Relevant bibliographies by topics / GCC markets

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'GCC markets'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "GCC markets"

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Mezghani, Taicir, and Mouna Boujelbène. "The contagion effect between the oil market, and the Islamic and conventional stock markets of the GCC country." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 11, no. 2 (June 18, 2018): 157–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-08-2017-0227.

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PurposeThis study aims to investigate the transmission of shock between the oil market and the Islamic and conventional stock markets of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries during the oil shocks of 2008 and 2014.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses two models. First, the dynamic conditional correlation–generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic model has been used to capture the fundamental contagion effects between the oil market and the Islamic and conventional stock markets during the tranquil and turmoil-crisis periods of 2008-2014. Second, the filter of Kalman has been used to capture the effects of pure contagion between the oil market and the GCC Islamic and conventional stock markets. The authors analyze the dynamic correlation between forecasting errors of oil returns and stock returns of GCC Islamic and GCC conventional indices.FindingsThe main findings of this investigation are: first, the estimation of the dynamic conditional correlation– generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic model for oil market and the Islamic and conventional stock markets proves that the Islamic and conventional stock markets and oil market displayed a significant increase in the dynamic correlation during the turmoil period, from mid-2008 and mid-2014. This proves the existence of contagion between the markets studied. Second, the authors analyze the dynamic correlation between forecasting errors of oil returns and stock returns of GCC Islamic and GCC conventional indices. They show a strong increase in the correlation coefficients between the oil market and the conventional GCC stock markets, and between the conventional and Islamic GCC stock markets during the oil crisis of 2014. However, there is no change in regime in the figure of the correlation coefficient between the oil market and the GCC Islamic stock markets during the 2008 financial crisis. This pure contagion is mainly attributed to the herding bias in 2014 oil crisis.Originality/valueThis study contributes to identifying the contribution of herding bias on the volatility transmission between the oil markets, and the GCC Islamic and conventional stock market, especially during two controversial shocks: the 2008 oil-price increase and the 2014 oil drop.
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Chaffai, Mustapha, and Imed Medhioub. "Herding behavior in Islamic GCC stock market: a daily analysis." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 11, no. 2 (June 18, 2018): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-08-2017-0220.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the presence of herd behaviour in the Islamic Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock markets following the methodology given by Chiang and Zheng (2010). Generalized auto regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH)-type models and quantile regression analysis are used and applied to daily data ranging from 3 January 2010 to 28 July 2016. Results show evidence of herd behaviour in the GCC stock markets. When the data are divided into down and up market periods, herd information is found to be statistically significant and negative during upward market periods only. These results are similar to those reported in some emerging markets such as China, Japan and Hong Kong, where stock returns perform more similarly during down market periods and differently during rising markets. Design/methodology/approach The authors present a brief literature on herd behaviour. Second, the authors provide some specificity of the GCC Islamic stock market, followed by the presentation of the methodology and the data, results and their interpretation. Findings The authors take into account the difference existing in market conditions and find evidence of herding behaviour during rising markets only for GCC markets. This result was confirmed after using the quantile regression method, as evidence of herding was observed only in highly extreme periods. Stock returns perform more similarly when market is down in Islamic GCC stock market. Research limitations/implications The research limitation consists in the fact that this work can be extended to compare the GCC stock markets with other markets in Asia such as Malaysia and Indonesia. Practical implications The principal implication consists in the fact that herding behaviour is limited in the GCC markets and Islamic finance can have an important contribution to moderate the behaviour in the financial markets. Social implications The work focusses on the role of ethics in the financial markets and their ability to reduce the impact of behavioural biases. Originality/value The paper studies the behaviour of investors in the Islamic financial markets and gives an idea about the importance of the behaviour in this particular market regarding its characteristics.
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Alshammari, Turki. "Integration of the GCC Stock Markets." Research in World Economy 11, no. 5 (September 3, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v11n5p24.

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This study analyzes the short- and long-term interdependence among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock markets, namely, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Emirates, and Oman. The study finds a solid long-term relationship among the GCC stock markets and that each market contributes significantly to that relationship. The short-term relationship is also supported through the causality tests as well as through impulse response functions. The analysis reveals the Kuwait stock market to be the most influential during the examined period. Also, a feedback exists between the Saudi and the Emirates stock markets. In order to corroborate the results, an ARDL model is specified and its results confirm the cointegration tests. Overall, the results place doubts against the investment diversification principle.
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Alqahtani, Abdullah, Amine Lahiani, and Ali Salem. "Crude oil and GCC stock markets." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 14, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-06-2019-0013.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the transmission of international oil prices to the stock market indices of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries over the weekly period from April 07, 2004, to August 15, 2018. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) unit root test to check the order of integration of data series. Afterward, the authors use the ordinary least square method to determine the spillover of international oil prices to the stock markets of GCC countries while accounting for the time-varying volatility of oil and stock market returns through the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity. Then, the Johansen (1991) cointegration test is used to determine the long-run equilibrium relationship. Finally, the Granger (1969) causality test is used to determine the short-run causal effects between oil and the stock markets returns of GCC countries. Findings The findings indicate that the stock markets of GCC countries are efficient and respond significantly to international oil prices and evidence of high volatility associated with oil returns. Originality/value Investors and portfolio managers should consider the association between international oil prices and GCC stock returns when allocating their funds for diversification strategy. Moreover, policymakers should better understand the behavior of local stock markets.
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Ghosh, T. P. "Oil Dependency of GCC Stock Markets: Co-integration of GCC Stock Market Indices and Oil Price." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n1p188.

