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1

Zioga, M., J. Menis, S. Apostolopoulou, D. Maintas, M. Mikeli, A. Nikopoulou, A. N. Rapsomanikis, and E. Stiliaris. "GEANT4/GATE Simulation Studies in the Emission Tomography." HNPS Proceedings 19 (January 1, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2515.

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Radiotracer imaging studies for a small field, high resolution ∞-Camera system and a clinical system for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) by means of GATE (GEANT4 Application for Tomographic Emission) simulations are presented in this work. In a validation phase, which preceded the main study, experimentally obtained results for planar images with the existing ∞-Camera system were directly compared to simulated data. A simple phantom structure, consisting of four parallel capillaries filled with 99mTc water solution, was imaged by the γ-Camera system for several phantom-collimator distances and the measured and Monte-Carlo calculated spatial projections were compared. The major objective of this validation study was the optimal description of the most important components, the hexagonal, parallel-hole Pb-collimator and the pixelated CsI scintillation crystal of the γ-imaging system in terms of GATE components. In the main study, a GATE simulation setup for this ∞-Camera detector is used and Monte-Carlo data are accumulated for simple geometrical phantoms with different monophotonic radiotracer energies and relative intensities. In parallel, a commercially available cylindrical shaped PET scanner ring, consisting of 32 sectors with 4 x 6 x 6 LSO scintillation crystals, has been constructed in the GATE environment. Simulation data are obtained for the most usual positron emitters (18F, 11C and 15O) and for several phantom geometries. The spatial resolution of both systems and their overall performance is presented and discussed in this study.
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Mohammed, Mohammed Siddig H., Essam M. Banoqitah, Ezzat Elmoujarkach, Abdulsalam M. Alhawsawi, and Fathi Djouider. "A virtual laboratory for radiotracer and sealed-source applications in industry." Nukleonika 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2021-0003.

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Abstract Radioactive sealed sources and radiotracer techniques are used to diagnose industrial process units. This work introduces a workspace to simulate four sealed sources and radiotracer applications, namely, gamma scanning of distillation columns, gamma scanning of pipes, gamma transmission tomography, and radiotracer flow rate measurements. The workspace was created in Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) simulation toolkit and was called Industrial Radioisotope Applications Virtual Laboratory. The flexibility of GATE and the fact that it is an open-source software render it advantageous to radioisotope technology practitioners, educators, and students. The comparison of the simulation results with experimental results that are available in the literature showed the effectiveness of the virtual laboratory.
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Zioga, M., A. Nikopoulou, M. Alexandridi, D. Maintas, M. Mikeli, A. N. Rapsomanikis, and E. Stiliaris. "Image Reconstruction in the Positron Emission Tomography." HNPS Proceedings 20 (December 1, 2012): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2490.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) has become a valuable tool with a broad spectrum of clinical applications in nuclear imaging. PET scanners can collect in vivo information from positron radiotracer distributions, which is further recon- structed to a tomographic image with the help of well established analytical or iterative algorithms. In this current work, an innovative PET image reconstruction method from raw data based on a simple mathematical model is presented. The developed technique utilizes the accumulated density distribution in a predefined voxelized volume of interest. This distribution is calculated by intersecting and weighting the two-gamma annihilation line with the specified voxels. In order to test the efficiency of the new algorithm, GEANT4/GATE simulation studies were performed. In these studies, a cylindrical PET scanner was modeled and the photon interaction points are validated on an accurate physical basis. An appropriate cylin- drical phantom with different positron radiotracers was used and the reconstructed results were compared to the original phantom.
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Chen, Hong Lei, Jian Feng He, Lei Ma, and Jun Qing Liu. "A Simple Calculation of System Matrix Base on 2-D Index." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.247.

