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Huneke, Samuel Clowes. "The Duplicity of Tolerance: Lesbian Experiences in Nazi Berlin." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 1 (2017): 30–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417690596.
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In 2008, a monument to the gay victims of the Holocaust was erected that paid tribute only to its male victims, reigniting a long-running debate regarding the fate of lesbians in the Third Reich. Using four previously unanalyzed police investigation files at the Landesarchiv Berlin, this article opens a window into the lives of lesbians living in Nazi Berlin. The four case studies below highlight the capricious nature of Nazi rule and the surprising ways in which discourses of homosexuality appeared in the everyday lives of prostitutes and factory workers. At the same time, they demonstrate a surprisingly robust and open world in which lesbianism was not only not persecuted, but even tolerated in limited ways. While these materials suggest a chasm that separated the experiences of gay men and lesbians under the Nazi regime, they also highlight not only the limits of tolerance but the ways in which it can reinforce persecution itself.
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Impey, Nick. "Ideas of sex." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 1 (August 17, 2011): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.1.06.
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Both The Night Porter (Cavani) and The Gestapo’s Last Orgy (Canevari) are often referred to as exploitation. Exploitation cinema’s focus on empty excess is in line with the exaggeration/superficiality of “Camp”. Despite Susan Sontag’s separation of “Camp” elements and homosexual-Camp elements, subsequent
 commentators have argued that Camp is an exclusively gay critique of the artificial nature of the “performance” of hetero-normative gender roles. My article looks at the ways in which lesbian filmmaker Liliana Cavani discusses queer sexuality through a Camp play on gender roles, and how this same discourse is
 “developed” in Canevari’s virtual remake. German/Italian fascist ideology’s preoccupation with the perfected male body and Hitler’s original acceptance of homosexuality contributed to the presence of a lingering (masculine) homoeroticism in Nazi iconography. Holocaust history of Nazi domination enhanced this masculine image. Accordingly, the two filmmakers use a binary of male (masculine) Nazi dominator and female submissive prisoner, which is possessing of a heterosexual quality made fragile by the history of fascist sexual ambiguity. Essentially, my paper argues that the films’ disruption of the traditional images of Nazi aggressor/innocent victim through the protagonists’ depicted collaboration corresponds with the filmmakers’ blurring of masculine/feminine roles in their individual statements about queer sexuality.
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Porter, Jack. "Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Literature with Jewish Content: A Bibliographic Overview." Judaica Librarianship 8, no. 1 (1994): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14263/2330-2976.1252.
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The topic of gay, lesbian, and bisexual literature with Jewish content has been taboo for a very long time. Because of Judaism's deep-rooted commitment to the family, alternative forms of sexual relationships have rarely been mentioned in Jewish literature. Only in the past twenty-five years, with the rise of AIDS, but starting in the radical 1960s with its innovative sexual and cultural critique and revolutionary approach to politics and power arrangements, have we seen the rise of Jewish literature on gay, lesbian, and bisexual lifestyles. Since homosexuality is still asur (forbidden) in Halacha, this is still a controversial topic and care must be taken to handle it with sensitivity. Still, librarians and teachers should introduce these issues at age-appropriate and text appropriate levels. This bibliographic essay demonstrates the wide range of material that exists on this topic from research guides and anthologies to novels and sociological works. The literature is growing by leaps and bounds; much of the material is useful for Jewish libraries but must be updated regularly since this field is undergoing great change. However, since gay history is still history, the encyclopedias and research guides will always be useful. The paper includes a special section on homosexuality and sexual politics in Nazi Germany, a special interest of the author, a son of Holocaust survivors.
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Whisnant, Clayton J. "Styles of Masculinity in the West German Gay Scene, 1950-1965." Central European History 39, no. 3 (2006): 359–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000136.
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Since the end of the 1990s, the study of masculinity within German scholarship has made considerable progress, especially in moving beyond the close association made between German manhood and militarism.1 While the figure of the soldier remains crucial for an understanding of masculinity in Germany (as well as the rest of the Western world) during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, scholars have increasingly recognized that any culture includes multiple definitions and representations of manhood—even one so thoroughly saturated by the figure of the soldier as Germany was during the Nazi era.2 Increasingly, the goal of research has been to uncover how masculinity is not only represented in official discourse, but also constructed through social interaction and “performed,” to use Judith Butler's term, in the context of everyday life. Moreover, this research has increasingly taken into account “the relations between the different kinds of masculinity,” in the words of the sociologist Robert Connell—especially the relationships of power.3 In short, recent work has increasingly recognized that the meanings of manhood are constructed within a complicated socio-cultural matrix of gender whose points of reference include not only women and cultural definitions of femininity, but also various versions of masculinity that themselves very often reflect class distinctions and other kinds of social fissures.
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Papadopoulos. "Performing The Homo-Nazi Effect: Gay Neo-Nazism, Digital Drag Attack, and the Postcinematic Cultures of Crisis." QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking 2, no. 3 (2015): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/qed.2.3.0108.
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Forstie, Clare, and Gary Alan Fine. "Signaling perversion: Senator David Walsh and the politics of euphemism and dysphemism." Sexualities 20, no. 7 (2017): 772–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460716658421.
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Discussions of sexual reputation typically involve hints and innuendos, as sexual behavior often cannot be explicitly addressed in public domains. In this article we explore the role of signaling in the creation of reputation, particularly when reputational claims may not be directly articulated. We describe sexual signals in their reach (who learns of the claim) and through their realm (the transparency of meanings). We focus on the publicity of and response to a dramatic sexuality scandal from the Second World War that alleged that a US senator frequented a gay brothel operated by Nazi spies. This scandal – like others involving hidden sexuality – depended on signaling through the discursive forms of euphemism and dysphemism, requiring bounded subcultural knowledge. Signaling relies on local knowledge, often sheltering the powerful by excluding broader publics. Although we focus on the Walsh case, similar dynamics operate in other scandals involving politicians, government officials, and public figures.
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Emanuel, Sarah. "Letting judges breathe: Queer survivance in the book of Judges and Gad Beck’s An Underground Life: Memoirs of a Gay Jew in Nazi Berlin." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 44, no. 3 (2019): 394–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309089219862812.
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Scholars typically describe the book of Judges as encompassing a cyclical transgress–suffer–prosper–transgress–again trope. Although Israelite peace and autonomy are maintained at various moments throughout the text, hardship inevitably ensues, leading exegetes to focus on the Israelites’ repeated demise as opposed to their continual triumphs. As David Gunn notes, ‘reward and punishment is often viewed as the book’s dominant theme’. Or, in the words of Danna Nolan Fewell, the stories within Judges are frequently read as a collective ‘downward spiral for Israel and its leaders’. I question, however, whether such thematic analysis might prove insufficient when engaging a hermeneutic of trauma and survival—or queer survivance, as we will see. Interestingly, of the 400-year period covered in the book of Judges, only 111 of them are spent in subjugation. Nearly three-fourths of the time period covered by the book, in other words, recounts times of judgeship and autonomy. Might this story be less about cultural transgression and more about the creative ways in which the Israelites managed to endure? In this article, I will provide an intertextual comparison of the Judges cycle with the memoir of Holocaust survivor, Gad Beck. In doing so, I will suggest that Judges offers us a literary representation of an ancient culture’s fight to persist. Rather than guide readers through the entirety of the Judges narrative, however, I will focus on Judges 3 and 4, as the stories of and events surrounding Ehud and Jael offer a more concentrated instance of the aforementioned cyclical trope. From a stance of hetero-suspicion and with a theoretical view to intertextuality and queer survivance, I will argue that, like Beck, Ehud and Jael subvert oppressive power structures through gender-bending performances and the embodiment of ambivalent, and even comedic, identity markers. Taking such similarities into consideration, I will then suggest that Ehud’s and Jael’s queer-comic consciousness becomes another thematic trope within the book of Judges as a whole. Yet instead of focusing on the repetition of the Israelites’ self-fulfilling demise, this trope spotlights the creative ways in which the Judges narrative becomes one of survival and reflects an ancient culture’s will to resist, persist, and indeed, live.
