Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gaz de combustion – Composition chimique'
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Harry, Solo Andriniaina. "Étude théorique d'un plasma dans la phase de transition allumage/combustion d'un moteur à gaz." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30093.
Full textThe spark ignition in thermal engines, leading to the initiation of combustion, is characterized by several processes that happen during short moments (maximum few milliseconds). The knowledge and control of the physicochemical phenomena involved are the key elements allowing to optimize the system. Using numerical tools, more detailed description and understanding of the mechanisms governing the medium can be investigated. This thesis is related to this topic and is focused to analyze the chemical species evolution of air-methane stoichiometric mixture according to the medium characteristics. The work is based on three main stages. The first step concerns the development of tool which allows to calculate the chemical composition and thermodynamic properties. The method is based on mass action law and the resolution under the local thermodynamic equilibrium hypothesis for a given pressure or mass density. Corrective terms (of Debye-Hückel and virial) enabling to assimilate the gas to real fluid are integrated into the system of equations. The second step is devoted to the development of the 0D model which is based on the resolution of the species conservation equation. This approach allows to study the possible presence of departures from equilibrium according to various cooling rates of the medium. The last step concerns the implementation of a 1D transient hydro-kinetic coupling model applied to ignition. It is developed on an axisymmetric cylindrical geometry. The results show typical evolutions of temperature and radial propagations of pressure. Depending on these parameters, the species behavior is analyzed and discussed in comparison to equilibrium. The departures from equilibrium of the densities highlighted for some initial choices of parameters by the coupling model open the perspectives to the direct calculation of the plasma properties
Ndiaye, Mamadou Mamour. "Effet de la composition du gaz naturel sur la combustion en mélange pauvre dans un moteur à allumage commandé." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT016H.
Full textZervas, Efthimios. "Etude des mécanismes de formation des polluants spécifiques émis par les moteurs à combustion interne." Mulhouse, 1996. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02966575.
Full textMethods for the analysis on sulfur dioxide, alcohols and organic acids have been developed. The first one includes the capture of the sulfur dioxide in a solution of oxygenated water and the analysis by ionic chromatography with a conductimetric detector. The second one includes the capture in pure water and an analysis by gas chromatography/flame ionisation detector. The third one uses the capture in pure water and the analysis of the formic acid by an ionic chromatography and of the other acids by gas chromatography. These methods have been applied in the case of vehicles' non-regulated pollutants research. An experiment design, combined specified fuels and analysis of the exhaust gazes, has been applied on a spark ignition engine. These tests proved several qualitative and quantitative correlations between the composition of the fuel and the emitted pollutants. Precursors of hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and organic acids have been found. These results show that aromatics and cyclohexane contribute for the benzene's formation, 1-hexene and cyclohexane for the 1,3 butadiene's, aromatics are the precursors of the propionic acid and o xylene of the butyric acid
Daoudi, Mouad. "Développement de diagnostics optiques et chimiques pour caractériser et contrôler les émissions particulaires et gazeuses des systèmes de combustion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR062.
Full textCombustion is one of the main contributors to both particulate matter (PM) and several gaseous pollutants which may have harmful effects on human health, environment, and climate. The main goal of this PhD is to develop a measurement procedure based on optical extinction to monitor PM and/or some gaseous pollutants emissions produced by a combustion system (e.g., internal combustion engine, turbine or industrial burner). This work also aims to shed the light on the relationship between the chemical composition and the optical extinction coefficient measured for these emissions. To succeed in this measurement challenge and avoid the complexity of a real powertrain setup, a modular combustion bench has been built in which gaseous pollutants and PM can be monitored independently. This experimental setup was equipped with a version of the miniCAST soot generator that has the ability to burn liquid fuels, thus allowing the study of the impact of the chemical composition of the fuel on the physico-chemical properties of PM. A total of 34 operating points were characterized, spanning a wide range of flame overall equivalence ratio (i.e., 0.104 - 1.673) using two different fuels (diesel B7 and dodecane). The soot particles produced by this burner were characterized in terms of morphological key parameters, size distributions, mass concentrations, and optical extinction coefficients. All these data were then used to evaluate and intercompare the soot volume fraction using three different methods: granulometric (combining size measurement and morphology), mass, and optical.Furthermore, the chemical composition of the combustion products of the miniCAST was studied in order to characterize the organic content of the gas-phase and the particulate-phase. This study was carried out by combining gas chromatography (GC), to examine low mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the gas-phase, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), to characterize the heavy PAHs in both the gas- and particle-phases. These experiments allowed to identified the operating points associated with the highest content of organic compounds. Then, a correlation was observed between the presence of that organic content (mostly attributed to organic PAHs) and the optical extinction coefficient. The use of an oxidation catalyst (catalytic stripper) on the burner exhaust gases allowed to evaluate the impact of this thermal treatment at 350 °C on the chemical composition of the exhaust gases, on the size and morphology characteristics of soot aggregates, and consequently on the measurement of the optical extinction coefficient. Finally, the measurement of the optical extinction coefficient for PM and gaseous pollutants such as NO, NO2 and/or NH3 injected first separately and then simultaneously was performed to evaluate the interference of gaseous pollutants with PM and to propose a procedure allowing their simultaneous control.In conclusion, this thesis provides for a soot generator's PM emissions a detailed description of soot particles sizes, morphologies, soot volume fractions and optical extinction coefficient, as well as a detailed characterization of the chemical composition of the gas- and particulate-phase produced by this generator, under different operating conditions. Thanks to the experimental database obtained, this thesis proposes a methodology of measurement and analysis for optical extinction coefficients and for ToF-SIMS mass spectra which can be transposed to the study of bio-fuels or synthetic fuels (e-fuels) in the near future
Fournel, Sébastien. "Combustion à la ferme de cultures énergétiques : influence de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques sur les émissions atmosphériques, prédiction de la composition des gaz et cadre de qualité de la biomasse agricole." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6832.