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The system matrix plays an important role in the improvement of medical image reconstruction quality in iterative reconstruction. It consists of a certain sequence of projection coefficients. Projection coefficients indicate the radiological path through a tow-dimensional grid array which is constructed based on the reconstructed image. It is a common geometric problem of evaluating the radiological path through the grid array. This paper identifies the inefficient aspect of the traditionally precise evaluation of the radiological path. A new accurate and simple algorithm is presented, which considers that the projection coefficients can be shown in two-dimensional way. Experimental results based on GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) simulating PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient to build up a system matrix, and the image can be reconstructed by the system matrix.
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Hu, Yang Sheng, Jun Zhang, Rui Cui, Yan Xiang, Lei Ma, San Li Yi, Dang Guo Shao, and Jian Feng He. "An Initial Study for PET Imaging Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.612.

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Simulation play an important role in the research of PET/CT imaging technology. In this paper, GATE (Geant4 Application Tomography Emission) software packages and NCAT(dynamic NURBS-based cardiac-torso phantom) were used to simulate GE ST PET/CT imaging. GATE provides abundant of functions to simulate both PET/CT imaging procedure and geometric phantom generation. NCAT can generate voxlised body torso phantom. Three different kinds of digital phantoms were designed and generated for PET/CT imaging simulation. The simulation output of GATE was converted to the data format that the STIR (Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction) requires to reconstruct image by the OSEM (ordered subsets expectation-maximization) algorithm. The experiment results validate that GATE and NCAT are able to simulate PET/CT imaging.
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Yin, Yongzhi, Yingguo Li, Tianguan Wang, Chuan Huang, Zhenqian Ye, and Gongping Li. "A Prototype VP-PET Imaging System Based on Highly Pixelated CdZnTe Detectors." Sensors 20, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051294.

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We investigated a prototype virtual-pinhole positron emission tomography (PET) system for small-animal imaging applications. The PET detector modules were made up of 1.3 mm lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) arrays, and the insert detectors consisted of 0.6 mm pixelated cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe). To validate the imaging experiment, we did a Monte Carlo simulation for the virtual-pinhole PET (VP-PET) system in the Geant4 Application for Emission Tomography (GATE). For a point source of 22Na with a 0.5 mm diameter, the filtered back-projection algorithm-reconstructed PET image showed a resolution of 0.7 mm full-width-at-half-maximum. The system sensitivity was 0.46 cps/kBq at the center of the field view of the PET system with a source activity of 0.925 MBq and an energy window of 350 to 650 keV. A rod source phantom and a Derenzo phantom with 18F were also simulated to investigate the PET imaging ability. GATE simulation indicated that sources with 0.5 mm diameter could be clearly detected using 0.6 mm pixelated CdZnTe detectors as insert devices in a VP-PET system.
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Michail, Christos, George Karpetas, Nektarios Kalyvas, Ioannis Valais, Ioannis Kandarakis, Kyriakos Agavanakis, George Panayiotakis, and George Fountos. "Information Capacity of Positron Emission Tomography Scanners." Crystals 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2018): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8120459.

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Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the upper information content bound of positron emission tomography (PET) images, by means of the information capacity (IC). Methods: The Geant4 Application for the Tomographic Emission (GATE) Monte Carlo (MC) package was used, and reconstructed images were obtained by using the software for tomographic image reconstruction (STIR). The case study for the assessment of the information content was the General Electric (GE) Discovery-ST PET scanner. A thin-film plane source aluminum (Al) foil, coated with a thin layer of silica and with a 18F-fludeoxyglucose (FDG) bath distribution of 1 MBq was used. The influence of the (a) maximum likelihood estimation-ordered subsets-maximum a posteriori probability-one step late (MLE-OS-MAP-OSL) algorithm, using various subsets (1 to 21) and iterations (1 to 20) and (b) different scintillating crystals on PET scanner’s performance, was examined. The study was focused on the noise equivalent quanta (NEQ) and on the single index IC. Images of configurations by using different crystals were obtained after the commonly used 2-dimensional filtered back projection (FBP2D), 3-dimensional filtered back projection re-projection (FPB3DRP) and the (MLE)-OS-MAP-OSL algorithms. Results: Results shown that the images obtained with one subset and various iterations provided maximum NEQ values, however with a steep drop-off after 0.045 cycles/mm. The single index IC data were maximized for the range of 8–20 iterations and three subsets. The PET scanner configuration incorporating lutetium orthoaluminate perovskite (LuAP) crystals provided the highest NEQ values in 2D FBP for spatial frequencies higher than 0.028 cycles/mm. Bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) shows clear dominance against all other examined crystals across the spatial frequency range, in both 3D FBP and OS-MAP-OSL. The particular PET scanner provided optimum IC values using FBP3DRP and BGO crystals (2.4829 bits/mm2). Conclusions: The upper bound of the image information content of PET scanners can be fully characterized and further improved by investigating the imaging chain components through MC methods.
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8