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Bergen, Doris L. "Poisonings - Peter Gay: My German Question: Growing Up in Nazi Berlin. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998. Pp. xiv, 208. $22.50.)." Review of Politics 62, no. 2 (2000): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500029508.
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Neumann, Franz L. "Anxiety and Politics." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 15, no. 2 (2017): 612–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v15i2.901.
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The English version of this article was first published in 1957. The journal tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique republished it 60 years later in 2017. In this essay, Franz L. Neumann discusses the role of anxiety in politics. The article asks: How does it happen that the masses sell their souls to leaders and follow them blindly? On what does the power of attraction of leaders over masses rest? What are the historical situations in which this identification of leader and masses is successful, and what view of history do the men have who accept leaders? For answering these questions, the author suggests a combination of political economy, Freudian political psychology, and ideology critique. He sees anxiety in the context of alienation. Alienation is analysed as a multidimensional phenomenon consisting of economic, political, social and psychological alienation. Neumann introduces the notions of Caesaristic identification, institutionalised anxiety and persecutory anxiety. The essay shows that fascism remains an actual threat in capitalist societies.Acknowledgement: The editors of tripleC express their gratitude to the Neumann and Marcuse families for their support in republishing this essay, to Simon & Schuster for granting us the rights, and to Denise Rose Hansen for her invaluable editorial assistance. Original source: From the book “The Democratic and the Authoritarian State” by Franz Neumann. Copyright © 1957 by the Free Press. Copyright renewed © 1985 by the Free Press, a division of Macmillan, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Originally delivered as a lecture before the Free University of Berlin and published in the series “Recht und Staat,” Tübingen,1954. Translated by Professor Peter Gay. This article is published in tripleC without a CC licence.About the AuthorFranz Leopold Neumann (1900-1954) was a political theorist associated with the Frankfurt School. He obtained a doctoral degree in legal studies at the University of Frankfurt with the dissertation „Rechtsphilosophische Einleitung zu einer Abhandlung über das Verhältnis von Staat und Strafe“ (A Legal-Philosophical Introduction to A Treatise on the Relationship between the State and Punishment). Neumann became the German Social Democratic Party’s (SPD) main legal advisor at a time when the Nazis and Hitler gained strength in Germany. At the time when Hitler came to power in 1933, the legal office had to be closed and Neumann had to flee from Germany. In London, he in 1936 obtained his second doctoral degree from the London School of Economics with the work “The Governance of the Rule of Law” under the supervision of Harold Laski and Karl Mannheim. Neumann moved to New York in 1936, where he became a member of the Institute of Social Research (also known as the “Frankfurt School”) that was then in exile in the USA. In 1942, he started working for the Office of Strategic Service (OSS), where he together with Herbert Marcuse and Otto Kirchheimer analysed Nazi Germany. In 1942, Neumann published his main book is Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933–1944 (2nd, updated edition published in 1944), one of the most profound analyses of Nazi Germany’s political economy and ideology. Franz L. Neumann died in 1954 in a car accident.
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Chalmers, Beverley. "The Medical Manipulation of Reproduction to Implement the Nazi Genocide of Jews." Conatus 4, no. 2 (2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.20993.
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Holocaust literature gives exhaustive attention to direct means of exterminating Jews, by using gas chambers, torture, starvation, disease, and intolerable conditions in ghettos and camps, and by the Einsatzgruppen. In some circles, the term “Holocaust” has become the ultimate description of horror or horrific events. The Nazi medical experiments and practices are an example of these. Nazi medical science played a central and crucial role in creating and implementing practices designed to achieve a “Master Race.” Doctors interfered with the most intimate and previously sacrosanct aspects of life in these medical experiments – reproductive function and behavior – in addition to implementing eugenic sterilizations, euthanasia, and extermination programs. Manipulating reproductive life – as a less direct method of achieving the genocide of Jews – has been less acknowledged. The Nazis prevented those regarded as not meeting idealized Nazi racial standards – and particularly Jewish women – from having sex or bearing children through legal, social, psychological and biological means, as well as by murder. In contrast, they promoted reproductive life to achieve the antithesis of genocide – the mass promotion of life – among those deemed sufficiently “Aryan.” Implementing measures to prevent birth is a core feature of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. As with many other aspects of the Holocaust, science and scientists were inveigled into providing legitimacy for Nazi actions. The medical profession was no exception and was integrally involved in the manipulation of birth to implement the Holocaust.
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Wichert, Wojciech. "„Exerzierplatz des Nationalsozialismus“ — der Reichsgau Wartheland in den Jahren 1939–1945." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, no. 2 (2018): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.2.4.
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The aim of the article is the analysis of German policy in Reichsgau Wartheland, an area of western Poland annexed to Germany in the years 1939–1945. In scientific literature German rule in Warthegau with its capital in Poznań is often defined as ,,experimental training area of National Socialism”, where the regime could test its genocidal and racial practices, which were an emanation of the German occupation of Poland. The Nazi authorities wanted to accomplish its ideological goals in Wartheland in a variety of cruel ways, including the ethnic cleansing, annihilation of Polish intelligentsia, destruction of cultural institutions, forced resettlement and expulsion, segregation Germans from Poles combined with wide-ranging racial discrimination against the Polish population, mass incarceration in prisons and concentration camps, systematic roundups of prisoners, as well as genocide of Poles and Jews within the scope of radical Germanization policy and Holocaust. The aim of Arthur Greiser, the territorial leader of the Wartheland Gauleiter and at the same time one of the most powerful local Nazi administrators in Hitler‘s empire, was to change the demographic structure and colonisation of the area by the hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans Volksdeutschen from the Baltic and other regions in order to make it a ,,blond province” and a racial laboratory for the breeding of the ,,German master race”. The largest forced labour program, the first and longest standing ghetto in Łódź, which the Nazis renamed later Litzmannstadt and the first experimental mass gassings of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe carried out from autumn 1941 in gas vans in Chełmno extermination camp were all initiated in Warthegau, even before the implementation of the Final Solution. Furthermore, some of the first major deportations of the Jewish population took place here. Therefore in the genesis of the of the Nazi extermination policy of European Jewry Wartheland plays a pivotal role, as well as an important part of ruthless German occupation of Polish territories.
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Théofilakis, Fabien. "« Eichmanns gab es viele » : de l’histoire d’un nazi au nazi de l’histoire." Cités N° 87, no. 3 (2021): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cite.087.0177.
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Bryant, Michael. "“Only the National Socialist”: Postwar US and West German Approaches to Nazi “Euthanasia” Crimes, 1946–1953." Nationalities Papers 37, no. 6 (2009): 861–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990903230793.
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In Western historical consciousness, National Socialist mass murder has become permanently identified with the Jewish Holocaust, Adolf Hitler's maniacal project to annihilate European Jewry. From its earliest days, the Nazi Party sought to exclude Jews from German public life, and when the Nazis came to power in January 1933, their anti-Jewish animus became official policy. What followed was legal disemancipation of German Jews, physical attacks on their persons, ghettoization, deportation, and physical extermination in the East. The story of the Holocaust is well known and generally accepted. Yet two years before German Jewish policy swerved from persecution and harassment to genocide, the Nazis were already involved in state-organized killing of another disfavored minority. Unlike the destruction of European Jews, the murder of this group—the mentally disabled—occurred within the Reich's own borders. Launched with the signing of a “Hitler decree” in October 1939 (backdated to 1 September), the centrally organized program targeted so-called “incurable” patients, whose lives were to be ended by a doctor-administered “mercy death” (Gnadentod). The Nazis attached the term “euthanasia” to their program of destruction, bolstering their rationale for it with humanitarian arguments and cost-based justifications, the latter legitimizing euthanasia as a means to free up scarce resources for use by “valuable” Germans. Over time, the restrictive use of euthanasia just for incurable patients ended; thereafter, the Nazis extended the killing program to healthier patients, sick concentration camp inmates, Jewish patients, and a variety of “asocials” (juvenile delinquents, beggars, tramps, prostitutes). The technology of murder developed in the “euthanasia” program—carbon monoxide asphyxiation in gas chambers camouflaged as shower rooms—would become the model for the first death camps in Poland. Many of the “euthanasia” personnel were likewise transferred to the Polish extermination centers, where they applied the techniques of mass death—refined in murdering the disabled—to the murder of the European Jews.