Full textPiperel, Aurélie. "Impact des propriétés des gaz d'échappement recyclés sur l'initiation et le déroulement de la combustion : caractérisation paramétrique de la réactivité de l'EGR." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363414.
Full textAfin de pouvoir connaître la composition de ces gaz recyclés ainsi que l'influence des paramètres du moteur sur cette composition, une étude sur banc moteur HCCI a été réalisée. Pour pouvoir ensuite étudier l'influence de l'ajout de certaines espèces composantes des gaz brûlés sur la combustion HCCI, deux dispositifs expérimentaux ont été utilisés : un moteur HCCI et un réacteur auto-agité.
Cette thèse a ainsi pu mettre en évidence la composition des gaz brûlés en mode HCCI jusqu'alors méconnue, l'influence des paramètres du moteur ainsi que celle de la formulation du carburant sur cette composition, l'évolution de la composition au sein même du circuit de recirculation mais surtout l'importance de l'impact chimique de ces gaz recyclés sur l'initiation et le déroulement de la combustion HCCI.
Er-Raiy, Aimad. "Étude des processus élementaires impliqués en combustion à volume constant." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESMA0019/document.
Full textThe propagation of turbulent flames in non-homogeneous reactive mixtures of reactants concerns a large number of practical applications, including those based on constant volume combustion cycles. The composition heterogeneities (equivalence ratio, temperature, dilution by burnt gases, etc.) result from several distinct factors such as the dispersion of the spray of fuel droplets and its evaporation, the flow field topology as well as the possible presence of residual burnt gases issued from the previous cycle. The resulting partially premixed flames structure is significantly more complex than the one of more conventional diffusion or premixed flames.The aim of this thesis work is therefore to contribute to the improvement of their understanding, by proceeding to the generation and analysis of a new set of direct numerical simulations (DNS) databases. The present computations are performed with the low-Mach number DNS solver Asphodele. The database is structured according to five parameters that characterize the turbulent flow as well as the composition heterogeneity of the reactive mixture. First, because of the high numerical costs induced by the detailed description of chemical kinetics, two-dimensional configurations were considered. The study of these various simulations highlights several fundamental mechanisms of flame propagation in heterogeneous mixtures. Then, a significant computational cost saving has been achieved through the development of an optimized simplified chemistry model. The use of the latter allowed to overcome the major bottleneck of high CPU costs related to chemical kinetics description and thus to extend the analysis to three-dimensional configurations. Some of the conclusions obtained previously were reinforced
Ngohang, Franck Estimé. "Combination of mass loss cone, Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy and electrical low pressure impactor to extend fire behaviour characterization of materials." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10167.
Full textA bench-scale test combining mass loss cone, Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (MLC/FTIR/ELPI) was developed to enable simultaneous evaluation of the flammability parameters, the gases evolved (qualitative and quantitative evaluation) and the smoke particles (size distribution and concentration) generated by the combustion of the studied materials. This bench test is designed specifically to investigate the fire behaviour of manufactured products such as electric cables, as it is difficult to fully examine the latter with bench tests of the type thermogravimetry or pyrolysis - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, which can only hold small quantities of sample (from µg to a few mg). After setting up the MLC/FTIR/ELPI coupling, methodologies were established for qualitative and quantitative analysis of evolved gases and smoke particles. Experimental trials conducted on ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene vinyl acetate/aluminium trihydroxide (EVA/ATH) as reference materials demonstrated that the bench test provides accurate, meaningful and repeatable results
Ngohang, Franck Estimé. "Combination of mass loss cone, Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy and electrical low pressure impactor to extend fire behaviour characterization of materials." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10167/document.
Full textA bench-scale test combining mass loss cone, Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (MLC/FTIR/ELPI) was developed to enable simultaneous evaluation of the flammability parameters, the gases evolved (qualitative and quantitative evaluation) and the smoke particles (size distribution and concentration) generated by the combustion of the studied materials. This bench test is designed specifically to investigate the fire behaviour of manufactured products such as electric cables, as it is difficult to fully examine the latter with bench tests of the type thermogravimetry or pyrolysis - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, which can only hold small quantities of sample (from µg to a few mg). After setting up the MLC/FTIR/ELPI coupling, methodologies were established for qualitative and quantitative analysis of evolved gases and smoke particles. Experimental trials conducted on ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene vinyl acetate/aluminium trihydroxide (EVA/ATH) as reference materials demonstrated that the bench test provides accurate, meaningful and repeatable results
Yazdanpanah, Mohammad Mahdi. "Etude d'une installation de combustion de gaz en boucle chimique." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10118/document.
