Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gaz carbonique – Aspect de l'environnement'
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Denis, Mireille. "Dosage et mécanisme d'émission de vapeurs dans l'air au voisinage de résines usées de la centrale nucléaire Gentilly-2." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29210/29210.pdf.
Full textBreton, Charles, and Charles Breton. "Évaluation des impacts environnementaux des bâtiments en bois : analyse du cycle de vie dynamique du carbone biogénique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37877.
Full textTableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2019-2020
Le secteur du bâtiment émet jusqu’à 30% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) mondiales. Au Canada, il émet 12% des émissions de GES directes et subira une croissance importante d’ici 2030. Accroître l’utilisation des produits du bois pourrait diminuer les impacts climatiques attribués au secteur du bâtiment, ce qui contribuerait à l’atteinte des cibles nationales de réduction des émissions de GES. En stimulant un aménagement forestier durable, cela limiterait aussi les émissions de GES en forêt, en diminuant par exemple les risques de perturbations naturelles. Une gestion intégrée stimulant les secteurs du bâtiment, de la forêt et des produits du bois générerait un maximum de bénéfices environnementaux (i) en maintenant ou augmentant les stocks de carbone en forêt; (ii) en augmentant le stockage temporaire dans les produits du bois; (iii) en encourageant la substitution de matériaux à plus haute empreinte carbone. Le potentiel réel des stratégies d’atténuation faisant intervenir les produits du bois est difficile à quantifier. L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est un outil utilisé en génie environnemental pour déterminer les impacts environnementaux d'un produit ou d'un service sur son cycle de vie. Cependant, en ACV, il n'existe aucun consensus sur la modélisation du carbone issu de processus biologiques, le carbone biogénique. Les ACV traditionnelles (statiques) ne considèrent pas l’influence des aspects temporels; elles reposent souvent sur les hypothèses que le carbone biogénique est (1) carboneutre ou (2) entièrement émis à la récolte. Ceci est problématique car les impacts climatiques d’un GES sont liés aux variations de sa concentration atmosphérique dans le temps. Les méthodes statiques peuvent donc mener à d’importantes erreurs d’estimation. Par exemple, 57% du carbone séquestré dans les produits du bois canadiens entre 1990 et 2008 est encore stocké dans l’anthroposphère. Considérer ce carboneentièrement émis induit une erreur d’estimation de 675 Mt CO2, l’équivalent de 92% des émissions de GES canadiennes en 2014. Les méthodes dites dynamiques permettent de considérer l’influence d’aspects temporels en ACV. Elles permettent d’éviter les hypothèses simplificatrices (1) et (2). Cependant, ces méthodes sont relativement récentes. Il existe peu d’exemples de leur application dans la littérature, notamment dans le domaine de l’ACV du bâtiment, où leur complexité additionnelle en termes de ressources (temps, données) est un enjeu important. L’objectif de ce projet est de comparer les résultats des méthodes statique et dynamique pour l’évaluation des impacts climatiques des produits du bois en ACV du bâtiment. Plus spécifiquement, cet objectif implique d’identifier une méthode dynamique adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment, puis de l’utiliser dans une étude de cas. Ces objectifs spécifiques sont couverts dans deux articles. Le premier article dresse une revue critique des méthodes de modélisation du carbone biogénique en ACV et identifie la méthode dynamique du potentiel de réchauffement global biogénique (PRGbio) comme bien adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment. Celle-ci permet d’intégrer des aspects dynamiques à l’ACV du bâtiment sans trop complexifier la collecte de données d’inventaire du cycle de vie. Le second article décrit l’application de la méthode PRGbio à l’étude de cas des Habitations Trentino, un bâtiment en bois situé à Québec. Comparativement à une approche statique, l’approche dynamique entraîne une réduction des impacts climatiques liés à l’utilisation des produits du bois. Ce résultat suggère que les méthodes d’ACV actuelles surévaluent les impacts environnementaux du carbone biogénique, et que des politiques encourageant la construction en bois auraient un potentiel d’atténuation des changements climatiques prometteur.
Le secteur du bâtiment émet jusqu’à 30% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) mondiales. Au Canada, il émet 12% des émissions de GES directes et subira une croissance importante d’ici 2030. Accroître l’utilisation des produits du bois pourrait diminuer les impacts climatiques attribués au secteur du bâtiment, ce qui contribuerait à l’atteinte des cibles nationales de réduction des émissions de GES. En stimulant un aménagement forestier durable, cela limiterait aussi les émissions de GES en forêt, en diminuant par exemple les risques de perturbations naturelles. Une gestion intégrée stimulant les secteurs du bâtiment, de la forêt et des produits du bois générerait un maximum de bénéfices environnementaux (i) en maintenant ou augmentant les stocks de carbone en forêt; (ii) en augmentant le stockage temporaire dans les produits du bois; (iii) en encourageant la substitution de matériaux à plus haute empreinte carbone. Le potentiel réel des stratégies d’atténuation faisant intervenir les produits du bois est difficile à quantifier. L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est un outil utilisé en génie environnemental pour déterminer les impacts environnementaux d'un produit ou d'un service sur son cycle de vie. Cependant, en ACV, il n'existe aucun consensus sur la modélisation du carbone issu de processus biologiques, le carbone biogénique. Les ACV traditionnelles (statiques) ne considèrent pas l’influence des aspects temporels; elles reposent souvent sur les hypothèses que le carbone biogénique est (1) carboneutre ou (2) entièrement émis à la récolte. Ceci est problématique car les impacts climatiques d’un GES sont liés aux variations de sa concentration atmosphérique dans le temps. Les méthodes statiques peuvent donc mener à d’importantes erreurs d’estimation. Par exemple, 57% du carbone séquestré dans les produits du bois canadiens entre 1990 et 2008 est encore stocké dans l’anthroposphère. Considérer ce carboneentièrement émis induit une erreur d’estimation de 675 Mt CO2, l’équivalent de 92% des émissions de GES canadiennes en 2014. Les méthodes dites dynamiques permettent de considérer l’influence d’aspects temporels en ACV. Elles permettent d’éviter les hypothèses simplificatrices (1) et (2). Cependant, ces méthodes sont relativement récentes. Il existe peu d’exemples de leur application dans la littérature, notamment dans le domaine de l’ACV du bâtiment, où leur complexité additionnelle en termes de ressources (temps, données) est un enjeu important. L’objectif de ce projet est de comparer les résultats des méthodes statique et dynamique pour l’évaluation des impacts climatiques des produits du bois en ACV du bâtiment. Plus spécifiquement, cet objectif implique d’identifier une méthode dynamique adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment, puis de l’utiliser dans une étude de cas. Ces objectifs spécifiques sont couverts dans deux articles. Le premier article dresse une revue critique des méthodes de modélisation du carbone biogénique en ACV et identifie la méthode dynamique du potentiel de réchauffement global biogénique (PRGbio) comme bien adaptée à l’ACV du bâtiment. Celle-ci permet d’intégrer des aspects dynamiques à l’ACV du bâtiment sans trop complexifier la collecte de données d’inventaire du cycle de vie. Le second article décrit l’application de la méthode PRGbio à l’étude de cas des Habitations Trentino, un bâtiment en bois situé à Québec. Comparativement à une approche statique, l’approche dynamique entraîne une réduction des impacts climatiques liés à l’utilisation des produits du bois. Ce résultat suggère que les méthodes d’ACV actuelles surévaluent les impacts environnementaux du carbone biogénique, et que des politiques encourageant la construction en bois auraient un potentiel d’atténuation des changements climatiques prometteur.
