Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gaz – Propriétés optiques'
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Lovisa, Stephane. "Propriétés optiques de puits quantiques de CdTe contenant un gaz d'électrons bidimensionnel." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10099.
Full textVasseur, Pierre. "Propriétés optiques des gaz : modélisation du rayonnement émis par un nuage de gaz et de particules en expansion." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100061.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the radiative properties of gases. In order to determine the monochromatic absorption coefficient of alkanes, alkenes and carbon dioxide, two measurement systems for the spectral transmission of gases were developed together with the MBDA Company. From the first measurements, the monochromatic absorption coefficient was calculated for methane, ethane, ethylene and propylene for pressures of 2 to 50bar and temperatures of 300 to 800K. Through the second measurements, that of carbon dioxide was determined for 1bar and temperatures of 300 to 1100K. Evolution models for the monochromatic absorption coefficient depending on temperature are presented for those gases at different pressures. From these models and from luminance measures, the mathematical inversion of the radiative transfer equation for a semi-transparent, homogeneous and non-disseminating environment made it possible to define the temperature and concentration profiles in a ramjet. A model of the radiation emitted by an expanding cloud of gas and particles coming from a solid explosive was developed for the research center of Gramat (DGA). This model is part of a research done on the radiation emitted by an expanding cloud of gas and particles. Experiments on explosions will be made to check validity of the different models. The influence of the model parameters was studied and a validation was achieved through spectral measurements on deflagrations
Marceau, Claude. "Anisotropie optique ultrarapide induite par la filamentation d'impulsions femtosecondes dans les gaz." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26889/26889.pdf.
Full textSagnes, Isabelle. "Propriétés électro-optiques des hétérostructures épitaxiées sur silicium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10100.
Full textLe, Guevel Xavier. "Elaboration de sols de silice colloïdale en milieu aqueux : fonctionnalisation, propriétés optiques et de détection chimique des revêtements correspondants." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR4005.
Full textThe aim of this work was to study surface reactivity of silice nanoparticles through physical and chemical properties of sols and coatings. Appliatons are numerous and they are illustrated in this work by optical coating preparation for laser components and chemical gas sensor development for nitroaromatics detection
Lauque, Pascal. "Caractérisation des propriétés physico-chimiques, électriques et optiques de films minces de GaxAs1-x amorphe hydrogéné obtenus par décharge luminescente RF." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30224.
Full textUrsu, Cristian. "Caractérisation par méthodes optiques et électriques du plasma produit par ablation laser." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10005/document.
Full textThe transient plasmas generated by high-fluence laser ablation are complex phenomena involving multiple processes, as optical radiation absorption by the matter, temperature increase and phase transitions generated by the energy transfer, expanding gas hydrodynamics, electrical interactions between the charged particles, or the interaction of the laser radiation with the generated plasma. A most complete understanding of this phenomenon is therefore necessary from the fundamental point of view, but also for characterizing the behavior of high technological potential materials under intense irradiation. We have developed a multi-diagnostic approach, based on optical and electrical techniques: fast ICCD camera imaging, space- and time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy, diode laser absorption spectroscopy, Langmuir probe. These techniques have been used to characterize plasmas generated by nanosecond laser ablation of various samples, from simple Al and Cu metals, to more complicated ceramics, chalcogenide glasses or ferromagnetics. The main results have been the observation of the plasma splitting in two structures and the kinetic and energetic characterization of their constituents. These results present fundamental (development of a fractal hydrodynamic model) and applied (erosion of dielectric walls in space plasma thrusters, pulsed laser deposition of thin films) interest
Landry, Annie-Kim. "Étude des propriétés optiques et électriques dans les verres P₂O₅-Na₂O-Nb₂O₅ en vue de leur intégration dans des systèmes de détection de gaz à haute température." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28147.
Full textThe incorporation of niobium oxide, a mixed valency transition metal, in phosphate glasses would allow their integration in high temperature gas detection systems because they have optical and electrical properties that can be modulated according to the temperature and the atmosphere. In this study, the glasses (60-x)P₂O₅-xNa₂O-40Nb₂O₅ where x = 23, 27, 30 and 33 mol% were studied to evaluate the influence of the composition and the temperature on the oxidation state of niobium. In the oxide form, niobium is generally found in an oxidation state Nb(V) of composition Nb₂O₅, a colorless compound. When the niobium oxide is reduced, it is found in NbO2 composition with Nb(IV) oxidation state, which exhibits a dark-blue coloration. The glasses were heat-treated in air and hydrogenated atmosphere (90Ar/10H₂) between 450 and 630 °C. The transmittance properties were measured by UV-visible spectrophotometry resulting in a broad absorption band in the visible range up to the near-infrared following reductive thermal treatments. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis revealed the presence of Nb⁴⁺ species responsible for the dark-blue coloration of glasses. Raman analyzes show that niobium is found in octahedral sites NbO₆ for all the compositions and a decrease in Na⁺ ions makes it possible to increase the number of bridging oxygens and thus favors the reduction of niobium. In addition, the glasses have a mixed electrical ion-electron conductivity between 10⁻¹⁰ and 10⁻³ S·cm⁻¹ over a temperature range between 25 and 575 °C. The ionic conductivity is due to the mobility of the Na⁺ ions in the vitreous lattice and is more important when the concentration of this charge carrier increases. Electronic conductivity is due to the presence of Nb⁵⁺ and Nb⁴⁺ species. The dark-blue coloration of the glasses and the electronic conductivity can be explained by interatomic charge transfer phenomenons, respectively know as intervalence charge transfer and the small polaron hopping. Moreover, XRD, DSC, density, refractive index and TGA analyzes were also performed on theses glasses.