Full textChemical looping combustion (CLC) is a promising novel combustion technology involving inherent separation of carbon dioxide with minimum energy penalty. An oxygen carrier is used to continuously transfer oxygen from the air reactor to the fuel reactor where the oxygen is delivered to burn the fuel. Consequently, direct contact between the air and the fuel is prevented. The resulting flue gas is rich in CO2 without N2 dilution. The reduced oxygen carrier is then transported back to the air reactor for re-oxidation purposes, hence forming a chemical loop.This dissertation presents studies conducted on a novel 10 kWth CLC configuration built to investigate a wide range of conditions. The system employs concept of interconnected bubbling fluidized beds using L-valves to control solid flow rate and loop-seals to maximize gas tightness. Hydrodynamics of solid circulation was investigated with a cold flow prototype and a high temperature pilot plant in a wide temperature range. A solid circulation model was developed based on the experimental results using the pressure balance principle. Hydrodynamic of the gas phase in the reactors was investigated through RTD studies. A hydrodynamic model was then developed based on the two phase model of bubbling fluidized beds. Methane Combustion was experimentally studied in the pilot plant using NiO/NiAl2O4 oxygen carriers. Good combustion performances and CO2 capture efficiency were achieved. A reactor model was finally developed using the previously developed hydrodynamic model of bubbling fluidized bed and adapting a reaction scheme
GODIN, THIERRY. "Activite chimique des gaz de combustion au cours de la detente dans les futures turbines a gaz." Paris, ENMP, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENMP0693.
Full textFRANCO, PATRICE. "Contribution a la valorisation chimique directe du gaz naturel : pyrolyse du methane dans des gaz de combustion." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066125.
Full textNicolle, André. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des aspects cinétiques de la combustion sans flamme." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2040.
Full textFichet, Vincent. "Modélisation de la combustion du gaz naturel par réseaux de réacteurs avec cinétique chimique détaillée." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00549790.
Full textHassaine, Saida. "Analyse directe par plasma inductif des polluants élémentaires dans les effluents gazeux d'installations industrielles : rôle de la nature du gaz et de l'étalonnage dans la précision et la justesse des mesures." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0059.
Full textArnong the various methods studied in the past few years for continuous monitoring of elemental pollutants in flue gases of industrial processes, ICP-OES seems one of the most promising. One of these techniques is now commercially available and usable in industrial environment. The limits of detection observed are lower than the threshold limit values in the gaseous effluents of incineration and other industrial plants. The main remaining problem concerns the trueness of such techniques. This trueness depends mainly on the calibration technique and on the composition variations of the sample gas during the analyse. - Calibration is carried out by means of a standard aerosol produced using a standard solution, an ultrasonic nebulizer, and a desolvation unit. During desolvation, variable amounts of analyte are lost with the condensed solvent. This phenomenon varies with operating conditions. Therefore, a mass balance is necessary to control the composition of standard aerosol. - Gas composition variations can induce important changes in emission intensities and errors in concentration measurements. A precise control of the water content can reduce the errors when the gas composition is stable. • In addition the gaseous matrix composition has to be controlled and the calibration carried out with a reconstituted gas similar to that in which heavy metals are to be analysed. Another possibility consists on choosing operating conditions not sensitive to possible changes, but altering detection limits. This method has been tested on two industrial processes. The first one was a pilot plant for fly ash vitrification, the second one a coal power plant. These tests allowed us to point out some problems like the effect of gaseous composition
Subramanian, Ganesan. "Modélisation de l'auto-inflammation : analyse des effets de la dilution par les gaz brûlés et des interactions avec la turbulence dédiée aux moteurs Diesel à charge homogène." Rouen, INSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ISAM0010.
Full textCaillol, Christian. "Influence de la composition du gaz naturel carburant sur la combustion turbulente en limite pauvre dans les moteurs à allumage commandé." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX11042.
Full textThe influence of the main minor components involved in natural gas composition, ethane and propane, is experimentally quantified. The constituted experimental database demonstrates the significant effect of fuel mixture properties on engine performance and pollutant emission levels. A one-zone predictive combustion model, based on the numerical resolution of energy and species conservation equations, which integrates detailed chemical kinetics, is developed. In order to take into account the effects of turbulence on the combustion process, a two-zone predictive thermodynamic approach is then adopted. The premixed flame propagation is first described by an empirical burning law, then by an expression for the rate of combustion of fuel controlled by the turbulent mixing process. Finally, a numerical modeling approach of nitric oxide formation, based on the use of a probability density function of temperature in burnt gases, is proposed
Giansetti, Pascal. "Contrôle moteur à l'allumage : estimation/prédiction de la masse et de la composition du mélange enfermé dans le cylindre." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2028.
Full textHuguet, Christelle. "Etude cinétique de la combustion des suies diésel : application à la modélisation de la régénération du filtre à particule." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2067.
Full textNecula, Horia. "Modelisation d'une machine frigorifique a compression utilisant le mélange zéotropique R407C." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0065.
