Journal articles: 'Gear ratios'

1

Hsieh, Long Chang, Hsiu Chen Tang, Tzu Hsia Chen, and Jhen Hao Gao. "The Kinematic Design of 2K Type Planetary Gear Reducers with High Reduction Ratio." Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (September 2013): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.421.40.

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3K type and 2K-2H type planetary gear trains can be designed to have high reduction ratios. Due to the reason of power circulation, these two kinds of planetary gear trains with high reduction ratios have low meshing efficiencies. The 2K type planetary gear reducer only contain two ring gears and one carrier, hence it will not have the problem of power circulation and will have better meshing efficiency than 3K type and 2K-2H type planetary gear reducers. Also, in general, the gear reducers with high reduction ratio are compound gear system. The purpose of this paper is to propose 2K type planetary simple gear reducers with high reduction ratios. Based on the concept of train value equation, the kinematic design of 2K type planetary gear trains with high reduction ratio are synthesized. Six 2K type planetary gear reducers are designed to illustrate the kinematic design process. Three of the examples are 2K type planetary gear reducers with simple planet gears. For the 2K type planetary simple gear reducer, there is a problem that is the simple planet gear engages to two ring gears with different tooth number. One example is used to illustrate how to design the two ring gears with different shift coefficient to engage the same planet gear. Based on the proposed process, all 2K type planetary simple gear reducers with high reduction ratios can be synthesized.

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Hsu, Cheng-Ho. "An Analytic Methodology for the Kinematic Synthesis of Epicyclic Gear Mechanisms." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 3 (August 6, 2002): 574–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1485094.

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This paper presents an analytic method for the determination of the gear ratios of an epicyclic-type transmission mechanism for a given set of speed ratios. For the transmission mechanism with the associated clutching sequence table, the overall speed ratios are first derived and expressed in terms of the gear ratios of all the mating gears using the concept of fundamental geared entities. Next, the associated speed ratio relations are derived as a criterion to detect the feasibility of any given set of speed ratios. Finally, the transmission mechanism is decomposed into a system of fundamental geared entities such that the gear ratios of all the mating gears are determined from given speed ratios in an analytic way.

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Rackov, Milan, Ivan Knežević, Srđan Nikačević, Dijana Čavić, Mirjana Bojanić Šejat, Marko Penčić, Maja Čavić, Siniša Kuzmanović, and Nicolae Florin Cofaru. "The Results of Changing the Current Solution Concept of Universal Motor Gear Reducers with Helical Gears." MATEC Web of Conferences 343 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134301012.

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By analysing and comparing the existing solutions of universal gear reducers with helical gears of the leading manufacturers, it can be noticed the effort to increase the load capacity of the gear reducer within the same axis height. In this way, the manufacturers can offer smaller (cheaper) gear reducers, as well as to simultaneously increase the values of the largest gear ratios. This concept enables the offer of lower-stage (cheaper) gear reducers with higher gear ratios in certain segments of gear ratios. By these efforts, it is reached the maximum, but the further increase is possible only by changing the current concept of universal gear drives. Within this paper, it is given an overview and analysis of one of the possible new conceptual solutions of modern universal motor gear reducer.

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Salamandra, Konstantin. "Static analysis and parameters synthesis of planetary-layshaft transmissions with three power flows." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 02040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822402040.

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The increase in the number of transmission ratios in the vehicles gearboxes leads to an increase in the number of mechanisms used and their complication. One way to obtain simple designs of multi-speed transmissions with smaller number of gears, clutches, brakes and synchronizers is to use combinations of planetary differential gears and gears with fixed axes (planetary-layshaft transmissions). The article presents a static analysis of a planetary-layshaft transmissions with three parallel power flows for obtaining the dependencies between the gear ratios of the internal mechanisms and the speed ratios of the transmission. A technique for determination the gear ratios of the internal mechanisms for providing a close to a given series of transmission ratios is described.

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Goldfarb, Veniamin I., Evgenii S. Trubachev, Kirill V. Bogdanov, and Tatyana A. Pushkareva. "Prospects of manufacturing spiroid gears with small gear ratios." Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 83, no. 3 (August 21, 2019): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10010-019-00343-8.

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Khabrat, N. I., and E. D. Umerov. "Design basis for chain gears with increased gear ratios." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 80, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65884.

