pitting in the select transistor channel was identified to be the failure mechanism. The silicon pitting was experimentally confirmed to be attributed to the penetration of the bottom oxide in the oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) structure due to the nitride removal using reactive ion etching (RIE). A modified process flow with a thicker sacrificial oxide under the nitride eliminated the pitting failure mechanism and enhanced yield and reliability.
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Nguyen, Ba-Sy, and Paul C. P. Chao. "A Switch Module Stacked With 4/3 IGBTs With Balanced Voltage Sharing for PEF Applications." In ASME 2020 29th Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2020-1917.

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Abstract Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology is a promising non-thermal pasteurization method that can be utilized to inactivate microorganisms in liquid food with high-voltage PEF. The power switch which is an important component of the PEF systems. This paper presents a design and implementation of an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module which includes connections of three series and four parallel IGBTs and its special gate driver for small liquid food treatment systems at home. In this approach, two important issues must be considered. The first is to provide a safe operating condition for each single IGBTs in transient intervals. The second is to design gate drive systems with the capability of driving a large number of discrete devices simultaneously and ensure the current and voltage of single IGBTs in the module to be approximations. To evaluate the operation of the proposed structure, a module of three series and four parallel switches with the voltage capability of 1.8 kV and 60A is tested experimentally.
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Ephanov, Anton, and Yildirim Hurmuzlu. "Generating Pathological Gait Patterns via the Use of Robotic Locomotion Models." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0427.

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Abstract In this article we explore a feasibility of modeling normal and pathological human gait using a relatively simple five-element model. We use a robust, nonlinear control scheme to regulate the gait pattern of the model. Simulated gait patterns are generated through the use of five constraint relationships that depend on four gait parameters. Two pathological conditions due to muscle weaknesses were simulated by modifying the control torques at the joints. We demonstrate that the model successfully approximates the qualitative and quantitative dynamic trends that were observed in normal and pathological human locomotion.
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Hurwitz, D. E., K. C. Foucher, T. P. Andriacchi, A. G. Rosenberg, and J. O. Galante. "Similarities Between Gait Adaptations in Preoperative and Postoperative Total Hip Replacement Patients." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0334.

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Abstract Gait adaptations among postoperative total hip replacement (THR) patients may be a response to the prosthesis and changes in the reconstructed joint mechanics or may be a learned response from an adaptation that was present preoperatively. Similarities have been reported between gait adaptations in preoperative and postoperative patients for THRs (1), but this was demonstrated in cross-sectional data and not longitudinal data. These gait adaptations may have implications on hip joint loading, rehabilitation protocols and can result in additional compensations at other joints. This longitudinal study tested the hypothesis that gait adaptations present preoperatively persist postoperatively.
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Kobayashi, Yuko, Shunsuke Hattori, Yuji Suzuki, Yasuo Shima, and Makoto Ukai. "Analysis of Contact Problems Between a Sheet and Separate-Gate-Rollers." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0578.

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Abstract Sheet separating mechanisms are used in ATMs (automated teller machines) to separate bank notes. These mechanisms are composed of separate-gate-rollers. Sheets are separated when the overlap distance of the separate-gate-rollers is appropriate. We have found out by experiment that although the appropriate overlap distance range differs according to the configuration of the separate-gate-roller, the range of friction force between a bank note and the separate-gate-roller is equally 3 to 10N. Thus, we have examined a method to estimate the friction force by numerical analysis, using the ABAQUS nonlinear structural analysis program. Consequently, calculated friction forces were found to correspond to experimental friction forces quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Chang, H. R., B. J. Baliga, J. W. Kretchmer, and P. A. Piacente. ""Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with a trench gate structure "." In 1987 International Electron Devices Meeting. IRE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iedm.1987.191518.

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Ojima, Masahiro, Arturo Chavez-Pirson, Yong H. Lee, Jean F. Morhange, Hyatt M. Gibbs, Nasser Peyghambarian, Feng-Yuh Juang, Pallab K. Bhattacharya, and Doreen A. Weinberger. "Optical NOR Gate Using Diode Laser Sources." In Optical Computing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optcomp.1987.tue5.

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Optical logic elements, especially in the form of 2-D arrays, can possibly be applied to massively parallel signal processing. GaAs/AlGaAs multiple-quantum-well etralons have previously shown optical bistability1 and various types of logic-gate operation2 at room temperature. Most of these experiments have used a dye laser, which is large in size and expensive. One attractive feature of these devices is that a GaAs/AlGaAs diode laser can be used as a light source making the total system more practical. The present paper demonstrates a stable optical NOR gate using two diode lasers.
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Shibata, Yasuo, Koichi Wakita, and Kaoru Yoshino. "A High-resolution and Wide-dynamic-range Method to Measure Dynamic Extinction Ratio of Electroabsorption Optical Gates by using an Optical Short Pulse as a Probe." In Photonics in Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ps.1997.pfb6.