Full textThis work deals with the modelling of a compression refrigerating system in steady state, using the zeotropic mixture R-407C. Each component of this system is modeled in order to deduce the outlet variables from the inlet ones. The whole simulation program, which links the different models, has a few input variables. The system mass balance is made and compared with the refrigerant mass. The heat exchangers are shell-and-tubes type with corrugated tubes at the evaporator and finned tubes at the condenser. The evaporator model is a local one with a meshed specific geometry. The condenser and the compressor models are global. It is assumed that the expansion valve ensures a constant superheat at the evaporator outlet. An experimental study on a refrigerating system of about 30 kW, operating with R- 407C, allows to validate each model and the complete model. The whole model allow the determination of the condensing and evaporating pressures, the compressor power, the evaporator and condenser capacities as well as the system efficiency. The model is used to analyse the influence of mixture composition during leaks and to estimate the system performances in response to different operating conditions
Namysl, Sylvain. "Experimental study of the formation of pollutants during the combustion of bio-oil surrogate molecules." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0279.
Full textIn 2016, fossil fuels represented about 80% of the world total primary energy supply. However, this resource is limited and has a huge impact on the environment pollution because of the production of greenhouse gases. In order to drastically reduce greenhouse gases emissions, a focus on biofuels, and especially bio-oils, is made in the industrial world and for transportation. The IMPROOF project is funded by the European Union under the SPIRE framework. Its objective is to improve the energy efficiency in the case of steam cracking furnaces by 20% and in parallel to decrease by 25% per ton of ethylene the emission of pollutants like NOx or greenhouse gases. This PhD is focused on the part concerning the use of alternative fuels and especially bio-oils for the heating of the steam cracking furnaces. To better assess bio-oil oxidation or pyrolysis, a bibliographical review about the publications dealing with the composition of bio-oils have been performed. From this review, it comes out that bio-oils could be described as a mixture composed of six main types of chemical compounds: alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, furans and derivatives, oxygenated aromatic compounds and nitrogen organic compounds. In order to complete some detected lack in the literature, the aim of this thesis was to produce a new experimental dataset for molecules owning to the five first chemical families previously presented. A jet-stirred reactor was chosen to perform the experiments, due to its homogeneity in concentration and composition. This kind of “ideal” reactor is indeed convenient for the development of reliable data for the development and validation of kinetic models. During this work, eight fuels were selected and studied: n-butanol, n-pentanol, n-butanal, n-pentanal, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, furan and benzaldehyde. For each fuel, the experimental results were used to develop and validate a kinetic model. Those models were afterward used to study the decomposition pathways of the studied species
Richard, Simon. "Enrichissement chimique dû à une collision majeure entre des galaxies spirales riches en gaz." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25075/25075.pdf.
Full textTishkova, Victoria. "Nanoparticules de combustion émises par différents moyens de transport : caractérisation physico-chimique et hygroscopicité." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22060.pdf.
Full textTransport emission of nanoparticles into atmosphere is of major interest because of its possible effect on climate changes. The understanding of the potential environmental effect of the aviation and ship emission is still poor maintly because of the lack in the experimental characterization of these nanoparticules. The present work focuses on physico-chemical properties of combustion nanoparticles and their interaction with water. Hygroscopicity is on of the key parameters that are related to could condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and the environnemental effect. Experimental data show differences in the microstructure, elemental composition residuals coming from marine transport emitted residuals. Water uptake on combustion residuals coming from marine transport and aviation is higher than for laboratory-produced samples. We can therfore guess that these particules act as active CCN in the atmosphere
Maiboom, Alain. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation phénoménologique de l'influence des caractéristiques thermodynamiques et de la composition des gaz d'admission sur la combustion et les émissions d'un moteur diesel automobile." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2142.
Full textIn-cylinder pollutant emissions reduction (NOx and particulate matter (PM) principally) is a major challenge during automotive Diesel engine design. The objective of this work is to characterize inlet gas thermodynamic properties and composition (exhaust gas recirculation) on combustion and pollutant emissions of a Diesel engine. The bibliographic survey gives principal phenomena occurring during direct injection Diesel combustion and pollutant formation, and identifies some models for fuel jet description and combustion. A local experimental study on an optically accessible one cylinder Diesel engine gives some new informations on combustion at low load conditions, for non diluted and diluted conditions, with and without pilot injection, and allow to test and adapt some fuel jet models. These latter are utilized to develop an original multi zone phenomenological combustion model, based on Dec’s description, allowing the evaluation of core spray and flame temperature, as well as lift-off length and corresponding fuel/air ratio. A wide range experimental study is then undertaken on a 2 litre standard Diesel engine, with two exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) loops: a high pressure (HP) one and a low pressure one (LP). The results are analysed with the combustion model. Inlet gas thermodynamic properties and composition are modified separately to isolate the influence of these parameters on combustion (rate of heat release), in particular when utilizing high EGR rates. Various operating points are studied. NOx and PM emissions are the result of complex and sometimes opposite phenomena; explanations are proposed in most cases. Finally, low-NOx / low-PM emissions combustion regimes are described and analysed, and in-cylinder strategies for reducing NOx emissions while maintaining specific fuel consumption and PM emission level are proposed, in particular owing to LP EGR loop
Ferrières, Solène de. "Combustion de mélanges gaz naturel/hydrogène dans des flammes laminaires prémélangées : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10109.