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Ways of chain drive improvement are projected on the base of its operation analysis. Calculation and design basis for chain gears with increased gear ratios of long-term operating capacity are developed.

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Hsieh, Long Chang, Teu Hsia Chen, and Hsiu Chen Tang. "On the Kinematic and Meshing Efficiency Analysis of Planetary Gear Reducer with Two Ring Gears." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.395.

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Planetary gear trains can be used as the gear reducers with high reduction ratio. This paper focused on the kinematic and meshing efficiency analysis of planetary simple gear reducer with two ring gears. First, the planetary simple gear train with two ring gears is proposed by using different shift coefficients. Then, by referring to the train value equation, the reduction-ratio equation is derived for the design the planetary gear reducer with two ring gears. According to reduction-ratio equation, the planetary gear reducers with two ring gears and having reduction ratios (20, 50, and 100) are synthesized. Then, based on the latent power theorem, the meshing efficiency equation of planetary gear train with two ring gears is derived. According to the meshing efficiency equation, the meshing efficiencies of planetary gear trains with two ring gears are analyzed. In this paper, we conclude: (1) Larger reduction ratio makes less meshing efficiency, and (2) The meshing efficiency of planetary gear reducer with two ring gears is not good.

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Walker, Nicola D., David L. Maxwell, Will J. F. Le Quesne, and Simon Jennings. "Estimating efficiency of survey and commercial trawl gears from comparisons of catch-ratios." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 5 (January 23, 2017): 1448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw250.

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Abstract Assumptions about gear efficiency and catchability influence estimates of abundance, mortality, reference points and catch potential. Despite the need to better quantify fishing effects on some target species and on many non-target species taken as bycatch, there are few gear efficiency estimates for some of the most widely deployed towed fishing gears in the northeast Atlantic. Here, we develop a method that applies generalised additive models to catch-at-length data from trawl surveys and a commercial catch and discard monitoring program in the North Sea to estimate catch-ratios. We then rescale these catch-ratios and fit relationships to estimate gear efficiency. When catches of individuals by species were too low to enable species-specific estimates, gear efficiency was estimated for species-groups. Gear efficiency (and associated uncertainty) at length was ultimately estimated for 75 species, seven species-groups and for up to six types of trawl gear per species or species-group. Results are illustrated for dab (Limanda limanda), grey gurnard (Eutrigula gurnardus) and thornback ray (Raja clavata), two common non-target species and a depleted elasmobranch. All estimates of gear efficiency and uncertainty, by length, species, species-group and gear, are made available in a supplementary data file.

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9

Polyakov, B. N. "Optimal gear ratios of drives." Russian Engineering Research 27, no. 10 (October 2007): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x07100024.

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Syzrantsev, Vladimir, and Ksenia Syzrantseva. "Study of geometric characteristics of the arc teeth semi-rolled cylindrical gear meshing." FME Transactions 49, no. 2 (2021): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2102367s.

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In the conditions of unbraced machine body parts, arc teeth cylindrical gears have a higher load capacity, durability and reliability as well as the ability to compensate for the twist angle by self-adjustment of one of the wheels compared to straight and helical teeth gears. Use of such gears in a semi-rolled version allows simplifying significantly the technological process of cutting wheels and making gears with large gear ratios. In this article, mathematical models of wheel and gear arc teeth forming process are built for a semi-rolled cylindrical gear. The geometric characteristics of the gear arc teeth meshing in the presence of errors in the wheel and gear relative position, required to solve the problem of calculating the gear load capacity and durability, have been determined.

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Cao, Libing, K. T. Chau, Christopher H. T. Lee, Wenlong Li, and Hua Fan. "Design and Analysis of Electromagnetic Gears With Variable Gear Ratios." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 53, no. 11 (November 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2017.2716837.

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Lewicki, D. G., and R. Ballarini. "Effect of Rim Thickness on Gear Crack Propagation Path." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2828793.

