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1
Kallmayer, Axel. "Verbot und Rechtfertigung von Präferenzabkommen im GATT /." Baden-Baden : Nomos-Verl.Ges, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/486849767.pdf.
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Sciarini, Pascal. "La Suisse face à la Communauté européenne et au GATT : le cas test de la politique agricole /." Genève : Georg, 1995. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=2825704970.
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Dunant, Sylvie. "La prise en compte de la protection de l'environnement par le GATT/OMC /." Genève : Université de Genève/Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales, 2003. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00138451.pdf.
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Diplomarb. Univ. de Genève.Travail de mémoire soutenu pour l'obtention du diplôme d'études approfondies en analyse et management des politiques publiques (DESMAP) sous la dir. d'Yves Flückiger ; jurée Gabrielle Marceau. P. 180-185.
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Ismail, Fazil Abdool-Karrim. "An empirical analysis of Apartheid South Africa's ideas and practices in the GATT, 1947 to 1994." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-empirical-analysis-of-apartheid-south-africas-ideas-and-practices-in-the-gatt-1947-to-1994(beb5f18a-facd-46b4-b786-566fab815711).html.
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South Africa is a developing country. It has been an active participant in the multilateral trading system since the creation of the new democratic government in May 1994. However, the country's role in the history of the multilateral trading system before this was very different. South Africa was a founding member of the GATT in 1947. The apartheid regime positioned itself within the organisation as a developed country and behaved as such. This study examines over 800 GATT documents on the country's participation in the GATT from 1947 to 1994. These documents have not been examined or studied before in any comprehensive manner. Although there is a vast literature on the history of the GATT, much of this is written from an orthodox standpoint, especially on the role of developing countries (Bhagwati, 2002; Srinivasan, 1998; Hoekman and Kostecki, 1995; Martin and Messerlin, 2007). More recently, there has been some revisionist academic literature on the GATT (Wilkinson, 2006, 2014; Wilkinson and Scott, 2008). This empirical study contributes to the work of the revisionists. An examination of the GATT documentation raises three main questions that this study sets out to examine. First, why did Apartheid South Africa project itself as a developed country in the GATT from its formation in 1947? Second, how was South Africa able to implement its domestic protectionist and discriminatory policies and still adhere to the ideas and principles of the GATT? And third, why did the major players in the GATT reflect a tendency to deviate from the main ideas and principles of the GATT in their trade practices vis-a-vis South Africa?John Ruggie's work on ideas and multilateralism and his concept of 'embedded liberalism' to describe the post-war multilateral economic institutions, including the GATT, is utilised to analyse the above questions. This study argues that while Ruggie's work is helpful in setting out the main ideas that drove the creation of the GATT and that became the core principles of the organisation, this analytical work on the multilateral trading system is incomplete and will need to be extended by other theoretical work. The GATT documentation reveals that there was a gap between the ideals of the multilateral trading system and the practice of both South Africa and the developed countries within the organisation. While they both professed their commitment to the GATT ideas of liberalisation, non-discrimination and reciprocity, their practices often tended towards protectionism, discrimination and the exclusion of developing countries. To explain this contradictory behaviour this study has drawn on the revisionist history of the GATT. This extended analytical framework is utilised to analyse the GATT documentation on South Africa.
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Mavroidis, Petros C. "Handelspolitische Abwehrmechanismen der EWG und der USA und ihre Vereinbarkeit mit den GATT-Regeln : eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse der Verordnung 2641/84 (EWG) und "Section 301" des "Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act" von 1988 (USA) /." Stuttgart : Verl.-Ges. Internat. Recht, 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/27725048X.pdf.
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Lawson, Michael Nunes. "A reclamação de não violação no GATT/OMC." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18273.
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A presente dissertação objetiva contribuir para a compreensão do instituto da reclamação de não violação, previsto no art. XXIII:1(b) do Acordo General de Tarifas e Comércio (GATT) e art. 26:1 do Entendimento sobre Solução de Controvérsias (ESC) da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Parte-se da premissa de que a reclamação de não violação deve ser abordada à luz da sua contraparte, a reclamação de violação (art. XXIII:1(a) do GATT). O estudo é levado a cabo recorrendo-se a conceitos desenvolvidos em direito internacional geral. A reclamação de violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos internacionalmente ilícitos, enquanto a reclamação de não violação conduz a responsabilidade por atos não proibidos pelo direito internacional (do comércio). O contraste entre as duas reclamações manifesta-se, ademais, no que tange ao regramento respectivo, especialmente no que diz com os remédios jurídicos disponíveis. A investigação é completada pela análise da jurisprudência do GATT/OMC que cuidou da reclamação de não violação, essencial face à amplitude da terminologia do art. XXIII:1(b). Assim, examina-se a interpretação conferida ao art. XXIII:1, caput - benefício, princípio da expectativa legítima (implícito), anulação ou prejuízo e nexo de causalidade -; art. XXIII:1(b) - medida -; por fim, art. XXIII:2, que versa sobre remédios jurídicos.The present dissertation seeks to contribute to the understanding of the non-violation complaint, regulated in GATT art. XXIII:1(b) and WTO's DSU art. 26:1. It departs from the premise that the non-violation complaint must be approached in light of its counterpart, the violation complaint (GATT art. XXIII:1(a)). The study is carried on with resort to concepts developed in general international law. The violation complaint leads to responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, whilst the non-violation complaint leads to liability for acts not prohibited by international (trade) law. The contrast between the two complaints is manifested, in addition, with regard to their respective disciplines, particularly the remedies available. The investigation is completed by the analysis of the GATT/WTO case-law which dealt with the non-violation complaint, essential in view of the breadth of the terminology contained in art. XXIII:1(b). In this sense, it is examined the interpretation of art. XXIII:1, caput - benefit, the principle of legitimate expectations (implicit), nullification or impairment, nexus of causality -; art. XXIII:1(b) - measure -; lastly, art. XXIII:2, which concerns itself of remedies.
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Bourdillat, François. "La France et le GATT de ses origines à la fin des années 1950." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010633.
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Le GATT, né des conférences de 1946 à 1948, est un accord multilatéral avec pour objectif de libéraliser les échanges sur des bases d’égalité de traitement et de transparence. Mais, conséquence de débats difficiles, il comporte de nombreuses exceptions. La France, en particulier, a fait valoir la nécessité de pratiquer des mesures restrictives discriminatoires le temps de la reconstruction et du retour durable à la stabilité. Une application réaliste de ses règles ou des mesures dérogatoires, la recherche de solution pour les différends, des négociations périodiques pour la réduction des tarifs font du GATT un facteur important du fort accroissement des échanges durant la période d'après-guerre. La France fait des propositions dans divers domaines, mais veille au maintien des dispositions protectionnistes ; elle est critiquée. Sa politique de restrictions aux frontières pour contenir le déficit de la balance des paiements et que creuse une inflation qui n'est pas maitrisée par ailleurs, est radicalement changée par les mesures d'ouverture des frontières de fin 1958. C'est aussi pour le GATT le temps d'une nouvelle période avec le retour à la convertibilité des principales monnaies et ses conséquences commercialesGATT, born at negociations from 1946 to 1948, is a multilateral agreement of trade liberalization on basis of equality of treatment and transparency. But, as a result of difficult debates, it provides for numerous exceptions. France specially insisted on applying discriminatory protection the time of reconstruction and lasting return to stability. Realistic applying of its rules or waivers, search of solution to disputes, periodical negociations to reduce tariffs, give gatt an important part in the strong trade growth. France makes propositions in various fields, but is watchful for keeping protection : she is criticized. Her politics of restrictive measures in order to contain the balance of payments deficit, worsened by inflation which is not kept down otherwise, is radically changed by the frontiers opening measures of end of 1958. It's also time for GATT to start a new period because of return to convertibility of main moneys and its commercial consequences
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Ko, Seung-uk. "Human gait analysis by gait pattern measurement and forward dynamic model combined with non linear feedback control /." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/3754.
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Kajaks, Tara. "The effect of sustained static kneeling on knee joint gait parameters." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1355.
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Humphry, Melinda Susan. "Four projects: gate, island, square, airport." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53131.
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"When we go wandering....it is ourselves we desire to have translated into stones and plants, and it is in ourselves that we wish to walk."
-Nietzche
What happens when a building speaks to you?
The structure makes a simple statement. That statement is reinforced by the light, the space, and the primary materials and how they are connected to the secondary materials and the tertiary materials. Attention is given to the scale of a large group of people, as well as to the scale of a man and to the size of his hand.