Full textThis study aims to promote the combustion of natural gas/hydrogen mixtures, an alternative fuel promising to reduce pollutants emission. The goal is to obtain detailed kinetic data (temperature, chemical species concentrations) on the combustion of natural gas/hydrogen blends in flames. The influence of hydrogen proportion, equivalence ratio and pressure on the natural gas combustion kinetics has been investigated. Eighteen laminar premixed CH4/C2H6/C3H8/H2/O2/N2 flames operating at low pressure (0.079 atm) and at atmospheric pressure have been studied. Evolution profiles of molecular species are obtained after microprobe sampling and analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled with infrared spectroscopy. Temperature profiles are measured with a coated thermocouple. This experimental database is used to develop a chemical mechanism GDF-Kin® which includes 192 species involved in 1287 reactions, most of them being reversible. The mechanism predicts with a good accuracy mole fraction profiles of hydrocarbons species analysed, the effect of hydrogen on the kinetic of gas natural oxidation as well as a large number of global and detailed data from literature (ignition delays, flame burning velocity ... ). The effect of hydrogen depends strongly on its initial concentration and on equivalence ratio but not much on pressure. Hydrogen affects main reaction paths of natura! gas oxidation, particularly abstraction reaction by hydrogen atoms
Villalba-Mahmoudi, Marlène. "Influence de la composition chimique des huiles sur leur transformation au cours du craquage thermique : étude expérimentale et application à la combustion in situ." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066590.
Full textFerrières, Solène de. "Combustion de mélanges gaz naturel/hydrogène dans des flammes laminaires prémélangées : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10109/document.
Full textThis study aims to promote the combustion of natural gas/hydrogen mixtures, an alternative fuel promising to reduce pollutants emission. The goal is to obtain detailed kinetic data (temperature, chemical species concentrations) on the combustion of natural gas/hydrogen blends in flames. The influence of hydrogen proportion, equivalence ratio and pressure on the natural gas combustion kinetics has been investigated. Eighteen laminar premixed CH4/C2H6/C3H8/H2/O2/N2 flames operating at low pressure (0.079 atm) and at atmospheric pressure have been studied. Evolution profiles of molecular species are obtained after microprobe sampling and analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled with infrared spectroscopy. Temperature profiles are measured with a coated thermocouple. This experimental database is used to develop a chemical mechanism GDF-Kin® which includes 192 species involved in 1287 reactions, most of them being reversible. The mechanism predicts with a good accuracy mole fraction profiles of hydrocarbons species analysed, the effect of hydrogen on the kinetic of gas natural oxidation as well as a large number of global and detailed data from literature (ignition delays, flame burning velocity ... ). The effect of hydrogen depends strongly on its initial concentration and on equivalence ratio but not much on pressure. Hydrogen affects main reaction paths of natura! gas oxidation, particularly abstraction reaction by hydrogen atoms
Hamami, Ameur El Amine. "Vers une prédiction de la perméabilité au gaz à partir de la composition des matériaux cimentaires." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00422681.
Full textVillalba-Mahmoudi, Marlène. "Influence de la composition chimique des huiles sur leur transformations au cours du craquage thermique : etude experimentale et application a la combustion in situ." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA06A004.
Full textVanhille, Didier. "Formation de CO et de NOx dans un moteur à allumage commandé." Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUE5023.
Full textMinesi, Nicolas. "Thermal spark formation and plasma-assisted combustion by nanosecond repetitive discharges." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST052.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the formation and recombination of fully ionized plasmas generated by nanosecond high-voltage pulses: the thermal sparks. Their formation occurs in five stages: (i) partial ionization of the plasma channel, (ii) creation of a fully ionized filament at the cathode, (iii) formation of a fully ionized filament at the anode, (iv) propagation of these filaments toward the middle of the interelectrode gap, and (v) merging of the filaments. The filaments are characterized by intense N+ and continuum emission. We show experimentally that their electron number density increases from 1017 to 1019 cm-3 in less than 0.5 ns. A kinetic mechanism, including the ionization of N and O excited states, successfully describes this 0.5-ns transition. After full ionization is reached, the plasma reaches thermal and chemical equilibrium and the electron number density decreases due to isentropic expansion. Then, Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed (NRP) discharges in the non-thermal spark regime are applied in two burners for fundamental and practical studies of Plasma-Assisted Combustion (PAC). In the mini-PAC burner, the plasma temperature increases by 1500 K near the electrode due to a “slow” thermal spark formation. The NRP discharges enhance the reactivity of the entire flame, as shown by (i) the growth of the active species in the discharge vicinity and (ii) the increase of the OH number density in the entire flame. In the SICCA burner, NRP discharges reduce the instability of oscillating flames (in methane, heptane, and dodecane), and hence extend their lean blow out limit
Michaud-Poussel, Emmanuelle. "Etude des couplages plasmas - spectrométrie de masse en vue d'applications analytiques : mise en oeuvre et espèces observées." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10139.
Full textVillalba-Mahmoudi, Marlène. "Influence de la composition chimique des huiles sur leurs transformations au cours du craquage thermique : étude expérimentale et application à la combustion in situ /." Paris : Ed. Technip, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34959008f.
Full textSri, Rahayu Wuryaningsih. "Préparation, caractérisation et mise en œuvre de catalyseurs à base de pérovskites dans la combustion des suies diesel." Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMPD695.