The building sector accounts for up to 30% of global GHG emissions. In Canada, it represents 12% of direct GHG emissions; these impacts are expected to significantly increase before 2030. Using more harvested wood products (HWP) in buildings could reduce the climate change impacts of the building sector and help reach the national mitigation goals set under the Paris Agreement. By encouraging sustainable forest management, this could also reduce forest carbon emissions, e.g. by reducing the risks and consequences of natural disturbances (fires, insects, etc.). Combining (i) sustainable forest management, (ii) temporary carbon storage and (iii) substitution benefits in integrated management approaches could provide large, necessary mitigation benefits. The potential benefits of integrated approaches including HWP are increasingly recognized, but assessing their actual climate impacts remains challenging. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in environmental engineering to assess the life cycle impacts products or services. However, there is currently no consensus in LCA on the assessment of carbon from biological processes, biogenic carbon. Traditional (static) practice disregards the influence of time considerations in LCA, and generally considers biogenic carbon (1) carbon neutral or (2) entirely emitted at the moment of harvest. This is a problem, since the climate change impacts of greenhouse gases (GHG) are a function of their atmospheric concentration over time. Disregarding time considerations can thus lead to estimation errors. In Canada, 57% of the biogenic carbon captured in wood products between 1990 and 2008 still remains in the anthroposphere. To consider it entirely emitted at harvest induces an estimation error of 675 Mt CO2, or approximately 92% of total Canadian GHG emissions in 2014. Dynamic approaches include time considerations in LCA and avoid simplifying assumptions (1) and (2). However, dynamic approaches are relatively recent. There are few available case studies and guidelines in the literature, notably in the field of building LCA, where the additional complexity and ressources (time, data) is a concern. The goal of this project is to compare the results of static and dynamic LCA approaches in the analysis of the climate change impacts of HWP in building LCA. More specifically, this goal implies identifying a dynamic approach well adapted to building LCA, and applying it in a case study. These objectives are covered in two articles. The first article is a critical review of biogenic carbon assessment methods in LCA. It identifies the biogenic global warming potential (GWPbio), a dynamic LCA approach, as well adapted for building LCA. The GWPbio approach can include time considerations in LCA, but is less resource-intensive than other approaches. The second article describes the use of GWPbio in the LCA of the Trentino building, a timber building located in Quebec City. Compared to static approaches, using GWPbio reduces the global warming impacts of HWP. This result suggests that current LCIA practice overestimates the impacts of biogenic carbon and HWP. Consequently, encouraging an increased use of HWP in the building sector could provide promising climate change mitigation benefits.
The building sector accounts for up to 30% of global GHG emissions. In Canada, it represents 12% of direct GHG emissions; these impacts are expected to significantly increase before 2030. Using more harvested wood products (HWP) in buildings could reduce the climate change impacts of the building sector and help reach the national mitigation goals set under the Paris Agreement. By encouraging sustainable forest management, this could also reduce forest carbon emissions, e.g. by reducing the risks and consequences of natural disturbances (fires, insects, etc.). Combining (i) sustainable forest management, (ii) temporary carbon storage and (iii) substitution benefits in integrated management approaches could provide large, necessary mitigation benefits. The potential benefits of integrated approaches including HWP are increasingly recognized, but assessing their actual climate impacts remains challenging. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in environmental engineering to assess the life cycle impacts products or services. However, there is currently no consensus in LCA on the assessment of carbon from biological processes, biogenic carbon. Traditional (static) practice disregards the influence of time considerations in LCA, and generally considers biogenic carbon (1) carbon neutral or (2) entirely emitted at the moment of harvest. This is a problem, since the climate change impacts of greenhouse gases (GHG) are a function of their atmospheric concentration over time. Disregarding time considerations can thus lead to estimation errors. In Canada, 57% of the biogenic carbon captured in wood products between 1990 and 2008 still remains in the anthroposphere. To consider it entirely emitted at harvest induces an estimation error of 675 Mt CO2, or approximately 92% of total Canadian GHG emissions in 2014. Dynamic approaches include time considerations in LCA and avoid simplifying assumptions (1) and (2). However, dynamic approaches are relatively recent. There are few available case studies and guidelines in the literature, notably in the field of building LCA, where the additional complexity and ressources (time, data) is a concern. The goal of this project is to compare the results of static and dynamic LCA approaches in the analysis of the climate change impacts of HWP in building LCA. More specifically, this goal implies identifying a dynamic approach well adapted to building LCA, and applying it in a case study. These objectives are covered in two articles. The first article is a critical review of biogenic carbon assessment methods in LCA. It identifies the biogenic global warming potential (GWPbio), a dynamic LCA approach, as well adapted for building LCA. The GWPbio approach can include time considerations in LCA, but is less resource-intensive than other approaches. The second article describes the use of GWPbio in the LCA of the Trentino building, a timber building located in Quebec City. Compared to static approaches, using GWPbio reduces the global warming impacts of HWP. This result suggests that current LCIA practice overestimates the impacts of biogenic carbon and HWP. Consequently, encouraging an increased use of HWP in the building sector could provide promising climate change mitigation benefits.