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Oil dependent economies of GCC countries had passed through various cycles of boom and trough of oil price. In the aftermath of the economic recession of 2008 and oil price, the GCC countries have been pursuing plans for diversifying to non-oil revenues. The oil of 2014-16 raised the issue of stock market cointegration to oil price movement in the background of non-oil diversification.This research study analyzes long term cointegration of oil price and GCC stock indices, and also cointegration among the GCC stock indices per se in an attempt to investigate if there is any early sign of disintegration of GCC stock markets from oil price cyclicality. The study period is linked to cyclicality of oil price: the first period comprising of Jan 2006- Dec. 2011 that covers oil price cycle during economic recession of 2008, and the second period comprising of Jan 2012 –September 2016 which covers the post-economic recession oil price cycle. The null hypotheses is that oil price and stock market indices are co-integrated.Based on Johansen Cointegration test on Box Cox transformed data of oil price and seven stock market indices of GCC countries, it is found that oil price and GCC stock markets are co-integrated. Analysis using Augmented Dickey- Fuller test and Phillips –Perron test shows that data series are all I (1). This study establishes that efforts to reduce oil dependency in GCC countries is yet to result in decoupling of financial markets from oil price cyclicality. This study also establishes that GCC stock markets per se are co-integrated but factors of cointegration beyond oil price are not explored.
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Debab, Nassima, and Ayman Matter Al Mahari. "The impact of credit rating as scoring methods on GCC market indexes." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 3 (2017): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i3c1art8.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate whether country credit rating changes announcement has a significant impact on GCC Stock Market Index. As per researcher knowledge, none has been done on the GCC. Using event study methods in estimation of the relationship between the credit rating agency Moody’s and GCC stock markets indexes over 11 years period between 2004 to Jun 2015. The sample of this study is relatively related to GCC stock markets indexes, it focuses on all the long-term country credit rating decisions by Moody’s and its impact on short-terms investments and stock markets. Moreover it considers the gap between long-terms and the short-terms investor singular events. The result of our paper indicate that the impact of credit rating agency Moody’s on GCC Stock Markets Indexes is insignificant and have no impact, taking into consideration the impact of 2008 financial crisis.
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Siriopoulos, Costas, and Layal Youssef. "The January barometer in emerging markets: new evidence from the Gulf Cooperation Council stock exchanges." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(4).2019.06.

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International investors’ interest in the capital markets in the region of Gulf countries has dramatically increased in last two decades. Thus, it would be motivating to investigate their characteristics, where the January anomaly is a major one. This paper studies the veracity of the January effect rule in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock markets and examines the predictive power of January returns. Seven GCC stock markets are tested – the market indices in Bahrain, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia – from January 1, 2001 until December 31, 2018, a timeframe which has rarely been analyzed. Ordinary least square (OLS)-based dummy variable regression equation was used as the conventional econometric procedure in the works of financial calendar anomalies in stock markets. Some evidence is reported for the markets of Dubai and Kuwait. The paper also provides an additional explanation for the performance of stock market of Kuwait. The findings are opposite to the well documented evidence that emerging markets are less efficient and hence it is likely that several market anomalies are further pronounced. The results suggest that the predictive power of the January anomaly can be considered as a temporary anomaly in the GCC markets, since it is concentrated in only a couple of GCC markets and does not persist in time.
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Bley, Jorg. "Are GCC stock markets predictable?" Emerging Markets Review 12, no. 3 (September 2011): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2011.03.002.

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Saeed S Alqahtani, Abdullah, Hongbing Ouyang, and Shayem Saleh. "The impact of United States monetary policy uncertainty on the Gulf Cooperation Council stock markets." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(1).2019.10.

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Most of the GCC countries currencies are pegged to the US dollar, which make the economy those countries susceptible to the US monetary policy change. This paper used the non-structural VAR tests to examine the spillovers impact of the two recently developed US monetary policy uncertainty indices (the BBD MPU and the HRS MPU) shocks on GCC stock markets from 2003: M01 to 2017: M07. The result revealed that during the period under review, the two MPU have slight significant impact on some GCC markets. But the HRS MPU has more impact than the BBD MPU. Besides this, unidirectional causality running from HRS MPU to Bahraini and Kuwaiti Stock market was detected within the period. Hence, policymakers should realize the heterogeneity impacts from US MPU to stock markets in GCC countries. The findings also help investors and portfolio managers to better understand the effects of US monetary policy uncertainty on the stock markets.
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Alqahtani, Abdullah Saeed S., Hongbing Ouyang, and Adam Ali. "The Reaction of Stock Markets in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries to Economic Policy Uncertainty in the United States." Economics and Business 33, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eb-2019-0002.

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Abstract This study investigates if the changes in economic policy uncertainty in the U.S. can explain the returns on stock markets of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The study also examines how the stock market returns of the six GCC countries respond to the changes in economic policy uncertainty in the U.S. The results demonstrate that changes in economic policy uncertainty in the U.S. are not significantly linked with the returns on all the stock markets except Oman stock market, which shows a statistical significant negative relationship with the changes in economic policy uncertainty in the U.S. Controlling for the effects of the U.S. stock market and oil price, returns on all the six GCC markets including Oman show insignificant coefficients. The returns on all the stock markets do not respond to the changes in economic policy uncertainty. The results of Granger causality tests show that the changes in economic policy uncertainty in the U.S. do not cause the returns of all the six GCC stock markets.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GCC markets"

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Alshewey, Wael. "Essays on GCC financial markets and monetary policies." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/365325/.

