Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gaz Naturel Liquéfié (GNL)'
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Seveleder, Véronique. "Convection naturelle doublement diffusive dans des fluides stratifiés : application au gaz naturel liquéfié, GNL." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ECAP0137.
Full textThiaucourt, Jonas. "Méthodes et modèles pour l’étude de faisabilité des navires propulsés au gaz naturel liquéfié." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0032/document.
Full textIn proportion to the ton of cargo, shipping is a relatively “clean” transportation mode. Nevertheless, due to global trade intensification, its share in the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions should increase. Aware that GHG adverse effects are a major concern for humanity, united nation member states impose, via the international maritime organization, a regulatory framework so that this vital sector in a global economy remains sustainable. Short (2020) and medium (2050)-term goals are set. According to the weak version of Porter’s hypothesis, strict environmental regulations encourage innovations. Hence, in the shipping industry solutions flourish among which the use of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a fuel. On a thermodynamic basis, the unavoidable heat leaks into the cryogenic tanks cause variations of the tank pressure and the natural gas quality at engine inlet. Depending on the ship’s operational profile, those two phenomena will impact significantly the LNG as a fuel option relevance. One major bottleneck slowing the uptake of LNG as a marine fuel is the lack of methods and models to perform, at a concept design level, the feasibility study. In response, this thesis proposes 0D models to assess from the operational profile:1. the tank pressure evolution;2. the gas quality evolution at engine inlet.In the first part, models are proposed to simulate heat leaks into the tanks, LNG vaporization, ageing (the alteration of natural gas thermophysical properties by a differentiate vaporization of its compounds) and methane number evolution at engine inlet. Then, the models are put together and applied on a case study. The ship concept is proposed by a freight company
Noba, Ibrahima Sory. "Modélisation et simulation numérique du comportement de chargement de gaz naturel liquéfié dans une cuve de méthanier." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0312.
Full textThe evaporation process of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in LNG vessel tanks is closely related to heat infiltration through the walls of the insulation and also to the sloshing of the liquid in the tank. Most of the models developed give predictions assuming a constant evaporation rate or BOR Design. Real evaporation depends on many more physical parameters because LNG is a multi-component mixture consisted essentially of methane, stored at its boiling point of about -161 °C at atmospheric pressure. A detailed zero-dimensional (0D) dynamic tool that enables one to evaluate the thermal transfers and thermodynamic properties in LNG carrier tanks has been developed. The model is used to investigate the variation of the LNG and BOG quantity, composition and thermodynamic properties during typical voyage profiles of a case study LNG carrier or Operational BOR concept. The principle of the operational Boil-Off Rate (Operational BOR in this paper) is different from the design BOR. The design BOR is a benchmark of the thermal performance of the insulation under standard environmental conditions in a stationary configuration, translated into daily evaporation rate for pure methane. Conversely, the Operational BOR which is an unsteady calculation of the thermal and thermodynamic state of LNG, is designed to measure the amount of boil-off gas produced during the navigation taking into account the actual environmental conditions. A correlations studies carried out in the model gave results with relative errors between 2% and 5% of natural BOG between observation and simulation
Noba, Ibrahima Sory. "Modélisation et simulation numérique du comportement de chargement de gaz naturel liquéfié dans une cuve de méthanier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0312.
Full textThe evaporation process of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in LNG vessel tanks is closely related to heat infiltration through the walls of the insulation and also to the sloshing of the liquid in the tank. Most of the models developed give predictions assuming a constant evaporation rate or BOR Design. Real evaporation depends on many more physical parameters because LNG is a multi-component mixture consisted essentially of methane, stored at its boiling point of about -161 °C at atmospheric pressure. A detailed zero-dimensional (0D) dynamic tool that enables one to evaluate the thermal transfers and thermodynamic properties in LNG carrier tanks has been developed. The model is used to investigate the variation of the LNG and BOG quantity, composition and thermodynamic properties during typical voyage profiles of a case study LNG carrier or Operational BOR concept. The principle of the operational Boil-Off Rate (Operational BOR in this paper) is different from the design BOR. The design BOR is a benchmark of the thermal performance of the insulation under standard environmental conditions in a stationary configuration, translated into daily evaporation rate for pure methane. Conversely, the Operational BOR which is an unsteady calculation of the thermal and thermodynamic state of LNG, is designed to measure the amount of boil-off gas produced during the navigation taking into account the actual environmental conditions. A correlations studies carried out in the model gave results with relative errors between 2% and 5% of natural BOG between observation and simulation
Hadid, Zoheir. "Gazéification du GNL par cycle de Brayton associé à une boucle caloportrice et une pompe à chaleur." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0112/document.