Karraï, Khaled. "Etude de propriétés magnéto-optiques des hétérostructures de semiconducteurs III-V par spectroscopie submillimétrique." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10127.
Full textDur, Daniel. "Analyse de l'émission infrarouge lointain de structures à base de semiconducteurs. Réalisation d'un spectromètre infrarouge lointain à transmission résonance cyclotron dans des hétérostructures III-V." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20049.
Full textRamade, Julien. "Spectroscopie optique et microscopie électronique environnementale de nanoparticules Ag-In et Ag-Fe en présence de gaz réactifs." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1221/document.
Full textBimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) are known to present interesting catalytic properties justifying their use in several industrial processes in the domain of heterogeneous catalysis. However, their (chemical, geometrical, electronical) structure may evolve under realistic reactive atmosphere, involving a modification of their properties. In this multidisciplinary work, the aim is focused on the surface reactivity monitoring of these NPs under controlled gaseous environment. For this purpose, we developed an in situ spectrophotometer based on spatial modulation to monitor the structure evolution of a large assembly of NPs through the study of their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). This global approach has been coupled with a more local approach by environmental transmission electronic microscopy (E-TEM). E-TEM observations have shown both composition and environmental effects on the chemical structure of Ag-In NPs. This structure evolves from a stable low-enriched indium alloy to a core@shell configuration with a shell composed of indium oxide as the indium atomic concentration increases. Furthermore, stable structure (core@shell, Janus, reduced system) domains were evidenced under reducing atmosphere, depending on the temperature and hydrogen pressure. Lastly, Ag-Fe NP oxido-reduction was monitored on the new setup through LSPR modifications. MET observations, environmental plasmonics and simulations (optical response, Monte-Carlo simulations) suggest that these metals are initially segregated, with an enriched-silver surface. The exposure to an oxidative atmosphere seems to induce the diffusion of iron onto the surface, followed by the formation of magnetite (Fe3O4)
Vu, Thi Mai. "Etude des couches minces du système ternaire Ge-Se-Te et fabrication de composants d'optique intégrée IR, briques de base de micro-capteurs optiques de gaz." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20098/document.
Full textIn a context where the needs for gas sensors are increasingly important, especially for environmental metrology, it is proposed in this work to achieve straight waveguides, spirals, Y-junctions, ..., elements essential for the fabrication of infrared optical micro-sensors. The realization of these elements, by stacking and etching of amorphous thin films from the Ge-Se-Te ternary system, first required the study of this system. Ge-Se-Te thin films of very different compositions were deposited by thermal co-evaporation and characterized in terms of uniformity, thermal stability, optical band gap and refractive index. The evolution of the film properties with the composition was then used to highlight a particularly attractive area of compositions in the Ge-Se-Te system: in this domain, corresponding to compositions rich in Se (more than 55 atomic %) and containing between 20 and 30 atomic % in Ge, the layers are indeed single-phase, characterized by high glass transition temperatures, high thermal stability, and a transparency window extending from 1 to about 16 microns. In this composition region, two of them were selected, Ge25Te10Se65 and Ge25Te20Se55, and used to realize different integrated optics circuits. The simplest elements, which are channel waveguides, were made by depositing successively two layers (Ge25Te10Se65 then Ge25Te20Se55) on a silicon substrate, and then by modifying the geometry of the higher refractive index top layer by ion beam etching, so as to obtain a two-dimensional confinement of light. Propagation losses of these straight waveguides were estimated at 1 dB.cm-1 at the 1.55 µm wavelength. Other more complex elements were then fabricated: S-bent waveguides for which the guiding properties were obtained whatever the curvature radius, operational spiral waveguides, Y-junctions able of a satisfactory division of the light intensity, and Mach-Zehnder interferometers at the output of which the light was successfully recombined
Farhaoui, Amira. "Les oxynitrures de silicium déposés par pulvérisation en gaz réactif pulsé pour des dispositifs antireflets à gradient d'indice de réfraction." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22711/document.
Full textAntireflective systems (ARS) are of great importance for photovoltaic (PV) cells, especially those of second generation based on thin layers. In this work, we have been looking for achieving an ARS not only efficient but also meeting the criteria of the PV industry in terms of production cost and ease of implementation. For this, we particularly studied the deposition of silicon oxynitrides (SiOxNy), as the base materials of these devices. Films were deposited by cathodic reactive radiofrequency sputtering with a magnetron effect. We desired to study not only the deposition process, the obtained materials but also the realization of functional devices. We firstly presented two routes of SiOxNy thin films deposition: by the Conventional Process (CP) where the reactive gases are not pulsed, and by the Reactive Gas Pulsing Process (RGPP). We also combined an experimental study by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (SEO) and process modeling to better understand the reactive gases interactions with the target and their effect on the process. Simultaneously, films depositions were realized to check the potential of each technique to obtain a wide range of silicon oxinitrides composition.Then, we studied the effect of pulse parameters with the RGPP on the structure and also on the optical and electrical properties of SiOxNy thin films. We aimed here to confirm the link between structure and refractive indices for these films. Finally, to achieve a functional AR device, AR systems were firstly simulated with an electromagnetic calculation program and optimized using a genetic algorithm. The optimized systems were then deposited and characterized. An average reflectivity (between 400 and 900 nm) less than 5% was thus reached
Dutraive, Marie-Sophie. "Etude des propriétés électriques du dioxyde d'étain. Nature des défauts et influence du mode d'élaboration." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842723.