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This dissertation explores economic integration in the context of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC), which planned to form a monetary union, by assessing three different but related empirical research questions regarding GCC financial markets and monetary policies. Chapter 2 presents the first essay, which empirically investigates the pairwise linkages and volatility spillovers between GCC stock markets. In particular, the goal of Chapter 2 is to investigate the extent to which past volatility is transmitted from one GCC stock market to another GCC market at the aggregate level (e.g., the general stock markets' price indices), and to determine whether a past volatility in one GCC market affects the current volatility in another GCC market. Furthermore, Chapter 2 attempts to extend the investigation of the volatility spillover at a more disaggregated level by capturing the intra-sectoral linkages and volatility spillover effects among equivalent sectors across the GCC stock markets, namely the banking, industrial and insurance sectors. Empirically, Chapter 2 exploits the causality-in variance test pioneered by Cheung and Ng (1996) and developed by Hong (2001), who introduced a class of asymptotic N(0,1) tests for volatility spillover between two time series that exhibit conditional heteroskedasticity and may have infinite unconditional variances. The second essay, Chapter 3, aims to examine the effect of the recent global economic and financial crisis originating in U.S. stock markets on the stock markets of the GCC countries and to determine whether the sharp falls in these markets were due to the existence of the phenomenon \contagion" or whether they just reflect the continuation of the strong economic and financial linkages between the GCC economies and the U.S. economy, which exist in all states of the world during good and bad times. In particular, Chapter 3 investigates whether contagion exists from the U.S. stock market to the stock markets of the GCC by comparing two sub periods before (stable) and after (turmoil) the collapse of Lehman Brothers, which is the largest bank to fill for bankruptcy in U.S. history and has been widely used by many economists as a benchmark for the U.S. economic and financial crisis (see Bekaert et al. (2012) and Mishkin (2010)). Empirically, Chapter 3 investigates the existence of contagion using the cross-market correlations tests pioneered by King and Wadhwani (1990) and developed by Forbes and Rigobon (2002), who criticized previous studies for their use of unadjusted correlation coeffcients to investigate the presence of contagion across stock markets due to the heteroskedasticity resulting from the bias in stock market returns of the crisis country. Hence, Forbes and Rigobon (2002) introduced the adjusted cross-market correlation coeficient, which does not depend on the volatility (variance) of the crisis country, especially during the turmoil period. The last essay is presented in Chapter 4, in which I investigate the implications of fixing exchange rate on monetary policy in the context of the GCC countries whose exchange rate regimes have been fixed to the U.S. dollar for a long time. In particular, Chapter 4 aims to assess the sensitivity of the GCC countries' interest rates to the U.S. rate, since the theory of interest parity suggests that fixing GCC exchange rates to the U.S. dollar should force GCC domestic interest rates to equal the U.S. interest rate. In addition, Chapter 4 interestingly attempts to assess the stability of this sensitivity across time and to investigate whether there exists a pronounced decoupling for some GCC countries over some sub-periods. Furthermore, the fact that some of the countries' exchange rates have pegged to the U.S. dollar over specific sub-periods, then moved away from the peg over some other sub-periods (e.g., Kuwait) also gives us a rich setting through which to investigate the implications of fixing the exchange rate on monetary policy and to determine whether a country's interest rate has a stronger association with a base country's rate under a pegged period than under a non-pegged period. Empirically, this is done by testing the Uncovered Interest Parity (UIP) of each individual GCC country's interest rate, using the U.S.'s interest rate as the base country. Chapter 4 considers the time series properties of the data and uses unit root and co-integration tests. For each GCC country, it also utilizes a level regression for each interest rate episode throughout the entire sample under investigation; uses the Quandt (1960) Likelihood Ratio statistic (QLR) to determine the timing of any potential structural break during which the country's interest rate sensitivity to the U.S. interest rate changes; and applies the Error Correction Model (ECM) to capture long-run dynamic behaviours between the GCC and U.S. interest rates.
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Alabdulwahab, Sami Z. "Three essays on financial markets and monetary behavior in GCC countries /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1559855341&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Zibari, Said. "Foreign involvement in resource-rich developing countries : market selection and level of involvement in GCC markets compared with Western European markets /." Turku : [Turku School of Economics and Business Administration], 1997. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=007871514&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Al, Wahaibi Mahmood Ali Khalfan. "Investigating three aspects of corporate finance within the context of GCC markets." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14479.

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This thesis investigates three aspects of corporate finance, namely the determinants of firm’s long term investment represented by the net capital expenditures, the determinants of firm’s short term investment represented by working capital requirements and the capital budgeting practices - all within the context of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) markets. Despite the importance of these interrelated topics to decision makers and despite the great emphasis given to teach them in universities, few researchers investigated the determinants of both long and short term investments and out of those, most focused on developed markets. Moreover, almost all the existing studies investigated these determinants at the firm level with little evidence about macroeconomic factors. Besides, none have provided a comprehensive investigation of capital budgeting practices from a single market whether developed or emerging. Hence, this thesis completed three independent investigations. The first and second investigation presented in chapters three and four respectively, explores three categories of factors that are found in the existing literature, or predicted by this thesis to be associated with firm’s long and short term investments. These first two investigations utilize a pooled OLS regression for a panel data set covering the period from 2000 to 2014. Furthermore, the third investigation presented in chapter five explores a wide set of capital budgeting practices from a single frontier market within the GCC. Precisely, the investigation covers the development, the selection and the post completion stage of capital budgeting. It also, explores factors that are found in the existing literature or predicted by this thesis to influence the use of such practices. This investigation utilizes a survey questionnaire containing 23 questions to gather the required data. Finally, this thesis makes various contributions to the corporate finance literature. Specifically, chapter three and four extend the existing literature on the determinants of firm’s long and short term investments by examining it in the context of new emerging markets namely the GCC markets. Beside, revealing the positive effect of macroeconomic factors on firm’s investments. Chapter five extends the existing literature on capital budgeting practices by investigating three stages of these practices from the Omani market. Additionally, it provides new evidence related to the significant relation between capital budgeting practices and new firms characteristics.
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Alshammari, Sari Hamad. "Structure-conduct-performance and efficiency in Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) banking markets." Thesis, Bangor University, 2002. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structureconductperformance-and-efficiency-in-gulf-cooperation-council-gcc-banking-markets(a58a45ce-7a2f-426e-94bc-8308a8637403).html.