Full textThe market of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is growing and presents the advantage of diversifying supplies. The LNG is fed at a temperature of -162°C and at atmospheric pressure. The main objective of the thesis aims at the valorization of the LNG exergy during its gasification and heating before being delivered through the network. The thesis investigates a new concept of gasification that differs from the current developments by the use of ambient air as the only heat source and by partial valorization of the LNG exergy in mechanical energy.An energy and exergy analysis helped to the definition of engine-cycle architectures using the air heating capacity as a heat source (recovered by an intermediate fluid, here propane) and LNG as a cold sink.The use of ambient air led to manage frosting and defrosting cycles on the evaporators of intermediate fluid recovering heat from the air. This requires understanding the coupled heat and mass-transfer phenomena. A test bench was built to characterize Circular Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers in frosting conditions and to validate a numerical model simulating the behavior of such heat exchangers in presence of frost. As a result, a logic for the design and operation of air heat exchangers is proposed taking into account the frosting effect. A seasonal study showed that the output power generated by the new concept of gasification is superior to its energy consumption throughout the year
Truchon, Patricia, and Patricia Truchon. "Modélisation et optimisation de cycles cryogéniques de production de puissance dans un contexte de regazéification de gaz naturel." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33347.
Full textLa perte d’énergie résultant du processus de regazéification du gaz naturel liquéfié (LNG1) est bien connue et plusieurs méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour la récupérer. Toutefois, il n’existe pas de chartes pour aider à la conception de systèmes de production de puissance dans le contexte de regazéification du gaz naturel. L’objectif de ce projet est de créer des outils graphiques permettant de connaître la performance maximale de trois systèmes de production de puissance en contexte de regazéification du gaz naturel. Dans un premier temps, deux systèmes de production de puissance sont étudiés, soit le système d’expansion direct (DE) et le système de double expansion (D2E). Des modèles numériques d’optimisation ont été développés afin de maximiser le travail spécifique produit par ces systèmes, le tout pour une large gamme de conditions d’opération. Les nouvelles figures qui en résultent fournissent les valeurs maximales du travail spécifique produit, ainsi que les valeurs des variables de conception optimisées correspondantes (pressions à l’entrée des turbines). Finalement, des analyses de robustesse permettent de mesurer la capacité des systèmes DE et D2E à fournir de bonnes performances lorsqu’ils ne sont pas utilisés dans des conditions optimales. Dans un deuxième temps, un système de production de puissance basé sur un cycle de Rankine rejetant sa chaleur à du LNG est étudié. Des optimisations numériques sont effectuées afin d’obtenir le travail spécifique maximal produit par ce système et les résultats sont reportés sous forme graphique. Ces nouvelles figures fournissent les valeurs du travail spécifique maximal produit pour un large éventail de conditions d’opération, ainsi que les valeurs des quatre variables de conception optimisées correspondantes (pressions d’entrée et de sortie de la turbine, ratio de débit massique, et fluide moteur). De plus, une analyse sousoptimale est faite pour chaque fluide étudié ce qui permet d’identifier lesquels peuvent fournir une performance relative acceptable comparée aux fluides optimaux.
Energy losses occurring while liquefied natural gas (LNG) is regasified are well known in the literature and many methods to recover this energy can be used. However, there is no general guidelines that allow to identify the best designs for power generation systems using thermodynamic cycles in the context of regasification of natural gas. The main goal of this project is to develop graphical tools that allow to determine the maximum performance of three systems of power production in the context of natural gas regasification. First, two power generation systems are studied, namely the direct expansion system (DE) and the double expansion system (D2E). Numerical optimization models are developed to maximize the specific work of the systems for a wide range of operating conditions. The resulting figures provide the values of the maximal specific work and of the corresponding optimized design variables (inlet and outlet turbine pressures). Finally, robustness analyses are performed to measure the capacity of the DE and D2E systems to provide good performances when they are used in non-optimal conditions. Second, a Rankine cycle using regasifying LNG as a heat sink is studied. Numerical optimizations are performed to get the maximal specific work of the system and the results are reported in graphical form. These new figures provide the value of the maximal specific work for a wide range of operating conditions, and also the values of the four corresponding optimal design variables (inlet and outlet turbine pressures, mass flow rate ratio, and working fluid). Furthermore, a sub-optimal analysis is performed for each fluid investigated and the resulting figures allow to identify the fluids that can provide a performance close to the performance provided by the best fluids.