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The photonic asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switch is promising because it may overcome the throughput limitations of electrical systems, and various ATM architectures have been proposed [1 ]-[3J. The optical gates are key components in these photonic ATM systems. These gates should be able to switch between cells within a guard time of a few nanoseconds, and their extinction ratio should be sufficiently large, typically more than 30 dB. The dynamic switching characteristics of an optical gate is usually estimated by directly observing the waveform using an oscilloscope, and the switching speed is determined from the 10%-to-90% rise/fall time. However, it is difficult to estimate the switching speed with a 30-dB extinction ratio by using the conventional method. Here, we propose a new and very simple measurement method for optical gates; this method has a high time resolution of 30 ps and a wide dynamic range of over 30 dB. We measured the dynamic extinction ratio of an electroabsorption (EA) optical gate module using this method, and found that the switching speed of an EA gate remains high even in a saturated condition.
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Reports on the topic "GATT 1947"

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Overman, JoAnne R. GATT Standards Code activities of the National Bureau of Standards 1987. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.88-3747.

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Selph, Shelly S., Andrea C. Skelly, Ngoc Wasson, Joseph R. Dettori, Erika D. Brodt, Erik Ensrud, Diane Elliot, et al. Physical Activity and the Health of Wheelchair Users: A Systematic Review in Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy, and Spinal Cord Injury. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer241.

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Objectives. Although the health benefits of physical activity are well described for the general population, less is known about the benefits and harms of physical activity in people dependent upon, partially dependent upon, or at risk for needing a wheelchair. This systematic review summarizes the evidence for physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury regardless of current use or nonuse of a wheelchair. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase®, and Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Source from 2008 through November 2020, reference lists, and clinical trial registries. Review methods. Predefined criteria were used to select randomized controlled trials, quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and cohort studies that addressed the benefits and harms of observed physical activity (at least 10 sessions on 10 different days of movement using more energy than rest) in participants with multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury. Individual study quality (risk of bias) and the strength of bodies of evidence for key outcomes were assessed using prespecified methods. Dual review procedures were used. Effects were analyzed by etiology of impairment and physical activity modality, such as treadmill, aquatic exercises, and yoga, using qualitative, and when appropriate, quantitative synthesis using random effects meta-analyses. Results. We included 146 randomized controlled trials, 15 quasiexperimental nonrandomized trials, and 7 cohort studies (168 studies in 197 publications). More studies enrolled participants with multiple sclerosis (44%) than other conditions, followed by cerebral palsy (38%) and spinal cord injury (18%). Most studies were rated fair quality (moderate risk of bias). The majority of the evidence was rated low strength. • In participants with multiple sclerosis, walking ability may be improved with treadmill training and multimodal exercise regimens that include strength training; function may be improved with treadmill training, balance exercises, and motion gaming; balance is likely improved with postural control exercises (which may also reduce risk of falls) and may be improved with aquatic exercises, robot-assisted gait training, treadmill training, motion gaming, and multimodal exercises; activities of daily living may be improved with aquatic therapy; sleep may be improved with aerobic exercises; aerobic fitness may be improved with multimodal exercises; and female sexual function may be improved with aquatic exercise. • In participants with cerebral palsy, balance may be improved with hippotherapy and motion gaming, and function may be improved with cycling, treadmill training, and hippotherapy. • In participants with spinal cord injury, evidence suggested that activities of daily living may be improved with robot-assisted gait training. • When randomized controlled trials were pooled across types of exercise, physical activity interventions were found to improve walking in multiple sclerosis and likely improve balance and depression in multiple sclerosis. Physical activity may improve function and aerobic fitness in people with cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury. When studies of populations with multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy were combined, evidence indicated dance may improve function. • Evidence on long-term health outcomes was not found for any analysis groups. For intermediate outcomes such as blood pressure, lipid profile, and blood glucose, there was insufficient evidence from which to draw conclusions. There was inadequate reporting of adverse events in many trials. Conclusions. Physical activity was associated with improvements in walking ability, general function, balance (including fall risk), depression, sleep, activities of daily living, female sexual function, and aerobic capacity, depending on population enrolled and type of exercise utilized. No studies reported long-term cardiovascular or metabolic disease health outcomes. Future trials could alter these findings; further research is needed to examine health outcomes, and to understand the magnitude and clinical importance of benefits seen in intermediate outcomes.
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Research Department - International Section - International Trade Organisation (I.T.O.) - General Agreements on Tariff and Trade (GATT) - 1947. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17406.

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Research Department - International Section - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - Trade and Employment Conference - Correspondence and Reports from Dr Coombs and Mr Phillips - 1946 - 1948. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/17383.

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GAAT dry well conductivity monitoring report, July 1997 through January 1998, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/650143.

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