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Al-Maadid, Alanoud. "Effects of oil prices, food prices and macroeconomic news on GCC stock markets." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13635.

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This thesis is based on three papers examining Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) financial markets. The member countries of the GCC are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. These countries have transitioned from developing to frontier markets over the past ten years, but there is considerable debate about whether GCC economies are efficient or affected by shocks in oil and other commodity markets. The first paper (chapter 2) considers GCC stock market returns and examines how they are affected by oil price shocks using a bivariate VAR-GARCH(1,1) approach. The conclusion of this essay is that GCC economies are more affected by shocks than are other countries considered for comparison purposes. The second paper (chapter 3) discusses how food prices are affected by oil price shocks, and it examines possible parameter shifts between food and oil that result from four recent events, including renewable fuel policies and the financial crisis. The third paper (chapter 4) uses an empirical approach to compare a least squares model and a non-linear Markov switching model to measure the effect of newspaper sentiment on stock market performance. The results indicate that all information is important to stock market investors and that non-linear models are better predictors of stock market performance then linear models when using data from newspaper articles. Chapter 5 offers some final conclusions and remarks.
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Sbeiti, Wafaa. "Stock markets dynamics, financial sector development and corporate capital structure in the GCC countries." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2230/.

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This thesis investigates the stock markets in the GCC countries from three distinct but related dimensions. First, we empirically explore and identify the main macroeconomic variables that affect the movement of these stock markets. Second, we investigate the impact of stock markets and banking sector developments on the process of economic growth in these countries. Finally, we examine the impact of stock markets’ development on the financing choices of firms operating in these markets and identify the determinants of their capital structure. The three above-mentioned areas of research are motivated by several reasons. First, given that the development of a well structured financial system has taken place in these countries only over the last thirty years, the empirical studies related to the financial development in the GCC countries are rare. Second, GCC countries have been largely ignored in the earlier empirical financial economics literature which bestows originality on our empirical work, specially, in the context of stock market development. The rapid growth in the GCC countries' stock markets over the past two decades raises empirical questions regarding the fundamental connection between stock markets growth and the key macroeconomic variables and how these developments feed into the real economic activities. Third, the GCC countries are non-tax paying entities which make them an interesting case to investigate whether the determinants of the capital structure of firms operating in these markets are similar to those operating in the developed and industrial countries. For example there is not a single published study which examines and compares the capital structure of firms listed in the GCC stock markets or the stock markets development and firms financing choice in these countries. The empirical results reveal the following: (1) both global and local macroeconomic variables affect the performance of stock markets in the GCC countries. (2) Both stock markets and banking sector positively influence economic growth process and they are complementary rather than substitutes for each other. (3) Stock markets in the GCC countries have become more developed and considered an important tool for corporate financing decisions. Moreover, corporate capital structure in these countries can be explained by the determinants suggested in corporate finance models.
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Al-Wasmi, Mohammad E. "Corporate governance practice in the GCC : Kuwait as a case study." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6324.

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Corporate governance practice has recently become an important topic around the world and specifically within the emerging stock markets in order to avoid expropriation by corporate management at the expense of minority shareholders. Although corporate governance is considered to be tremendously important in many countries, whether developed or developing, corporate governance does not exist in Kuwait as a mean of shareholder protection. This thesis intends to provide a regulatory analysis to laws and regulations that should be implemented to regulate corporate governance practice in Kuwait in private companies and in the State-Owned Enterprises. The second chapter draws a theoretical framework of corporate governance. These theories must be discussed, because this thesis is the first to address corporate governance from a legal perspective and will help Kuwaiti practitioners and those involved in corporate governance practice to gain a better and more comprehensive understanding of and appreciation for effective corporate governance. The third chapter provides an overview of the corporate governance practice in the emerging markets. The fourth chapter presents the characteristics of a corporate culture to lay the groundwork for adopting corporate governance that will fit within the Kuwaiti culture. The fifth chapter offers an assessment of the institutional settings necessary to establish a sound corporate governance system in Kuwait, including legal and political institutions. The sixth chapter will examine corporate governance practice in the State-Owned Enterprises in Kuwait. The seventh chapter focuses on the best practices of corporate governance and the protection of shareholders in companies listed in the Kuwait Stock Exchange (KSE) by analysing the regulations and laws that apply to the KSE and that should relate to corporate governance. Chapter eight offers recommendations for corporate governance reform that derive from the assessment made in this thesis in both public and private sectors in Kuwait. Finally, chapter nine provides the general conclusion of the thesis and the contribution of this study.
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Al-Alawi, Alamir Nasser Salim. "Holistic approach to the factors affecting individual investor's decision making in the GCC markets : evidence from Oman and Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/8609.