Unlike the familiar image of a machine, architecture retains the complexities of life and is founded on them. It develops in a variety of episodes, situations, and possible conditions. The relative juxtaposition of structured elements (walls, surfaces, structures, windows) conveys a sense of the whole. It is harmonious because it is related to a purpose. It is beautiful because it is a poetic manifestation of life. Thus, a building is a reasoned fragment, the sign of a presence. Its aesthetic is a condition discovered, not a starting point.Master of Architecture
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Kessing, Christopher. "Macroeconomic Indicators of Working Class Voter Abstention in US Presidential Elections, 1948-2004." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1322.
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In this paper I explore the causal relationship between the strategic economic interdependence advanced by Western democracies after WWII and the "puzzle of participation" in US presidential elections. More specifically, I seek to illustrate first how economic convergence within the West and then the transition from Keynesian to monetarist policy rhetoric reflexively diminish the degree to which US working class voters can realistically petition their elected officials regarding the most salient matters of economic self-interest. My results indicate that from 1948-2004, the working public became more isolated from their most salient economic decisions, voted less often due to heretofore unexplored macroeconomic indicators.
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McDaniel, Laura Andrews. ""Jumping the dragon gate" social mobility among storytellers in Shanghai, 1849-1949 /." access full-text, 1997. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/umi-r.pl?9816920.pdf.
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Falls, Dustin Glenn. "Efficacy of a Mobile Application for Improving Gait Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults." TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1945.
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The United States is a rapidly aging nation. Older adults have higher rates of falls than any other age group. One in four older adults fall each year. Many of these falls are associated with sedentary lifestyles and decreased muscular strength effecting balance and gait performance. Physical activity (exercise) can reduce the risk of falls among older adults, yet adherence remains low. Exergames can increase adherence to interventions that promote health and physical activity. Social engagement can increase self-efficacy and motivation to exercise. By design, the Bingocize® health promotion mobile application (app) increases social engagement, while providing a multi-factorial fall prevention intervention. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of the app to improve gait in community-dwelling older adults (N=38; mean age 72.42 years +12.58). Participants were clustered and randomly assigned to (a) experimental (n=20; using app with bingo game, health education and exercise) or (b) control (n=18; using app with bingo game, health education without exercise) condition. Each group completed a tenweek intervention that consisted of two- 45-60 minute sessions per week. Pre and post gait analysis, at self-selected (SS) and fast-walking speeds, measured using the GAITRite® Electronic Walkway (GWS). Gait analysis included parameters of velocity, cadence, step time, step length and width, and single and double support time. A mixedmodel ANOVA (p < .05) was used for statistical analysis. There were no main effects observed. Significant interactions (group x time) were observed at fast speed and SS speed compared to the control group. Significant interactions were observed at fast speed included velocity (λ = .886, F (1, 36) = 4.61, p = .039, 𝜼𝒑 𝟐 = .114); and step length (λ = .864, F (1, 36) = 5.64, p = .023, 𝜼𝒑 𝟐 = .136); and were observed at SS speed for single support time (λ = .887, F (1, 36) = 4.59, p = .039, 𝜼𝒑 𝟐 = .113). Post hoc analyses using paired and independent samples t-tests were conducted on gait variables with observed significant interactions. The independent samples t-test for Single Support Time (SS) post was significant (t (36) = 2.454, p = .019, two-tailed). None of the remaining post hoc analyses were significant. There was a meaningful detectable change (MDC) in mean velocity (>5 cm/s) over time, for both SS and fast walking speeds, within the experimental condition. MDC in gait speed ranges from 5 cm/s (small) to 10 cm/s (large). As for clinical significance, this should be considered a small, yet meaningful detectable change. It is the conclusion of the investigators, that the app, with the exercise intervention, can effectively produce a meaningful change in gait speed (5 cm/s), which has the potential for reducing the risk of falls in older adults. This investigation was funded by The Retirement Research Foundation.
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de, Souza Cabral Luciano. "Extração de informação usando integração de componentes de PLN através do framework GATE." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2009. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/1927.
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Previous issue date: 2009A Extração de Informação (EI) é o ramo da área de recuperação de informação que utiliza técnicas e algoritmos para identificar e coletar informações desejadas a partir de documentos, sejam estes estruturados ou não, armazenando-as em um formato apropriado para consultas futuras. Dentre estas tecnologias, o uso de Processamento de Linguagem Natural (PLN) revela-se benéfico ao processo de extração, principalmente quando se processam documentos sem nenhuma estrutura e/ou padrão definido. Existe uma suíte que reúne dezenas de plugins que podem ajudar na tarefa de EI baseada em PLN, conhecida como GATE (General Architecture for Text Engineering). Neste trabalho propõe-se o módulo RELPIE, contendo alguns destes plugins para a extração a partir de texto livre. O módulo RELPIE é original, e emprega plugins GATE baseados em padrões de expressões regulares (ER) e regras de produção. Estas regras ficam totalmente separadas do sistema, visando modularidade na extração de informação a partir de documentos estruturados ou não. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos demonstram que o módulo RELPIE apresenta bons níveis de extração com corpus compreendido por documentos textuais sem qualquer estrutura, alcançando um reconhecimento acima de 80% em média. Efetuando uma comparação com o sistema ANNIE (A Nearly-New Information Extraction System), resultados mostram que esse sistema é mais preciso em relação ao nosso, entretanto o sistema RELPIE mostra-se melhor na cobertura e no fmeasure. Um dos experimentos revelou outra descoberta interessante: corpora já processados denotam melhores resultados nas execuções posteriores, em média 6% na precisão, o que sugere que corpora não anotados devem ser processados duas vezes em seqüência para a obtenção de melhor performance na tarefa de extração, especialmente quando envolve entidades nomeadas e quando se usam ontologias para extraí-las
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Rucker, Paul D. "A reliability comparison of recessed-gate and self-aligned gate small signal GaAs MESFETS utilizing an accelerated life test set designed for large scale automated testing." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71231.
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A large scale automated test set was designed and built to address the varied accelerated life test requirements of the GaAs industry. GaAs low-noise/small-signal MESFETs with 1 x 300 micron gate peripheries and 3 different gate structures were subjected to a 1000 hour high temperature storage test:
1) to compare the reliability performance and manufacturability of
a) recessed-gate MESFETs with TiPdAu gates
b) realigned self-aligned gate (RSAG) MESFETs with TiWNx Schottky and TiPdAu overlay
c) planarized self-aligned gate (PSAG) MESFETs with TiWNx Schottky and TiPdAu overlay.
2) to study the changes in Idss, Rg, Ro, gm, and Vp over time and their effects upon MAG (Maximum Available Gain).
3) to study failure criteria and their applicability toward accurate life predictions.
The recessed-gate devices suffered from Au/GaAs channel interdiffusion resulting in substantial dc parameter degradation above 225°C with an activation energy of 1.7 eV. Although the most widely used device structure in the GaAs industry, its process is not conducive to parameter uniformity.
The realigned self-aligned gate (RSAG) devices are an initial attempt at the fabrication of a self-aligned gate analog MESFET. They were found to exhibit excellent electrical characteristics, but their reliability performance was unpredictable due to the critical nature of the .5 micron TiPdAu gate overlay realignment to a 1 micron TiWNx Schottky.
Planarized self-aligned gate (PSAG) devices were found to be readily manufacturable and to exhibit excellent reliability.
The use of a decrease in MAG was found to be a more meaningful failure criterion than a 20% change in Idss, which is employed extensively in the literature.Master of Science
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Cuozzo, Agustín José. "Análisis de rendimiento del avance del proyecto del edificio "Uarte de la Mancha I"." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/1957.
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Práctica Supervisada (IC)--FCEFN-UNC, 2015Expone un edificio de arquitectura de múltiples viviendas que para ser comercializadas y aceptadas por el público para desarrollar sus funciones (habitabilidad, vivienda, hogar, empleo con fines comerciales), debe ser desarrollado y terminado hasta el más mínimo detalle procurando la máxima calidad del producto final.
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Guimarães, Feliciano de Sa. ""A Rodada Uruguai do GATT (1986-1994) e a politica externa brasileira : acordos assimetricos, coerção e coalizões"." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/282028.