Energy losses occurring while liquefied natural gas (LNG) is regasified are well known in the literature and many methods to recover this energy can be used. However, there is no general guidelines that allow to identify the best designs for power generation systems using thermodynamic cycles in the context of regasification of natural gas. The main goal of this project is to develop graphical tools that allow to determine the maximum performance of three systems of power production in the context of natural gas regasification. First, two power generation systems are studied, namely the direct expansion system (DE) and the double expansion system (D2E). Numerical optimization models are developed to maximize the specific work of the systems for a wide range of operating conditions. The resulting figures provide the values of the maximal specific work and of the corresponding optimized design variables (inlet and outlet turbine pressures). Finally, robustness analyses are performed to measure the capacity of the DE and D2E systems to provide good performances when they are used in non-optimal conditions. Second, a Rankine cycle using regasifying LNG as a heat sink is studied. Numerical optimizations are performed to get the maximal specific work of the system and the results are reported in graphical form. These new figures provide the value of the maximal specific work for a wide range of operating conditions, and also the values of the four corresponding optimal design variables (inlet and outlet turbine pressures, mass flow rate ratio, and working fluid). Furthermore, a sub-optimal analysis is performed for each fluid investigated and the resulting figures allow to identify the fluids that can provide a performance close to the performance provided by the best fluids.
Gauducheau, Jean-Loup. "Amélioration du fonctionnement d'un moteur alimenté au gaz naturel en mélange pauvre par ajout d'hydrogène." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11078.
Full textJacques-Barma, Sophie. "La Route bleue de Gaz Métro, une approche par les marchés bifaces." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26231.
Full textKhoulif, Zidane. "Relations algéro-américaines et problèmes énergétiques 1962 - 1999 : les contrats gaziers." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100204.
Full textThese last years, and according to a political diary from now on known, oil made a spectacular return on the international scene. The principal consumer countries are even more deeply concerned with the future of the security of supply. Alter one period of approximately 15 years when the consumer countries managed well, and successfully, most of the energetic revenue, those fear that balance still will Jean in favour of the oil-producing countries. The stop of the production issued in March 1999 and its total respect by the countries of OPEC confirmed the power of OPEC on the market was in clear increase. The saga of the contracts of GNL (contracts between Algeria and the United States) showed the interaction between the total forces of the market and the measurements taken at the national level which, in their turn, had international repercussions. Establishing of a causal model enters the international change (oil embargo of 1973) and the establishment of a defensive policy to the United States led to the bureaucratie and legislative change. The concepts of the reciprocal interaction followed are also the useful analytical tools
Maquignon, Nicolas. "Vers un modèle multiphases et multicomposants (MPMC) de type Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) pour la simulation dynamique d'un fluide cyogénique dans l'eau." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0426/document.
Full textIn this thesis, a LBM MPMC model with heat exchange is developed. Data assimilation tests and optical flow measurements are made in order to validate the model. The application context of this thesis is the mixture of a cryogenic fluid with water. In the first part, a bibliographical work reminding the Boltzmann equation and its various assumptions and simplifications, as well as the algorithmic aspect of the LBM are exposed. A comparison between SRT and MRT collision operator is performed, and a simulation of turbulent phenomena at different Reynolds numbers is studied, especially with the benchmark of the instability from Von Karman. In the second part, the MPMC model from Shan & Chen is reminded and extended to the case of the inter-component heat exchanges. Quantitative validations are made, especially with the benchmark of a two-phase or two-component Couette fluid. Consistency is tested against Laplace's law rule, or against a benchmark involving heat conduction. Qualitative testing of condensations in a multi-component medium are proposed to validate the heat exchange between components in the presence of a phase transition. In the third part of this thesis, a validation method for data assimilation is introduced, with the ensemble Kalman filter. A state estimation test of a bi-phase fluid is realized, and compatibility of the ensemble Kalman filtering to the LBM MPMC model is assessed. For validation of the behavior of the model for a two-component case, a substitution fluid (non-cryogenic) for LNG, butane, was selected to permit observations in experimental conditions which are accessible. Then, an experimental platform of injection of liquid butane in a pressurised water column is presented. Shadowgraph images from liquid butane experiments in water are exposed and an optical flow calculation algorithm is applied to these images. A qualitative assessment of the velocity field obtaines by application of this algorithm is performed
Lemembre, Alain. "Evolution par convection naturelle d'une stratification formée de deux couches liquides dans un réservoir cylindrique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ECAP0618.