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Analytical and experimental studies were performed to investigate the effect of rim thickness on gear tooth crack propagation. The goal was to determine whether cracks grew through gear teeth or through gear rims for various rim thicknesses. A finite element based computer program (FRANC, FRacture ANalysis Code) simulated gear tooth crack propagation. The analysis used principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics. Quarter-point, triangular elements were used at the crack tip to represent the stress singularity. The program had an automated crack propagation option in which cracks were grown numerically using an automated re-meshing scheme. Crack tip stress intensity factors were estimated to determine crack propagation direction. Gears with various backup ratios (rim thickness divided by tooth height) were tested to validate crack path predictions. Gear bending fatigue tests were performed in a spur gear fatigue rig. From both predictions and tests, gears with backup ratios of 3.3 and 1.0 produced tooth fractures while a backup ratio of 0.3 produced rim fractures. For a backup ratio of 0.5, the experiments produced rim fractures and the predictions produced both rim and tooth fractures, depending on the initial geometry of the crack.

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13

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Tze-Cheng Wu. "EMBODIMENT DESIGN OF NOVEL 5-SPEED REAR DRIVE HUBS FOR BICYCLES." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 2015): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0032.

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This paper presents embodiment design of 5-speed rear drive hubs for bicycles. A 7-link, 2-degrees of freedom (DOF) compound planetary gear train as the main body of a rear drive hub is introduced. The relationship between the number of coaxial links of a planetary gear train and the number of gear stages that a drive hub can provide with is discussed. By means of kinematic analysis, four speed ratios of the planetary gear train are derived, which represents four forward gears of the rear drive hub. By adding a direct-drive gear, five forward gears can be provided and two feasible clutching sequence tables are synthesized. Manual translational-type gear-shifting mechanisms are further designed to incorporate with the planetary gear train for appropriately controlling the gear stage. The power-flow path at each gear stage is checked to verify the feasibility of the proposed design. Finally, two novel 5-speed bicycle rear drive hubs are presented.

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Chaudhari, Neha. "Design and Analysis of an Open Differential." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 5255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36181.

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A transmission or gearbox provides speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device using gear ratios. The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing torque in the process. We have designed a differential gearbox and tried to create the frictional contact between two mating gears. And we have performed the structural analysis on gear box by providing the torque to the assembly of crown gear and pinion gear, assembly of inner gears- spider gears and side gears and crown gear with the cage to attach spider gears. We have selected two kinds of alloy steel and have compared the factor of safety and structural analysis of the both.

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15

Berghaus, Marc. "Simulated Chance and Staggered Gear Ratios." Leonardo Music Journal 17 (December 2007): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/lmj.2007.17.49.

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Luc H. V. Van Der Woude, I. Bosmans. "Handcycling: different modes and gear ratios." Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 24, no. 6 (January 2000): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/030919000300037168.

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17

An, Seong Eun, Sung Hoon Park, Hyun Dai Yang, Joong Ho Shin, and Soon Man Kwon. "Mechanism Design for a Dual Cycloid Reducer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.949.

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In this paper, we considered a dual cycloid reducer(DCR) which consists of a planet gear with shortened epitrochoid and its conjugate ring gear. The geometric relations between a meshing gear pair were investigated to find the conjugate ring gear profile. It reveals that the three design parameters including the pin radii, the eccentricities, and the trochoid ratios should be identical to each other between meshing gears. Through the computer simulation for two examples, the proposed meshing conditions for the DCR are verified successfully.

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Anderson, N. E., and S. H. Loewenthal. "Efficiency of Nonstandard and High Contact Ratio Involute Spur Gears." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260774.

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A power loss prediction method previously developed by the authors was extended to include involute spur gears of nonstandard proportions. The method can now be used to analyze the effects of modified addendum, tooth thickness, and gear center distance in addition to the parameters previously considered which included gear diameter, pitch, pressure angle, face width, oil viscosity, speed, and torque. Particular emphasis is placed on high contact ratio gearing (contact ratios greater than two). Despite their higher sliding velocities, high contact ratio gears can be designed to levels of efficiency approaching those of conventional gears while retaining their advantages through proper selection of gear geometry.

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Dobreva, A., V. Dobrev, and G. Mollova. "Research of gear drives." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012025.

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Abstract Worm gear drives possess important advantages such as: compact design, high power density due to a high gear ratio within a single gear stage. However, these gear drives often show high sliding speeds within the tooth contact, resulting in relative low efficiency coefficient in the meshing. Therefore, an exact calculation regarding efficiency in the meshing and load capacity is important during the beginning stage of the machine design process. Currently, no calculation method is available to analyze worm gears considering efficiency in meshing and contact strength. The objective of the research implemented was to analyze extensively the meshing efficiency and the contact stress behavior of various geometry designs of worm gears drives. Optimization research has been implemented considering the criteria mentioned. All calculations and theoretical analysis have been implemented for different center distances, different modules, gear ratios and rotational speeds of the worm shaft. Simulation results are shown and discussed. Important conclusions and recommendations are suggested.