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Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e Cruz"Dissertação apresentada ao Programa San Tiago Dantas, Convenio UNICAMP/UNESP e PUC - SP"
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este estudo analisa o processo de negociação da Rodada Uruguai do GATT (1986-1994) e sua influência sobre a política externa brasileira, focalizando as mudanças na estratégia do Brasil em matéria comercial durante os anos 80 e 90. Como expressão dessa mudança o estudo analisa também a participação brasileira nas coalizões dos países em desenvolvimento (G-10 e Grupo de Cairns) no intuito de melhor elucidar as possibilidades de inserção internacional do país na arena multilateral do GATT
Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the influence of Uruguay Round negotiations on the Brazilian foreign policy, focusing the changes of trade strategies during the 80¿s and 90¿s. As an expression of these changes the thesis also analyzes the Brazilian participation on coalitions of developing countries (G-10 and Cairns Group) in order to clarify the possibilities of Brazil concerning the multilateral arena of the GATT
Mestrado
Mestre em Relações Internacionais
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Bowers, DeJuana Sue. "The effect of flexibility and resistance exercise on selected balance tasks and gait transfer in elderly subjects." Thesis, This resource online, 1997. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222008-063017/.
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Kellman, Maxine Franchestcê. "Development of an antigen-specific ELISPOT to detect intestinal antibody responses to the swine whipworm, Trichuris suis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39493.
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The swine whipworm, Trichuris suis, is a parasite present throughout the United States and is of concern to the swine industry worldwide because it is very pathogenic to growing pigs. The economic threat posed by T. suis and other intestinal parasite infections has created a strong interest in the development of parasite vaccines for the swine industry. Use of a vaccine either alone or with anthelmintics should reduce the economic losses. However, before effective parasite vaccines can be created, the swine gastrointestinal immune response to parasite antigens must be understood. In this study, an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay was developed to measure total and antigen-specific IgG and IgA antibody secreting cells (ASC) from gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) [mesenteric lymph node explants from jejunal region of small intestine (SI-MLN) and cecum in large intestine (C-MLN); and ileocecal Peyer's patches (IC-PP)] and lamina propria from the proximal colon removed from T. suis infected pigs. Tbe local antibody responses were compared to peripheral antibody responses found in the spleen and submandibular lymph nodes. The hypotheses to be tested was that parasite antigen-specific antibody secreting cells would be greatest in lymphoid tissue draining the site of infection compared to peripheral lymphoid tissues and that 19A ASC would predominate over IgG ASC in the lamina propria of T. suis infected pigs. The total IgG and IgA ASC frequencies for the spleen, SI-MLN, and ICPP did not significantly change (P> 0.05) over time. For C-MLN, there was a significant increase (p< 0.05) of total IgG ASC during a primary infection with T. suis. Antigen-specific IgG ASC were greatest at the GALT site closest to the infection, CMLN, whereas, antigen-specific IgA ASC predominated in the proximal colonic: lamina propria. Host protection to T. suis develops after anthelmintic: treatment of a primary exposure to parasite. The ELISPOT assay provided valuable information on the localization and compartmentalization of the swine gastrointestinal immune response to T. suis which resides in the cecum and proximal colon. In the future, this technique may be useful for monitoring gastrointestinal immune parameters of pigs exposed to a T. sllis vaccine.Ph. D.
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Huempfer, Sebastian. "Burdens of a creditor nation : business elites and the transformation of US trade policy, 1917-62." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:35788251-ff21-4421-af08-4998a7f11bde.
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My research seeks to explain the evolution of trade policy debates among American business leaders between World War I and the 1960s. The key finding is that a new framework for discussing trade policy was widely adopted after the United States became a creditor nation during World War I. This framework related tariffs and imports to exports, international lending and American foreign policy. High levels of imports ceased to be a threat and instead came to be seen as a pre-requisite for high levels of exports and a well-functioning global economy; raising the levels of imports, including through tariff cuts, became a strategy for providing American allies and debtors with dollar revenues. This new insight into the political economy of American foreign economic policy is based on new evidence from the archival records of business associations and a wide range of other primary and secondary sources. In addition to bringing to light new evidence, my research also addresses some of the gaps that still exist in the literature on the history of the foreign economic policy of the United States, the Cold War and transatlantic relations.
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Freudenberg, Robert, Rudi Apolle, Martin Walther, Holger Hartmann, and Jörg Kotzerke. "Molecular imaging using the theranostic agent 197(m)Hg: phantom measurements and Monte Carlo simulations." Springer Open, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33332.
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Background
Radiomercury 197mHg and 197Hg, henceforth referred to as 197(m)Hg, is a promising theranostic radionuclide endowed with properties that allow diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The aim of this work was to investigate the capabilities of 197(m)Hg for nuclear medicine imaging. Therefore measurements were performed by using a Philips BrightView SPECT camera. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations using the GATE software were performed to theoretically explore the imaging contribution from the various gamma and X-ray emissions from 197(m)Hg for a commercial clinical camera with low-energy high-resolution (LEHR) and high-energy general-purpose (HEGP) collimators. We estimated the spatial resolution by using a four-quadrant bar phantom, and we evaluated the planar and tomographic images from an abdominal phantom containing three cylindrical sources of 197(m)Hg solution.
Results
A good accordance between measurements and simulations was found for planar and SPECT imaging. Simulations allowed the decomposition of the detected energy spectrum into photon origins. Measurements and simulations for the bar phantom revealed that for the LEHR collimator, the 6-mm pattern could be resolved, whereas for the HEGP collimator, the resolution is about 10 mm. Furthermore, we found that no significant image distortion results from high-energy photons when using the LEHR collimator.
Conclusions
We demonstrated the imaging capabilities of 197(m)Hg which is essential both for diagnostic applications and to determine the in vivo biodistribution for dose calculations in therapeutic applications.
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Williams, Brett Gerard. "The importance of disciplining the choice of policy instrument to the effectiveness of the GATT as international law disciplining agricultural trade policies /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw72122.pdf.
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Andrés, Martínez David de. "Speeding-up model-based fault injection of deep-submicron CMOS fault models through dynamic and partially reconfigurable FPGAS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1943.
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Actualmente, las tecnologías CMOS submicrónicas son básicas para el desarrollo de los modernos sistemas basados en computadores, cuyo uso simplifica enormemente nuestra vida diaria en una gran variedad de entornos, como el gobierno, comercio y banca electrónicos, y el transporte terrestre y aeroespacial. La continua reducción del tamaño de los transistores ha permitido reducir su consumo y aumentar su frecuencia de funcionamiento, obteniendo por ello un mayor rendimiento global. Sin embargo, estas mismas características que mejoran el rendimiento del sistema, afectan negativamente a su confiabilidad. El uso de transistores de tamaño reducido, bajo consumo y alta velocidad, está incrementando la diversidad de fallos que pueden afectar al sistema y su probabilidad de aparición. Por lo tanto, existe un gran interés en desarrollar nuevas y eficientes técnicas para evaluar la confiabilidad, en presencia de fallos, de sistemas fabricados mediante tecnologías submicrónicas.
Este problema puede abordarse por medio de la introducción deliberada de fallos en el sistema, técnica conocida como inyección de fallos. En este contexto, la inyección basada en modelos resulta muy interesante, ya que permite evaluar la confiabilidad del sistema en las primeras etapas de su ciclo de desarrollo, reduciendo por tanto el coste asociado a la corrección de errores. Sin embargo, el tiempo de simulación de modelos grandes y complejos imposibilita su aplicación en un gran número de ocasiones.
Esta tesis se centra en el uso de dispositivos lógicos programables de tipo FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays) para acelerar los experimentos de inyección de fallos basados en simulación por medio de su implementación en hardware reconfigurable.
Para ello, se extiende la investigación existente en inyección de fallos basada en FPGA en dos direcciones distintas: i) se realiza un estudio de las tecnologías submicrónicas existentes para obtener un conjunto representativo de modelos de fallos transitoriosAndrés Martínez, DD. (2007). Speeding-up model-based fault injection of deep-submicron CMOS fault models through dynamic and partially reconfigurable FPGAS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1943
Palancia
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Nováčková, Jana Kristýna. "Emoce v experimentální animaci." Master's thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze.Filmová a televizní fakulta. Knihovna, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-320396.
Full textAbstract:
This work deals with the relation of emotions to contemporary experimental animation. It engages in the emotional experience of a viewer to non-narrative film storytelling and its means of expression.
At the same time, it examines what the creative processes and attitudes of filmmakers towards emotions in experimental animation are. Analysis of the questionnaires also reveals whether the creator counts on the viewer's specific interpretation of the film.
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Schmit, Jongbloed Wouter Pieter Frans. "The Multilateral Standard of Review: Export Restrictions, GATT Exceptions and Exemptions." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8CC2H40.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation argues for the adoption of a new interpretative standard that urges the WTO adjudicator to explicitly take account of the economic heterogeneity of the WTO Membership when construing exemption provisions in the GATT 1994. In particular, the judicial decision maker should construe and interpret exemption provisions using the embedded standard of review, such that the Member States’ economic conditions enlighten the contextual interpretation of the language of the provision. This multilateral standard of review compels the adjudicator to accord conditional deference to developmental policies, as applied by a Member State in expression of its preferred economic strategy to expand the trade and production of goods and services. This dissertation examines the history of the standard of review in the GATT 1947 and GATT 1994 in order to critically examine its application to the construction and interpretation of the exemption provision of Article XI:2(a) GATT 1994. The proposed multilateral standard of review overcomes the post-modern critique of judicial practice by emphasizing the collaborative intent of the Membership, as revealed through the adjudicator’s understanding of the object and purpose of the agreement.