Full textBesset, Pierre. "Automatic control of a marine loading arm for offshore LNG offloading offloading." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0011/document.
Full textMarine loading arms are articulated structures that transfer liquefied gas between two vessels. The flanging operation of the loading arm to the receiving tanker is very sensitive. This thesis aims to robotize a loading arm so it can flange automatically. The required accuracy for the connection is very high. A calibration procedure is thus proposed to increase the accuracy of loading arms. Moreover a jerk-limited trajectory generator is developed to smoothly drive the arm without inducing oscillation. This element is important because the structures of loading arms have a very low stiffness and easily oscillate, as highlighted by modal analyses.A predictive active compensation algorithm is developed to track without delay the relative motion between the two vessels. This algorithm relies on an artificial neural network able to predict the evolution of this relative motion. Finally this thesis presents the first automatic connection of an offshore loading arm. The success of the final tests validate the feasibility the automatic connection and the validity of this approach
Rapinel, Vincent. "Les gaz liquéfiés comme solvants alternatifs pour l'éco-extraction de produits naturels." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0271.
Full textIn recent years, the industrial sector of vegetable extraction has been evolving due to the growing interest of consumers for natural food ingredients combined with growing environmental concerns. Therefore, it seems essential to replace existing processes using toxic petroleum bases solvents with greener extraction processes with lower energy consumption, less wastes but higher extract quality. The objective of this thesis has consisted in the research and development of a new extraction process using liquefied gases as liquid solvents. First, this manuscript will outline the state of the art on the liquefied gases and how they are used for extraction of natural products. After this survey, 3 liquefied gases (n-butane, HFO-1234ze and DME) have been selected for laboratory scale experiments performed using a dedicated extraction unit whose design is detailed in chapter II. Then, the tests performed with these 3 gases for extraction of lipophilic compounds from several plant materials has been described. The experimental approach has been combined with a predictive one using decision tools: Hansen Solubility Parameters and COSMO-RS model. This survey demonstrated that liquefied gases are interesting solvents for solubilization and extraction of lipophilic compounds of interest. In parallel, the impacts of the process on environment, safety regulation and quality showed that liquefied gas extraction could be easily transposed at industrial scale
Rivière, Nicolas. "La libéralisation du marché gazier européen : Un effet d'aubaine pour la Russie ?" Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10014/document.
Full textNatural gas has a growing importance in the European Union energy. However, because of the lack of resources in its territory, the EU is highly dependent on imports to meet its gas needs. In parallel, since 1998 the EU seeks the creation of a single and liberalized natural gas market. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the gas market liberalization can create a risk for importers' bargaining power and more widely to the gas security of supply of the EU. The first chapter provides an overview of the European gas market. It deals with the implementation of the process of gas market liberalization, the external dependency of the EU and the weakness of gas supply diversity. Using findings from the previous chapter, the second one proposes a model from the cooperative game theory to analyze the effects of the EU natural gas market liberalization on importers' bargaining power. It shows that the liberalization weakens importers' bargaining power vis-à-vis external suppliers, where Russia is the leader. It also shows that the implementation of a European gas purchasing agency offers a counter-power to the EU that balances bargaining power. The third chapter focuses on the development of LNG in the world and more specifically in the EU market. The development of LNG in Europe allows the entry of new operators on the upstream and, thus, increases competition among the EU's suppliers for the benefit of importers' bargaining power. The last chapter analyzes the impact of US shale gas development on the EU gas market. Thus, it shows that development is accompanied by an uncertainty about the future gas demand in the EU and by a reconsideration of the EU's long-term contracts
Kamdem, Signe Christian. "Caractérisation et modélisation du comportement mécanique des structures tissées aux températures cryogéniques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I063/document.