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Behavioural finance studies have documented that investors are subject to psychological factors (cognitive and emotional) and demographic factors (internal), and external factors that make their financial decisions less than fully rational. However, most of these studies have concentrated on developed countries and few on emerging countries. This study is aimed at investigating the internal and external factors that influence individual investors’ financial decision making in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Sultanate of Oman. It contributes to the behavioural finance literature by filling the gaps existing in the GCC countries in particular and emerging countries in general. The study adopts a holistic approach in using perspective theories in the analysis of data collected using questionnaires from 620 individual investors in Saudi Arabia and 590 individual investors in Oman. The data collected is analysed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in order to understand the behavioural constructs developed. The study has revealed that religiosity factors have a significant influence on individual investors in both the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Sultanate of Oman. However, the impact was negative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia but positive in Oman. Positive psychological capital and psychological (cognitive and emotions emotional) factors are found to have a positive influence on investors’ decision making. Among these internal factors, religiosity factors have the highest impact while positive psychological factors have the least effect. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, investors’ decision making is positively significantly affected by economic factors and ethical and social factors, while political factors, governance and environmental factors and cultural factors do not significantly influence investors. In the Sultanate of Oman, however, political factors and cultural factors have a positive influence, while corporate governance and environmental factors influence investors negatively. Economic factors do not influence investors’ decision making in the Sultanate of Oman, contrary to the observed effect in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study indicates that there is a difference between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Sultanate of Oman’s individual investors in relation to the study variables, except for the cultural and psychological (cognitive and emotional) variables. These results have important implications on investors’ participation and future development of financial markets in the Sultanate of Oman and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Alshammari, Turki. "The composition and characteristics of stockholders in GCC markets, and their response to the released information : an application to credit rating agencies' and Imams' announcements." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0098.

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Nous examinons l’influence possible de la présence dominante des investisseurs individuels sur le comportement des marchés boursiers dans les pays du Conseil de Coopération du Golfe (CCG), en réaction aux annonces provenant des agences de notation de crédit et de celles émanant des Imams (érudits islamiques). Nous faisons notamment l’hypothèse que la langue anglaise utilisée par les agences internationales de notation de crédit (CRAs) pour publier leurs décisions ne réduirait qu'imparfaitement l’asymétrie d'information présente sur les marchés du CCG, en raison du faible niveau de connaissance de l’anglais par les investisseurs individuels. Nous supposons également que l'existence de la Charia (loi islamique) est une caractéristique essentielle, susceptible d’influer sur les décisions des investisseurs dans les pays du CCG. Par conséquent, nous suggérons qu’en Arabie saoudite, les annonces des Imams (qui classent les entreprises cotées au marché saoudien comme conformes à la charia ou non) sont susceptibles d’affecter le cours des actions et la santé financière des entreprises. Pour examiner nos hypothèses, nous construisons une enquête afin d’étudier et analyser comment les investisseurs individuels accèdent et maîtrisent l’information financière concernant le marché boursier, et comment ils interprètent les informations étrangères. Nous constatons ainsi que la majorité de ces investisseurs ont communément l’habitude de se fier uniquement aux sources arabes, et à prêter attention aux informations qu’une fois celles-ci traduites, sachant que seule une partie d’entre eux comprend la langue anglaise et semble suivre les informations à la source. Pour ce qui concerne les annonces des Imams, nous cherchons également à savoir, à travers ce questionnaire, si le facteur religieux joue un rôle dans les décisions d’investissement sur le marché boursier, et notamment dans quelle mesure le « statut religieux » conféré à une entreprise peut influer sur le souhait des investisseurs individuels de détenir, acheter ou vendre des titres. En outre, cette enquête justifiera notre postulat selon lequel le « facteur religieux » peut également impacter à plus long terme la santé financière des entreprises, dans les pays où la religion est éminemment importante. Ce qui justifierait alors notre recommandation aux agences de notation de mieux prendre en compte le « facteur religieux » dans leur processus de notation. Dans un second temps, nous appliquons une méthodologie d’étude d’événements qui nous permet de mettre en évidence des rendements anormaux positifs (négatifs) associés à des événements de notation positifs (négatifs), confirmant par là-même que les participants du marché les voient respectivement comme de bonnes (mauvaises) nouvelles. Nous postulons que le langage utilisé par les agences de notation pour publier leurs décisions peut expliquer le délai de réaction constaté, en raison du faible niveau de connaissance de l’anglais des investisseurs individuels. Pour étayer ce postulat, nous utilisons les données d’une méta-analyse précédemment réalisée, en ce qui concerne les annonces des agences de notation, pour examiner le temps de réaction du marché boursier aux décisions des agences de rating dans les pays anglophones et non anglophones. Les résultats de notre analyse confirment une réponse plus rapide et plus brève dans les pays anglophones que dans les pays non anglophones. En outre, l’étude d’évènement appliquée aux annonces des Imams sur le marché saoudien prouve l’influence du facteur religieux sur les prix des actions. Par conséquent, nous suggérons aux agences de notation internationales de communiquer leurs annonces dans la langue appropriée (et pas seulement en anglais), mais également de prendre en considération le facteur religieux dans l’évaluation des entreprises dans les zones où la religion est prépondérante, en particulier si leurs marchés financiers sont caractérisés par une forte proportion d’investisseurs individuels
We examine the possible influence of the domination of individual investors on stock markets’ behaviour in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with respect to the credit rating agencies’ and Imams’ “Islamic scholars” announcements. We assume that the English language used by the international Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) to publish their news may fail to reduce the asymmetric information in GCC markets, due to the low level of English knowledge amongst the individual investors. We also assume that Sharia law (Islamic law) is an essential characteristic that is likely to affect the formulation of investment decisions in GCC countries. Hence, we suggest, in Saudi Arabia, the Imams’ announcements (the announcements that classify the listed firms in Saudi Stock Exchange to Sharia and non-Sharia compliant firms) are likely to affect the stock prices and the firms’ financial health. Arguing that the religious status of a firm may control the market reaction to CRAs’ decisions, as Sharia legitimacy might come first compared to the default risk. To examine our assumptions, we firstly apply a questionnaire to investigate the behaviour of individual investors in the Saudi market. We tend to investigate how the individual investors reach the financial information concerning the stock market, and how these individuals treat the foreign news (announced in the English language). We find that the majority of individual investors tend to rely only on the Arabic sources and pay attention to the translated news, whereas following the English news directly from the source is appeared to be only amongst the individual investors who understand the English language. Regarding the Imams’ announcements, we also aim in our questionnaire to find out whether the religion factor plays a role in their investment’ decisions, and to which extent the religious status of a firm can affect the individual investors’ desire to hold and purchase its securities. This investigation will allow us to examine whether the religion factor has the power to impact the firms’ financial health in high religious markets, which also allows us to suggest taking into consideration this factor when assessing firms for a credit rating in high religious areas. Based on the survey, the findings indicate an essential role played by the religion amongst the individual investors, where the religion factor is likely to affect the market as much as other financial indicators could do. Secondly, we apply an event study methodology and find positive (negative) abnormal returns following the positive (negative) credit rating events, indicating that the market participants see the positive (negative) rating events as good (bad) news. Interestingly, the stock reaction on markets characterised with lower individual investors’ domination is found to occur faster than on the markets characterised with higher individual investors’ domination. We assume the language used by the CRAs to publish their decisions is likely to be one cause of the lag, due to the low level of English knowledge amongst the individual investors. Then, we use the raw data of a previous Meta-Analysis study with respect to the CRAs’ announcements, to examine the difference in times of reactions in markets located in Anglophone countries and non-Anglophone countries. The results provide insights about a faster response in Anglophone countries than non-Anglophone countries. Furthermore, the event study applied on the Imams’ announcements in the Saudi market proves the influence of the religion factor on the stock prices, as the market immediately reacts positively (negatively) to the Imams’ announcements.Therefore, we suggest that international CRAs should 1- choose the proper language to deliver their opinions (not only in English), and 2- take into consideration the religion factor when assessing firms in high religious areas, especially the ones characterized by a high proportion of individual investors
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Books on the topic "GCC markets"