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Joshi, Varad Vidyadhar. "Expert-gate algorithm." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36248.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of Inductive Learning is to produce general rules from a set of seen
examples, which can then be applied to other unseen examples. ID3 is an inductive
learning algorithm that can be used for the classification task. The input to the
algorithm is a set of tuples of description and class. The ID3 algorithm learns
a decision tree from these input examples, which can then be used for classifying
unseen examples given their descriptions. ID3 faces a problem called the replication
problem.
An algorithm called the Expert-Gate algorithm is presented in this thesis. The
aim of the algorithm is to tackle the replication problem. We discuss the various
issues involved with each step of the algorithm and present results corroborating
our choices. The algorithm was tested on various artificially created problems as
well as on a real life problem. The performance of the algorithm was compared
with that of Fringe.
The algorithm was found to give excellent results on the artificially created
problems. The Expert-Gate algorithm gave satisfactory results on the NETtalk
problem. Overall, we believe the algorithm is a good candidate for testing on other
real life domains.Graduation date: 1993
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PARVATANENI, KRISHNAJI. "Biomechanics and Metabolic Costs of Overground and Treadmill Walking in Healthy Adults and in Stroke Subjects." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5099.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Though numerous studies have compared overground and treadmill walking there still exists a significant debate about whether the two modes of walking are equivalent. The present study provides a comprehensive evaluation of overground and treadmill walking at matched speeds and increasing treadmill speeds. Walking performance was compared in healthy adults, in people with stroke and between the groups. This is important to know because any differences may have implications for gait training in both groups. Methods: Ten healthy adults (50-73 years) and ten subjects with stroke (54-80 years) walked at their self-selected speed overground which was matched on a treadmill. Temporal parameters, angular kinematics and vertical ground reaction forces were recorded during walking once subjects were in steady state as determined from their heart rate and oxygen uptake, both of which were also recorded. Belt speed was then increased 10% and 20% above matched speed and steady state recordings obtained. Speed related adjustments were also evaluated and compared between the two groups of subjects. Results: For healthy adults, step, stride, and joint angular kinematics were similar for both modes of walking. Small reductions in double support time and decreased push-off force were evident on the treadmill. For subjects with stroke, step, stride, and stance times were longer when walking overground but the degree of symmetry was comparable for both surfaces. Kinematic data revealed interlimb asymmetry was more pronounced for all lower limb joint excursions during overground walking and vertical forces were higher. In comparison to healthy adults, stroke subjects walked with lower cadence, shorter strides, lower stance time, and smaller lower limb joint excursions than their healthy counterparts. When compared with overground walking the metabolic requirements of treadmill walking for healthy adults and subjects with stroke however were about higher by 23% and 15% respectively. All temporal-distance parameters, hip joint excursion, F1 and F2 forces and metabolic costs showed main effects of speed. An interaction between speed and group indicated that oxygen consumption increased at a greater rate in stroke than healthy subjects. Conclusions: The findings suggest that, although overground and treadmill gait patterns are similar for each group of subjects, people with stroke adopt a more symmetrical kinematic walking pattern on the treadmill that is maintained at faster belt speeds. Although there are differences in gait patterns between healthy and stroke subjects, both groups respond to the challenge of increased walking speed in the same way. One important difference is the abnormal elevation of energy demands associated with treadmill walking at faster speeds in stroke. Clinically, this warrants consideration as it may lead to premature fatigue and undesirable cardiorespiratory challenge in this group of individuals.Thesis (Ph.D, Rehabilitation Science) -- Queen's University, 2009-08-27 06:41:19.999
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LINLEY, HEATHER. "Trunk Lean in Control and Osteoarthritic Gait." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/2599.
Full textAbstract:
Trunk lean over the stance limb during gait has been linked to a reduction in the knee adduction moment, which is associated with joint loading. Differences were examined in knee adduction moments and frontal plane trunk lean during gait between subjects with knee osteoarthritis and a control group of healthy adults. Additionally, subject variability in human motion data presents a challenge to researchers when trying to detect differences between subject groups. The individual differences in neutral posture between subjects is a source of variation in joint angles. A method was developed using principal component analysis (PCA) to objectively reduce this inter subject variability.
Gait analysis was performed on 80 subjects (40 osteoarthritis). Models were developed to define lateral thoracic tilt, as well as pelvic tilt. The trunk and pelvis frontal plane angles were used to describe trunk lean and pelvic tilt. Angles were calculated across the stance phase of gait. We analyzed the data, (i) by extracting discrete parameters (mean and peak) waveform values, and (ii) using principal component analysis (PCA) to extract shape and magnitude differences between the waveforms.
Osteoarthritis (OA) subjects had a higher knee adduction moment than the control group (α=0.05). Although the discrete parameters for trunk lean did not show differences between groups, PCA did detect characteristic waveform differences between the control and osteoarthritis groups. The data show that subjects display similar waveform shapes, however waveforms vary in magnitude, suggesting a variation in posture between subjects. The results from the PCA reveal that the first PC, which captures the most variation in the data, represents this variation in magnitude. The second PC describes a significant difference in range of motion between the subject groups.
Subjects with knee OA were found to have a different range of motion of their pelvis and trunk than control subjects. These changes are consistent with a strategy to lower the knee adduction moment. As an alternative to conventional subjective methods, PCA should be employed to reduce inter subject variability in order to ensure objective analysis in human motion waveform data.Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-08-14 14:43:53.127
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FU, Jizhen. "Topologies and Modelings of Novel Bipolar Gate Driver Techniques for Next-Generation High Frequency Voltage Regulators." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5950.
Full textAbstract:
As is predicted by Moore’s law, the transistors in microprocessors increase dramatically. In order to increase the power density of the microprocessors, the switching frequency of the Voltage Regulator (VR) is expected to increase to MHz level. However, the frequency dependent loss will increase proportionally. In order to meet requirements of the next-generation microprocessors, three new ideas are proposed in this thesis.
The first contribution is a new bipolar Current Source Driver (CSD) for high frequency power MOSFET. The proposed CSD alleviates the gate current diversion problem of the existing CSDs by clamping the gate voltage to a flexible negative value during turn off transition. Therefore, the proposed driver turns off the MOSFET much faster. For buck converters with 12 V input at 1MHz switching frequency, the proposed driver improves the efficiency from 80.5% using the existing CSD to 82.5% at 1.2V/30A, and at 1.3V/30A output, from 82.5% to 83.9%.
The second contribution is an accurate analytical loss model of a power MOSFET with a CSD. The current diversion problem that commonly exists in CSDs is investigated mathematically. The inductor value of the CSD is optimized to achieve minimum loss for the synchronous buck converter. The experimentally measured loss matches the calculated loss very well. The efficiency with the optimal CSD inductor is improved from 86.1% to 87.6% at 12V input, 1.3V/20A output in 1MHz switching frequency and from 82.4% to 84.0% at 1.3V/30A output.
The third contribution is a new inductorless bipolar gate driver for control FET of buck converters. The most important advantage of the driver presented in this thesis is that it can turn off the power MOSFETs with a negative voltage, which will significantly reduce the turn off time and thus switching loss. In addition, the proposed bipolar gate driver has no inductor in the driver circuit; therefore it can be fully integrated into a chip. For buck converter with 5V input, 1.3V/25A load, in 2 MHz frequency, the proposed gate driver increases the efficiency from 75.8% to 77.8% and from 72.9% to 76.5% at 5V input, 1.3V/25A load, in 2.5 MHz switching frequency.Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-07-30 14:06:04.003
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YANG, SHUOZHI. "Inertial Sensors in Estimating Spatio-Temporal Parameters of Walking: Performance Evaluation and Error Analysis." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/6664.