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Bilal, Mohammad, and Adnan Khan. "Geotechnical Evaluation of Limestones from Cape Monze and Adjoining Areas, Karachi, Pakistan for Their Utilization as Road Aggregate." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 2 (2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol10.iss2.2019.255.
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Limestone samples (n = 19) were collected from outcrops of Nari and Gaj formations for the determinationof physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Compressive strength of Nari and Gaj formations varied in therange of 29-63 and 94-32 MPA with mean of 44 and 58 MPA respectively. Density of Gaj Formation (range: 2364-3264; mean: 2893 Kg/m3) is relatively higher than Nari Formation (range: 2321-3284; mean: 2565 Kg/m3). Meanspecific gravity of both Nari and Gaj formations is 2.5. Absorption of Nari Formation (mean: 2.64) is higher than theGaj Formation (mean: 1.78). Mean Sulphate soundness of Nari Formation (8.7%) is slightly higher than Gaj Formation(8.5%). Abrasion values of both formations are within the AASHTO reference range (< 40%) where mean value ofLoss Angles for Nari Formation is 34% and Gaj Formation is 26%. Crushing values of both Nari (10-50%) and Gaj(10-25%) formations where mean of Nari (27%) is double the mean of Gaj (13%) Formation. Mean water-solublesulphate and chloride of both formations is same (0.1% and 0.04% respectively). Both formations have alkaline pH(8.1±). Mean TOC content of Nari and Gaj formations is 0.4%. Carbonate% of Nari and Gaj formations is < 46%. Claylumps and friable particles in both formations are highly variable but the mean values are within permissible range (<1%). Elongation Index of both formations is double (30) the standard EI value (15%) set by National HighwayAuthority, Pakistan. Mean Flakiness value of both formations is 20%.
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Bilal, Mohammad, and Adnan Khan. "Geotechnical Evaluation of Limestones from Cape Monze and Adjoining Areas, Karachi, Pakistan for Their Utilization as Road Aggregate." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 2 (2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ojs.v10i2.255.
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Limestone samples (n = 19) were collected from outcrops of Nari and Gaj formations for the determinationof physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Compressive strength of Nari and Gaj formations varied in therange of 29-63 and 94-32 MPA with mean of 44 and 58 MPA respectively. Density of Gaj Formation (range: 2364-3264; mean: 2893 Kg/m3) is relatively higher than Nari Formation (range: 2321-3284; mean: 2565 Kg/m3). Meanspecific gravity of both Nari and Gaj formations is 2.5. Absorption of Nari Formation (mean: 2.64) is higher than theGaj Formation (mean: 1.78). Mean Sulphate soundness of Nari Formation (8.7%) is slightly higher than Gaj Formation(8.5%). Abrasion values of both formations are within the AASHTO reference range (< 40%) where mean value ofLoss Angles for Nari Formation is 34% and Gaj Formation is 26%. Crushing values of both Nari (10-50%) and Gaj(10-25%) formations where mean of Nari (27%) is double the mean of Gaj (13%) Formation. Mean water-solublesulphate and chloride of both formations is same (0.1% and 0.04% respectively). Both formations have alkaline pH(8.1±). Mean TOC content of Nari and Gaj formations is 0.4%. Carbonate% of Nari and Gaj formations is < 46%. Claylumps and friable particles in both formations are highly variable but the mean values are within permissible range (<1%). Elongation Index of both formations is double (30) the standard EI value (15%) set by National HighwayAuthority, Pakistan. Mean Flakiness value of both formations is 20%.
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Kershaw, Ian. "Improvised Genocide? The emergence of the ‘Final Solution’ in the ‘Warthegau’." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2 (December 1992): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679099.
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The ‘Warthegau’—officially the ‘Reichsgau Wartheland’, with its capital in Posen (Poznan)—was the largest of three areas of western Poland annexed to the German Reich after the defeat of Poland in 1939. In the genesis of the ‘Final Solution’ it plays a pivotal role. Some of the first major deportations of Jews took place from the Warthegau. The first big ghetto was established on the territory of the Warthegau, at Lodz (which the Nazis renamed Litzmannstadt). In autumn 1941, the first German Jews to be deported at the spearhead of the combing-out process of European Jewry were dispatched to die Warthegau. The possibility of liquidating ghettoised Jews had by then already been explicitly raised for the first time, in the summer of 1941, significantly by Nazi leaders in the Warthegau. The first mobile gassing units to be deployed against the Jews operated in the Warthegau in the closing months of 1941. And the systematic murder of the Jews began in early December 1941 in the first extermination camp—actually a ‘gas van station’—established at Chelmno on the Ner, in the Warthegau.
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Caleb, Amanda M. "The Rhetorical Biopower of Eugenics: Understanding the Influence of British Eugenics on the Nazi Program." Conatus 4, no. 2 (2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.21200.
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The relationship between the British and Nazi eugenics movements has been underexamined, largely because of the more obvious ties between the American and Nazi programs and the lack of a state-sponsored program in Britain. This article revisits this gap to reinsert the British eugenics movement into the historiography of the Nazi program by way of their shared rhetoric. To do this, I employ Foucault’s concepts of biopower and power/knowledge, arguing that biopower exists in rhetorical constructions of power and identity, which the eugenics movements employed at national and individual levels to garner support and participation, particularly from women. The article is not an exhaustive account of the rhetorical overlaps between the two movements, but rather serves as a model of how one might understand eugenics as a rhetoric of biopower.
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Figiel, Dominik. "The experience of the Hitler Youth - boys in the national-socialism." Journal of Education Culture and Society 5, no. 2 (2020): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20142.112.125.
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Losing the First World War, unemployment, the generation gap and the cult of youth led to the party of Adolf Hitler gaining popularity in the Weimar Republic. Using slogans of the restoration of a strong Germany the national socialists organized structures, which formed and educated German Youth. Hitler Youth – brought up according to the rule: “youth leads youth” – was a very fertile environment for the spread of the idea of national-socialism. The specific values – racial supremacy, honour, obedience – handed down by parents were the beginning of the Nazi indoctrination. In the later period such organizations as Bund Deutscher Madel or Hitlerjugend took power over German youth. Education, upbringing, ideological content used by the institutions in Nazi Germany are described in the extensive literature on the subject. However, very important are the experiences of individual members of the Hitler Youth that show the Nazi youth activities from a time perspective. Experiences such as the wisdom of life, and gained knowledge, enable recognition and description of the reality which is discussed. The scope of historical and pedagogical research shows the essential facts constituting the full picture of the life of young people during Nazi era.
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Chiarezza, Martina, Dena Lyras, Sacha J. Pidot, et al. "The NanI and NanJ Sialidases of Clostridium perfringens Are Not Essential for Virulence." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 10 (2009): 4421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00548-09.
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ABSTRACT The essential toxin in Clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis is alpha-toxin, although other toxins and extracellular enzymes may also be involved. In many bacterial pathogens extracellular sialidases are important virulence factors, and it has been suggested that sialidases may play a role in gas gangrene. C. perfringens strains have combinations of three different sialidase genes, two of which, nanI and nanJ, encode secreted sialidases. The nanI and nanJ genes were insertionally inactivated by homologous recombination in derivatives of sequenced strain 13 and were shown to encode two functional secreted sialidases, NanI and NanJ. Analysis of these derivatives showed that NanI was the major sialidase in this organism. Mutation of nanI resulted in loss of most of the secreted sialidase activity, and the residual activity was eliminated by subsequent mutation of the nanJ gene. Only a slight reduction in the total sialidase activity was observed in a nanJ mutant. Cytotoxicity assays using the B16 melanoma cell line showed that supernatants containing NanI or overexpressing NanJ enhanced alpha-toxin-mediated cytotoxicity. Finally, the ability of nanI, nanJ, and nanIJ mutants to cause disease was assessed in a mouse myonecrosis model. No attenuation of virulence was observed for any of these strains, providing evidence that neither the NanI sialidase nor the NanJ sialidase is essential for virulence.