Strulab, D., G. Santin, D. Lazaro, V. Breton, and C. Morel. "GATE (geant4 application for tomographic emission): a PET/SPECT general-purpose simulation platform." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 125 (September 2003): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(03)90969-8.

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9

Bruggemann, Jeremy, Andreas Gross, and Stephen Pate. "Non-Intrusive Visualization of Optically Inaccessible Flow Fields Utilizing Positron Emission Tomography." Aerospace 7, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7050052.

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A technology gap persists in the visualization of optically inaccessible flow fields such as those in integrated systems. Advances in positron emission tomography (PET) technology are enabling its use in the engineering field to address this technology gap. This paper discusses a numerical study performed to characterize a modern PET system’s ability to reconstruct a three-dimensional mapping of the optically inaccessible flow field downstream of an orifice. A method was devised to simulate a ring detector response to a flourine-18 radioisotope/water solution injected into the flow through a standard thickness pipe with orifice. A commercial computational fluid dynamics code and the GEANT4 Applications for the Tomographic Emission Monte Carlo simulation physics package were used to carry out the simulations. Results indicate that geometrical features, such as the pipe internal diameter, can be resolved to within a few millimeters with specific activity levels of 155 Bq/Voxel (91.2 Bq/mm3), and acquisition times as low as 15 s. Results also suggest that flow features, such as the radial extent of the shear layer between the primary and secondary recirculating flow can be resolved to within 5 mm with the same activity level, but with acquisition times of 45 s.
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Ahangari, HadiTaleshi, RohollahGhahraman Asl, Rezvan Sabbaghi, Payman Hejazi, and Majid Foroutan. "Prediction of Absorbed Dose to Normal Organs with Endocrine Tumors for I-131 by use of 99mTC Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography and Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission Simulation." Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine 36, no. 3 (2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_6_21.

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11

Riva, Michele, Elia A. Vallicelli, Andrea Baschirotto, and Marcello De Matteis. "Modeling the Acoustic Field Generated by a Pulsed Beam for Experimental Proton Range Verification." EPJ Web of Conferences 216 (2019): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921603005.

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Proton range verification by ionoacoustic wave sensing is a technique under development for applications in adron therapy as an alternative to nuclear imaging. It provides an acoustic imaging of the proton energy deposition vs. depth using the acoustic wave Time of Flight (ToF). State-of-the-art (based on simulations and experimental results) points out that this detection technique achieves better spatial resolution (< 1 mm) of the proton range comparing with Positron-Emission-Tomography (PET) and prompt gamma ray techniques. This work presents a complete Geant4/k-Wave model that allows to understand several physical phenomena and to evaluate the key parameters that affect the acoustic field generated by the incident proton radiation.
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12

Romero, Ignacio O., Yile Fang, Michael Lun, and Changqing Li. "X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT) Imaging with a Superfine Pencil Beam X-ray Source." Photonics 8, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8070236.