Full textAbstract:
The portability, ease of use and improved accuracy of miniature inertial sensors brought by current microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology has inspired researchers to develop human movement monitoring system with body-fixed sensors. Although a large number of studies have attempted to explore the use of miniature inertial sensors in estimating walking speed for the past two decades, there still remain some questions regarding applying inertial sensors in estimating walking speed under different walking conditions and for different subject populations. In this thesis, I focus on evaluating and improving the performance of a shank-mounted mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) based walking speed estimation method. My research can be divided into four parts. The first part was a systematic review regarding the state of the art of current development of the inertial sensor based walking speed estimation method. A total of 16 articles were fully reviewed in terms of sensor specification, sensor attachment location, experimental design and spatial parameter estimation algorithm. In the second part, a comprehensive performance evaluation was conducted, which included the treadmill and overground walking experiments with constraint on the walking speed, stride length and stride frequency. A systematic error was observed in the error analysis of this study, which was adjusted by subtracting the bias by linear regression. In the third part, a post-stroke subject overground walking experiment was carried out with an improved walking speed estimation method that reduced the systematic error caused by previous false initial speed assumption. In addition to walking speed estimation, the gait asymmetry for post-stroke hemiparetic gait was also evaluated with the proposed method. The last part was the sensor error model analysis. We elaborately analyzed and discussed the estimation errors involved in this method in order to completely understand the sensor error compensation in walking speed estimation algorithm design. Two existing sensor error models and one newly developed sensor error model were compared with the treadmill walking experiment, which demonstrated the effect of each sensor error component on the estimation result and the importance of the sensor error model selection.Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-08-23 19:38:16.965
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Brandon, Scott. "THE EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE JOINT MODELS IN THE STUDY OF LOWER-LIMB JOINT MOMENTS IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/2582.
Full textAbstract:
Knee osteoarthritis is a disease that affects nearly 40% of the global population over the age of seventy. It is believed that the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis can be partially attributed to changes in mechanical joint loading. Consequently, changes in lower-limb joint moments are important outcome measures for its treatment and prevention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four different anatomic joint models on the detection of changes in lower-limb joint moments due to knee osteoarthritis.
Moments during gait were calculated for 44 subjects with moderate osteoarthritis and 44 asymptomatic subjects, then expressed using four joint models: Joint Coordinate System, Plane of Progression, Distal, and Proximal. Discrete peak measures and principal component scores were compared between groups.
Hip adduction magnitude, knee adduction magnitude, peak early-stance knee internal rotation, and peak ankle plantarflexion moments were different between groups regardless of joint model. Differences detected using principal component analysis were less sensitive to the choice of joint model. Results support adoption of the Joint Coordinate System as a standard for joint moment expression due to its clinical relevance and ability to detect differences due to moderate knee osteoarthritis.Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-07-29 14:08:56.683
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Xu, Kai. "A SERIES-PARALLEL RESONANT TOPOLOGY AND NEW GATE DRIVE CIRCUITS FOR LOW VOLTAGE DC TO DC CONVERTER." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1008.
Full textAbstract:
With rapid progress in microelectronics technology, high-performance Integrated Circuits (ICs) bring huge challenge to design the power supplies. Fast loop response is required to handle the high transient current of devices. Power solution size is demanded to reduce due to the size reduction of integrated circuits. The best way to meet these harsh requirements is to increase switching frequency of power supplies. Along with the benefits of increasing switching frequency, the power supplies will suffer from high switching loss and high gate charge loss as these losses are frequency dependant losses.
This thesis investigates the best topology to minimize the switching loss. The Series-Parallel Resonant Converter (SPRC) with current-doubler is mainly analyzed for high frequency low voltage high current application. The advantages and disadvantages of SPRC with current-doubler are presented. A new adaptive synchronous rectifiers timing control scheme is also proposed. The proposed timing control scheme demonstrates it can minimize body diode conduction loss of synchronous rectifiers and therefore improve the efficiency of the converter.
This thesis also proposes two families of new resonant gate drive circuits. The circuits recover a portion of gate drive energy that is total lost in conventional gate drive circuit. In addition to reducing gate charge loss, it also reduces the switching losses of the power switches. Detail operation principle, loss analysis and design guideline of the proposed drive circuits are provided. Simulation and experimental results are also presented.Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-01-29 22:37:09.812
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Macdonald, Scott A. "Gait parameters and falling in the elderly : a prospective study." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/31528.
Full textAbstract:
The incidence of falls is common in older adults and becomes more frequent
with advancing age. Falls and injuries associated with falls are among the most
debilitating and traumatic medical problems encountered by the elderly. There is
evidence that indicates there may be a cause and effect relationship between specific
gait parameters and falling. If a simple gait test can predict fallers, it could become a
valuable tool for identifying individuals at high risk of falling. The purposes of this
study were 1) to determine whether performance on the Functional Ambulation
Profile (FAP) could accurately predict fallers and non-fallers in a prospective
manner and 2) to identify gait parameters within the FAP that would best classify
fallers. My hypothesis for this study include 1) the Functional Ambulation Profile
(FAP) will accurately predict subjects as fallers and non-fallers and 2) of the five
variables that comprise the FAP walking velocity, right and left step length:leg
length ratio, step width will be the most powerful predictors of fall status. Two
hundred twenty six subjects were evaluated using the GAITRite electronic walkway.
Falls surveillance was conducted for 8 months after each participant's specific
GAITRite testing date. Average height, weight and BMI were 161.9 �� 8.7 cm, 68.1 ��
16.7 kg, and 25.9 �� 4.1 kg/m��, respectively. Men and women were analyzed
separately using analysis of variance, logistic regression and relative operating
characteristic curves. There was no difference between fallers and non-fallers for any
of the FAP variables for both the men and women. Regression results indicated the
overall model for FAP to predict fallers was not statistically significant for either
men or women, (p=0.706 and p=0.543, respectively). In addition, none of the five
variables that make up the FAP was significant enough to be included in a stepwise
logistic model, thus we were unable to develop an alternative model for predicting
fallers based on gait variables. A secondary analysis found that the FAP was unable
to distinguish multiple fallers (3 or more) from occasional and non-fallers in this
same study population. The results of this study indicate that the FAP does not
predict falls in independently living men and women over the age of 70. Further,
none of the five gait variables that compose the FAP was a significant independent
predictor of falls in this same population. Based on the results of this study we
conclude that the FAP alone is not sufficient to predict risk of falling among older
adults. Because of the complexity of all the physical, psychological and
environmental elements that can lead to falling, tests based on only spatial and
temporal gait characteristics do not appear to be good fall predictors for independent
older adults.Graduation date: 2003
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Bsoul, Assem. "Reliability- and Variation-Aware Placement for Field-Programmable Gate Arrays." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5217.
Full textAbstract:
Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have the potential to address scaling challenges in CMOS technology because of their regular structures and the flexibility they possess by being re-configurable after fabrication. One of the potential approaches in attacking scaling challenges, such as negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) and process variation (PV), is by using placement techniques that are aware of these problems. Such techniques aim at placing a circuit in an FPGA such that the critical path delay is
improved compared to the expected worst case. This can be achieved by placing NBTI-critical blocks of a circuit in areas with fast transistors in an FPGA chip.
In this thesis, we present a detailed research effort that addresses the joint effect of NBTI and PV in FPGAs. We follow an experimental methodology in that we use actual PV data that we measure from 15 FPGA chips. The measured data is used to study the joint effect of NBTI and PV on the timing performance of circuits that are placed and routed in FPGAs. Enhancements are made to a well-known FPGA placement algorithm, T-VPlace, in order to make the placement process aware of the joint effect of NBTI and PV. Results are given for the placement and routing of Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (MCNC) benchmark circuits to show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques in addressing scaling challenges in FPGAs.Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-24 17:23:29.626
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Kroker, ANDRES. "INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE BIOMECHANICS OF HEAD-BOBBING PIGEONS." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8117.
Full textAbstract:
Walking pigeons display a characteristic behaviour: head-bobbing. Head-bobbing consists of two phases, the hold phase during which the head is kept stable in space, and the thrust phase during which the head is quickly moved forward. But why do pigeons and so many other birds head-bob? Two theories have been developed to answer this question. First, head-bobbing may have a visual function, namely object detection during the hold phase and depth perception during the thrust phase. Second, head-bobbing may have the biomechanical function of increasing the stability.
The present study aimed to gain further insight into why pigeons head-bob. A gait cycle analysis of walking pigeons revealed that the hold phase starts at a specific point in the gait cycle and is not dependent on the walking speed. The point in the gait cycle at which the hold phase starts indicates a potential increase in stability during the single stance phase, as it leads to a longer period of time during which the center of mass is above the base of support. The end of the hold phase, however, is dependent on the walking speed, specifically the step length for a given walking speed. I found that the thrust phase duration is constant for all walking speeds and the distance the head travels during that time is equal to the step length. With increasing walking speed the head moves faster during the thrust phase and the hold phase duration is decreased leading to a higher head-bobbing frequency. With fast enough walking speed the hold phase is eventually eliminated, marking the transition point from walking with head-bobbing to fast walking without head-bobbing. The exact velocity of this transition point was predicted for each individual and was dependent on the maximal step length of each pigeon. All head-bobbing parameters could be described with the step-frequency, the thrust phase duration, and the maximal step length, indicating that head-bobbing behavior is individual for every pigeon and depends on its body size.Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2013-07-22 23:11:41.557
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Mhaidat, Khaldoon. "Prototyping a scalable Montgomery multiplier using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28832.