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Kačalová, Mária, and Slavko Pavlenko. "STRENGHT AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURAL NODE LIMITING THE MULTI-OUTPUT GEAR MECHANISM." Acta Polytechnica 57, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2017.57.0316.

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The rapidly advancing technological development leads to designing and researching a new multi- output gear mechanism. The investigated new double-output gear mechanism has two output coaxial shafts located against the input shaft on the other side of the gearbox. The gear mechanism achieves high gear ratios. Its limiting structural node is the output stage, to which the gears belong. The problem is addressed through the analysis of the stress resistance of tooth flanks in contact and bending. The content of the paper is a comparison of analytical computations with the modal analysis on the model. We expect that new findings will be beneficial for further optimization of the gear mechanism.

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Rackov, Milan, Siniša Kuzmanović, Ivan Knežević, Maja Čavić, Marko Penčić, Darko Stefanović, Victor E. Starzhinsky, Sergey V. Shil’ko, and Vladimir B. Algin. "The Influence of the Bearing Lifetime on the Performance of Universal Gear Drives with High Gear Ratio Values." MATEC Web of Conferences 287 (2019): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928701022.

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The problem of defining the load (nominal torque on the output shaft - T2N) of universal gear drives depending on the size of the gear ratio is analysed in this paper. It is logical that the load capacity of gear drive depends on the weakest gear component. Since the gears are the most expensive components of gear unit, it tends to maximize their performance. However, for low gear ratio, i.e. for high speeds, the bearings often limit their load capacity since the same bearings are used in all transmission ratios because it is not practiced to oversize the bearings at low speeds. Nowadays, when high values of gear ratio are used, it is interesting to consider the dependence of the nominal torque at the output regarding to gear ratio and operating life of the unit.

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Kahraman, A., H. Ligata, K. Kienzle, and D. M. Zini. "A Kinematics and Power Flow Analysis Methodology for Automatic Transmission Planetary Gear Trains." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1814388.

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A generalized formulation for analyzing speeds and forces of the gear components of planetary automatic transmissions is proposed. The formulation is capable of analyzing any typical one-degree-of-freedom automatic transmission gear train containing any number of simple, compound or complex-compound planetary gear sets. The formulation consists of three components: a kinematic analysis formulation to compute rotational speeds of gears and carriers, a gear ratio and kinematic configuration search algorithm, and a power flow analysis formulation. The kinematics component computes rotational speeds of gears and carriers. Given the type and number of planetary gear sets, the search algorithm determines all possible kinematic configurations and gear tooth count combinations that result in a required set of gear ratios while eliminating all kinematic redundancies and unfavorable clutching sequences. The third component, the power-flow analysis formulation, performs a complete static force (power-flow) analysis to determine all gear and bearing forces and moments, and clutch and connection torque values. A five-speed transmission example is considered to highlight the capabilities of the proposed formulation.

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Arabyan, A., and G. R. Shiflett. "A Method for Determining the Various Gear Trains that Provide a Specific Velocity Ratio." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 109, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258820.

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The problem of determining the number of teeth on a set of meshing gears for the creation of a gear train is examined. A method is proposed for determining all the gear trains which yield identical velocity ratios and an algorithmic description of the method is provided. Several examples are included in which the results are compared to those of other methods.

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Gudov, Evgeniy, and Sergey Lagutin. "Optimal design of helical reducers for cement equipment." MATEC Web of Conferences 287 (2019): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928701016.

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The trends in raising the technical level of multistage helical reducers for drives of cement, metallurgical and other heavy equipment are considered. An interactive method for optimizing the geometrical parameters of reducers with various gear ratios is proposed, which ensures equal strength of the stages in contact and bending endurance. It is shown that an increase in the hardness of the teeth requires an increase of the module and helical angle of the teeth, limitation of gear ratios, and to reduce the difference in center distances of adjacent stages. When creating a new generation of reducers, the transition to gears with carburized teeth leads to an increase in load capacity of 2.5-3 times. The examples of gear drive design for rotary kilns and ball mills are considered.