Zhang, Mingqian. "Assessing strategies for reducing carbon emissions associated with wood products transportation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27746.
Full textWith the ratification of greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction agreements by Canada, various levels of government implemented policies to reduce transport-related and other industrial emissions. Since 2013, Québec, together with California and Ontario, has established a carbon market to encourage firms to reduce their emissions. The forest industry could benefit from this scheme in terms of improving efficiency and lessening the environmental impact of wood product transport. This study aims to assess the potential of carbon emission reduction strategies and to provide recommendations on improving the logistics of transporting wood-based materials. There are four main strategies considered in this paper; namely low-speed driving, eco-driving, intermodal transportation, and optimizing loading pattern. By combining these strategies, optimization models are developed with the objective of cost minimization under the constraints of emissions. These models involve the distribution planning of supply chain management and routing problems. Microsoft Excel, OpenSolver, Gurobi, and LocalSolver are mainly used for modeling and optimization. Pareto Front is also used to illustrate the relationship between transportation cost and carbon emission. To demonstrate the methodologies, a case study is exhibited using real world data. It is found that eco-driving has considerable potential in reducing emissions under a feasible range of price increases. The selection of strategies is based on the decision makers’ preferences and the difficulty of strategy implementation.
Gras, Antoine. "Séquestration du CO₂ associée aux phénomènes de minéralisation passive du carbone dans les résidus miniers du Projet Dumont Nickel (Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Québec, Canada)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30265.
Full textThe implication of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in climate change is now widely accepted and solutions are emerging in order to limit the accumulation of CO2. Carbon mineralization, which allows the sequestration of CO2 through carbonate precipitation, stable minerals over geological time scales, is one of the options considered. Among the proposed carbon mineralization pathways, passive carbon mineralization in ultramafic mining residues can potentially lead to developing carbon-neutral mines. However, the impacts on leachate water quality and evolution of sequestration capacity in natural conditions, on medium and large scales, are still poorly documented. RNC Minerals plans to mine a nickel deposit located in the northwestern part of Quebec. The operation at the Dumont Nickel Project (DNP) would produce approximately 1.7 Gt of ultramafic mining residues. Several factors which influence the carbon sequestration capacity of the DNP residues have been studied in the laboratory, at variable CO2 concentrations. In this study, the processes of passive carbon mineralization in the DNP mining residues are described and the atmospheric CO2 sequestration capacity is estimated, at the experimental cell scale, under natural conditions. In order to study the impacts of meteoric weathering of the DNP residues, two experimental cells were built and instrumented. The first cell EC-1, contains the ultramafic waste rock, and the second EC-2, was filled with milling residues (Tailings). The hydrogeological properties and surface area of the residues contained in the two cells are different whereas the mineralogy is similar. The main minerals in the residues are chrysotile, lizardite, brucite, chlorite and magnetite. Between 2011 and 2015, changes in CO2 concentrations, mineralogy, and chemical composition of leachate waters were recorded. Monitoring of CO2 concentrations showed a decrease in CO2 concentration from the surface (~ 390 ppmv) to the bottom of the cells (~ 100 ppmv). At the same time, the carbon content in the weathered residues increased and the mineralogical analyses revealed precipitation of several magnesium carbonates such as hydromagnesite. These observations indicate that passive mineral carbonation of the mining residues is occurring within the experimental cells, for which three potential sources of CO2 can be identified : (1) the atmosphere, (2) the CO2(g) produced from organic matter oxydation, and (3) CO2(g) produced from carbonate dissolution. The isotopic compositions of CO2(g) and newly formed carbonates were measured. Using these isotopic compositions it was possible to demonstrate that dissolution of CO2(g) in interstitial water limits the sequestration capacity and that atmospheric CO2 is the main source of the CO2 sequestered. Despite the differences between the two experimental cells the same processes control CO2 sequestration. A conceptual model of the carbon mineralization reactions, including evolution of the isotopic compositions, is proposed. The leachate water sampled at the bottom of the experimental cells, between May and November since 2011, is characterized by an alkaline pH (~9.5), a high alkalinity (~90 to ~750 mg/L CaCO3) and a high concentration of magnesium (~50 at ~750 mg/L). This composition is consistent with weathering of ultramafic rocks in a system open to CO2. Since 2012, the chemical composition of the leachate water was evolved seasonnaly. These seasonal variations are explained by: (1) recharge and temeprature variations over the year and (2) increased carbonate precipitation between May and July. The seasonal decrease of alkalinity and magnesium concentrations, caused by increased carbonate precipitation, induces undersaturation of carbonate minerals. Therefore carbonate precipitation self-limits carbon sequestration through a negative feed-back loop. Since 2011, an estimated 13 kg of atmospheric CO2 was sequestered in the milling residues from EC-2, which corresponds to a mean rate of 1,4 (+/- 0.3) kgCO2/tonne/year. Using this mean rate, during the mining operation the milling residues will sequester about 21 kt of atmospheric CO2 each year, which will represents one quarter of the 127,700 tonnes of CO2 emitted. Using MIN3P, a numerical model which allow to simulate multi-component and multiphase reactive transport in unsaturated porous media, the carbon mineralization reactions were simulated in 1D at the center of cell EC-2. The data collected during the 4 years of monitoring were used to calibrate the numerical model. However, none of the simulations allowed to reproduce the evolution of the leachate water geochemistry and the CO2 concentrations observed in the experimental cell. Several simplifications of the conceptual model could explain the differences with the observed data.
Payeur-Poirier, Jean-Lionel. "Flux de CO₂ d'une chronoséquence d'écosystèmes d'épinette noire de la forêt boréale de l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22091.