Full textAbstract:
Modular Multiplication is a time-consuming arithmetic operation because it
involves multiplication as well as division. Modular exponentiation can be performed
as a sequence of modular multiplications. Speeding the modular multiplication
increases the speed of modular exponentiation. Modular exponentiation and modular
multiplication are heavily used in current cryptographic systems. Well-known
cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman key exchange, require
modular exponentiation operations. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) needs modular
multiplication.
Information security is increasingly becoming very important. Encryption and
Decryption are very likely to be in many systems that exchange information to secure,
verify, or authenticate data. Many systems, like the Internet, cellular phones, hand-held
devices, and E-commerce, involve private and important information exchange
and they need cryptography to make it secure.
There are three possible solutions to accomplish the cryptographic
computation: software, hardware using application-specific integrated circuits
(ASICs), and hardware using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The software
solution is the cheapest and most flexible one. But, it is the slowest. The ASIC
solution is the fastest. But, it is inflexible, very expensive, and needs long
development time. The FPGA solution is flexible, reasonably fast, and needs shorter
development time.
Montgomery multiplication algorithm is a very smart and efficient algorithm
for calculating the modular multiplication. It replaces the division by a shift and
modulus-addition (if needed) operations, which are much faster than regular division.
The algorithm is also very suitable for a hardware implementation. Many designs have
been proposed for fixed precision operands. A word-based algorithm and the scalable
Montgomery multiplier based on this algorithm have been proposed later. The scalable
multiplier can be configured to meet the design area-time tradeoff. Also, it can work
for any operand precision up to the memory capacity.
In this thesis, we develop a prototyping environment that can be used to verify
the functionality of the scalable Montgomery multiplier on the circuit level. All the
software, hardware, and firmware components of this environment will be described.
Also, we will discuss how this environment can be used to develop cryptographic
applications or test procedures on top of it.
We also present two FPGA designs of the processing unit of the scalable
Montgomery multiplier. The FPGA design techniques that have been used to optimize
these designs are described. The implementation results are analyzed and the designs
are compared against each other. The FPGA implementation of the first design is also
compared against its ASIC implementation.Graduation date: 2003
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Novak, Alison C. "The effects of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) on gait in chronic stroke." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/684.
Full textAbstract:
Excessive muscle tone or stiffness secondary to stroke frequently involves the ankle plantarflexors and has been associated with decreased mobility and reduced function. Although becoming more common in clinical practice, the effectiveness of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injected in the ankle plantarflexors on gait biomechanics is not well established. The primary objective of this study was to describe the kinematic and kinetic changes that occur during walking following BTX-A treatment of the hypertonic ankle plantarflexors. As well, the study explored whether there were clinical characteristics uniquely associated with subjects that exhibited biomechanical improvement. The study was a single group, open label trial with repeated measures, including multiple baseline and three post-intervention time points. Seven chronic hemiparetic stroke subjects with ankle hypertonicity were included in the study. Full lower limb bilateral gait analysis provided joint kinematic and kinetic information throughout stance. As well, clinical measures of ankle range of motion and spasticity were assessed pre and post treatment. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA with Least Significant Difference adjustment for post-hoc analysis as necessary (significance level p≤0.05). Of the kinematic variables, significant improvements in peak dorsiflexion and plantarflexion and the ankle angle at initial contact were found 10 weeks post-injection relative to baseline. No significant kinetic changes were detected, however 2 subjects showed improved positive work at the ankle post-injection and 5 subjects demonstrated increased positive work at the hip post-treatment. Although subjects were classified as “responders” or “non-responders” based on clinical improvement observed 2 weeks post-injection, there was no observable association between those who responded clinically and those who demonstrated improved gait. The major findings suggest that BTX-A injection results in tone reduction and in some cases improves the biomechanical efficiency of gait. In cases where kinetic variables remained unchanged following treatment, perhaps the increased tone was not the limiting factor of reduced function.Thesis (Master, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2007-08-30 09:41:03.24
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Laudanski, ANNEMARIE. "INERTIAL SENSORS FOR KINEMATIC MEASUREMENT AND ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION OF GAIT POST-STROKE." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8224.
Full textAbstract:
The ability to walk and negotiate stairs is an important predictor of independent ambulation. The superposition of mobility impairments to the effects of natural aging in persons with stroke render the completion of many daily activities unsafe, thus limiting individuals’ independence within
their communities. Currently however, no means exist for the monitoring of mobility levels during daily living in survivors after the completion of rehabilitation programs. The application of inertial sensors for stroke survivors could provide a basis for the study of gait outside of
traditional laboratory settings. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the performance of inertial sensors in measuring gait of hemiparetic stroke survivors through the completion of three studies. The first study explored the use of inertial measurement units (IMUs) for the measurement of lower limb joint kinematics during stair ascent and descent in both stroke survivors and healthy older adults. Results suggested that IMUs were suitable for the measurement of lower limb range of motion in both healthy and post-stroke subjects during stair ambulation. The second study evaluated the measurement of step length and spatial symmetry during overground walking using IMUs. A systematic error resulting in the underestimation of step lengths calculated using IMUs compared with those measured using video analysis was found, however results suggested that IMUs were suitable for the assessment of spatial symmetry between affected and less-affected limbs in stroke survivors. The final study evaluated the automatic classification of gait activities using inertial sensor data. Findings revealed that the use of a classifier composed of frequency-features extracted from IMU accelerometer and gyroscope data from both the affected and less-affected limbs most accurately identified gait activities from
post stroke gait data.
This thesis provides a first attempt at applying IMUs to the study of gait post-stroke. Future work may extend the findings of these studies to provide a better understanding to rehabilitation professionals of the demands of everyday life for stroke survivors.Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-29 12:42:05.505
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Wang, Jough-tai. "An observational study of the energetics and dynamical aspects of GATE cloud clusters." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29077.
Full textAbstract:
Thermodynamical and dynamical aspects of tropical cloud
clusters are studied using data from the GARP Atlantic Tropical
Experiment (GATE). The data set used in this study is a
three-dimensional gridded set of upper-air analyses constructed by
Ooyama and Chu (Hurricane Research Division, AOML/NOAA and
SSEC-University of Wisconsin) for wind data and Esbensen (Oregon
State University) for thermodynamic data. The energy and momentum
budgets are estimated on the scale of large cloud clusters.
A strong upper-tropospheric heat source and middle-tropospheric
drying are characteristic features of the mature stage
of the observed cloud clusters. The heat source, moisture sink and
the virtual heat flux for cloud clusters are larger than the
corresponding quantities from GATE easterly-wave composites. The
surface precipitation estimates produced from the vertically
integrated moisture budget are consistent with direct observations.
From the momentum budget study, the following conclusions are
drawn concerning the cumulus momentum effects. In the growing
stage, the mesoscale and cumulus scale effect tends to: 1) provide
a vertically integrated net sink for westerly momentum around the
cluster center; 2) induce a convergent circulation in the lower
layer. In the mature stage, the effects are to: 1) induce a
divergent circulation in the upper layer and maintain a vorticity
couplet pattern; 2) maintain a weak convergent circulation in the
lower layer; and 3) cause a relatively weak easterly acceleration
in the upper layer at the center. A hypothesis is postulated to
illustrate the convective dynamical effects.
A simple barotropic non-divergent model was constructed to
investigate the large-scale response to the hypothesized cumulus
momentum forcing similar to that found in the GATE cloud-cluster
momentum budget. The numerical results show that the cumulus
momentum forcing is a plausible kinetic energy source for the
mesoscale wavenumber spectrum. The sporadic nature of the
convective mass flux does not have a significant effect on the
large-scale dynamical response for physically realistic parameters
in a barotropic non-divergent dynamical system.Graduation date: 1987
40
Smith, Alexander B. "High speed analog circuit design using the heterostructure insulated gate field effect transistor." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33758.
Full textAbstract:
As Si MOS approaches its maximum limits in speed and bandwidth, new
devices are desired to meet the needs of high speed communications and signal
processing. A device that exhibits superior performance to Si MOS, BJT, and
GaAs technology is the HEMT (high electron mobility transistor).