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Zubets, Olga P. "The Concept of Nazi Ethic: Challenge to Moral Philosophy." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 8 (2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-8-68-79.
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Thinking about Auschwitz is bound to being moral, but Auschwitz turned into a challenge to the very idea of morality, the collapse of its entire conceptual content. One of the main challenges lies in the concept of Nazi ethic: the prevailing understanding of morality in everyday consciousness and moral rhetory does not allow us to consider it as an oxymoron. This is indicated by abundant moral rhetoric, preoccupation with moral problems, the presence of everything which the idea of morality is connected with – norms, values, the dominance of duty over inclination, appeal to moral imperativeness and conscience, ideas of good and evil, images and lists of virtues, moral evaluation of yourself and others, ideas of duty, dignity, responsibility, the primacy of morality over law. The idea of fighting evil, the image of which is set by the ideology of Nazism, became the moral basis of Auschwitz, reproducing the logic of a “just war”. At the heart of Nazi morality there is the gap between a virtuous person and his deed, which allows that killing does not makes someone a murderer. Killing is also seen dividedly: the most important are its motives and how it is done, which should be “humane”, clement both for the murderers and for the victims, and therefore morally sanctioned. The author shows that morality is an important part of Auschwitz mechanics. Nazi morality is not opposed by any other expanded morality, but only by individual actions of rescue, not mediated by moral ideology. Disallowance of the concept of Nazi morality closes the idea of morality to non-killing as a pre-non-moral beginning that is not a norm or a prohibition mediated by moral ideas.
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Showalter, D. E. "Nazi Mass Murder: A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas." History: Reviews of New Books 23, no. 4 (1995): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9946249.
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Shaikh, Suraj, Masilamani Palanisamy, and Abdul Rahaman Sheik Mohideen. "ESTIMATE THE ANNUAL SOIL LOSS IN KUMMATTIPATTI NADI WATERSHED USING RUSLE MODEL THROUGH GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY." Geodesy and cartography 46, no. 2 (2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2020.10569.
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Soil erosion and soil loss is one of the common problems threatening the environment. This degrading phenomenon declines the soil fertility and significantly affects the agricultural activity. As a consequence, the productivity of soil is affected unquestionably. In this reason, there is a basic need to take up conservation and management measures which can be applied to check further soil erosion. Even though, soil erosion is a mass process spread cross the watershed, it is not economically viable to implement conservation techniques to the entire watershed. However, a method is a pre-requisite to identify the most vulnerable areas and quantify the soil erosion. In this study, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) has been accepted to estimate soil erosion in the Kummattipatti Nadi watershed part of the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. This model has several parameters including runoff-rainfall erosivity factor (R), soil erodability Factor (K), topographic factor (LS), cropping management factor (C), and support practice factor (P). All these layers are prepared through geographical information system (GIS) by using various data sources and data preparation methods. The results of the study shows that the annual average soil loss within the watershed is about 6 t/ha/yr (metric ton per hectare per year). Higher soil erosion is observed in the land use classes of gullied wasteland, open scrub forest and degraded plantation. The soil erosion risk is extremely higher on the steep slopes and adjoining foothills. The proper conservation and management strategies has to be implement in this watershed for the development.
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Stone, Lewi. "Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide." Science Advances 5, no. 1 (2019): eaau7292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7292.
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Operation Reinhard (1942–1943) was the largest single murder campaign of the Holocaust, during which some 1.7 million Jews from German-occupied Poland were murdered by the Nazis. Most perished in gas chambers at the death camps Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. However, the tempo, kill rates, and spatial dynamics of these events were poorly documented. Using an unusual dataset originating from railway transportation records, this study identifies an extreme phase of hyperintense killing when >1.47 million Jews—more than 25% of the Jews killed in all 6 years of World War II—were murdered by the Nazis in an intense,100-day (~3-month) surge. Operation Reinhard is shown to be an extreme event, based on kill rate, number, and proportion (>99.9%) of the population murdered in camps, highlighting its singularly violent character, even compared to other more recent genocides. The Holocaust kill rate is some 10 times higher than estimates suggested by authorities on comparative genocide.
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Vetoshkina, E. D. "Holocaust Denial: Social Conditionality and Comparative Analysis of Criminal Law Prohibition." Lex Russica, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.168.11.129-138.
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From the second half of the 20th century the revisionist movement has spread among scientists, public and political figures. Publicists and scientists are known for criticizing the testimonies of concentration camp prisoners and their executioners, as well as denying the possibility of mass extermination of prisoners in terms of the technical capabilities of gas chambers.Attempts to reinterpret historical events often border on extremism and pose a threat to national security, leading to a significant deterioration in international relations. At the international level, a number of acts have been adopted indicating that the Holocaust is a fact established by the verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal, and calling on states to reject any denial of the Holocaust. International organizations that oppose attempts to rewrite history include the Council of Europe, the United Nations, and UNESCO.At the national level, responsibility for denying and justifying the Holocaust has been established in a number of states. The first group includes states that are responsible for denying and approving the Holocaust and other crimes committed by the Nazis (Germany, France, Austria, Israel). The second group includes states that equated Nazi crimes in their legislation with crimes of communism (Hungary, Czech Republic, Lithuania). The third group consists of states that prohibit the denial and justification of any genocide (Switzerland, Luxembourg). Some states (for example, the United States) refused to introduce such bans, citing freedom of speech and belief.In 2014, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation introduced article 354.1 "Rehabilitation of Nazism", which sets forth responsibility for denying the facts established by the Nuremberg Tribunal verdict. At the same time, the legislator should not selectively approach the protection of historical events. It would be fair to criminalize the denial of genocide and other international crimes recognized by the international community, regardless of any criteria relating to the perpetrators.
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von Cranach, Michael. "Motivazioni dell'agire dei medici che hanno applicato l'eutanasia nel regime nazi-fascista." RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no. 1 (April 2009): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2009-001007.
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- Michael von Cranach in this paper reports the killing of hundreds of thousands of disabled persons, mentally or physically ill, slaughtered in gas chambers or given lethal drugs, in the Third Reich during the Nazi period. The genocide of helpless and ailing persons (in addition to that of Jews, Gypsies and homosexuals) put into operation under the principles of eugenics, defence and health of the Arian race. In reality, the genocide represented a sadistic exercise of power, that alleged itself the right to decide on citizens' life or death. Many physicians connived with the regime and were consequently considered the progressive élite of the medical profession. Keywords: eugenics, defence of the race, biopolitics, exercise of power, scientific and progressive medicine under the Third Reich.
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Jopp, Tobias A. "How Technologically Progressive Was Germany in the Interwar Period? Evidence on Total Factor Productivity in Coal Mining." Journal of Economic History 76, no. 4 (2016): 1113–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050716001005.
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The discussion of the rationalization wave in German industry (1924–1929) still lacks proper industry-level estimates of the rate of technological progress. To close part of this gap, this article investigates total factor productivity (TFP) growth in hard coal mining over the extended period 1913–1938. Stochastic Frontier Analysis is applied to a sample of firms from the Ruhr coal district. TFP grew positively overall and specifically from 1924–1929. Surprisingly, however, TFP growth was even faster from 1933–1938, suggesting that the Nazi economy heavily capitalized on the Weimar rationalization movement, the effects of which are usually not traced beyond 1932.
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Mahmud, Latief. "PERILAKU HOMOSEKSUAL DALAM PANDANGAN HUKUM ISLAM." AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial 1, no. 1 (2019): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v1i1.2549.
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Penyaluran syahwat diatur secara gamblang oleh al-Quran yaitu dengan melalui jalur pernikahan. Dan pernikahan harus dilakukan antara dua jenis kelamin yang berbeda, laki-laki dengan perempuan. Karena itu, penyaluran syahwat antar sesama jenis seperti yang digambarkan dalam al-Qur’ân sebagaimana perilaku kaum Nabi Luth sangat dikutuk dan dilarang oleh al-Qur’ân. Namun demikian, masih banyak yang memanfaatkan cara tersebut (homoseksual), baik antar sesama laki-laki disebut kaum gay maupun antar sesama perempuan disebut kaum lesbiyan. Tulisan ini mengelaborasi secara detail pandangan hukum Islam tentang homoseksual baik dilihat dari aspek hukumnya maupun bentuk hukumannya.