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GCC stock markets at risk. Dubai: Gulf Research Center, 2006.

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Fasano-Filho, Ugo. Emerging strains in GCC labor markets. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, 2004.

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Dahel, Riad. The behavior of stock prices in the GCC markets. Dokki, Cairo: Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran & Turkey, 1998.

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Al-Qudsi, Sulayman Shaban. Labor markets and policy in the GCC: Micro diagnostics and macro profiles. Abu Dhabi, U.A.E: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 1998.

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Education and the requirements of the GCC labour market. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 2010.

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Al-Mansouri, Abdulrahman K. L. Providing official statistics for the common market and monetary union in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: A case for "Gulfstat". [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Statistics Dept., 2006.

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Competition in the GCC SME Lending Markets. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/25404.

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Babar, Zahra. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0001.

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Over the past fifty years, the primary marker differentiating the developmental conditions amongst Middle Eastern states has been the natural endowment, or lack thereof, of petroleum resources. The difference in economic strength between neighboring states has had a profound impact on the dynamics of intra-regional migration. Migration has largely been from the less wealthy states of the Arab world to the small sheikhdoms of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The particular demographic features and economic needs of the states of the GCC have facilitated this enduring pattern of regional migration. Despite the transition in the Gulf’s expatriate labor force to one that is now sourced mostly from South Asia, the continued employment opportunities provided to Arab migrants in the GCC are still of vital importance, particularly because the Middle East is once again in the throes of high levels of conflict. While the Gulf may not be amenable to hosting refugee populations from neighboring Arab states, the desire of Arab workers to find employment in the GCC can only have increased as a result of instability.
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S&P's GIC market report. New York, NY (25 Broadway, New York 10004): Standard & Poor's Insurance Rating Services, 1990.

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Alharahsheh, Sanaa Taha, Feras Al Meer, Ahmed Aref, and Gilla Camden. Marrying out: Exploring Dimensions of Cross-National Marriages among Qataris. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927151866.

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In an age of social transformation characterized by globalization, wireless communication, and ease of travel and migration, more and more people around the world are marrying across national boundaries. This has occurred worldwide with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) as no exception to this trend. As with the rest of the GCC, Qatar has witnessed remarkable social changes because of the discovery of petroleum resources that have affected the daily lives of people within Qatar in myriad ways. This includes marriage patterns, whereby cross-national marriages (marriages with non-Qataris) have shown a marked increase during the past few years, reaching 21% of total Qatari marriages in 2015 compared with only 16.5% in 1985.
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Book chapters on the topic "GCC markets"

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Abraham, Abraham, and Fazal J. Seyyed. "Deepening the GCC Debt Markets: The Saudi Arabian Experience." In The GCC Economies, 11–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1611-1_2.

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Bhatt, Yagyavalk. "Renewable Energy Deployment to Stimulate Energy Transition in the Gulf Cooperation Council." In Renewable Energy Transition in Asia, 161–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8905-8_8.