Full textForest harvest and subsequent stand development can have major effects on the carbon cycle of boreal stands. Carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes of a three-point black spruce harvest chronosequence located in the boreal forest of eastern North America were measured over a one-year period at the ecosystem scale with the eddy covariance technique and CO2 efflux from soils was measured with a portable infrared gas analyzer. The three sites (pre-harvest, recently-harvested, and juvenile) were 105-, 8- and 33-years old, respectively. On an annual basis, the pre-harvest site (EOBS) was a weak carbon sink (6 ± 4 g C m-2 yr-1), the recently-harvested site (HBS00) a source (-87 ± 3 g C m-2 yr-1) and the juvenile site a moderate to strong sink (143 ± 35 g C m-2 yr-1). Annual gross ecosystem production (GEP) at the pre-harvest site was only 28% greater than at the recently-harvested site (646 ± 6 versus 504 ± 5 g C m-2 yr-1) while GEP at the juvenile site (1107 ± 32 g C m-2 yr-1) was 71% greater than at the pre-harvest site, suggesting significant physiological constraints to photosynthesis at the pre-harvest site. Annual ecosystem respiration (Re) followed the same pattern, but intersite differences were somewhat less (640 ± 8 to 591 ± 6 to 964 ± 50 g C m-2 yr-1). Annual soil respiration (Rs) decreased following harvest from 593 to 500 g C m-2 yr-1 and increased with further stand development to 644 g C m-2 yr-1, although the changes were less than for GEP and Re. Q10 and R10 of Rs for the snow-free period varied between sites, were lowest for the recently-harvested site and appeared to be related to GEP via substrate supply. The annual ratio of Rs to Re was lower for the juvenile site (67%) than for the pre-harvest and recently-harvested sites (93 and 85%, respectively). These results quantify how some of the major physiological processes that influence the carbon cycle of boreal black spruce stands evolve following harvest and should be useful for better incorporating stand-age effects into regional and global scale models. Keywords: boreal forest; CO2 fluxes; harvest; chronosequence; disturbance; soil respiration; eddy covariance
Slechten, Aurelie. "Policies for climate change." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209493.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Bergeron, Onil. "Dynamique des échanges de dioxyde de carbone de la pessière noire boréale de l'est du Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24790/24790.pdf.
Full textCarbon dioxide emissions from human activities are changing the Earth’s climate. The boreal forest contains enormous carbon (C) stocks and hence it plays a critical role in the global C cycle. Black spruce ecosystems are the dominant cover type in the North American boreal forest, thus it is necessary to understand their response to both climate variability and to ecological disturbances such as forest harvest so as to identify the factors influencing C exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The first research chapter (Chap. 3) of this thesis presents a comparison of C exchange for three old black spruce ecosystems located in different regions of Canada. This study showed that warmer soil under deeper snowpack in winter and low light levels in June at the eastern Canada site, which are common conditions in that region, reduced C sequestration relative to that of similar ecosystems in central Canada. Furthermore, a general parameterization at a monthly time resolution was sufficient for characterizing the physiological response of all three black spruce ecosystems to environmental conditions. In the second research chapter (Chap. 4), the C balance and the response of C exchange to environmental conditions of a mature and a recently harvested black spruce site in eastern Canada were quantified. The C balance of these black spruce ecosystems was more affected by their respective developmental stage than by inter-annual climate variability. The response of C exchange to environmental factors showed a greater between- and within-year variability at the harvested site due to the dynamic structure of the vegetation. The third research chapter (Chap. 5) examined forest floor C exchange for a mature black spruce site in eastern Canada measured on different microsites. Soil respiration and forest floor photosynthesis accounted for 76-88% and 16-17% of total ecosystem respiration photosynthesis, respectively. The observed differences of the response of soil respiration to environmental factors suggest that microsite can reflect the spatial variability of soil respiration. All three of these studies provide valuable information for parameterizing and modeling the response of boreal forests to climate variability and to ecological disturbance.
Mercier, Jacques. "Le contrôle ventilatoire au cours de l'exercice musculaire : influence de la période de croissance : sensibilité des centres respiratoires au dioxyde de carbone." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11305.
Full textTchapchet, Tchouto Jules-Eric. "Contraintes d'émission de GES et modélisation économique : perspectives alternatives, enseignement et contributions au regard des approches appliquées et théorique de l'équilibre général." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUED008.
Full textBaechler, Laurent. "Action collective et allocation des ressources atmosphériques : le cas du changement climatique." Paris 9, 2000. https://bu.dauphine.psl.eu/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2000PA090059.
Full textFaucher, Alexandre. "Évaluation environnementale des programmes d'efficacité énergétique de Gaz Métro." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30544/30544.pdf.
Full textFournel, Sébastien. "Étude comparative des émissions de gaz et d'odeurs issues de différents systèmes de gestion des déjections en production d'oeufs de consommation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28491/28491.pdf.
Full textTremblay-Racicot, Fanny Rose. "Instruments de politique publique en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre : transports urbains durables à Montréal et à Boston." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22241.
Full textNote : La présente étude fait partie d'un projet de recherche plus large, intitulé "Choix et efficacité des instruments de politique publique pour réduire les gaz à effet de serre: les interventions de quatre juridictions de l'Amérique du Nord-Est", qui est le fruit d'une collaboration entre le Département de science politique et l'École supérieure d'ATDR, Aménagement, architecture et arts visuels de l'Université Laval, ainsi qu'avec Y Institute for environmental studies de l'Université de Toronto, et financé par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH). Ce mémoire fait état des résultats de la section de l'étude dédiée aux transports urbains, alors que deux autres secteurs sont étudiés par le projet de recherche plus large, soit le secteur des grandes industries émettrices de GES et celui des PME développant des technologies de réduction d'émissions.
Jourdain, de Muizon Gildas. "Articuler les marchés de permis d'émission avec les autres instruments dans les politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100055.
Full textThis thesis relates to energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions instruments in the industry. In this field, the policies are complex. This complexity made of superposition and juxtaposition generates interdependences. In this thesis, we chose to approach the very general problems of the interdependences by three more specific studies which constitute its three parts: a case study of the United Kingdom policy-mix. We mobilize microeconomic theory to evaluate its environmental effectiveness and its cost-efficiency ; the simulation of the interdependence of the European emission trading market using the general computable equilibrium model GTAP-ECAT and political economy model characterizing the impact of the lobbying in a context where two sectors are regulated by two different instruments
Jachym, Anne-Laure. "Economic Growth, Greenhouse Gases and Environmental Regulation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38154.