Full textTchoulfian, Pierre. "Propriétés électriques, optiques et électro-optiques de microfils GaN pour la réalisation de LEDs." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENT013.
Full textThis thesis deals with the characterization of GaN microwires (µwires) at the single wire level,toward the development of a light-emitting diode (LED) technology based on an ensemble of standing GaN µwires grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy. Each µwire is actually an LED consisting of an n-type core and a p-type shell, between which an InGaN/GaN multiquantum well active region is inserted. First, the electrical properties of the different parts of the n-type core were determined using resistivity measurements at the single wire level. The GaN:Si µwire exhibits conductivity values never reported by the planar layer counterparts. An original technique combining resistivity and thermoelectric measurements was developed to infer the electron density and mobility in these µwires. Spatially resolved optical measurements such as cathodoluminescence (CL) and µRaman confirmed the electron density values. The second part describes a spatially resolved study of the core-shell p-n junction using electron beam probing techniques. On a cleaved wire, the tridimensional (axial and radial) junction was highlighted by mapping the electric field (electron beam induced current, EBIC) or the electrostatic potential (secondary electron voltage contrast). These techniques yielded the donor and acceptor doping levels as well as the minority carriers diffusion lengths in the vicinity of the junction. EBIC mapping also provided the activation state of Mg dopants in the p-GaN:Mg shell. Finally, a study of the electro-optical properties of a single µwire LED, combined with EBIC and CL measurements, paves the way to the fabrication of more efficient µwire-based LED
El-Yadouni, Abderrazzak. "Étude par optique guidée des propriétés optiques linéaires et non linéaires de couches minces de semi-conducteurs à grand gap." Metz, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2002/El_Yadouni.Abderrazak.SMZ0228.pdf.
Full textGuénaud, Charles. "Etudes des propriétés optiques de semiconducteurs à grand gap : puits ZnSe/ZnCdSe et couches minces de GaN." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066224.
Full textSanchez, Sandrine. "Croissance par M. O. V. P. E. Et caractérisation d'hétérostructures ZnCdSe à gradient d'indice et à confinement séparé." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20085.
Full textRenard, Julien. "Propriétés optiques de boites quantiques et nanofils à base de GaN." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10145.
Full textWe studied the optical properties of wurtzite III-N heterostructures by means of various photoluminescence methods. Polarization resolved photoluminescence experiments allowed us to probe the combined effects of strain and confinement on the band structure of an heterostructure. We managed to perform the study of single GaN/AIN quantum dots on and original system: a quantum dot as a slice of a nanowire. This new system allowed us to identify the exciton and biexciton recombination. We also demonstrated that this structure behave as a single photon source thanks to a correlation experiment performed in the UV. We also studied the optical properties of III-N microdisks and measured quality factors up to 11000, which is promising to demonstrate the Purcell effect. Finally, we studied the carrier and spin dynamics in GaN/AIN heterostructures. The quantum dots are very efficient to inhibit the non radiative recombinations. The decay times are indeed not sensitive to temperature, ev en for lifetimes in the micro second range. The quantum dots seem also to be very effective to reduce the spin scattering mechanisms for a localized exciton. Optical alignment experiments, performed under quasiresonnant excitation, allowed us to show that the induced polarization was conserved on the lifetime of the exciton up to room temperature
Allogho, Guy-Germain. "Elaboration par E. P. V. O. M. D'un photodétecteur à Ga1-XInXSb et Ga1-XAsYSb1-Y pour télécommunications à plus de deux micromètres." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20104.
Full textHassen, Fredj. "Etude par pompage optique des puits quantiques contraints Ga1-xInxAs/GaAs." Toulouse, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAT0007.
Full textJulier, Michel. "Etudes optiques de GaN et d'InGaN." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20099.
Full textFouillant, Segura Catherine. "Lasers à injection à Ga0. 88In0. 12As0. 10Sb0. 90." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20218.
Full textCamacho, Mojica Dulce. "Modélisation des propriétés structurales, électroniques et optiques des nanofils de nitrures GaN/AlN." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595868.
Full textTchounkeu, Magloire. "Etudes des propriétés optiques et physiques de GaN-Al2O3 : caractérisation et effets de contraintes." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20029.
Full textKaoukab-Raji, Jaber. "EPVOM et caractérisation de couches de Ga1-xInx(Asy)Sb1-y pour la photodétection au-delà de 2 micromètresEtude des mécanismes de croissance du Ga1-xInxSb." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20059.
Full textTourbot, Gabriel. "Croissance par épitaxie par jets moléculaires et détermination des propriétés structurales et optiques de nanofils InGaN/GaN." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745125.
Full textSalomon, Damien. "Croissance, propriétés optiques et intégration d'hétérostructures radiales InGaN/GaN autour de fils auto-assemblés de GaN crûs sur saphir et silicium." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENY052.