Full textMartin, Charles-Etienne. "Étude énergétique des instabilités thermo-acoustiques et optimisation génétique des cinétiques réduites." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000177/.
Full textCurrent gas turbines are operating in a lean premixed combustion mode in order to comply with pollutants emissions norms. Such combustion mode, reduces drastically the flame stability and combustors are then more prone to develop combustion instabilities. The prediction of the combustor stability is still a major challenge for combustion chambers design. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) recently proved to be a powerfull tool too study turbulent combustion and is able to capture major phenomena involved in combustion instabilities. This work describes a tool dedicated to the optimisation of chemical kinetics in order to provide acurate chemical modelling in simulations. Then LES simualtion have been conducted to capture the instable behavior of a laboratory burner. Moreover, acoustic energy budget closure shows the major role of boundary acoustic fluxes for combustors stabiliy
Narbey, Marie-France. "Mesure de pression et de composition des gaz de fission dans les crayons combustibles des centrales à réacteurs à eau pressurisée par méthode acoustique." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20011.
Full textNouyrigat, Nicolas. "Hydrodynamic modeling of poly-solid reactive circulating fluidized beds : Application to Chemical Looping Combustion." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9189/1/nouyrigat.pdf.
Full textPinsonneault, Steve. "Enrichissement chimique du milieu intergalactique par des vents galactiques anisotropes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28775/28775.pdf.
Full textFelden, Anne. "Development of Analytically Reduced Chemistries (ARC) and applications in Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of turbulent combustion." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19226/1/Felden.pdf.
Full textMarrocchi, Yves. "Incorporation des gaz rares dans la matière organique primitive du système solaire." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258016.
Full textLemaire, Romain. "Étude de l'impact de la combustion de différents types de carburants sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules de suie par couplage de l'incandescence et de la fluorescence induite par laser." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10138.
Full textSoot particles generated in combustion processes are strongly linked to various environmental and health problems. As a consequence, regulations regarding particulate emissions are becoming more and more stringent. To reduce the quantities of soot emitted into the atmosphere, fundamental studies have to be undertaken in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of soot particles. The objective of this work is to study the impact of the combustion of different types of fuels on the physical-chemical properties of soot. To this end, a hybrid bumer has been specially designed in order to generate a series of liquid fuel diffusion flames whose hydrodynamic behaviour is similar and independent of the physical properties of the tested fuels. Quantitative mappings of soot and soot precursors have been carried out in flames of kerosene, Diesel, gasoline, biofuels and various kerosene and Diesel surrogates by coupling Laser Induced Incandescence and Laser Induced Fluorescence (Lll/LIF). By comparing the LII signaIs obtained for different excitation wavelengths, it has been possible to determine the evolution of the optical properties of soot as a function of the wavelength. The evolution of the physical properties of soot particles (density, specific heat, refractive index, diameter) during the combustion process have been derived from the analysis of the LII fluence curves and time decays obtained at different heights in the flames. Finally, a microprobe sampling system has been developed in order to obtain soot samples which have then been analysed using laser desorption/laser ionization/time-of- tlight mass spectrometry to determine the nature of the chemicals adsorbed on the soot surface
Lemaire, Romain. "Étude de l'impact de la combustion de différents types de carburants sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules de suie par couplage de l'incandescence et de la fluorescence induite par laser." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10138.
Full textSoot particles generated in combustion processes are strongly linked to various environmental and health problems. As a consequence, regulations regarding particulate emissions are becoming more and more stringent. To reduce the quantities of soot emitted into the atmosphere, fundamental studies have to be undertaken in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of soot particles. The objective of this work is to study the impact of the combustion of different types of fuels on the physical-chemical properties of soot. To this end, a hybrid bumer has been specially designed in order to generate a series of liquid fuel diffusion flames whose hydrodynamic behaviour is similar and independent of the physical properties of the tested fuels. Quantitative mappings of soot and soot precursors have been carried out in flames of kerosene, Diesel, gasoline, biofuels and various kerosene and Diesel surrogates by coupling Laser Induced Incandescence and Laser Induced Fluorescence (Lll/LIF). By comparing the LII signaIs obtained for different excitation wavelengths, it has been possible to determine the evolution of the optical properties of soot as a function of the wavelength. The evolution of the physical properties of soot particles (density, specific heat, refractive index, diameter) during the combustion process have been derived from the analysis of the LII fluence curves and time decays obtained at different heights in the flames. Finally, a microprobe sampling system has been developed in order to obtain soot samples which have then been analysed using laser desorption/laser ionization/time-of- tlight mass spectrometry to determine the nature of the chemicals adsorbed on the soot surface
Zheng, Ya. "Etude d'un écoulement réactif turbulent stabilisé par un dièdre dans un canal bidimensionnel." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2325.
Full textMay-Carle, Jean-Baptiste. "Ethanol et moteur Diesel : mécanismes de combustion et formation des polluants." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843644.
Full textCéspedes, Payret Carlos. "Dinámica de la materia orgánica y de algunos parámetros fisicoquímicos en Molisoles, en la conversión de una pradera a cultivo forestal en la región de Piedras Coloradas-Algorta (URUGUAY)." Toulouse, INPT, 2007. https://hal.science/tel-04595831.