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X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) is a molecular imaging technique that can be used to sense different elements or nanoparticle (NP) agents inside deep samples or tissues. However, XFCT has not been a popular molecular imaging tool because it has limited molecular sensitivity and spatial resolution. We present a benchtop XFCT imaging system in which a superfine pencil-beam X-ray source and a ring of X-ray spectrometers were simulated using GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) Monte Carlo software. An accelerated majorization minimization (MM) algorithm with an L1 regularization scheme was used to reconstruct the XFCT image of molybdenum (Mo) NP targets. Good target localization was achieved with a DICE coefficient of 88.737%. The reconstructed signal of the targets was found to be proportional to the target concentrations if detector number, detector placement, and angular projection number are optimized. The MM algorithm performance was compared with the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (ML-EM) and filtered back projection (FBP) algorithms. Our results indicate that the MM algorithm is superior to the ML-EM and FBP algorithms. We found that the MM algorithm was able to reconstruct XFCT targets as small as 0.25 mm in diameter. We also found that measurements with three angular projections and a 20-detector ring are enough to reconstruct the XFCT images.
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13

Yahya, Tayalati, Samir Didi, Abdelilah Moussa, and Zerfaoui Mustafa. "Simulation of the 6 MV Elekta Synergy Platform linac photon beam using Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission." Journal of Medical Physics 40, no. 3 (2015): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-6203.165077.

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14

Zarifi, Shiva, Hadi Taleshi Ahangari, Sayyed Bijan Jia, and Mohammad Ali Tajik-Mansoury. "Validation of GATE Monte Carlo code for simulation of proton therapy using National Institute of Standards and Technology library data." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 18, no. 1 (November 5, 2018): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396918000493.

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AbstractAimTo validate the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) Monte Carlo simulation code by calculating the proton beam range in the therapeutic energy range.Materials and methodsIn this study, the GATE code which is based on Geant4 was used for simulation. The proton beams in the therapeutic energy range (5–250 MeV) were simulated in a water medium, and then compared with the data from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in order to investigate the accuracy of different physics list available in the GATE code. In addition, the optimal value of SetCut was assessed.ResultsIn all energy ranges, the QBBC physics had a greater deviation in the ranges relative to the NIST data. With respect to the range calculation accuracy, the QGSP_BIC_EMY and QGSP_BERT_HP_EMY physics were in the range of statistical uncertainty; however, QGSP_BIC_EMY produced better results using the least squares. Based on an investigation into the range calculation precision and simulation efficiency, the optimal SetCut was set at 0·1 mm.FindingsBased on an investigation into the range calculation precision and simulation yield, the QGSP_BIC_EMY physics and the optimal SetCut was recommended to be 0·1 mm.
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15

Dartora, Caroline Machado, Nícollas Gonçalves Cavedini, Luís Vinicius De Moura, and Ana Maria Marques da Silva. "Dosimetria Interna em Medicina Nuclear com o Aplicativo GATE: avaliação do impacto do elemento de dose e do tipo de fonte." Revista Brasileira de Física Médica 12, no. 3 (February 3, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29384/rbfm.2018.v12.n3.p39-44.

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A natureza estatística dos processos físicos envolvidos nos exames de medicina nuclear faz com que o uso do método de Monte Carlo (MC) seja uma ferramenta útil para cálculos da energia depositada e da dose absorvida nos órgãos, principalmente para avaliação de risco-benefício. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as potencialidades e limitações do uso do aplicativo de simulação de Monte Carlo GATE (Geant4 Application for Emission Tomography) no cálculo da dosimetria interna em testes simulados de imagem de Medicina Nuclear. Foram comparados cálculos analíticos e simulações de fontes emissoras de radiação em fontes pontuais de 99mTc e 18F, em objetos atenuadores com geometrias simples. Foi realizada uma análise da influência do tamanho dos elementos do mapa de dose (dosel), assim como o impacto de diferentes configurações das fontes radioativas. Os resultados concordam com dados já publicados. Para uma simulação mais realística do 18F para fins de dosimetria, deve-se utilizar os dois tipos de configuração da fonte, “back-to-back”, que simula os fótons de aniquilação, e “Fluor18”, que simula o espectro de emissão de pósitrons. Conclui-se que o aplicativo GATE é um ambiente confiável e amigável para a estimativa de dose em imagens de medicina nuclear.
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Jan, S., J. Collot, M. L. Gallin-Martel, P. Martin, F. Mayet, and E. Tournefier. "GePEToS: a Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation package for positron emission tomography." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 52, no. 1 (February 2005): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2004.843161.