Full textIn this study, we investigate the effect of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on economic growth in a conditional convergence framework. We look at carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and the group of "F gases", as well as the effect of the sum of these pollutants, i.e. almost all greenhouse gases. Our sample is composed of 81 countries with a variety of per capita income levels and covers the period between 1993 and 2012. We define two ten-year periods and regress economic growth on emissions growth of each pollutant separately, on the first-year GDP of the period and on several control variables. To address the issue of inverse causality bias between pollution emissions and economic growth, as between investment and economic growth, we use an instrumental variable methodology. We use past data to instrument pollution and investment. More precisely, the data of the first year of the period are used as instruments. We find that, except for CO2, greenhouse gas emissions growth does not generate economic growth. CO2 emissions growth has a positive impact on economic growth. Interestingly, this impact is less pronounced between 2003 and 2012, as compared to the 1993-2002 period. In addition, the impact of CO2 emissions growth is stronger in the richer half of countries in our sample.
Bourgault, Catherine. "Caractérisation et perspectives de mitigation des émissions de CH₄ issues d'un procédé de biofiltration à milieu organique traitant du lisier de porc." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22938.
Full textBenlamlih, Fatima Zahra. "Évaluation d'une nouvelle génération d'engrais enrobés pour diminuer le lessivage des éléments minéraux et réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (N2O)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36575.
Full textIn order to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use and reduce the negative impact they have on the environment, the coating of conventional fertilizers with new biodegradable polymers is a promising solution.The objective of this study was to evaluate a new generation of fertilizers coated with novel biodegradable polymers. The homogeneity of coated fertilizer particles was slightly lower than that of conventional fertilizers. Biodegradable polymers are relatively soluble in water and do not inhibit the release of mineral elements. The kinetics of nutrient release in a peat substrate was however similar for both types of fertilizer. Two hours after application, Biodrix N released 34% less urea and N-urea than Ureia, but the difference disappeared after one day. The effect of coated fertilizers on the reduction of nitrate leaching and N₂O losses was evaluated under controlled conditions. Aminaex and Biodrix N reduced nitrate leaching by 41% and 54% compared to Ureia and delayed the peak of N₂O efflux by 10 days. On the other hand, the coating of the phosphorus did not reduce its leaching. Aminaex and Biodrix N had a longer N₂O emission period than Ureia, which increased the cumulative N₂O efflux emissions after 20 days for both coated fertilizers compared to Ureia. In conclusion, undercontrolled conditions, coating nitrogen fertilizers with biodegradable polymers hindered the instantaneous solubilization of urea, decreased nitrate leaching and reduced the peak of N₂O efflux.
Daldoul, Insaf. "Développement d'une méthode expérimentale appropriée à l'étude des adsorbants utilisables pour le contrôle des émissions d'hydrocarbures lors du démarrage à froid d'un moteur." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27750.
Full textAs regulations for emissions from gasoline engines become stricter, attention has been focused on the start-up phase (cold-start), when about 70-80% of total hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of an engine are released. This phase is a short period of 1-2 min prior to reaching the minimum catalyst operating temperature, around 200°C. In this thesis, the concept of single-file diffusion (in 1-D zeolites) was employed as a feasible approach to control automotive HC emissions during cold-start. This mechanism was investigated over a variety of zeolites with MTW structures for studying their trapping ability for lighter HC molecules, which are often desorbed before the three-way catalyst reaches its light-off temperature. In this thesis, a serie of ZSM-12 zeolites which different conterions (Na⁺, H⁺, Ag⁺) and with different Si/Al molar ratios (52, 64, 80) were synthesized. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of ethylene and toluene, as models of light and heavy hydrocarbon molecules, was employed to screen these synthesized zeolites as potential HC traps. High heating rate desorption experiments were performed using the Phytronix Laser Diode Thermal Desorption system (S-960 LDTD) after desorption of toluene-ethylene mixture. Three heating rates which reflect the actual heating rate of the catalytic muffler have been used for the desorption process: 3, 5 and 9°C/s. For all solids considered in this study, the two HCs desorbed above 240°C. Ag-ZSM-12 was found the most appropriate HCs trapping adsorbent. Numerically, using a transient diffusion boundary value problem coupled with Fick’s law, it was possible to explain all qualitative features of the temperature dependent desorption profiles observed experimentally. Two steps must be considered, a cage to cage jumping followed by an escape from cage to gas phase. The two steps have different activation energies with EΓ> ED. For each component, both activation energies are strongly dependent on Si/Al ratio and radius of counterions. Moreover the effect of thermal vibration of the host lattice on diffusivities was also depicted.
Gozé, Émile. "Les plans climat : analyse au regard des principes du droit de l’environnement et du droit des collectivités territoriales." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU10014.
Full textThe territorial climat-atmosphere-energy plans are new legal tools available to local authorities. These planning acts should enable local authorities to organise their actions in order to mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt their territories to future environmental changes, in line with both national, European and international goals as well as the local environmental, social and economic features. However, the legal framework of these documents has evolved considerably and these plans are now tending to have a territorial dimension, in other words, they provide a framework allowing local authorities to regulate greenhouse gas emissions of all the territory’s activities. The aim of this research is to identify, through the guiding principles of environmental law and the law of local authorities, how these legal acts, have become part of their legal environment. It highlights the peculiarities, evolutions and shortcomings of these documents’ legal framework, and eventually, looks into the role that the legislator has decided to entrust to local and regional authorities through these planning tools
Djédjé, Okoubi Franck Didier. "Contribution à une économie politique du réchauffement climatique : le rôle de la régulation climatique dans la réduction de gaz à effet de serre : le cas du système européen d'échange des quotas d'émission de CO2 (SCEQE) : analyse de l'incidence des stratégies d'acteurs." Paris 8, 2013. http://octaviana.fr/document/181100150#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThis thesis shows at first that the signature of the Kyoto protocol (in summary KP), and the emergence of a climatic regime are a consequence of the evolution of the IEAs. The european emision trading schemes (in summary ETS) is a good illustration of one of the mechanisms of flexibility ordered by the protocol. Secondly, the thesis clarifies the various terms of the european climatic regime. First of all, it shows that the allowance as the administrative authorization to emit one ton of CO2 has a different meaning according to its uses and the considered fields. Then, the thesis reveals that it is the relative rarity of the allowance which gives it a value. At last, it questions the concept of "market" of permits by raising the essential role of the public authorities. Thirdly, this thesis emphasizes the importance of firms, the main private actors, but unfortunately ignored by the directive which rather mentions the word "installations". These firms practice a lobbying to require a soft climatic regulation from the public authorities. Finally, this thesis shows that in the context of the globalized economy, multinational firms direct their strategies more in the direction of the civil society to benefit from its purchasing power. This civil society is however far from representing a serious force of opposition to the hegemony of these firms because of its lack of organization
Gaudreault, Catherine. "Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions in long haul transportation by synchronization, consolidation and coordination." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68160.