Full textAfforestation of prairie regions has rapidly reached, as a recent world-wide policy, countries like Uruguay, but little is known about the effects of eucalyptus plantation on soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. In order to evaluate their possible effects in a prairie soil, some soil parameters were compared, before and after forestation. The zone of study was located 200 km from the Rio Uruguay mouth (Piedras Coloradas-Algorta) in a 1200-mm temperate gently undulated sandy lowland dominated by Mollisols with an herbaceous vegetation of photosynthetic pathway C4 type. The study included two stages; in the first one, a 25-year old C3 type cultivation (Eucalyptus grandis) and eight soil parameters (organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity (CIC) Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, free and amorphous Fe) are considered. The soil samples were taken also by horizons (A and B). The data obtained was statistically evaluated by t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). In the second stage the cultivation time and parcel number were increased and the sampling was made on the less resilient (0-20cm) depths. Here, the key parameters were restricted to C (TOC and δ13C) pH and apparent density. From the overall 30 years data set it arises that there is an effective loss of total organic carbon (TOC) in soils cultivated with eucalyptus and that the lower mean residence time of C derived from the eucalyptus is responsive of the total soil carbon decline. The TOC decline was related with the age of the plantation for most of previous land uses and with a change in other parameters (pH, apparent density, CIC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ and 1:1/2:1 clay balance). Eucalyptus affects the C balance of soil and it is explained by an increase of its turnover. The soil C sequestration in afforestation projects appears questionable in Uruguayan mollisols
Taher, Mohammad Iktiham Bin. "New HEMT Type Sensors for In-situ Bio‐Geochemical Analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0229.
Full textAn innovative gas sensor generation based on AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) has been developed for complex geological environments. It is designed to study the mass transfer of gases (H2, CO2, CH4, O2, H2S, SO2, and He) from the underground to the Earth's atmosphere. It incorporates the key features for subsurface gas sensor development such as miniaturization, robustness, insensitivity to harsh environments, and low cost.Technological steps, design of the sensor layouts, micro-fabrication techniques, and optimization of the electrical performance of the HEMTs have been continuously investigated and improved. Current densities above 400 mA/mm and pinch-off current= (~1×10-5 A), and transconductance (gm)= ~0.03 S/mm have been achieved for certain bias conditions. At the same time, the processed AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensors with different functional layers (Pt, ITO, and IZO) are fabricated and characterized for different gases (H2, CO2, CH4, and He) in the laboratory, and real subsurface conditions (Borehole: 51 m) under different environmental conditions (temperature= 25 to 450°C, humidity= 0 to 100%). The measured adsorption enthalpies of hydrogen onto various sensing materials like Pt, ITO, and IZO are calculated -30.3 kJ mol^(-1), -32.5 kJ 〖mol〗^(-1), and -34 kJ 〖mol〗^(-1), respectively, indicating that ITO and IZO are complementary to Pt for the development of a hydrogen gas sensor.Pt/AlGaN/GaN-based HEMT devices have been studied to evaluate the performance of hydrogen sensors in pure atmospheric air and a fully N2-based atmosphere to simulate subsurface conditions where the O2 concentration changes over the depth of the soil. From the thermodynamic analysis, the affinity of hydrogen for Pt was found nearly 2000 times greater than the affinity of oxygen for platinum. This makes the sensor suitable for detecting hydrogen in the air or various mixtures of O2 and H2 at different underground depths imply.A dedicated gas sensor batch has been fabricated with passivated (i.e., non-active) sensor components as a reference for gas detection (active sensor). The active sensor Pt/AlGaN/GaN provided a change in current indicating a response to the hydrogen exposure, while the non-active (Passivated-Pt/AlGaN/GaN) provides no changes in current. But non-active sensor (reference) tracks and eliminates the changes caused by external environmental parameters.This thesis also presents new measurement techniques using pulse polarization for subsurface gas detection with a Pt-AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensor. Instead of imposing a continuous input bias (which always maintains the ON state) over a long period of the experiment, the sensor is activated several times with pulsed polarization for a short period of time (ON/OFF state). The sensors showed a sufficiently fast response to the target gas by changing the drain current in pulsed bias mode with a linear increase in output current even at very low concentrations such as 25 ppm. All the experiments conducted in the study demonstrated that the sensors could work in various measurement scenarios that may occur in the real situation of subsurface gas detection
Braidy, Hala. "Characterization and reduction of the release of sulfur and chlorine compounds in pyrolysis and gasification of biomass and waste." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0228.