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Grudskiy, YU G. "Applied science and manufacturing: NAMI and VTZ." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 2 (2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2021-2-6-15.
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Starting from the 1960s, a number of acute problems appeared in the engine building during the transition to diesel engines of a new generation, the engines with direct fuel injection into the chamber in the piston. The short time allotted in the cycle for mixture formation and combustion, especially for high-speed diesel engines, makes it extremely scrupulous to approach this in order to obtain high and stable technical and economic indicators. One of the many problems is the organi-zation of efficient and uniform gas exchange across the samples to reduce the spread of final indica-tors during mass production. The article deals with this very problem, specifically - in the case of chill casting of individual heads at the Vladimir Tractor Plant (VTZ) using composite rods of inlet and outlet channels. The method of static blowing of inlet channels developed at Central research and development automobile and engine institute NAMI with a quantitative assessment of the re-sistance and vortex formation in the cylinder was applied. The gas-dynamic parameters (GP) were checked for the heads that received individual numbers in a statistically significant sample of billets on one test bench several times, sequentially according to the stages of the processing. It is shown schematically how these parameters changed during processing and assembly of the heads. It is im-portant that a high “hereditary” correlation is obtained between the GP of the billets and fully ma-chined and assembled cylinder heads. The manufacturing cost of the latter is incommensurably higher than the castings cost. Therefore, according to the results of the work, in order to reduce the cost of products and increase the level and stability of quality, an important decision was made on the early flaw detection of the GP (after casting) with the subsequent remelting of those blanks that are most likely “genetically, hereditarily” will not provide the declared technical and economic in-dicators in assembled product. Similar approaches can be used in the organization of production and other goods with high added value of technological operations required after procurement to ensure the quality of final products.
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Priorelli, Giorgia. "‘The founders of a European era’? The Fascist and Falangist plans for Italy and Spain in the new Nazi order." Modern Italy 24, no. 3 (2019): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2019.15.
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At the dawn of the Second World War, the successes of the Axis seemed to herald the realisation of a new anti-Bolshevik and anti-democratic European order dominated by Nazi-fascist powers. Italian Fascists and Spanish Falangists enthusiastically welcomed plans for the ‘new civilisation’ in which they were determined to participate as protagonists. This article sheds light on the roles projected for the respective countries in the New European Order in the postwar period, according to the black and the blue shirts. It also investigates the ideological and cultural foundations of the Fascist and Falangist projects related to the new continental configuration, identifying similarities and differences between them. Considering the scarcity of comparative writings about fascist movements in the Mediterranean area, the present research fills a historiographic gap.
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Shar, Abdul Majeed. "Petrography and Geochemical Characteristics of Nari Sandstone in Lower Indus Basin, Sindh, Pakistan." January 2021 40, no. 1 (2021): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2101.08.
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Pakistan has been suffering from severe energy crisis for decades. Discovering new oil and gas fields plays significant role in alleviating the energy deficit. Exploitation and development of new fields for the country is very challenging due to economic, technological, social and environmental concerns. Hence, it is essential to assess the potential of hydrocarbon bearing formations using integrated analysis techniques in order to explore the resources efficiently. In this paper, we have analyzed Nari sandstone reservoir potential of the country. The key objectives of the study are to characterize petrographic, mineralogical and microstructural data through laboratory study on Oligocene strata of Nari sandstone in the lower Indus Basin. For this purpose, we collected several exposed outcrop samples from different stations in the onshore areas of Nari Sandstone formation. The work performed includes, the integrated study of petrography using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) along with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) application. In addition, Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction (QXRD) analysis was performed. The results revealed that these sandstones were mainly composed of quartz grains, which are surrounded by calcite cement. EDS elemental sequence shows Calcium (Ca), Carbon (C),Silicon (Si), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminum (AI) and K (Potassium) in variable intensities in the samples indicating the presence of different minerals within these rocks such as quartz, calcite, clay and ferruginous cement. This study is the comprehensive collection of data of Nari sandstones that is essential to assess the potential of hydrocarbon bearing formations.
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Riddick, Stuart N., Denise L. Mauzerall, Michael Celia, et al. "Methane emissions from oil and gas platforms in the North Sea." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 15 (2019): 9787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9787-2019.
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Abstract. Since 1850 the concentration of atmospheric methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, has more than doubled. Recent studies suggest that emission inventories may be missing sources and underestimating emissions. To investigate whether offshore oil and gas platforms leak CH4 during normal operation, we measured CH4 mole fractions around eight oil and gas production platforms in the North Sea which were neither flaring gas nor offloading oil. We use the measurements from summer 2017, along with meteorological data, in a Gaussian plume model to estimate CH4 emissions from each platform. We find CH4 mole fractions of between 11 and 370 ppb above background concentrations downwind of the platforms measured, corresponding to a median CH4 emission of 6.8 g CH4 s−1 for each platform, with a range of 2.9 to 22.3 g CH4 s−1. When matched to production records, during our measurements individual platforms lost between 0.04 % and 1.4 % of gas produced with a median loss of 0.23 %. When the measured platforms are considered collectively (i.e. the sum of platforms' emission fluxes weighted by the sum of the platforms' production), we estimate the CH4 loss to be 0.19 % of gas production. These estimates are substantially higher than the emissions most recently reported to the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory (NAEI) for total CH4 loss from United Kingdom platforms in the North Sea. The NAEI reports CH4 losses from the offshore oil and gas platforms we measured to be 0.13 % of gas production, with most of their emissions coming from gas flaring and offshore oil loading, neither of which was taking place at the time of our measurements. All oil and gas platforms we observed were found to leak CH4 during normal operation, and much of this leakage has not been included in UK emission inventories. Further research is required to accurately determine total CH4 leakage from all offshore oil and gas operations and to properly include the leakage in national and international emission inventories.
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Ziku, Yulianus Jordi, Ni Made Ayu Suardani Singapurwa, and I. Wayan Sudiarta. "Tingkat Keamanan Nasi Campur Yang Dijual Di Lingkungan Pasar Badung Ditinjau Dari Aspek Mikrobiologi." GEMA AGRO 23, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/ga.23.1.652.1-10.
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Food is one of the main elements of man. Quality of food should always be guaranteed to the public avoid the disease or health problems caused by bacterial contamination. One indicator of food contamination is the bacteria Escherichia coli. This study aims to analyze the contaminants of Escherichia coli bacteria and the total amount of microbes found in mixed rice foods sold in the Badung Market Traditional. This research uses descriptive analysis method. Samples tested were mixed rice taken from six mixed rice vendors in Badung Market environment, and testing of bacterial contaminants was tested at Veterinary Balai Besar Laboratory in Denpasar. The study was conducted on April 7, 2016, until May 4, 2016. The study included E.coli MPN testing, prediction test, confirmatory test, biochemical test using IMViC, and total microbial analysis using Total Plate Count (TPC) testing. The results of this study showed that all samples of mixed rice food (100%) were not contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria. The total microbial yields showed 91.7% of mixed rice samples did not meet the standards and only 8.3% of the samples met the standards determined by Dirjen POM Number: 03726 B/ SK /VII /89.
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Lehmann, Philipp, Marion Javal, and John S. Terblanche. "Oxygen limitation is not the cause of death during lethal heat exposure in an insect." Biology Letters 15, no. 1 (2019): 20180701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0701.
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Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) is a controversial hypothesis claiming to explain variation in, and mechanistically determine, animal thermal limits. The lack of support from Insecta is typically argued to be a consequence of their high-performance respiratory systems. However, no studies have reported internal body oxygen levels during thermal ramping so it is unclear if changes in ambient gas are partially or fully offset by a compensatory respiratory system. Here we provide such an assessment by simultaneously recording haemolymph oxygen (pO 2 ) levels—as an approximation of tissue oxygenation—while experimentally manipulating ambient oxygen and subjecting organisms to thermal extremes in a series of thermolimit respirometry experiments using pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi . The main results are that while P. napi undergo large changes in haemolymph pO 2 that are positively correlated with experimental oxygen levels, haemolymph pO 2 is similar pre- and post-death during thermal assays. OCLTT predicts that reduction in body oxygen level should lead to a reduction in CTmax. Despite finding the former, there was no change in CTmax across a wide range of body oxygen levels. Thus, we argue that oxygen availability is not a functional determinant of the upper thermal limits in pupae of P. napi .