Full textThis thesis aims to define and quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission emitted by our industrial partner’s logistics transportation network. Next to that, we detail several possible optimization scenarios in order to reduce its carbon footprint. This is done via mathematical optimization, in which the trips between the company and its various partners, from supply to delivery to the end customer, for different types of products and different carriers with different types of vehicles are considered. More specifically, our purpose is to describe and represent the difference between the current situation and the solution obtained by optimizing the network in terms of distance traveled, GHG emitted, consolidation of deliveries as well as production and stock needed. Following the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results, we are able to provide numerous suggestions for improvements to the company with regard to the management of its internal and external transport. A number of key performance indicators are also evaluated, most importantly inventory and the number of trips. These are drastically reduced in our optimized scenario. To ensure optimal business results, we propose a two-step resolution model that includes mathematical modeling of the problem followed by manual improvement of the solution. In addition, the calculation methods used to measure GHGs emitted are based on the distance traveled as well as the capacity used of each vehicle, thus assigning vehicle usage to the company (while the remaining vehicle space is to be used by other companies when the carrier consolidates its operation). This allows us to estimate the emissions generated even when the construction of routes of different carriers is not exactly known. The coordination, consolidation and synchronization of the various trips related to the company’s activities allowed us to reduce the GHGs emitted by up to 23%, which translates into 3,438.64 tons of CO2e saved on a yearly basis, or 2,733,354 km. In addition, our observations of the results highlighted a multitude of recommendations regarding the use of carriers, the reduction of inventory and the control of transport flows within the company.
Lemoyne, François. "L'équilibre général et la prévision énergétique : étude du modèle d'analyse des politiques liées à l'énergie au Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30059/30059.pdf.
Full textMafuta, Kasonga Rody. "Impact de la mécanisation sur la ventilation dans les mines souterraines du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30461/30461.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this project is to develop a profile of the use of equipment powered by an internal combustion engine in Quebec underground mines and establish their impact on air quality. Thus, from June 2010 to September 2011, 17 underground mines in the province were contacted. The database obtained contains 9 producing mines and 4 mines under development. These data were used to calculate indices of compliance with respect to concentration limits and sampling of carbon monoxide as well as diesel particulate matter (DPM). In addition, some DPM control technologies are presented, the potential for reducing the average concentration of DPM in the main network is evaluated for some control technologies. Finally, some indices were calculated to establish the impact of mechanization on ventilation requirements.
Bell, Mbea. "Three essays in the economics of greenhouse gas emissions' mitigation in the electricity sector." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28367.
Full textClimate change is one of the biggest challenges that the world is facing. In order to limit global warming, each political jurisdiction must implement a drastic climate policy to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this challenge, the electricity generation sector has a central role to play. On the one hand, it is a major contributor to the total GHG emissions, and on the other hand, this sector offers several alternatives for generating electricity without emissions, such as renewable sources or fossil fuel generators equipped with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) capacity. In three essays, this thesis examines cost-efficient solutions to reducing GHG emissions and promoting climate-friendly technologies in the electricity sector. The first essay compares an emissions tax and a clean energy standard using a calibrated general equilibrium model of electricity generation. The structure of electricity production features two plants: one that generates its output based on renewable sources and the other based on fossil source emitting CO2. The model is calibrated to match selected macroeconomic aggregates of the economy of British Columbia. The calibrated model is then used to conduct conceptual experiments that pit the overall cost of achieving the optimal emissions reduction target with a given policy instrument against the counterfactual cost of achieving the same target with an alternative policy instrument. The experiments lead to the conclusion that an emissions tax is more environmentally effective as well as more cost-effective than a clean energy standard. The second essay extends the comparison between a clean electricity standard and a carbon tax on cost-effectiveness grounds by adding innovation and market power. In our model, a two-stage competition in the electricity sector between a clean plant and its "dirty" rival anchors a two-sector general equilibrium model of climate change intervention. The dirty plant can innovate to reduce its emissions, and the clean plant can innovate to reduce its pre-existing cost-disadvantage. The model is calibrated to selected US macroeconomics aggregates. Results in this essay overturn those obtained in the first, where perfect competition was the feature of the electricity industry. The second essay thus shows cost-effective choice of climate policy instruments depends on the industrial organization of the electricity sector, as well as on the mechanisms plants use to respond to climate policy. Whereas the first two essays are only concerned with abatement incentives the third, by contrast, considers a climate policy action aimed, not only at incentivizing abatement, but also at promoting clean electricity solutions to climate change. These solutions have two competing sources. On the one hand, there are climate change solutions consisting of technological innovations that mitigate the intermittency and variability problems associated with renewable sources of electricity. Such solutions, when adequate, reduce the cost-disadvantage of renewable sources at reaching large-scale deployment. On the other hand, there are climate change solutions consisting of carbon abatement technologies that mitigate the trade-off between abatement effort and electricity output among fossil fuel generators. CCS technologies are an essential component of these fossil fuel-based climate change solutions. The main contribution of this essay is to show that, in countries with an abundant supply of fossil fuels, subsidizing fossil fuel-based climate change solutions can be an integral part of a cost-effective climate policy action aimed at achieving ambitious emissions reductions.
Ben, Hamida Rania. "L'énergie entre les opportunités de développement et les risques de la dégradation de la qualité de l'environnement : cas du gouvernorat de Sfax (Tunisie)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10455/document.