Full textThis work reports on the realization by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy of visible light emitting diodes based on GaN wires grown on Si(111) with a focus on understanding the wires growth mechanisms and the properties of InGaN/GaN core/shell heterostructures grown around them. First we report the MOVPE growth of –c oriented GaN wires on sapphire. We demonstrate that the injection of silane during the growth induces the formation of a SiNx passivation layer around the GaN wires, preventing the lateral expansion. The silane flow can be stopped after a certain time without modifying the wire geometry. This phenomenon is used to control the position of the InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well shells along the wires. The wire growth on sapphire has then been transferred to silicon substrate thanks to the deposition of a thin AlN buffer layer prior to the wire growth. The deposition of InGaN/GaN core/shell heterostructures on the non-polar m-plane side facets of the wires and the influence of different growth parameters on the light emission properties of the quantum wells are then studied. Several types of quantum wells grown on different facets of the wire surface are observed. These different families emit light at different wavelengths that have been indexed thanks to cathodoluminescence mapping. The indium concentration in the quantum wells deposited is estimated between 8 and 24 %, depending on the growth conditions. This estimation has been made by comparing the emission wavelength of the quantum well to the recombination energy of electrons and wells simulated using the 8x8 band k.p theory for electron and hole masses. Finally, complete LED structures have been deposited on GaN wires by MOVPE and blue electroluminescence at 450 nm has been measured on single wires and assemblies of wires on Si(111)
Moreaud, Nathanae͏̈l. "Etude et caractérisations des : matériaux semi-conducteurs grand gap 3C-SiC/Si et hétérostructures GaAlN/GaN/GaAlN - matériaux hybrides monophase organiques-inorganiques." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20069.
Full textCharles, Cédric. "Etude théorique et expérimentale des relations architecture - propriétés optiques de films minces d'oxyde de tungstène pulvérisés par GAD." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063023.
Full textTremblay, Ronan. "Propriétés structurales, optiques et électriques de nanostructures et alliages à base de GaP pour la photonique intégrée sur silicium." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAR0026/document.
Full textThis PhD work focuses on the structural, optical, electrical properties of GaP-based nanostructures and alloys for integrated photonics on silicon. Amongst the integration approaches of III-V on Si, the interest of GaP/Si is firstly discussed. A study of the growth and the doping of AlGaP used as laser cladding layers (optical confinement and electrical injection) is presented. The activation complexity of n-dopants is highlighted. Then, the photoluminescence properties of InGaAs/GaP quantum dots are investigated as a function of temperature and optical density. The origin of the optical transitions involved are identified as (i) indirect type-I transition between electrons in Xxy states and holes in HH states of quantum dots InGaAs and (ii) indirect type-II with electrons in Xz states of strained GaP. Despite an effective modification in the electronic structure of these emitters, a direct type I optical transition is not demonstrated. This is the major bottleneck in the promotion of GaP based emitters on Si. This said, the control of the GaP/Si interface and electrical injection are confirmed by the demonstration of electroluminescence at room temperature on Si. If no laser effect is obtained in rib laser architectures, a possible beginning of Г band filling in QDs is discussed. Finally, the adequacy of state of the art integrated lasers with the development of on-chip optical interconnects is discussed
Rosales, Daniel. "Etude des propriétés optiques de nanostructures quantiques semi-polaires et non-polaires à base de nitrure de gallium (GaN)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS180/document.
Full textWe study the optical properties of (Al,Ga)N/GaN nanostructures grown along several crystallographic orientations. The involved orientations are: the non-polar (1-100) plane or m-plane; the semi-polar (1-101) or s-plane; and the semi-polar (11-22) plane. First, we focus on the study of the anisotropy of the optical response of quantum wells grown in m- and s-planes. Second, we evaluate the effects of the temperature on optical properties of these quantum wells by extensive utilization of the time-resolved photoluminescence technique. It allows to obtain information regarding the evolution of radiative and non-radiative phenomena with temperature. Concerning radiative decay times, we have discriminated the contributions of two recombination regimes: the recombinations of localized excitons characterized by a constant decay time; and the recombinations of free excitons whose decay time increases linearly with the temperature. For all samples studied here, the regime of recombination of localized excitons dominates at low temperature and the regime of recombination of free excitons dominates at high temperature. In addition, we characterized the quality of (Al,Ga)N/GaN interfaces by the determination of the density of localization states. The values are ranging between 10^11 cm-2 and 10^12 cm-2 in our samples. This study demonstrates that (11-22)-oriented quantum wells exhibit the lowest density, and we find that the optical properties of s-plane oriented wells are the less impacted by the non-radiative phenomena. Third, we concentrated on the characterization of nanostructures grown along (11-22) plane direction under very different growth conditions. By modifying them, it is possible to obtain either quantum dots, or quantum wires or quantum wells. The study of the exciton recombination dynamics in these (11-22)-oriented nanostructures reveals a temperature dependence of radiative decay times correlated with the dimensions of the confining potentials: it is constant for the quantum dots; proportional to square root of T for quantum wires; and linear for quantum wells. This study demonstrates the potentialities of the nanostructures grown on non-traditional orientations for optoelectronic applications
Hameury, Albert. "Etude des effets de quasi-bidimensionnalité sur les propriétés optiques d'hétérostructures à puits quantiques de GaAs/Ga0. /Al0. 3As." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX11363.