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Wittmann, Rebecca. "The Nuremberg Medical Trial: The Holocaust and the Origin of the Nuremberg Medical Code. By Horst H. Freyhofer. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. 2004. Pp. 209. Paperback, $35.95. ISBN 0-8204-6797-9." Central European History 39, no. 2 (2006): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906360128.
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In his examination of the Nuremberg Medical Trial conducted by the American Military Tribunal in 1946, Horst H. Freyhofer has not, in fact, written a book about an important war crimes trial; this is rather a book that ponders whether we can “comprehend” the crimes of Nazi doctors engaged in some of the most heinous medical experiments in history. This is a short volume that tries to cover too much: the Hippocratic oath; the history of human experimentation by doctors; the ethical implications of medical crimes from the beginning of “Western Civilization” to the present; and a theoretical analysis of medical ethics from Goldhagen, to Socrates, to Darwin, to Nietzsche, to Hegel. Freyhofer fails to provide a contextual examination of the medical trial or of Nazi trials in general. The book would have benefited greatly from an examination of the important literature on war crimes trials (Gary Bass, Belinda Cooper, Ian Buruma, Lawrence Douglas, Jörg Friedrich, Michael Marrus, and Mark Osiel, to name but a few). These scholars address key questions about the trope of the trial as a forum for the teaching of history lessons, as a political event, and for its success and failure in seeking justice in cases of mass atrocity. Freyhofer does not explore any of these avenues. Instead, the author's main thesis is that the trial “symbolizes a break, not so much with the image physicians have of themselves, but with the image patients have of themselves” (p. 11). Freyhofer argues that the trial made patients conscious—for the first time—that doctors did not always have their best interests at heart. While this is an interesting observation, it does not suffice to keep the reader engaged in the history of the trial.
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HIATT, WILLIE. "Slapstick Diplomacy: Charlie Chaplin'sThe Great Dictatorand Latin American Theatres of War." Journal of Latin American Studies 50, no. 4 (2018): 777–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x18000366.
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AbstractControversy and intrigue greeted Charlie Chaplin's new film,The Great Dictator, when it arrived in Latin American theatres in early 1941. With tear gas, Nazi salutes and anti-Semitic insults, pro-Axis factions from Mexico to Argentina protested against the Hollywood star's ridicule of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. At an important Good Neighbour moment, the film's tumultuous Latin American circulation and exhibition exposed fault lines in hemispheric solidarity by subverting US efforts to recruit allies in the region and threatened President Roosevelt's support for European intervention at home. Down south, heated public debates over the film trained a harsh light on Latin American leaders’ own anti-democratic impulses and raised questions about constitutionality within unequal societies. This article moves beyond film as text to examine the Chaplin picture as a cultural object and agent that exposed the limits of US imperialism and Latin American resistance strategies more broadly.
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Kusnadi, Kusnadi. "ISU LGBT (LESBIAN,GAY,BISEKSUAL & TRANSGENDER) DALAM AL – QUR’AN." Jurnal Mimbar: Media Intelektual Muslim dan Bimbingan Rohani 6, no. 2 (2020): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47435/mimbar.v6i2.438.
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Salah satu isu kontroversial di Indonesia dewasa ini adalah munculnya komunitas lesbian, gay, biseksual, dan transgender (LGBT). Mereka tidak hanya menuntut hakhak mereka harus dihormati, tetapi juga berjuang agar pernikahan sejenis dapat dilegalkan Undang-Undang pernikahan.Lesbian, Gay, Biseksual dan Transgender (LGBT) merupakan fenomena yang merebak di era modern sebagai bentuk penyimpangan seks yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh pola asuh yang salah, kurangnya peran seorang ayah, pendidikan agama Islam yang kurang memadai, dan pornografi yang sangat mudah terakses semua kalangan. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak mencakup aspek-aspek penting yang harus diseimbangkan dan diarahkan secara proporsional. Aspek-aspek pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak meliputi: spiritualitas (keimanan), fisik (jasmani), kejiwaan (psikis), intelektual, emosi, moral, sosial, seksual, dan ekonomi. Jika orang tua dan guru mampu menyeimbangkan aspek-aspek pendidikan tersebut, maka akan tercapai pemahaman dan penyadaran tentang bahaya yang ditimbulkan perilaku LGBT. Oleh karena itu peranan orang tua dan guru dalam memahami bahaya LGBT bagi generasi muda. Begitupun pandangan atau yang tersurat (tertulis) di dalam al – Qur’an,bagaimana al – Qur’an mengkategorikan khusus terhadap LGBT itu sendiri. Bahkan isu LGBT ini pun bukan hanyab ada pada masa sekarang melainkan di masa Nabi Luth pun telah terdapat fenomena tersebut, sebagaimana yang di gambarkan di dalam al – Qur’an. Jadi disini penulis berharap agar pengetahuan kita tentang LGBT dan pengaruh yang terjadi apabila isu LGBT ini menjadi marak di kalangan masyarakat menjadi tambah luas dan selalu berpegang pada al –Qur’an dan Sunnah Rasulullah SAW.
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Li, Mengbi, Hing-Wah Chau, and Lu Aye. "BIOPHILIC DESIGN FEATURES IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE NAXI." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 44, no. 2 (2020): 188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2020.13266.
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As a newly formed concept, “Biophilic design” is attracting a growing attention among both practitioners and academics. However, the link between biophilic design and vernacular architecture has yet to be thoroughly explored, especially in the context of China, which is the gap this article aims to fill. Investigating the vernacular architecture of the Naxi, this research found that biophilic design attributes and features existed in vernacular buildings and settlements. A matrix framework was developed to facilitate the in-depth investigation of the interrelated elements of the Naxi such as local climate, topography, culture, their belief system, conventions, arts and literature. Among other results, we found that the local culture was influenced by animism and distinct cosmic models. Also, the buildings were constructed using the traditional ways of material preparation and conventions of occupancy. This research serves as an important springboard to bridge between studies in biophilic design and studies in vernacular architecture and settlements.
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Koeswinarno, Koeswinarno, and Mutolehudin Mustolehudin. "Islam, gay, and marginalization: a study on the religious behaviours of gays in Yogyakarta." Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 7, no. 1 (2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v7i1.125-152.
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0px; "> Man does not intend to be born gay, whose existence is not welcomed in the society including within his spiritual religious expressions. In Wonosobo, in the year of 2016, a marriage ceremony almost happened between a male and a male. This phenomenon is interesting to be studied in detail. In a specific way, this article uncovers the religious behaviours of gays in Yogyakarta. Usingan anthropological approach, the researchers were directly involved in the subjects’ lives in the social, economic, cultural, and religious aspects. In texts, same-sex relationships were found in the narratives of Prophet Luth written in the Al-Quran books Al-A’raf verse 81, Al-Shu’ara’ verses 165-166, An-Nisa verse 16, and Hud verses 77-83. These verses are used as the basis for rejecting homosexuality. From the social life happening in Yogyakarta there arise conflicts between the gays and their families so that they run away from their families to join gay communities and form economic and even religious groups.Furthermore, in their citizenship status, there is marginalization or administrative abuse for their identities in the identification card.Manusia tidak berniat untuk dilahirkan sebagai gay, yang keberadaannya tidak disambut baik di masyarakat termasuk dalam ungkapan spiritualnya. Di Wonosobo, pada tahun 2016, sebuah upacara pernikahan hampir terjadi antara sesama jenis lelaki. Fenomena ini menarik untuk dikaji secara detail. Artikel ini mengungkap perilaku religius kaum gay di Yogyakarta. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan antropologis, peneliti secara langsung terlibat dalam kehidupan subyekdalam aspek sosial, ekonomi, budaya, dan agama. Dalam teks, hubungan sesama jenis ditemukan dalam narasi Nabi Luth yang ditulis dalam buku Al-Quran AlA’raf ayat 81, ayat Al-Shu’ara 165-166, An-Nisa ayat 16, dan ayat-ayat Hud 77- 83. Ayat-ayat ini digunakan sebagai dasar untuk menolak homoseksualitas. Dalam kehidupan sosial di Yogyakarta, timbul konflik antara kaum gay dan keluarga mereka. Konflik ini membuat mereka melarikan diri dari keluarga dan bergabung dengan komunitas gay dan membentuk kelompok ekonomi dan bahkan kelompok keagamaan. Dalam status kewarganegaraan, mereka mengalami marginalisasi atau penyalahgunaan administratif dalam kartu identitas mereka.