Full textThis thesis has a dual purpose; it focused on the one hand on the role of energy in the industrial and economic development of the country and on the other hand on the impact of its use on the environment and health status of individuals. We developed and operated a database on the Sfax region, which has been used for empirical analysis suited to each area of research. The path followed to argue this thesis has led us to establish three chapters.At the first chapter, we particularly appreciated the role of energy in economic development of nations. Following our empirical analysis, two main results are announced, first, the presence of a long-term effect between energy consumption and economic development in the region of Sfax implying its economic dependence on energy. Then the existence of unidirectional causal relationship starting from energy consumption to economic growth. In the second chapter, we are interested in studying the impact of energy consumption on the deterioration of the environment quality. Two points are emphasized, first, a correlation is found between energy consumption and the following pollutants: PM10, SO2 and NO2. Secondly, the presence of tropospheric ozone (O3) in the air is not conditional on the energy consumption but rather to photochemical reactions involving NO2 and oxygen under the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation. Finally, weather factors, especially temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) affect the dispersion of pollutants and their accumulation around their emission sources. The last chapter is focused on the analysis of the health impact of air pollution. Adapted to the region of Sfax, three main findings are detected. First, cardiovascular diseases are affected by S02 emissions and while respiratory diseases are influenced by emissions of SO2 and O3. Then, a correlation is justified between O3 NO2, confirming the chemical reaction of ozone scavenging already indicated. Finally, we concluded that the wind speed (VV) affects the distribution of pollutants mainly NO2, SO2 and PM10. Temperature (T) in turn affects hospital admissions for cardiovascular reasons
Leblanc, Florian. "Controverses économiques et environnementales autour des hydrocarbures non conventionnels : les enseignements de la modélisation intégrée." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH116.
Full textFrom the perspective of economic and environmental controversies over unconventional oil and gas resources, this thesis contributes to the development of integrated modelling tools intwo aspects : their ability to reflect the long-term dynamics of energy markets ; and the consideration of the links between the economy and the dynamics of the various greenhouse gases.In the first case, a set of simulations with the Imaclim-R model highlights the economic impacts of shale gas and light tight oil through (i) the links between growth paths and technicalinertia ; (ii) the conditionality of US competitiveness gains on implicit or explained strategies ; and (iii) the conditionality of US competitiveness gains on this country implicit or explicit strategies in terms of international specialization and exchange rate regime. In the course of these simulations, we study (α) the adjustment processes towards the long-term equilibrium, looking at the conditions of existence and convergence of the model temporary equilibria ; (β) the tractability limits of a stylized model of Imaclim-R reproducing the main mechanisms.In the second case, the question of the role of methane in short and long term climate strategies is addressed. The integration of the Oscar2.2 Earth System model into the Imaclim-Rmodel is used to assess the role of methane in terms of mitigation costs and to assess the risk of emissions leakage at shale gas wellheads. The simulations show that, on the one hand, theeconomic advantage of shale gas availability can be balanced against the costs induced by these emissions leakage. On the other hand, the ambitous climate strategies aiming at limitingtemperature increases well below 2° or 1.5°C require a more instant control of methane
Campion, Robin. "Imaging measurements of volcanic SO2 using space and ground based sensors." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209886.
Full textthird most abundant constituent after water vapor and carbon dioxide. SO2 flux measurements
are used to characterized and monitor volcanic degassing. This thesis presents advanced
methods for measuring the SO2 emitted in the troposphere by passive degassing volcanoes.
These methods are based on the absorption of infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) light by SO2
molecules. They make use of the data acquired by satellite borne sensors (ASTER, OMI and
MODIS), and collected in the field using a UV camera equipped with filters
ASTER is a multispectral sensor observing the Earth in the thermal IR with a 90 m
ground resolution. The developed retrieval algorithm works with band ratios
(B10+B12)/2B11 and B14/B11, to avoid spectral interference from other variables than SO2.
With this algorithm, the impact of interferers such as atmospheric water vapor, sulfate
aerosols and ground emissivity is minimal, as demonstrated by radiative transfer simulations
by applying of the algorithm to real ASTER images and by comparing the results with ground
based data. ASTER is a kind of unifying thread for this thesis because its high ground
resolution fills the gap existing between highly localized ground based SO2 measurements and
the global coverage of other satellites with coarser pixels such as OMI and MODIS.
OMI is an imaging spectrometer operating in the UV, with a daily global coverage, a
high sensitivity to SO2 and a ground resolution of 13x24km. The OMI-ASTER comparison
shows that the SO2 columns measured on OMI pixels are two orders of magnitude smaller
than those of ASTER, because of the huge difference in the pixel size of the two satellites.
The flux measurements however are generally in good agreement. The analysis of a large
number of images shows that ASTER is better for cloud free scenes while OMI has an
optimal signal to noise ratio when the plume is lying above a low cloud cover. A practical
detection limit for SO2 flux measurements in tropospheric plumes has also been established:
5kg/s.
The comparison between ASTER measurements of SO2 column amounts with those of
MODIS (a multispectral IR imager with 1km ground resolution) shed light on systematic
errors in MODIS measurements. These errors were quantified and their origins were separated
and identified. This work demonstrates the limitations of MODIS for SO2 measurements.
A UV camera equipped with filters has also been developed to achieve 2D SO2 from the
ground at a high spatial and temporal resolution. The potential provided by this new type of
instruments has been demonstrated during a field campaign on Turrialba Volcano (Costa
Rica). The integration of measurements obtained using the camera, ASTER and OMI revealed
a high and sustained SO2 flux, which can be explained only by the degassing of a recently
intruded magma body. The slow decrease of SO2 flux since January 2010 suggests a
progressive exhaustion of the volatile content of the magma.
Finally, we applied the band ratio algorithm to a series of ASTER images of the recent
eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in April-May 2010. The SO2 measurements provide interesting
insights into the complex eruptive dynamics and into the control of hydromagmatic
interactions on eruptive gas release into the atmosphere. /
Le dioxyde de soufre (SO2) est un gaz typique du dégazage magmatique de haute
température, dont il est le troisième composant le plus abondant derrière H2O et CO2. Le flux
de SO2 est un excellent paramètre pour caractériser le dégazage volcanique et surveiller son
évolution dans le temps. Cette thèse présente de nouvelles méthodes de mesures des flux de
SO2 émis par l’activité volcanique. Ces méthodes se basent sur l’absorption de la molécule de
SO2 dans l’infrarouge (IR) et l’ultraviolet (UV). Elles utilisent les données prises par des
senseurs embarqués sur des satellites (ASTER, OMI et MODIS) ou opérés depuis le sol
(caméra UV munie de filtres).