Full textDai, Yaomin. "Etude des propriétés optiques du système supraconducteur Ba122 à base de fer par spectroscopie infrarouge." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00733150.
Full textSchmidt, Martin Peter. "Propriétés physiques des alliages amorphes hydrogénés silicium-carbone." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112251.
Full textThis thesis analyses the deposition of amorphous hydrogenated silicon-carbon thin film alloys from glow-discharge in silan methane mixture. At low power density, methane is not decomposed directly by electron impact, but only by chemicaly reactions with reactive silane species resulting from silane decomposition. This régime allows the reproducible preparation of materials with low carbon content << 20%> with a density of states at the Fermi level comparable to standard a-Si:H. The carbon is incorporated into the the films as methyl group, which perturbs only slightly the local order of silicon atoms, as shown by photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy. When the methane content of the gas phase approaches 100 %, the deposition rate drops, and the carbon content in the films is limited to 35 - 40 %. The optical properties of this materials depend almost exclusively on the carbon content, unlike in the case of high power deposition. They can be represented by a simple two - band model in which the band structure is condensed into one single parameter, the average pag . This parameter can be computed from dispersion curves of the refractive index. The DOS in the conduction and valence band is deduced from X ray absorption and emission spectra. Our results show that the average gap is close to the energy separation between the first peak in the conduction and valence band DOS ; both parameters increase with carbon content. The increase in the optical gap can therefore be associated to a scaling of the whole band-structure. Above 20% of carbon in the solid, deviative properties are found. They correspond to a change in carbon incorporation scheme (network incorporation via Si-CH -Si units)
Roche, Elissa. "Croissance par HVPE et étude des propriétés optiques de microfils de GaN et de nanofils d'InxGa1-xN en vue de la réalisation de diodes électroluminescentes." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22748/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the HVPE growth and to the optical spectroscopy of InxGa1-xN nanowires and GaN microwires in order to realize light-emitting diodes.The GaN microwires, grown by SAG-HVPE, were studied by micro-reflectivity and micro-photoluminescence. A link between the polarity differences within wires and their optical properties has been highlighted. In addition, microwires have been shown to act as optical resonators in which stimulated light emission has been observed. Regrowth by MOCVD revealed the potential of microwires for LEDs realization with a core - shell structure.The InxGa1-xN nanowires were obtained for the first time at Institut Pascal thanks to a both thermodynamical and experimental investigations using GaCl and InCl3 as III element precursors. An indium composition variation from 0 to 100 % along a single sample was first reported. The optimization of the sample positioning regarding the indium flux arrival associated with a systematic study of the influence of growth parameters have allowed to determine influential factors on the composition and the morphology of wires. A temperature dependent optical analysis has finally shown a slight decrease of luminescence intensity between 20 K and 300 K
Lebga, Noudjoud. "Propriétés structurales, élastiques et optiques de semiconducteurs à grand gap : Les composés B-V, les alliages ZnxCd1-xSe et ZnSe1-xTex, le β-SiC." Paris 13, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA132027.
Full textThe thesis has been the subject of an experimental and theoretical study on the large band gap semiconductors with a cubic structure. This work deals with a numerical study only on the B-V compounds and the ZnxCd1-xSe and ZnSe1-xTex alloys for which we employed the virtual crystal approximation provided with the ABINIT program. In the case of β-SiC, we made a comparative study between the numerical results obtained from ab-initio calculation using ABINIT or Wien2k within the Density Functional Theory framework with either Local Density Approximation or Generalized Gradient Approximation for the atomic potentials, and the experimental results obtained in the LPSM laboratory (Paris13, France). The experiments were carried out with the optical spectroscopy methods: Brillouin light scattering, Raman scattering and VIS-IR reflectometry. The physical properties studied are: the second and third order elastic constants, the phonons at the (Γ) point, the permittivity and photoelastic tensors in the VIS-IR range. The variation of the elastic constants is also numerically studied and the phase transformations are discussed in relation to the mechanical stability criteria
Pascal, Fabien. "Croissance par EPVOM [Épitaxie en Phase Vapeur aux OrganoMétalliques] et caractérisation de couches de Ga1-xInxSb pour la photodétection aux longueurs d'onde supérieures à 2 micromètres." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20171.
Full textAmor, Sarrah. "Étude des défauts dans les alliages de semi-conducteurs à grand gap B(AlGa)N et de leur rôle dans les propriétés de transport : application aux photo-détecteurs U." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0286/document.