Full textGasification allows producing a synthesis gas that can be used for cogeneration (heat and power) or for the synthesis of liquid or gaseous fuels. However, the presence of inorganic elements, such as sulfur or chlorine in some biomasses and wastes, can lead to the release of inorganic gaseous pollutants that must be cleaned before the final application due to environmental regulations, their corrosive nature (HCl, KCl, NaCl), and their poisoning effect on catalysts (H2S, COS) in the case of synthesis. The objectives of this thesis are first to understand and characterize the behavior of sulfur and chlorine during pyrolysis (the first step of gasification) and gasification of biomass and waste, and then to propose and test in-situ methods to limit their release. These methods, which are based on chemical interactions between inorganic elements, include either the use of mineral additives or of mixtures of resources. Different resources were selected among biomass and waste of biogenic or fossil origin, with varying initial contents of S, Cl, and ash: two agricultural residues (colza straw and corn residues) and three waste components (wool, cardboard, and PVC). Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed using the Factsage software to predict the behavior of inorganic elements and the stability of sulfur and chlorine compounds as a function of the operating conditions for each resource. Analytical pyrolysis and gasification experiments were conducted in a laboratory setup at variable temperatures between 365 and 850°C, coupled with gas analysis and characterizations of the solid residues (elemental analysis, XRD, SEM-EDX). The results highlighted the influence of the resource type and composition, as well as temperature on the behavior of S and Cl. S and Cl present in organic forms in wool, cardboard, and PVC are completely released into the gas phase, even at low temperatures, without interaction with other inorganic elements. For agricultural residues, a part of S and Cl present in inorganic form is retained in the char in various crystallized forms (CaS, CaSO4, K2SO4, KCl, MgCl2) depending on the pyrolysis temperature and ash composition. The addition of calcium-based additives showed variable effectiveness in the retention of S and Cl, suggesting that the expected interaction between the additives and S and Cl may not have taken place. The greatest improvements in sulfur retention were observed during the co-pyrolysis of wool with calcium-rich resources, while chlorine retention was enhanced when mixing agricultural residues with cardboard. Interactions between the resources then significantly improved sulfur and chlorine retention, exceeding twice the theoretical values calculated with an assumption of no interaction between the resources. The obtained results contribute to better control the release of inorganic pollutants in syngas and to better size the cleaning stage upstream of the final application
Sylvestre, Alexandre. "Caractérisation de l'aérosol industriel et quantification de sa contribution aux PM2.5 atmosphériques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4714/document.
Full textIn order to limit the impact of air quality on human health, public authorities need reliable and accurate information on the sources contribution. So, the identification of the main sources of PM2.5 is the first step to adopt efficient mitigation policies. This work carry out in this thesis take place in this issue and was to determine the main sources of PM2.5 inside an industrial area. To determinate the main sources of PM2.5, two campaigns were lead to collect daily PM2.5 to: 1/ determine the enrichment of atmospheric pollutants downwind from the main industrial activities and 2/ collect PM2.5 in urban areas characteristic of the population exposition. Results allowed to obtain very representative profiles for the main industrial activities implanted inside the studied area. ME-2 analysis, combined to radiocarbon measurements, allowed to highlight the very high impact of Biomass Burning sources for all the PM2.5 pollution events recorded from early autumn to March. This study showed that industrial sources, even if they are the major sources during spring and summer, are not the major PM2.5 driver. However, this study highlights that industrial sources impact significantly the aerosol population (size, composition, etc.) in the studied area
Pillier, Laure. "Formation de monoxyde d'azote dans des flammes prémélangées CH4/C2H6/C3H8/O2/N2 : étude expérimentale par diagnostics laser et modélisation." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-365.pdf.
Full textDhouioui, Raja. "Étude des propriétés thermodynamiques et des coefficients de transport d'un plasma air - méthane en déséquilibre thermique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2394/.
Full textWe find carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in a large number of applications or processes involving electric arcs and thermal plasmas. These include: low-voltage circuit breakers with mixtures of air and organic vapor (due to the erosion of thermoplastic walls) inside the device, high-voltage circuit breakers for which are tested new gases or gas mixtures for filling the tank by replacing SF6, the treatment of biomass for synthesis gas production, processes for arc welding (MIG - MAG) but also processes for the ignition of reactive media, especially air - methane plasmas which are typical mixtures of electrical discharge for reactive media ignition of combustion. These kinds of processes are often studied theoretically using magneto-hydrodynamic models (MHD), under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). However, spark discharges involved in combustion ignition correspond to low power arcs for which the LTE hypothesis is relatively dubious. In this case, the temperature on the axis of the plasma remains relatively low. Thus the collisions are not enough efficient to ensure an equal distribution of the energy between the various chemical species in the mixture. The consequence is that the electrons have a kinetic temperature Te higher than that of the heavy species Tg. For an accurate theoretical study of this kind of discharge, taking into account the possible occurrence of departures from thermal equilibrium (Te ≠ Tg), it is necessary to develop multi-temperature MHD models. The implementation of these multi temperature models is often based upon 2T thermodynamic and transport property databases as a function of Te and of the ratio θ = Te /Tg. The present work falls under these considerations as it concerns the calculation of two-temperature (2T) Air - methane plasma properties: compositions, thermodynamic properties (mass density, enthalpy and specific heat at constant pressure) and transport coefficients (thermal conductivity, viscosity and electrical conductivity). The composition is obtained from the 2T mass action law and from the conservation equations (pressure, electrical neutrality and atomic proportions). Thermodynamic properties are then calculated analytically from the composition. Finally, transport coefficients are obtained from the Chapman-Enskog theory (extended to the 2T case) and from recent theoretical developments. The four contributions to thermal conductivity (translation of electrons, translation of heavy particles, internal and reaction) are calculated separately so that they can be used in a different way in the two energy conservation equations (electrons and heavy particles) involved in 2T MHD models