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Tuapattinajaa, Josetta Maria Remila, and Ariansyah Ariansyah. "Religiusitas pada Gay (Studi Fenomenologis)." Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA) 1, no. 1 (2018): 070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/lwsa.v1i1.144.
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Eksistensi gay hingga saat ini masih menjadi hal yang kontroversial dan dipandang negatif di masyarakat Indonesia. Sebagian dari masyarakat menganggap tidak mungkin seorang gay memiliki religiusitas, tetapi sebagian lainnya percaya seorang gay juga memiliki religiusitas. Pendapat yang kontroversial ini mendorong peneliti melakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui bagaimana sebenarnya religiusitas yang dimiliki oleh seorang gay. Selain itu juga untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan seseorang menjadi gay, usia saat menyadari dirinya adalah gay, serta penghayatan mereka terhadap orientasinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif fenomenologis, dengan partisipan 3 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam. Analisis data dilakukan dengan pengkodingan, rekonstruksi data, dan merumuskannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keimanan para partisipan tidak terpengaruh dengan kondisinya sebagai gay, serta tidak ada keinginan untuk jauh dari agama dan ibadah. Berkaitan dengan aspek keyakinan, partisipan yakin dengan kebenaran agama Islam, Al-Qur’an, nabi dan rasul, malaikat, hari kiamat, dan takdir. Tetapi pada aspek peribadatan, para partisipan sudah jarang ikut pengajian dan shalat dimesjid saat sudah menjalani kehidupan sebagai gay. Meskipun aspek pengetahuan para partisipan relatif sama, namun aspek pengalamannya menunjukkan adanya keraguan menjalankan ibadah (apakah akan diterima atau tidak), ada perasaan malu dan takut pada Allah. Pengamalan religiusitasnya menunjukkan adanya sikap berbohong pada orangtua terkait dengan orientasinya serta sulit untuk tinggalkan dunia gay. Faktor yang menyebabkan para partisipan menjadi gay adalah pengalaman negatif diusia sebelumnya. Menyadari diri sebagai gay berada pada rentang masa remaja. Penghayatan partisipan terhadap orientasinya sebagai gay secara umum memiliki kesamaan yaitu menganggapnya sebagai cobaan dari Allah, sama seperti orang-orang lain, yang diberi cobaan yang berbeda-beda.
 
 The existence of gay is still a controversial and negative thing among Indonesian society. Some people consider it impossible for a gay to have religiosity, but others believe a gay also has religiosity. This controversial opinion encouraged researchers to conduct research to find out how religiosity is actually owned by a gay person. In addition, it was also conducted to find out the factors that cause a person to become a gay, such as the age when he realized he was a gay, and their appreciation of their orientation. This study used a phenomenological qualitative method, with 3 participants. Data collection was done by intimate interviews. Data analysis was done by coding, data reconstruction, and formulating it. The results of the study showed that the faith of the participants was not affected by his condition as gay, and there was no desire to be far from religion and worship. Regarding the aspects of faith, participants were confident in the truth of Islam, the Qur'an, prophets and messengers, angels, doomsday, and destiny. But in the aspect of worship, the participants had rarely participated in recitation and prayer in the mosque when they had lived a gay life. Although the aspects of the participants' knowledge were relatively the same, but the aspect of their experience shows that there were doubts about worshiping (whether to be accepted or not), there was a feeling of shame and fear of God. The practice of religiosity showed an attitude of lying to parents related to their orientation and it was difficult to leave the lifestyle. The factor that caused the participants to be gay was a negative experience in the previous age. Recognizing themselves as gay was occurred in the range of adolescence. The appreciation of the participants for their orientation as gay in general had a similarity, namely to regard it as a trial from God, just like other people who were given different trials.
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Thompson, Peter. "The Pale Death: Poison Gas and German Racial Exceptionalism, 1915–1945." Central European History 54, no. 2 (2021): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000515.
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AbstractIn April of 1915, the German-Jewish chemist Fritz Haber supervised the first deployment of industrialized chemical weapons against French colonial troops. The uncertain nature of the attack, both in its execution and outcome, led many German military men to question the controllability of poison gas. Over the next three decades, Germans would continue this line of inquiry, as aero-chemical attacks appeared increasingly imminent. This article narrates the German search for control over chemical weapons between the world wars, revealing the ways in which interwar techno-nationalists tied the mastery of poison gas to ethno-racial definitions of Germanness. Under the Nazis, leaders in civilian aero-chemical defense picked up this interwar thread and promoted a dangerous embrace of gas that would supposedly cull the technically superior Germans from other lesser races. Although this vision of a chemically saturated world did not suffuse German society, such logic did play out in the gas chambers of the Holocaust.
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Lin, Zhidong, Mengying Xu, Yuyuan Hong, Xuehua Wang, and Ping Fu. "Surfactant-free hydrothermal synthesis and gas-sensing properties of NaBi(MoO4)2 nanocrystals." Materials Letters 168 (April 2016): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.01.038.
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Xu, Mengying, Zhidong Lin, Yuyuan Hong, Zhe Chen, Ping Fu, and Dingguo Tang. "Preparation and hydrogen sulfide gas-sensing performances of RuO2/NaBi(MoO4)2 nanoplates." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 688 (December 2016): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.007.
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Burke, Shani, and Simon Goodman. "‘Bring back Hitler’s gas chambers’: Asylum seeking, Nazis and Facebook – a discursive analysis." Discourse & Society 23, no. 1 (2012): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926511431036.
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Bereziartua Etxeberria, Garbiñe, and Mari Mar Boillos. "Euskarazko alfabetatze akademikoa helburu: irakaskuntza sistematizatzeko urratsak. Academic literacy in Basque: aims to systematize its teaching." El Guiniguada 29 (2020): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/elguiniguada.2020.345.
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Unibertsitatean sartzen diren ikasleek edukiak ikasteaz gain egin behar duten beste gauza bat eremu akademikoan komunikatzen ikastea da. Orokorrean alfabetatuta iristen badira ere, unibertsitateko ibilbidean zehar burutu behar dituzten komunikazio ekintzek akademikoki ere alfabetatzea eskatzen dute. Hori bereziki erronka handia da euskal ikasleen kasuan, euskarazko ekoizpen akademikoek oraindik ibilbide laburra izan dutelako. Hemen aurkezten den proposamen didaktikoak euskarazko alfabetatze akademikoa bideratzeko tresna izatea du helburu, bai ikasleekin erabili nahi duten irakasleentzat eta bai modu autonomoan ikasi nahi duten ikasleentzat. Proposamen didaktiko honen oinarrian generoetan oinarritutako metodologia dago eta aukeratu den generoa artikulu zientifikoa izan da. Horrekin, ikasleak esparru akademikoan komunikatzen trebatzeko baliabide bat aurkeztu eta eremu horretan sumatutako hutsune bati erantzuna eman nahi zaio. Students who access the university, in addition to learning the contents, must learn to communicate in the academic field. Although these students are already literate, inthis educational stage, academic literacy means mastering the academic discourse for the various communication situations they will face throughout their university career. This is especially a challenge for Basque students, because academic productions in Basque have still a short career. The didactic proposal presented here aims to be a tool for the promotion of academic literacy in Basque, for professors who wish to use it with their students and for those who wish to study independently. This educational proposal is based on a genre-based methodology and the chosen genre is the scientific paper. This training resource intends to train students and respond to a gap in this field.