Full textThe exploitation and use of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is growing worldwide, resulting in a booming market with many LNG terminal installation projects. These liquefied natural gas installations, which operate at very low temperatures (~ -160 ° C) to facilitate its transport, however require continuous maintenance without cutting the supply valves upstream or downstream. This study is a part of a global project funded by the government named CRYOBTURE which aims to design and develop a new solution of inflatable shutter to facilitate the maintenance of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) pipeline facilities. This solution would be obtained from a sealing balloon formed of several layers coated textile composite materials capable of obstructing the flow of LNG. Th question is therefore to find the ideal composition and combination of these woven structures which must have optimum mechanical properties and in adequacy with the operating conditions, in particular in terms of breaking strength and deformability. At first, the mechanical behavior in tension of certain synthetic textile fibers was investigated under cryogenic temperatures. The analysis of the obtained results made possible to discriminate some of them with regard to their mechanical properties and thus to make choices that were exploited for the elaboration of the woven structures. From there, we have been able to characterize the tensile mechanical behavior at cryogenic temperatures of some coated woven structures obtained from the previous fibers. The analysis of the various results allows us to consider several architectures for designing the shutter and thus to propose choices on the woven structures for each of the composite layers of the LNG shutter. These structures generally exhibit nonlinear orthotropic behavior. Modeling such behavior requires the use of specific models such as Fung's. We were able to numerically simulate the mechanical and thermal behavior (decoupled) of the shutter in an LNG environment.The results of this project have shown a number of limitations but open up prospects in terms of transfer to other application sectors requiring flexible supports subjected to cryogenic temperatures
Ancellin, Matthieu. "Sur la modélisation physique et numérique du changement de phase interfacial lors d'impacts de vagues." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLN010/document.
Full textIn the context of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) transportation in floating tanks, such as in LNG carriers, the constraints imposed by the sloshing of the liquid cargo on the tank have to be estimated. Most experimental and numerical studies until now do not take into account the possibility of phase change between the LNG and its vapor during the impact of liquid on the wall. The goal of this thesis is to include this physical phenomenon into a CFD code for the simulation of a breaking wave impact on a wall.A state of the art of the different modelisations of phase change in fluid mechanics is thus presented. This work focus on the modeling of phase change between the liquid and the gas at a sharp interface, without any equilibrium hypothesis. An hyperbolic system of balance laws including non-equilibrium interfacial phase change is presented.Two approaches are used to solve numerically this system. The first one relies on a mixture model for the description of the finite volume cells containing the interface, whereas in the second approach the interface is reconstructed and evolves in a lagrangian way. Both methods are based on a Roe-type finite volume scheme.The challenge of the numerical simulation of interfacial phase change is the capacity of the code to deal with density ratio far from 1 and high latent heat, as the lead to high temperature and pressure variations at the interface. The thermal aspect is the limiting phenomenon in the frame of wave impact simulation with phase change. Only a thin boundary layer around the interface tends to return to thermodynamical equilibrium, thus limiting the quantitative effect of phase change
Fillon, Blandine. "Développement d'un outil statistique pour évaluer les charges maximales subies par l'isolation d'une cuve de méthanier au cours de sa période d'exploitation." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2337/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on statistical tools for the assessment of maxima sloshing loads in LNG tanks. According to ship features, tank cargo and sailing conditions, a sloshing phenomenon is observed inside LNG tanks. The determination of sloshing loads supported by the tank structure is derived from impact pressure measurements performed on a test rig. Pressure maxima per impact, extracted from test measurements, are investigated. Test duration is equivalent to 5 hours in full scale. This duration is not sufficient to determine pressure maxima associated with high return periods (40 years). It is necessary to use a probabilistic model in order to extrapolate pressure maxima. Usually, a Weibull model is used. As we focus on extreme values from samples, fittings are also performed with the generalized extreme value distribution and the generalized Pareto distribution using block maximum method and peaks over threshold method.The originality of this work is based on the use of an alternate measurement system which is more relevant than usual measurement system to get pressure maxima and a 480 hours measured data available for same test conditions. This provides a reference distribution for pressure maxima which is used to assess the relevance of the selected probabilistic models. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of fittings quality using statistical tests and to the quantification of uncertainties on estimated values.The provided methodology has been implemented in a software called Stat_R which makes the manipulation and the treatment of results easier