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Bardane, Adil, Jaouad Tajmouaati, and Abdelmajid Maghnouj. "Monte Carlo Simulation of a Special Phantom with Geant4 Application for Tomography." Moscow University Physics Bulletin 75, no. 1 (January 2020): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s002713492001004x.

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18

Терещенко, С. А., and А. Ю. Лысенко. "Реконструкция пространственного распределения источников излучения в пропорциональной рассеивающей среде." Журнал технической физики 91, no. 5 (2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.05.50683.294-20.

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A new method of image reconstruction for single-photon emission computed tomography in a proportional scattering medium is investigated. The detector counts were obtained using Monte Carlo simulation with the Geant4 nuclear physics software system, which eliminates the need for a real tomograph, radiopharmaceuticals and a phantom under study. In this case, the detector counts obtained with the Geant4 do not practically differ from those that would have been obtained in a full-scale experiment for the real scattering medium. The influence of the absorbing and scattering properties of thirteen different substances as a medium, in which the spatial distribution of radiation sources is immersed, on the accuracy of the tomogram reconstruction is investigated. The significant advantage of the proposed algorithm for reconstruction of emission tomograms in comparison with the traditional one is shown.
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Терещенко, С. А., and А. Ю. Лысенко. "Реконструкция пространственного распределения источников излучения в пропорциональной рассеивающей среде." Журнал технической физики 91, no. 5 (2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.05.50683.294-20.

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A new method of image reconstruction for single-photon emission computed tomography in a proportional scattering medium is investigated. The detector counts were obtained using Monte Carlo simulation with the Geant4 nuclear physics software system, which eliminates the need for a real tomograph, radiopharmaceuticals and a phantom under study. In this case, the detector counts obtained with the Geant4 do not practically differ from those that would have been obtained in a full-scale experiment for the real scattering medium. The influence of the absorbing and scattering properties of thirteen different substances as a medium, in which the spatial distribution of radiation sources is immersed, on the accuracy of the tomogram reconstruction is investigated. The significant advantage of the proposed algorithm for reconstruction of emission tomograms in comparison with the traditional one is shown.
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20

NAKAMOTO, Y., T. SAGA, and S. FUJII. "Positron emission tomography application for gynecologic tumors." International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 15, no. 5 (September 2005): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2005.00245.x.

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Cheng, Yan, Paul Hagan, and Rudrajit Mitra. "Application of Acoustic Emission Tomography Technique in Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1115.

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This paper discusses the development of acoustic emission tomography to identify structural discontinuities in concrete. An algorithm was developed to reconstruct velocity tomographs of the interior of the material. Both theoretical analysis and experimental data were used to determine best sensor array geometry. Experiments on a concrete block with artificial fracture indicate that the technique can be used to identify structural discontinuities.
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Wiesel, Frits-Axel, Lars Farde, Göran Sedvall, and Gustav Wik. "The application of positron emission tomography in psychiatry." Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift 42, no. 2 (January 1988): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08039488809103214.

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23

Strauss, L. G. "Application of Positron Emission Tomography in Colorectal Carcinoma." Oncology Research and Treatment 16, no. 4 (1993): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000218268.

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Bohigian, George M. "Application of Positron Emission Tomography in the Heart." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 259, no. 16 (April 22, 1988): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720160058031.

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Roncali, Emilie, and Simon R. Cherry. "Application of Silicon Photomultipliers to Positron Emission Tomography." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 39, no. 4 (February 15, 2011): 1358–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-011-0266-9.

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Datz, Frederick L., Grant T. Gullberg, Gengsheng L. Zeng, C.-H. Tung, Paul E. Christian, Andrew Welch, and Rolf Clack. "Application of convergent-beam collimation and simultaneous transmission emission tomography to cardiac single-photon emission computed tomography." Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 24, no. 1 (January 1994): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2998(05)80247-8.