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AbstractThe Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region plays a vital role in shaping the global energy markets because of its substantial amount of hydrocarbons resources. Although the GCC has abundant hydrocarbon resources, countries in the region have also shown their commitment and intent to become the global leaders in alternate energy, especially, renewable energy through their “Visions and Laws”. Further, All the countries in the Middle East have also set targets for the deployment of renewable energy at the federal or local level.For several decades, there has been steady economic and population growth of the Middle East countries, with most of the region’s wealth and socio-economic development, tied to its substantial oil and gas resources. Renewable energy can provide an alternative to their energy landscape, which holds a vast potential to cut fuel costs, reduce GHG emissions.To promote renewable energy, in the last five years, renewable energy has gained a lot of interest in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Low tariffs bids for renewable energy generation in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia since 2016 have made renewable energy, especially solar power competitive with conventional energy (International Renewable Energy Agency. Renewable Energy Market Analysis-GCC 2019. s.l.: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2019).With the push from the decision-makers to reduce the risk of dependence fossil fuels, the renewable energy plans can be implemented in the GCC. Decision-makers in the GCC have recognized the need for a plan for the post-oil era. This chapter will explore the GCC long term policies and government’s role in shaping the renewable energy market. Further, the chapter will also explore the challenges & opportunities related to the renewable energy sector in GCC (International Renewable Energy Agency. Renewable Energy Market Analysis-GCC 2019. s.l.: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2019).
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Ennis, Crystal A. "Situating the Gulf States in the Global Economic Redrawing: GCC-BICs Relations." In Emerging Powers, Emerging Markets, Emerging Societies, 132–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-56178-7_6.

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Dakhli, Mourad, and Dina El-Zohairy. "Emerging Trends in Higher Education in the GCC: A Critical Assessment." In Innovation in Business Education in Emerging Markets, 43–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137292964_4.

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Al Janabi, Mazin A. M. "GCC Financial Markets in the Wake of Recent Global Crisis." In Financial and Monetary Policy Studies, 139–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35697-1_8.

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Côté, Sylvain. "Renewable energy and its potential impact on GCC labor markets." In The Economics of Renewable Energy in the Gulf, 188–215. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge explorations in environmental economics ; 54: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429434976-10.

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Al-Arenan, Shahad, Nader AlKathiri, Yazeed Al-Rashed, Tilak K. Doshi, Ziyad Alfawzan, Sammy Six, and Vitaly Yermakov. "GCC-NEA Oil Trade: Competition in Asian Oil Markets and the Russian ‘Pivot’ East." In Energy Relations and Policy Making in Asia, 55–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1094-1_4.

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Dagher, Leila, Jenny Heeter, and Mohamad Hussein Mansour. "What Can GCC Countries Learn from Well-Established Green Power Markets in Other Countries?" In Gulf Conference on Sustainable Built Environment, 309–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39734-0_19.

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Safina, Leisan, and Umar A. Oseni. "Utilizing Blockchain Technology for Post-Trade Securities Settlement: A Framework for Islamic Capital Markets in the GCC Region." In Fintech, Digital Currency and the Future of Islamic Finance, 187–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49248-9_10.

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Onour, Ibrahim A. "Motives Behind GCC Sovereign Wealth Funds’ Investment in Foreign Securities and Their Role in Regional Capital Markets’ Integration." In The 21st Century from the Positions of Modern Science: Intellectual, Digital and Innovative Aspects, 325–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32015-7_37.

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Conference papers on the topic "GCC markets"

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Sadek, Noha. "Prospects of electric vehicles in Middle-East North Africa markets." In 2011 IEEE GCC Conference and Exhibition (GCC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeegcc.2011.5752484.

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Yassine, Abdulsalam. "A wavelength broker for markets of competing optical transport networks." In 2013 7th IEEE GCC Conference and Exhibition (GCC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeegcc.2013.6705805.

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Rashidinejad, M., A. A. Gharaveisi, M. Fotuhi-Firoozabad, and M. Shojaee. "Energy and contingency reserves markets under restructured electricity environment." In 2006 IEEE GCC Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeegcc.2006.5686226.

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Al-Abduljader, Sulaiman. "Interdependence of Emerging Real Estate Markets: The GCC Experience." In 24th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2017_392.

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Leila, Gharbi, and Halioui Khamoussi. "Informational market efficiency in GCC region: A comparative study between Islamic and conventional markets." In 2013 5th International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmsao.2013.6552720.

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Widdershoven, Cyril, and Bas Beemt. "Small Scale LNG, Breaking Bulk for GCC Exporters to Open New Markets?" In 7th International Petroleum Technology Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/17633-ms.

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Al-Barrak, A. M. "Day-of-the-week effect in some of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) stock markets." In COMPUTATIONAL FINANCE 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/cf080141.

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Bridi, Robert Michael. "Transnational Higher Education and International Branch Campuses in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: The Case of the United Arab Emirates." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11063.

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The aim of the paper is to examine the emergence of transnational higher education (TNHE) and international branch campuses (IBCs) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The findings demonstrate that the emergence of TNHE and IBCs has been the result of interrelated political, economic, social, and academic factors. First, the formation of the GCC was a key moment during which member states sought to stimulate scientific progress through the development of higher education as part of a strategy to meet labor demands and economic development. Second, the commodification of education and the drive to increasing profits in educational institutions combined with decreases in government funding to Western universities during the neo-liberal era of capitalism have been an impetus for Western universities to seek ‘new markets’ beyond their borders. Third, the liberating of regional trade policies in services, including education, combined with the internationalization of education has enabled the cross-border movement of students, educators, and institutions. Fourth, the UAE’s unique demographic group mix, which consists of a majority of international expatriates, combined with significant government funding in the education sector and international partnerships has resulted in the rapid expansion of TNHE and IBCs.
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Zhang, Yu, Praveen Kumar, Meng Tang, Yuanjiang Pei, Brock Merritt, Michael Traver, and Sriram Popuri. "Impact of Geometric Compression Ratio and Variable Valve Actuation on Gasoline Compression Ignition in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine." In ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-3035.