The HEMT offers superior transconductance, mobility, speed, and noise performance
compared to Si MOS, BJT, and standard GaAs technology. The high
performance is a result of improved channel mobility due to a heterojunction. At
the heterointerface, the majority carriers are confined to a very thin sheet forming
what has been termed a 2DEG (two dimensional electron gas).
The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the suitability of Honeywell's
delta-doped self-aligned complimentary HIGFET process for the realization of high
speed analog circuits. An operational amplifier and switched-capacitor circuit are
presented. The operational amplifier has been fabricated at Honeywell and preliminary
tests have been performed on the op-amp which are also presented.Graduation date: 1998
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Pau, Ronny. "A Configurable Router for Embedded Network-on-Chip Support in Field-Programmable Gate Arrays." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1516.
Full textAbstract:
The scaling of VLSI technology has allowed extensive integration of processing resources
on a single chip. Consequently, programmable chips is able to have a high logic and memory
capacity for implementation of complex systems. Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) with their embedded memory and other specialized functionality have become viable
alternatives in many cases to costly application-specific integrated circuits as a system-on-chip (SoC) substrate. However, on-chip bus-based interconnects are no longer suitable for complex SoC design because of its limited scalability. The network-on-chip (NoC)paradigm has therefore emerged as a scalable approach for addressing this challenge.
FPGAs can also adopt the NoC paradigm in order to support more complex SoC implementations. The elements for NoC support can be implemented in conventional programmable logic within an FPGA, however, a dedicated approach for these NoC elements
can lead to better performance and more efficient utilization of on-chip FPGA resources. A fixed network topology can be a disadvantage in NoC platforms due to misalignment with application requirements. It is therefore desirable to incorporate a certain level of configurability even for embedded NoC support within an FPGA.
This thesis presents the design and implementation of a configurable router intended as a dedicated embedded module for NoC support in an FPGA. The goal is to provide a general NoC infrastructure for the FPGA platform that balances trade-offs with regard to logic complexity, resource utilization, and flexibility. The configurable router provides flexibility in implementing a variety of network topologies with the convenience of a 3-bit input to the router for configuration. All of the necessary routing functionality for each topology is implemented in logic for performance and area efficiency. The overall
router design provides general NoC support with reduced complexity, thereby achieving
area efficiency and an adequate clock frequency for typical operation in conjunction with embedded soft processors.
Synthesis results are presented at the router level in order to characterize the hardware overhead for implementations in programmable logic as well as standard-cell technology, and at the system-level in order to evaluate overall system resource utilization. Operational results are shown at router level to demonstrate correctness and at system level to demonstrate
functionality of the multiprocessor systems that utilizes the configurable router.Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-09-24 23:24:01.907
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Alsaffar, Ahmed J. "Process-based modeling for cradle-to-gate energy and carbon footprint reduction in product design." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28609.
Full textAbstract:
Interest in accounting for environmental impacts of products, processes, and systems during the design phase is increasing. Numerous studies have undertaken investigations for reducing environmental impacts across the product life cycle. Efforts have also been launched to quantify such impacts more accurately. Life cycle energy consumption and carbon footprint are among the most frequently adopted and investigated environmental performance metrics. As efforts continue to incorporate environmental sustainability into product design, struggles persist in concurrent consideration of environmental impacts resulting from the manufacturing processes and supply chain network design. Thus, the objective of this research is to present a framework for reducing product cradle-to-gate energy consumption and carbon footprint through simultaneous consideration of manufacturing processes and supply
chain activities. The framework developed in this thesis relies on unit process modeling, and is demonstrated for production of a bicycle pedal. It is shown that simultaneous consideration of manufacturing and supply chain processes can impact decision-making and improve product environmental sustainability at the design stage. The work presented contributes to the state of the science in sustainable design and manufacturing research. In addition, a point of departure is established for the research community to move current efforts forward for concurrent consideration of multiple stages of the product life cycle in pursuit of environmental, economic, and social sustainability.Graduation date: 2012
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Sled, ELIZABETH. "Measurement Reliability and Effect of Hip Strengthening Exercises in Knee Osteoarthritis." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1479.
Full textAbstract:
The progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA), the most common cause of physical disability in older adults, is influenced by muscular and biomechanical factors. Reliability of muscular and biomechanical measures, including knee muscle strength and limb alignment, is critical. Furthermore, conservative interventions that slow the course of OA disease progression and prevent disability are urgently needed. The objectives of this thesis were to: 1) investigate the reliability of measures of knee muscle strength and alignment in persons with knee OA, and 2) determine the influence of an exercise intervention targeting hip muscles on knee joint loading in those with medial knee OA.
In the first study reliability of knee muscle strength measures was evaluated within one testing session in 40 persons with knee OA. Isometric and isokinetic peak torque values for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles demonstrated high degrees of intra-session reliability.
Reliability of lower limb alignment measures was determined following a bone landmark-based approach with use of a computer program. Excellent reliability coefficients were found which compared favorably with reliability of manual measures from schematics of limb deformities drawn with AutoCAD® software. When the computer method was applied to 100 full-limb radiographs of persons with or at risk for knee OA, alignment measures demonstrated high inter- and intra-reader reliability.
Hip muscle weakness may influence loading of the medial knee compartment. Hip abductor strength was evaluated in 40 individuals with medial compartment knee OA in comparison to a control group of 40 healthy older adults. The effect of an 8-week home-based hip abductor strengthening program on the knee adduction moment was also assessed in this group with knee OA, compared with the control group which received no intervention. Following the exercise program the OA group demonstrated improvements in hip abductor strength and functional performance on a sit-to-stand task. There were no changes in the knee adduction moment. Thus, hip muscle strengthening did not influence joint loading, but may improve function in persons with knee OA.
Results from this thesis provide increased understanding of knee OA, from muscular and biomechanical perspectives, in the areas of measurement reliability and exercise intervention.Thesis (Ph.D, Rehabilitation Science) -- Queen's University, 2008-09-25 01:29:13.675
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Tschirhart, Darryl. "EFFICIENT CONTROL OF THE SERIES RESONANT CONVERTER FOR HIGH FREQUENCY OPERATION." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7452.
Full textAbstract:
Improved transient performance and converter miniaturization are the major driving factors behind high frequency operation of switching power supplies. However, high speed operation is limited by topology, control, semiconductor, and packaging technologies. The inherent mitigation of switching loss in resonant converters makes them prime candidates for use when the limits of switching frequency are pushed. The goal of this thesis is to address two areas that practically limit the achievable switching frequency of resonant topologies.
Traditional control methods based on single cycle response are impractical at high frequency; forcing the use of pulse density modulation (PDM) techniques. However, existing pulse density modulation strategies for resonant converters in dc/dc applications suffer from:
• High semiconductor current stress.
• Slow response and large filter size determined by the low modulating frequency.
• Possibly operating at fractions of resonant cycles leading to switching loss; thereby limiting the modulating frequency.
A series resonant converter with variable frequency PDM (VF-PDM) with integral resonant cycle control is presented to overcome the limitations of existing PDM techniques to enable efficient operation with high switching frequency and modulating frequency. The operation of the circuit is presented and analyzed, with a design procedure given to achieve fast transient performance, small filter size, and high efficiency across the load range with current stress comparable to conventional control techniques. It is shown that digital implementation of the controller can achieve favourable results with a clock frequency four times greater than the switching frequency.
Driving the synchronous rectifiers is a considerable challenge in high current applications operating at high switching frequency. Resonant gate drivers with continuous inductor current experience excessive conduction loss, while discontinuous current drivers are subject to slow transitions and high peak current. Current source drivers suffer from high component count and increased conduction loss when applied to complementary switches.
A dual-channel current source driver is presented as a means of driving two complementary switches. A single coupled inductor with discontinuous current facilitates low conduction loss by transferring charge between the MOSFET gates to reduce the number of semiconductors in the current path, and reducing the number of conduction intervals. The operation of the circuit is analyzed, and a design procedure based on minimization of the total synchronous rectifier loss is presented. Implementation of the digital logic to control the driver is discussed.
Experimental results at megahertz operating frequencies are presented for both areas addressed to verify the theoretical results.Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-09 20:43:56.997
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Triska, Joshua B. "Atomic layer deposition of nanolaminate high-κ gate dielectrics for amorphous-oxide semiconductor thin film transistors." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/21720.