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Hirawa, N., Y. Uehara, Y. Kawabata, et al. "Hachimi-jio-gan Extract Protects the Kidney from Hypertensive Injury in Dahl Salt-sensitive Rat." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 24, no. 03n04 (1996): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x9600030x.
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We investigated whether the Chinese herbal remedy, Hachimi-jio-gan extract, attenuates the renal injury seen in salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rats. Administration of this extract for 5 weeks dose-dependently decreased systolic blood pressure in Dahl S rats fed with a high-salt (2% NaCI) diet. This blood pressure reduction was associated with a decrease in cardiac mass and in thickness of the aortic wall. Urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 was increased and glomerular filtration rate was improved with this treatment. Glomerulosclerosis and arterial injury in the kidney were morphologically improved. These data suggest that Hachimi-jio-gan extract exhibits an antihypertensive effect, which is associated with partial resolution of renal injury in salt-induced hypertension.
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KREUZER, GUNDULA. "Voices from beyond: Verdi's Don Carlos and the modern stage." Cambridge Opera Journal 18, no. 2 (2006): 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586706002151.
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It has often been suggested that a renewed fascination with Verdi’s Don Carlos coincided with the advent of Regieoper (or radically revisionist staging) in Germany over the past few decades. However, Don Carlos already counted among the most frequently revived operas in German-language theatres during the first half of the twentieth century. This article argues that neglect of this rich performance tradition is linked both to a German-centred narrative of the history of operatic production, which constructs the 1930s and 1940s as a gap in the development of ‘avant-garde’ direction, and to an over-emphasis on the visual side in recent academic discourse on operatic staging. These attitudes are challenged by a close look at selected German productions of Don Carlos from the 1920s to 1940s. Treatment of the opera's most difficult scenes – the mystical elements of the auto-da-fé finale and the dénouement – reveals striking continuities between the Weimar and Nazi eras, as well as conceptual affinities to some of the most acclaimed recent stagings. These findings call for a more historically grounded approach to operatic production.
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Muhammad, Muhammad, and Reza Putra. "Studi laju korosi pada machinery steel vcl 140 akibat proses plasma nitriding." Jurnal POLIMESIN 8, no. 2 (2010): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/jop.v8i2.1366.
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Plasma Nitriding merupakan salah proses perlakuan permukaan untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanis dari sebuah material khususnya logam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh campuran gas N, dan H, pada proses nitridasi ion (plasma) terhadap kekerasan dan laju korosi pada material VCL 140. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan perbandingan campuran gas N, dan H, dalam proses nitridasi. Tekanan dalam tabung dijaga konstan yaitu sebesar 1,8 mbar dengan waktu nitridasi selama 5 jam. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah “uji korosi menggunakan larutan NaCI 0,05 M dan uji kekerasan dengan metode Vickers. Hasil nitridasi optimal ditinjau dari peningkatan kekerasan yang terjadi pada variasi campuran gas 6026 Ny 4026 H, . baja VCL 140 mengalami peningkatan kekerasan menjadi 523.86 VHN dari material dasar sebesar 257 VHN dengan tebal lapisan sebesar &30 um. Penurunan laju korosi pada material dasar dari 2,07 mm/tahun dan setelah proses nitridasi menjadi 1.36 mm/tahun.Kata kunci :plasma nitriding, VCL 140, Laju korosi
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Ganesan, A. L., A. J. Manning, A. Grant, et al. "Quantifying methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the UK using a dense monitoring network." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 1 (2015): 857–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-857-2015.
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Abstract. The UK is one of several countries around the world that has enacted legislation to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Monitoring of emissions has been done through a detailed sectoral level bottom-up inventory (UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, NAEI) from which national totals are submitted yearly to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. In parallel, the UK government has funded four atmospheric monitoring stations to infer emissions through top-down methods that assimilate atmospheric observations. In this study, we present top-down emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) for the UK and Ireland over the period August 2012 to August 2014. We used a hierarchical Bayesian inverse framework to infer fluxes as well as a set of covariance parameters that describe uncertainties in the system. We inferred average UK emissions of 2.08 (1.72–2.47) Tg yr−1 CH4 and 0.105 (0.087–0.127) Tg yr−1 N2O and found our derived estimates to be generally lower than the inventory. We used sectoral distributions from the NAEI to determine whether these discrepancies can be attributed to specific source sectors. Because of the distinct distributions of the two dominant CH4 emissions sectors in the UK, agriculture and waste, we found that the inventory may be overestimated in agricultural CH4 emissions. We also found that N2O fertilizer emissions from the NAEI may be overestimated and we derived a significant seasonal cycle in emissions. This seasonality is likely due to seasonality in fertilizer application and in environmental drivers such as temperature and rainfall, which are not reflected in the annual resolution inventory. Through the hierarchical Bayesian inverse framework, we quantified uncertainty covariance parameters and emphasized their importance for high-resolution emissions estimation. We inferred average model errors of approximately 20 and 0.4 ppb and correlation timescales of 1.0 (0.72–1.43) and 2.6 (1.9–3.9) days for CH4 and N2O, respectively. These errors are a combination of transport model errors as well as errors due to unresolved emissions processes in the inventory. We found the largest CH4 errors at the Tacolneston station in eastern England, which is possibly to do with sporadic emissions from landfills and offshore gas in the North Sea.
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Shar, Abdul Majeed, Aftab Ahmed Mahesar, Ghazanfer Raza Abbasi, Asad Ali Narejo, and Asghar Ali Alias Daahar Hakro. "Influence of diagenetic features on petrophysical properties of fine-grained rocks of Oligocene strata in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (2021): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0250.
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Abstract Nari Formation is considered as one of the most important oil and gas exploration targets. These fine-grained tight sandstone reservoirs face enormous challenges due to their extremely low matrix porosity and permeability. Hence, in this regard, the study was carried out to collect the high-quality data on petrophysical properties along with mineralogy and microstructural characteristics and diagenesis. The experiments performed includes the petrographic study and scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Besides, the measurement of petrophysical properties was carried out to assess the likely influence of the reservoir quality. The petrographic analysis shows predominantly fine- to medium-grained grey samples along with calcite, clay, lithic fragments and iron oxides. Further, the thin-section observations revealed that the quartz is a principal mineral component in all the analysed samples ranging from 52.2 to 92.9%. The bulk volume of clay minerals that range from 5.3 to 16.1% of. The porosity and permeability measured range from 5.08 to 18.56% (average 7.22%) and from 0.0152 to 377 mD (average 0.25 mD), respectively. The main diagenetic processes that affected the sandstones of Nari Formation are mechanical compaction, grain deformation, cementation and quartz dissolution and have played a significant role in influencing the quality of the reservoir rock. Overall, it appears that the primary petrophysical properties (porosity and permeability) were decreased due to the mechanical compaction, lithification, cementation, and framework grain dissolution. Based on the integrated mineralogical, microstructural analysis, and the laboratory-based petrophysical properties, the samples exhibited poor porosity, permeability, and moderate clay content, which indicate that the Nari Formation is a poor quality reservoir.
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Sabir, Muhammad, and Zehra Aftab. "Dynamism in the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (2007): 865–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.865-882.
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One of the main caveats of Pakistan’s economic development history is the persistence of gender inequality with respect to almost all socioeconomic indicators. For instance, Pakistan ranks 66, out of 75 countries, with respect to the Gender Empowerment Measure (Human Development Report, 2006) with a GEM value of 0.377, largely a manifestation of very low estimated female to male earned income ratio, which is a depressing 0.29. GEM and other labour force statistics confirm the gender gap in labour force participation. One of the possible explanations of this gender gap is gender discrimination in the labour market, particularly in wages. Evidence with respect to gender discrimination in Pakistan’s labour market is welldocumented. Siddique, et al. (2006), Nasir and Nazli (2000), Siddique, et al. (1998) and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) all confirm that men earn higher wages than women even after controlling for measurable characteristics affecting their productivity. These studies, however, analyse the gender wage gap by comparing the mean male/female wage. Studies which compare the gender wage gap at different points along the wage distribution are not available for Pakistan.