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Abstract Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is a promising powertrain solution to simultaneously address the increasingly stringent regulation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and a new focus on greenhouse gases. GCI combustion benefits from extended mixing times due to the low reactivity of gasoline, but only when held beneath the threshold of the high temperature combustion regime. The geometric compression ratio (GCR) of an engine is often chosen to balance the desire for low NOx emissions while maintaining high efficiency. This work explores the relationship between GCR, variable valve actuation (VVA) and emissions when using GCI combustion strategies. The test article was a Cummins ISX15 heavy-duty diesel engine with an unmodified production air and fuel system. The test fuel was an ethanol-free gasoline with a market-representative research octane number (RON) of 91.4–93.2. In the experimental investigation at 1375 rpm/10 bar BMEP, three engine GCRs were studied, including 15.7, 17.3, and 18.9. Across the three GCRs, GCI exhibited a two-stage combustion process enabled through a split injection strategy. When keeping both NOx and CA50 constant, varying GCR from 15.7 to 18.9 showed only a moderate impact on engine brake thermal efficiency (BTE), while its influence on smoke was pronounced. At a lower GCR, a larger fraction of fuel could be introduced during the first injection event due to lower charge reactivity, thereby promoting partially-premixed combustion and reducing smoke. Although increasing GCR increased gross indicated thermal efficiency (ITEg), it was also found to cause higher energy losses in friction and pumping. In contrast, GCI performance showed stronger sensitivity towards EGR rate variation, suggesting that air-handling system development is critical for enabling efficient and clean low NOx GCI combustion. To better utilize gasoline’s lower reactivity, an analysis-led variable valve actuation investigation was performed at 15.7 GCR and 1375 rpm/10 bar BMEP. The analysis was focused on using an early intake valve closing (EIVC) approach by carrying out closed-cycle, 3-D CFD combustion simulations coupled with 1-D engine cycle analysis. EIVC was shown to be an effective means to lengthen ignition delay and promote partially-premixed combustion by lowering the engine effective compression ratio (ECR). By combining EIVC with a tailored fuel injection strategy and properly developed thermal boundary conditions, simulation predicted a 2.3% improvement in ISFC and 47% soot reduction over the baseline IVC case while keeping NOx below the baseline level.
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A, Al Hinai, and Jayasuriya H. "Agricultural Sustainability through Agritourism in Oman and Potentials for Adoption." In 2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Safety. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/agrofood.2021.1008.

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Most Middle Eastern countries are geographically located in arid or semi-arid climatic conditions. Agricultural practices have not been impressive in achieving sustainability in these countries. With the changing geopolitical undercurrents, these countries with the GCC countries as part of the Middle East are facing fluctuating economies as the oil price has become fragile and unstable. Oman's economy is heavily depending on hydrocarbons, and looking at other contribution sectors is necessary. The contribution from the agricultural sector is comparatively insignificant, but it explicitly diversified arid cropping systems and unique to the country. The agricultural production activities are often done with unique cultural practices, and this sector can be attractive to tourists. The tourism industry is considered a potential sector for boosting the economy that is aligned with Oman Vision 2040 strategy. This paper aims to investigate the potential of agritourism in different regions in Oman for adoption as a new venture. Different agricultural sites and products for promoting agritourism are selected for the study. The farm characteristic and activities at different agricultural sites are identified. The prediction number of agritourists and the farm income are calculated. The results of this study show that the selected agricultural sites in this study indicated highly potential for agritourism. Salalah is the best agritourism destination with predicated annual agritourists 188,000 and US$5 m of farm income. Agritourism would assist in achieving agricultural sustainability through product value-addition, which would open access to global markets and improve the livelihood of farmers
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Reports on the topic "GCC markets"

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Durand-Lasserve, Olivier. Policies to Nationalize the Private Sector Labor Force in a Matching Model with Public Jobs and Quotas. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp05.

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Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries aim to employ more of their nationals in the private sector to absorb the inflow of new entrants into the labor force. They have put in place workforce nationalization policies to revert two peculiar features of their labor markets: the preference of nationals for public sector careers, and the crowding out of nationals by expatriate workers in the private sector.
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Hasan, Shahid. Electricity Market Integration in the GCC and MENA: Imperatives and Challenges. Chair Douglas Cooke, Iqbal Adjali, and Yagyavalk Bhatt. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2018-wb19.

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Mollet, Paul, Imtenan Al-Mubarak, Brian Efird, Saleh Al Muhanna, and Omar Al-Ubaydli. Assessment of the Political Feasibility of Developing a GCC Power Market. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2018-dp39.

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Morgan, Stephen L. Identification of Chemical Markers for Microorganisms by Pyrolysis GC-MS. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada316442.

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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Opportunities for Natural Gas infrastructure and Trade in the GCC. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2020-wb09.

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Despite the common interests, markets, and economic policies among Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, their energy cooperation has been modest. GCC countries hold 20% of the world’s gas reserves. The Dolphin gas pipeline, connecting Qatar to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Oman, is currently the only GCC cross-border pipeline.
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