Le senseur ASTER opère dans l’IR thermique avec une résolution spatiale de 90 m par
pixel. L’algorithme de mesure développé pour ce satellite n’est sensible qu’à la concentration
en SO2 et pratiquement pas aux paramètres interférents qui posaient problèmes aux méthodes
existantes :la vapeur d’eau atmosphérique, les aérosols de sulfate dans le panache et
l’émissivité de la surface sous-jacente. ASTER est un peu le fil conducteur de cette thèse, car
sa haute résolution spatiale lui permet de faire le lien entre des mesures au sol et les mesures
faites par d’autres satellites comme OMI et MODIS.
Le satellite OMI est un spectromètre imageant qui opère dans l’UV, avec une
couverture globale journalière, une haute sensitivité au SO2 et une résolution spatiale de
13x24km. La comparaison OMI-ASTER montre que les colonnes mesurées sur les pixels
d’OMI sont de deux ordres de grandeur inférieurs à celles d’ASTER, à cause de la différence
de résolution spatiale entre les deux satellites. Les mesures de flux, par contre, montrent une
très bonne concordance. L’analyse d’un grand nombre d’images a permis d’établir qu’ASTER
est meilleur pour des scènes sans nuages tandis qu’OMI est meilleur quand une couverture
nuageuse présente sous le panache augmente son rapport signal sur bruit. Une limite de
détection pratique a aussi été établie pour les flux de SO2 dans les panaches volcaniques dans
la basse troposphère :5kg/s.
La comparaison des mesures d’ASTER avec celle de MODIS a permis de démontrer les
limites de MODIS pour la mesure du SO2. Des erreurs systématiques sur les mesures de
MODIS on été mises en évidence et quantifiées. Ces erreurs sont dues aux interférents
spectraux que sont la vapeur d’eau atmosphérique et les aérosols sulfatés. L’émissivité est
aussi un important facteur d’erreur pour MODIS.
Une caméra UV équipée d’un système de filtres a également été développée pour
mesurer le SO2 en 2D, à haute résolution spatiale et temporelle. Le potentiel offert par ce
nouveau type d’instrument a été démontré lors d’une campagne de mesures sur le volcan
Turrialba (Costa Rica). La combinaison de mesures de SO2 réalisée avec la caméra, ASTER
et OMI a permis de mettre en évidence des flux très élevés (30-50kg/s) qui ne peuvent
s’expliquer que par une intrusion récente de magma juvénile en cours de dégazage.
Enfin, les mesures de SO2 ont réalisées à partir des images ASTER pendant l’éruption
du volcan Eyjafjallajökull en avril-mai 2010. Ces mesures fournissent des informations
intéressantes sur les dynamismes éruptifs qui se sont succédé et sur le contrôle des émissions
de SO2 dans l’atmosphère par les interactions magma-eau.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Shishlov, Igor. "Essais sur l'économie du suivi de la politique climatique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLA005.
Full textThis dissertation aims at improving the understanding of the economics of monitoring in climate policy, which is the main problematic of this research work. To this end, this dissertation develops a general analytical framework for the analysis of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) in climate policy across several key tradeoffs – such as cost vs. uncertainty – as well as a microeconomic model to assess the impact of monitoring policy choice on the economic and environmental performance of climate policy. While the practical experiences with the most important carbon pricing and management mechanisms, as well as microeconomic modeling highlight that there is no “silver bullet” solution regarding MRV rules in climate policy, this dissertation, nevertheless, draws three key lessons regarding carbon accounting that should help policymakers design “silver bullets” depending on their objectives.First, regarding the stringency of monitoring, it can be concluded that the rules for monitoring uncertainty are rarely exhaustive. With an important exception of direct measurement in the EU ETS, existing carbon accounting systems do not set a requirement on the overall uncertainty of a given source. The CDM monitoring requirements have partly followed the conservativeness principle, mainly through a conservative choice of uncertainty bounds for some IPCC default values as well as for some monitored variables. The microeconomic model developed in this dissertation demonstrates that in the presence of information asymmetry not accounting for monitoring uncertainty leads to suboptimal economic and environmental outcomes of climate policy.Second, it was demonstrated that MRV costs are subject to a strong economy-of-scale effect both across and within different carbon accounting frameworks. Indeed, MRV costs decrease with the comprehensiveness of the perimeter: the larger and the more comprehensive a scheme, the lower the MRV costs. Mandatory schemes must be especially careful with the costs that they impose on regulated entities as these may distort the market – for example by putting higher costs on smaller entities – or even put unbearable burden on some firms. Conversely, offset schemes, in which participation is voluntary, cannot bankrupt participating companies through MRV costs: if they are too high, companies simply do not participate. Moreover, one of the interests of running an offset scheme is to reveal information on abatement opportunities, monitoring techniques and costs. In this context, there is a rationale for higher MRV costs in order to obtain better information.Third, monitoring costs are also directly proportional to MRV stringency, as more accurate monitoring usually comes at an increasing cost. The regulator therefore has to deal with a tradeoff between information quality and monitoring costs. Few existing carbon accounting systems incorporate flexibility provisions to adapt uncertainty requirements to the cost incurred by stakeholders. These provisions may take the form of de minimis thresholds (that is, threshold levels of emissions under which monitoring and reporting are not required), or “materiality thresholds” (that is, threshold levels of errors under which errors are tolerated during verification). They can also take a more continuous form, for example by increasing the cost of compliance or discounting the benefits from carbon credits in proportion to the uncertainty of monitoring. The microeconomic model developed in this dissertation demonstrates that in choosing the monitoring policy to address uncertainty – prescribing the error, setting maximum uncertainty thresholds or applying a discount – the regulator has to balance welfare, risk and undue wealth transfers
Amat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors
Kane, Khalil. "Études des changements physiologiques et moléculaires du blé (Triticum aestivum L.) en réponse aux concentrations élevées de CO2 durant l'acclimatation au froid." Thèse, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5354/1/D2423.pdf.
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