Full textGallium nitride (GaN) and its ternary and quaternary alloys are attracting more and more interest in the scientific and industrial communities for their potential for use in high frequency electronic devices, for transistors with high electronic mobility, for UV photo-detection and new-generation solar cells. The outcome of these new components is still be seen to be limited in many areas, mainly due to the lack of control of electrical contacts implementation techniques. It is in this context that this thesis takes place.Although the main objective of this thesis deals with the study of the electrically active defects in high band gap B(AlGa)N semiconductor alloys and their role in the transport properties, the production of ohmic and Schottky contacts is an essential step in the realization of the devices under study. For the Ohmic contacts, we have deposited Ti/Al/Ti/Au (15/200/15/200) layers by thermal evaporation. Using the Transfer Length Method (TLM), we obtained specific contact resistances in the order of 3x10-4Wcm2. The Circular TLM has also confirmed this result. Besides, a theoretical modelling has been carried out to analyse the experimental measurements. Schottky diodes were then produced by depositing 150 nm platinum (Pt) metal contacts. An ideality factor of 1.3 and a barrier height of 0.76 eV were obtained. On the other hand, a study of transport mechanisms has been performed. It allowed us to demonstrate the existence of the direct tunnelling and the Thermionic Field Emission, in addition to the conventional thermionic effect. This result was underpinned by current and capacity measurements as a function of temperature. For photo detectors, we performed the same measurements of current and capacity in darkness and under illumination at suitable wavelengths. These measurements allowed understanding the internal gain that was observed on the samples. Furthermore, they show the effect of the thermally active mechanisms whose activation energies were determined by the Arrhenius technique. Using the Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) technique followed up the study of the electrically active defects. This technique has recently been implemented in the laboratory. It allowed us to perform measurements under different conditions including various reverse bias, different frequencies, and different voltage pulse amplitudes and durations. One of the important results is the possibility of characterizing both majority and minority traps by simply changing the polarization conditions, as opposed to the usual procedures where an additional optical excitation is often necessary to increase the concentration of the minority carriers. In accordance with most of the encountered literature results, we found 6 electron traps all located below 0.9 eV of the conduction band, 3 hole traps in the 0.6-0.7 eV range above the valence band and one hole trap distributed at the interface. A rigorous procedure was developed and confirmed our results obtained by the standard Arrhenius technique
Hussain, Sakhawat. "Propriétés optiques et structurales de dispositifs luminescents contenant des puits quantiques (In,Ga)N à forte concentration en Indium et émettant dans le vert et le jaune." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4123/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis was to study the structural and optical properties of InGaN/(Al)GaN multiple QWs grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Different approaches have been implemented to achieve green-yellow emission: high indium concentration (≥ 20%) with low InGaN QW thickness (< 3 nm) or vice versa. Moreover, the effect of a capping layer on top of the QWs has also been investigated. Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, room temperature photoluminescence (RTPL) and mainly transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques have been used to characterize these structures. The QW thicknesses and indium compositions have been determined by digital processing of lattice fringes in cross-sectional high resolution TEM images. An original treatment has been developed to analyze quantitatively InGaN QW thickness fluctuations. The structural analysis of multiple QWs with high indium composition has shown that structural defects are created in the QWs. The nature and the density of these defects have been determined and different mechanisms for their formation have been proposed. It has also been shown that a few monolayers of AlGaN or GaN capping layers deposited at the InGaN QW growth temperature prohibited indium evaporation and/or diffusion. It therefore helps to extend the emission wavelength with a reduced degradation of the RTPL efficiency. My work offers a few ways to obtain a good compromise between the conflicting parameters that govern the efficiency of QWs emitting in the green-yellow spectrum range
Pierret, A. "Propriétés structurales et optiques de nanostructures III-N semiconductrices à grand gap : nanofils d'AlxGa1-xN synthétisés par épitaxie par jets moléculaires et nanostructures de nitrure de bore." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020119.
Full textPierret, Aurélie. "Propriétés structurales et optiques de nanostructures III-N semiconductrices à grand gap : nanofils d’AlxGa1−xN synthétisés par épitaxie par jets moléculaires et nanostructures de nitrure de bore." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066549.
Full textThis work focuses on structural and optical properties of III-nitrides wide-band gap semiconductors (AlxGa1-xN and h-BN), emitting in the ultraviolet range (4-6 eV). Nano-objects properties being modified by dimensional reduction, this work was mostly focused on the study of nanostructures of these materials (AlN and AlxGa1-xN nanowires, BN nanotubes and nanosheets). Careful search for correlation between their structure and luminescence has also been carried out. Concerning AlxGa1-xN materials, nanowires have been grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The use of GaN nanowires bases has allowed us to promote the growth of non-coalesced 1D AlxGa1-xN nanostructures. We have shown that the incorporation of gallium is very temperature-dependent, giving rise to nanowires made of a highly inhomogeneous alloy at several scales (from nanometer to a hundred nanometers). These inhomogeneities strongly influence the optical properties, dominated by localized states. Altogether these results allow us to propose a growth mechanism of these nanowires. Concerning BN materials, comparison of the properties of nanostructures with those of the bulk material (hexagonal BN) has been carried out. After that h-BN bulk has been further investigated, we have revealed that nanosheets with more than 6 monolayers present a luminescence similar to h-BN. This indicates a low influence of dimensional reduction in h-BN, contrary to the case of nanowires made of other nitrides. Finally we have shown that the main nanotubes investigated in this work, which are multiwall, have a complex structure that is micro-faceted, and that the defects are likely responsible of the observed luminescence
Robert, Cédric. "Study of III-V nanostructures on GaP for lasing emission on Si." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAR1913/document.