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Agasthya, G. A., B. C. Harrawood, J. P. Shah, and A. J. Kapadia. "Sensitivity analysis for liver iron measurement through neutron stimulated emission computed tomography: a Monte Carlo study in GEANT4." Physics in Medicine and Biology 57, no. 1 (November 29, 2011): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/57/1/113.

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Yasuda, S., M. Ide, H. Fujii, T. Nakahara, Y. Mochizuki, W. Takahashi, and A. Shohtsu. "Application of positron emission tomography imaging to cancer screening." British Journal of Cancer 83, no. 12 (December 2000): 1607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2000.1496.

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Yang, Shaoxi, Lilan Fu, Meilinur AbuduRxiti, Jianhua Wu, Qiaoyu Wang, Yongde Qin, Xiaoguang Zou, and Hongsheng Li. "Application of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography in mantle cell lymphoma." Nuclear Medicine Communications 41, no. 5 (May 2020): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnm.0000000000001170.

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Xu, Xiao-Liang, Jeih-San Liow, and Stephen C. Strother. "Iterative algebraic reconstruction algorithms for emission computed tomography: A unified framework and its application to positron emission tomography." Medical Physics 20, no. 6 (November 1993): 1675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.596954.

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Videnovic-Ivanov, Jelica, Dragana Sobic-Saranovic, Isidora Grozdic, Violeta Mihailovic-Vucinic, Snezana Filipovic, and Mihailo Stjepanovic. "The application results of 18F - FDG/PET scan in chronic sarcoidosis." Medical review 66, suppl. 1 (2013): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns13s1050v.

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Introduction. The authors evaluated the application of 18 Ffluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography to diagnose the activity in patients with chronic sarcoidosis. Material and Methods. The study sample included 71 patients (48 females and 23 males, their mean age being 47?3 years) with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis of chronic course. Results. All patients underwent 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, which detected inflammation in 65 patients (91.5%) (maximum standardized uptake value, 8.1 ? 3.9). Angiotensin-converting enzyme levels were significantly higher in the patients with positive than in those with negative 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission tomography/ computed tomography results. Conclusion. 18 F-fluoro- 2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography revealed the functional inflammatory active localizations in chronic sarcoidosis. The obtained results contribute to the adequate therapeutic option.
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Cai-Xia, Wu, and Wang Rong-Fu. "Clinical application and research advancement of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in colorectal cancer." World Chinese Journal of Digestology 28, no. 18 (September 28, 2020): 925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v28.i18.925.

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Seemann, Marcus D., Juergen F. Schaefer, and Karl-Hans Englmeier. "Virtual positron emission tomography/computed tomography-bronchoscopy: possibilities, advantages and limitations of clinical application." European Radiology 17, no. 3 (August 15, 2006): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0350-y.

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Orinchi, Noboru, and Keigo Endo. "Clinical application of a new imaging modality: positron emission tomography." Drug Delivery System 16, no. 6 (2001): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.16.485.

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Tashiro, Manabu, Masatoshi Itoh, Toshihiko Fujimoto, Md Mehedi Masud, Shoichi Watanuki, and Kazuhiko Yanai. "Application of positron emission tomography to neuroimaging in sports sciences." Methods 45, no. 4 (August 2008): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.05.001.

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McColl, JH, AP Holmes, and I. Ford. "Statistical methods in neuroimaging with particular application to emission tomography." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096228029400300105.

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37

Ishii, Kazunari. "Clinical application of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of dementia." Annals of Nuclear Medicine 16, no. 8 (December 2002): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02988628.

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Rowland, Douglas J., Jason S. Lewis, and Michael J. Welch. "Molecular imaging: The application of small animal positron emission tomography." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 87, S39 (2002): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.10417.

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39

Lu, C. C., R. F. Yen, C. Y. Huang, Y. C. Tsai, and Y. S. Pu. "Clinical application of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in upper tract urothelial carcinoma." European Urology Supplements 16, no. 3 (March 2017): e1809-e1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(17)31091-6.

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Ringe, Kristina I., and Frank Wacker. "Radiological diagnosis in cholangiocarcinoma: Application of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography." Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 29, no. 2 (April 2015): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2015.02.004.