Full textAbstract:
Nanolaminate dielectrics combine two or more insulating materials in a many-layered film. These structures can be made to significantly outperform films composed of a single one of their constituent materials by adjusting the composition ratio, arrangement, and size of the component layers. In this work, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is used to fabricate pure-oxide and nanolaminate dielectrics based upon Al₂O₃ and ZrO₂. The relative performance of these dielectrics is investigated with respect to application as gate dielectrics for ZnSnO (ZTO) and InGaZnO (IGZO) amorphous-oxide-semiconductor (AOS) thin-film transistors (TFTs). AOS TFTs are promising candidates for commercial use in applications such as active-matrix displays and e-paper. It was found that the layer thickness, relative composition, and interfacial material all had an effect on TFT performance. Several variants of the Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ nanolaminate were found to exhibit superior properties to either Al₂O₃ or ZrO₂ alone.Graduation date: 2011
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ZHANG, ZHILIANG. "MOSFET CURRENT SOURCE GATE DRIVERS AND TOPOLOGIES FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY AND HIGH FREQUENCY VOLTAGE REGULATOR MODULES." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1777.
Full textAbstract:
With fast development of semiconductor industry, the transistors in microprocessors increase dramatically, which follows the Moore’s law. As a result, the operating voltages of the future microprocessors follow the trend of decreasing (sub 1V) while the demanding currents increase (higher than 100A). Furthermore, the high slew rates during the transient will reach 1200 A/us. All these impose a serious challenge on a Voltage Regulator (VR) or Voltage Regulator Module (VRM). In order to meet requirements of the next generation microprocessors, four new ideas are proposed in this thesis.
The first contribution is an accurate analytical loss model of a power MOSFET with a Current-Source Driver (CSD). The impact of the parasitic components is investigated. Based on the proposed loss model, a general method to optimize the CSD is presented. With the proposed optimization method, the CSD improves the efficiency from 79.4% using the conventional voltage source driver to 83.6% at 12V input, 1.5V/30A output and 1MHz.
The second contribution is a new continuous CSD for a synchronous buck converter. The proposed CSD is able to drive the control and Synchronous Rectifier (SR) MOSFETs independently with different drive currents enabling optimal design. At 12V input, 1.5 V/30A output and 1MHz, the proposed CSD improves the efficiency from 79.4% using a conventional voltage source driver to 83.9%.
The third contribution is a new discontinuous CSD. The most important advantage of the new CSD is the small inductance (typically, 20nH at 1MHz switching frequency). A hybrid gate drive scheme for a synchronous buck converter is also proposed. The idea of the hybrid gate driver scheme is to use the CSD to achieve switching loss reduction for the control MOSFET, while use the conventional voltage source driver for the SR. At 12V input, 1.3V/25A output and 1MHz, the proposed CSD improves the efficiency from 80.7% using the voltage source driver to 85.4%.
The final contribution is new self-driven zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) non-isolated full-bridge converters for 12V input VRM applications. The proposed converter achieves the duty cycle extension, ZVS operation and SRs gate energy recovery. At 12V input, 1.3V output and 1MHz, the proposed converter improves the efficiency from 80.7% using the buck converter to 83.6% at 50A.Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-23 08:59:12.699
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Choi, Rino. "Processing and reliability studies on hafnium oxide and hafnium silicate for the advanced gate dielectric application." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1907.
Full text
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De, Silva Sirilath J. "Statistical relationships between the mesoscale organization of convection, precipitation and the large-scale wind fields during the GATE." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28794.
Full textAbstract:
Data from the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) was analysed
in an exploratory manner to discover the characteristics of mesoscale
organization of convection and it's relationship to large-scale wind profiles.
Automated methods were developed to identify the convective cells and their
linear organization. These automated methods use a median high-pass filter
to identify enhanced cells and a simple pattern recognition technique to ascertain
the linear organization between them. Due to the simplified nature
of the algorithm, the whole data set of the 21 day period from the phase
3 of GATE was processed in an economical manner obtaining a large data
base which was used in the investigation of clusters and other associated phenomena.
The mesoscale organization of convective cells and the widespread
areas of lighter precipitation associated with them showed expected characteristics
and compared satisfactorily with previous results. A large fraction
of the rainfall (64%) fell from the widespread area. The total precipitation
had a correlation of 0.94 with the fractional area of the widespread and a
correlation of 0.89 with the fractional area of the clusters. The widespread
precipitation had a correlation index of 0.97 with it's fractional area and
the cluster precipitation had a strong linear relationship to it's area with
a correlation of 0.99. These factors argue well for the parameterization of
rainfall rate in tropical regions to a high accuracy by the area covered by
organized convective cells and widespread areas. It was also seen that there
was a good correlation with the number of clusters and number of cores with
the total precipitation rate in a given area. These factors create a strong
argument for identifying mesoscale systems consisting of convective cells and
widespread precipitation as basic units of precipitation in tropical regions,
having a characteristic life cycle of their own. The widespread and total
precipitation showed very good correlation with upper-level vertical motion.
Clusters tended to align parallel with the horizontal low-level wind shear and
the degree of alignment appears to depend on the strength of the wind shear.Graduation date: 1991
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Eberle, Wilson Allan Thomas. "MOSFET CURRENT SOURCE GATE DRIVERS, SWITCHING LOSS MODELING AND FREQUENCY DITHERING CONTROL FOR MHZ SWITCHING FREQUENCY DC-DC CONVERTERS." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1048.
Full textAbstract:
The power density of a switching converter is dependent on the size of the power circuit components. Converters are operated in the hundreds of kHz to achieve high power density since the size of the converter reactive components decrease as frequency increases. Most present day low power (<200W) DC-DC converters operate at switching frequencies up to 500kHz. Some research has been conducted on converters that can operate above 500kHz up to 4MHz. In the near future, most DC-DC switching converters for communications and computers will operate at switching frequencies of 1-10MHz in order to achieve greater power density and improved transient response. To meet the next generation requirements of these applications, four new ideas are proposed in this thesis.
The first contribution is a new current source gate drive circuit for power MOSFETs. The circuit provides a nearly constant gate current to reduce switching transition times and therefore switching loss in power MOSFETs. In addition, it can recover a portion of the gate energy normally dissipated in a conventional driver. Demonstrated loss reduction of 24.8% at 10V/5A load are presented in comparison to a conventional voltage source driver for a boost converter switching at 1MHz.
The second contribution is a new high efficiency 1MHz synchronous buck voltage regulator using an improved current source driver. The proposed circuit achieves short rise and fall times to reduce switching loss in the buck HS MOSFET. It also recovers a portion of the SR gate energy, enabling a loss reduction of 24% at 1.3V/30A load in comparison to a conventional driver.
In the third contribution, a new switching loss model is proposed for synchronous buck voltage regulators. The model uses simple closed form equations to calculate the rise and fall times and piecewise linear approximations of the HS MOSFET voltage and current waveforms to allow quick and accurate calculation of switching loss.
The final contribution is a new variable frequency digital control method for resonant converters, which is suitable for future applications switching at 10MHz. The proposed method uses frequency dithering to reduce the clock frequency demands of the digital controller.Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-02-28 10:56:06.732
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Scheidler, Capi Seeger. "The Effect of Locomotor Assisted Therapy on Lower Extremity Motor Performance in Typically Developing Children and Children with Cerebral Palsy." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/19437.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Background: Ambulation is critical to a child’s participation, development of selfconcept, and quality of life. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) frequently exhibit limitation in walking proficiency which has been identified as the primary physical disability. Traditional rehabilitative treatment techniques to improve ambulation for children with CP reveal inconsistent results. Driven gait orthosis (DGO) training is a novel approach focusing on motor learning principles that foster cortical neural plasticity. Objective: The objectives are to determine if: (i) the lower extremity muscle activation patterns of children with CP are similar to age-matched TD children in overground (OG) walking, (ii) DGO training replicates muscle activation patterns in OG ambulation in TD children, (iii) the lower extremity muscle activation patterns in OG walking of children with CP are similar to their muscle activation patterns with DGO assistance, and (iv) DGO training promotes unimpaired muscle activation patterns in children with CP. Methods: Muscle activity patterns of the rectus femoris, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus and gluteus medius were recorded in the OG and DGO walking conditions of children with CP and age-matched TD. The gait cycles were identified and the data was averaged to produce final average gait cycle time normalized values. Results: In comparing the variability of the muscle activation patterns within the subject groups, CP DGO walking was considerably lower than CP OG. In comparing the muscle activation patterns in each condition, consistent differences (p < .05) were noted in terminal stance, pre-swing and initial swing phases of gait with the DGO condition consistently revealing greater muscle unit recruitment. Conclusion: The results indicate that training in the DGO provided the ability to practice with measurably repetitive movement as evidenced by decreased variability. Consistent differences were noted in muscle activation patterns in the terminal stance, pre-swing and initial swing phases of gait when most of these muscles are primarily inactive. The alteration in ground reaction force within the DGO environment may play a role in this variance. With the goal of normalizing gait, it is important that the effect of these parameters on ground reaction forces be considered in the use of DGO rehabilitation.