Full textThis PhD work focuses on the study of III-V semiconductor nanostructures for the development of laser on Si substrate in a pseudomorphic approach. GaP-based alloys and more specifically dilute nitride GaPN-based alloys are expected to guarantee a low density of crystalline defects through a perfect lattice-matched growth. An extended tight-binding model is first presented to deal with the theoretical challenges for the simulation of electronic and optical properties of semiconductor structures grown on GaP or Si substrate. The optical properties of bulk GaPN and GaAsPN alloys are then studied through temperature dependent continuous wave photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence experiments. The potential of GaAsPN/GaP quantum wells as a laser active zone is discussed in the framework of both theoretical simulations (with the tight-binding model) and experimental studies (with temperature dependent and time-resolved photoluminescence). In particular, the N-induced disorder effects are highlighted. The AlGaP alloy is then proposed as a candidate for the cladding layers. A significant refractive index contrast between AlGaP and GaP is measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry which may lead to a good confinement of the optical mode in a laser structure. The issue of band alignment is highlighted. Solutions based on the quaternary GaAsPN alloy are proposed. Finally, the InGaAs/GaP quantum dots are studied as an alternative to GaAsPN/GaP quantum wells for the active zone. The growth of a high quantum dot density and room temperature photoluminescence are achieved. The electronic band structure is studied by time-resolved photoluminescence and pressure dependent photoluminescence as well as tight-binding and k.p simulations. It demonstrates that the ground optical transition involves mainly X-conduction states
Le, Vaillant Yves-Matthieu. "Etude structurale et spectroscopique d'hétéroépitaxies GaN/AlN/Saphir." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20063.
Full textBelloeil, Matthias. "Croissance par épitaxie par jets moléculaires et caractérisation optique d'hétérostructures de nanofils GaN/AlGaN émettant dans l'ultraviolet." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY021/document.
Full textUsing specific growth conditions, AlGaN nanowire (NW) sections can be grown in epitaxy on top of GaN NW templates. Such NW growth, performed by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy in the present case, allows the subsequent characterization of very small volume of material free of extended defects commonly observed in planar structures. This absence of defects makes these NWs very promising for optoelectronic devices operating in the ultraviolet. However, achieving such devices requires a better understanding of the NW fundamental properties.The issue of alloy inhomogeneity at nanoscale has notably remained obscure so far. In order to make it clearer, the latter has been first investigated in the present work, especially through optical characterization. For our experiments, non-intentionally doped (NID) AlGaN NWs have been grown in various conditions in order to potentially tune the compositional fluctuations within the AlGaN alloy and therefore possibly probe for carrier localization centers of different size and Al composition. It has been firstly observed through structural characterization that the length of Al-rich sections preferentially nucleating on top of GaN NWs can be tuned by varying the growth kinetical parameters, emphasizing a growth mechanism governed by kinetics. Optical studies have then evidenced that compositional fluctuations induce carrier localization and exhibit a quantum dot-like behavior. The latter has been observed whatever the growth conditions explored in this work. Our results are consistent with the spontaneous formation during growth of tiny Ga-richer regions shown to share similar micro-optical features over a given emission wavelength range for all investigated growth conditions. Such regions exhibiting the single-photon emission character are present at very small scale, as signs of their existence have been also evidenced in thin NID AlGaN quantum disks.In addition, doping in Al(Ga)N NW, especially p-type, is far from being fully comprehended. In particular, the issue of dopant incorporation as well as optical and electrical activation in such NWs remains unclear. The latter has been examined in Al(Ga)N NW pn junctions doped with Mg and Si atoms. First, signatures specific to dopant incorporation in NWs have been highlighted through structural characterization, before evidencing AlGaN pn junctions electrically. Moreover, optical analysis have exhibited optically active both dopant types. Nonetheless, Mg dopants are but partially active electrically due to passivation by hydrogen emphasized by the observation of Mg-H complexes. To cope with the latter issue, post-growth annealing experiments have been attempted. Concomitantly, AlN NW pn junctions have been also preliminarily investigated and present interesting morphological features. Indeed, deep hollows have been observed in NWs and associated with Mg doping carried out at low growth temperature. The NW morphology can be tuned by varying growth kinetical parameters and by using the surfactant effect of Mg atoms. When increasing growth temperature, these hollows disappear, while the NW top shape has been observed to switch from hexagonal to star-like, emphasizing growth conditions very far from thermodynamical equilibrium. Electrical activation of dopants has not been evidenced so far in AlN NW pn junctions
Tempier, Nathalie. "Croissance par MOVPE et caractérisation des super-réseaux II-VI grand gap ZnSe-ZnTe." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20161.
Full textLuttmann, Michel. "Ellipsométrie spectroscopique à angle variable : applications à l'étude des propriétés optiques de semi-conducteurs II-VI et à la caractérisation de couches à gradient d'indice." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10232.
Full textLe, Marec Andréa. "Vers les lasers XUV femtosecondes : étude des propriétés spectrales et temporelles de l'amplification de rayonnement XUV dans un plasma." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS337/document.