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Dizendorf, Elena V., Valerie Treyer, Gustav K. von Schulthess, and Thomas F. Hany. "Application of Oral Contrast Media in Coregistered Positron Emission Tomography—CT." American Journal of Roentgenology 179, no. 2 (August 2002): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.179.2.1790477.

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42

Herbert, D. J., S. Moehrs, N. D’Ascenzo, N. Belcari, A. Del Guerra, F. Morsani, and V. Saveliev. "The Silicon Photomultiplier for application to high-resolution Positron Emission Tomography." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 573, no. 1-2 (April 2007): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.11.020.

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Mondaca, Sebastian, and Yelena Y. Janjigian. "Application of positron emission tomography imaging to personalize esophagogastric cancer care." Cancer 125, no. 8 (January 22, 2019): 1214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31940.

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44

Maguire, Ralph Paul. "Application of pharmacokinetic models to projection data in positron emission tomography." Medical Physics 28, no. 2 (February 2001): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1344211.

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Oelstrom, M., R. Núñez, P. Sanchez, E. Sanchez-Saugar, L. Garcia-Cañamaque, and I. Duran. "Clinical application of fluorocholine positron emission tomography in relapsed prostate cancer." Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition) 36, no. 7 (July 2012): 444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acuroe.2011.11.006.

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46

Galibert, Mathieu, Zhao-Hui Jin, Takako Furukawa, Toshimitsu Fukumura, Tsuneo Saga, Yasuhisa Fujibayashi, Pascal Dumy, and Didier Boturyn. "RGD–cyclam conjugate: Synthesis and potential application for positron emission tomography." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 20, no. 18 (September 2010): 5422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.114.

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47

Mihailovic, Jasna, Emil Matovina, and Katarina Nikoletic. "18F-fluorideoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging: Artifacts and pitfalls." Medical review 68, no. 1-2 (2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1502041m.

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Abstract:
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, being a radiolabeled glucose analogue, is a marker of glucose metabolism indicator. Since glucose uptake is increased in malignant tumors, its major application is in oncology. However, an increased 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose uptake is found in various benign tumors, granulomatous diseases, tuberculosis, inflammation, infection. A healing process may be interpreted as a false positive finding. In contrast, some types of renal cell cancers and lymphomas, neuroendocrine tumors, colonic mucinous adenocarcinomata, hepatocellular carcinomas, prostate cancer, and carcinoid tumors have low 18Ffluorodeoxyglucose avidity which may give a misleading false negative result. In addition, an increased 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the bone marrow may be seen in oncologycal patients following various types of therapy. Besides the advantages of hybrid positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging, this dual-modality scanning may produce their own specific artifacts due to different causes, such as metallic implants, respiratory motion, contrast medium and truncation. Proper patient preparation is required to minimize the potential artifactual uptake patterns that make reporting difficult. It is important to learn about proper quality control, imaging and reconstruction and to be familiar with potential artifacts and pitfalls for the accurate interpretation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography.
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Khmelev, A. "Analysis of Positron Emission Tomography Providing with Radionuclides." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 64, no. 6 (November 10, 2019): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2019-64-6-70-81.

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Abstract:
Introduction 1. General requirements to PET-radionuclides 2. Parameters of radionuclide ranging for application in PET 3. Positron emitters for different applications. Selection criteria - PET-studies - Joint PET- and SPECT-studies - Theranostics - Special applications 4. Availability of positron emitters - Cyclotron production of PET-radionuclides - Conventional radionuclides - Radionuclides under development - Production of PET-radionuclides on radionuclide generators 5. Future development of PET providing with radionuclides Conclusion
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Bernsdorf, M., and J. Graff. "Clinical application of18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in breast cancer." Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 34, no. 6 (November 24, 2013): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12106.

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Awan, Musaddiq J. "Application of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in radiation treatment planning for head and neck cancers." World Journal of Radiology 7, no. 11 (2015): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v7.i11.382.

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