Full textThe work of this thesis was made in the context of the efforts made to reduce the pulse duration of plasma-based XUV lasers down to the femtosecond domain. The very narrow spectral width of the amplifier medium (~ 1E10 - 1E11 Hz) limits the minimum achievable pulse duration (Fourier limit). The amplifier medium of XUV lasers pumped by collisional excitation are dense and hot plasmas that can be created both by rapid electrical discharge and by different types of power lasers. There are thus 4 distinct types of XUV laser sources with different plasma parameters (density, temperature) in the gain region. Yet, the spectral and temporal properties of the emitted radiation are strongly linked to these parameters. All 4types of XUV lasers operate in amplification of spontaneous emission (ASE) mode, and 2 of them, for a few years, can operate in "seeded" mode. This technique consists in injecting a femtosecond high order harmonic pulse (the seed), resonant with the lasing transition, at one extremity of the plasma amplifier. Because of the major mismatch between the spectral width of the plasma and that of the seed the femtosecond duration of the latter is not preserved during amplification. Simulations (COLAX Maxwell-Bloch code) show that the amplification is highly non-linear in such systems, including the appearance of Rabi oscillations. Generating Rabi oscillations in seeded XUV lasers is currently considered a promising way to produce femtosecond XUV lasers. However Rabi oscillations have yet never been experimentally demonstrated. Thus, a meticulous experimental characterization of the spectral properties of the 4 types of XUV lasers in connection with the plasma conditions, combined with a better understanding of amplification mechanisms under different theoretical plasma conditions based on studies and simulations are needed to reach our goal. A wide experimental campaign aiming to spectrally characterize all different types of XUV lasers was conducted by our group over the past decade. The required spectral resolution is not available with the best current spectrometers, so the method we used consists on the measurement of the temporal coherence of the XUV laser through an electric field autocorrelation, using a wave front-division interferometer that was specifically designed for these measures, from which the spectral width can be deduced. The latter type of the four XUV laser types (PALS, Prague) was characterized during this thesis, closing this experimental campaign. The measured coherence time was 0.68 ps, which is significantly lower than the coherence times measured on the other XUV laser types. Analysis of the overall results revealed two different behavior whether the XUV laser has a long pulse duration compared to its coherence time or if the two durations are close. In the first case the inferred spectral widths are in good agreement with theoretical predictions, while in the second case the agreement was not as good and the shape of the electric field autocorrelation traces was not understood. This observation has prompted a detailed study of the influence of temporal properties of ASE XUV lasers on the interferometric methodology used to determine the spectral width of XUV lasers. The study, based on a model developed for X-free electron lasers, revealed an effect of partial temporal coherence in electric field autocorrelation measures of these sources. This study offers perspectives on a simultaneous measure of the spectral width and the duration of theses sources with our method. Finally, a study based on Maxwell-Bloch equations was carried out in order to understand better the conditions of apparition of Rabi oscillations. This study highlighted two amplification regimes, adiabatic and dynamic, around a population inversion threshold
Auzelle, Thomas. "Nanofils de GaN/AlN : nucléation, polarité et hétérostructures quantiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY057/document.
Full textUsing specific conditions, GaN can be epitaxially grown on a large variety of substrates as a nanowire (NW) array. This geometry allows the subsequent growth of wire-like heterostructures likely free of extended defects, which makes them promising for increasing device controllability and performance. First, my PhD work has been devoted to the understanding of self-organized nucleation of GaN NWs on silicon substrates. For this purpose, a deep characterization of the growth mechanism of the AlN buffer deposited prior to NW nucleation has been done, emphasizing an unexpected large reactivity of Al with the substrate. The requirement of the N polarity to nucleate GaN NWs has been evidenced, although the possible existence of NWs hosting a Ga polar core has been observed as well. In these NWs, an inversion domain boundary is present and has been demonstrated to be optically active, having a photoluminescence signature at 3.45 eV. Next, GaN/AlN wire heterostructures have been grown for structural and optical characterization. It has been shown that by changing the wire diameter, different growth mode for the heterostructure could be reached.At last, thanks to the cylindrical geometry of NWs, the measurement of diffusion length for charge carriers in GaN and AlN NWs have been performed
Bovkun, Leonid. "Etude de la structure de bande de puits quantiques à base de semi-conducteurs de faible bande interdite HgTe et InAs." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY060/document.
Full textMercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe or MCT) is a time-honored material for condensed matter physics, whose history nowadays more than fifty years long may serve as an excellent example of remarkable progress made in research on semiconductors and semimetals. The ternary compound HgCdTe implies two important aspects, which largely contributed to its undoubted success in solid-states physics.The present PhD thesis primarily aims at filling some of existing gaps in our understanding of the electronic band structure in 2D and quasi-2D heterostructures based on HgTe/HgCdTe and InAs/InSb materials, which both may be tuned into topologically insulating phase using particular structural parameter. To explore their properties, the primal experimental technique, infrared and THz magneto-spectroscopy operating in a broad of magnetic fields, is combined with complementary magneto-transport measurements. This combination of experimental methods allows us to get valuable insights into electronic states not only at the Fermi energy, but also in relatively broad vicinity.The observed magneto-optical response - due to intraband (cyclotron resonance) and interband inter-Landau level excitations - may be interpreted in the context of previous studies performed on bulk samples , quantum wells and superlattices, but also compared with theoretical expectations. Here we aim at achieving the quantitative explanation of the collected experimental data, but also further developing a reliable theoretical model. The latter includes the fine-tuning of the band structure parameters present in the established Kane model, but even more importantly, identifying additional relevant (high-order) terms and finding their particular strengths, needed to achieve quantitative agreement with our experiments. One may expect that corrections due to these additional terms will more affect the valence subbands, which are in general characterized by relatively large effective masses. Consequently, valence subbands have larger density of states compared to conduction band or, when the magnetic field is applied, rather narrow spacing (and possibly large mixing) of Landau levels