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Sakaridis, Emmanouil S., Georgios D. Ntourmas, Stavros D. Athanasopoulos, and Angelos P. Markopoulos. "A mathematically assisted methodology for the experimental calculation of the internal gear ratios to extend the lifecycle of a hobbing machine." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 46, no. 1 (June 16, 2017): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306419017715425.

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Manufacturing of gears can be achieved with various methods, including the cutting of gears in a hobbing machine. The function of such a machine tool is based on a combination of timing gears which synchronize all moving components accurately. Variations in the synchronization, which alter the geometric features of the gear being cut, are achieved via external gearboxes with interchangeable gears. Thus, precise knowledge of the change gears that correspond to the desired gear geometry is essential in order to operate the machine tool properly. The hobbing machine examined in this paper had remained unused for years, without a manual to indicate the correct use of the external gearboxes. The task was to render the machine tool functional by devising an experimental procedure for the calculation of the internal gear ratios and the correct combination of change gears, making use only of simple tools. The project was carried out successfully and proved to be an excellent case study to delve into the manufacturing as well as the use of gears. The documentation of the whole procedure and a short explanatory video are integrated within the educational aids of a relative course in the School of Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens.

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Kamandar, Mohammad Reza. "The Selection, Designing and Analysis of Heavy Duty Tractor Gearbox (ITM8200)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 2948–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.2948.

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In recent years, ITM 399 series tractor has been manufactured in Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company (ITM), which can be suitable for small farms operations. For big farms operations, minimizing energy consumption, decreasing the time losses and increasing work efficiency, a heavy duty tractor of ITM 8200 series was started to design in the same Company. The gearbox selection, design and analysis for this tractor with the engine power of 154 horse power is studied in this research. The mechanical gearbox equipped with mechanical-hydraulic dynashift system was used in ITM 8200 power transmission system. The dynashift system produces four cases (A, B, C and D) with 8 speeds that produced by main gearbox, which altogether produces 32 forward speeds and 32 reverse speeds for this new tractor. To design the gearbox, with recommended speeds, gearbox ratios and gears ratios was calculated. Then by using the engine torque and slip torque on tractor gearbox, the exerted loads on gears were calculated. After this, by using of American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) method and computer programming design, the gears have been designed. Finally one of the gears in ANSYS software analyzed. The results of this analysis show that: The gears have been designed for tractor gearbox can endure loading and transfer the power requirement of new tractor. The design safety factor of gears has been obtained by ANSYS software approximately equals with safety factor of AGMA methodology. In gear analysis, for applying load to one of gear tooth (unit contact ratio), stress distribution will produce in gear body and especially on neighboring teeth body. For tractor gearbox design, it would be necessary to include slip torque, which will decrease the gear width and gearbox volume.

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Yousef, Samy, T. A. Osman, M. Khattab, Ahmed A. Bahr, and Ahmed M. Youssef. "A New Design of the Universal Test Rig to Measure the Wear Characterizations of Polymer Acetal Gears (Spur, Helical, Bevel, and Worm)." Advances in Tribology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/926918.

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This work aims to study the wear characterization of common types of acetal polymer gears (spur, helical, bevel, and worm) using a new TS universal test rig, in order to obtain reliable results and as a reference when compared with acetal nanocomposite gears later. The TS universal test rig consists of three different units that are connected by a main driver shaft and a pair of constantly meshing metal spur gears, which transfer power to the bevel and worm test units. The first unit is used to test the bevel gears, the second unit is used to test the spur and helical gears, and the third unit is used to test the worm gears. The loading mechanism is similarly designed to block the brake mechanism. Hobbing and milling machines were used to machine an injection-moulded polymer flanges and produce the tested gears. All gear pairs, except the worm gear, have identical gear ratios. The experiments were performed at speed 1420 rpm and the torque was 4 Nm. The results showed that the wear rates (in the form of weight loss) of spur gears were consistent with the previous results and the other gear types had larger wear rates.

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Musalimov, V. M., S. Yu Perepelkina, M. Pääsuke, E. N. Gapeeva, and J. Ereline. "Statistical modeling of knee joint gear ratios." Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics 20, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2226-1494-2020-20-3-446-454.

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Vu, Ngoc Pi, Thi Hong Cam Nguyen, and Vi Hoang. "A Study on Optimum Calculation of Partial Transmission Ratios of Coupled Planetary Gear Sets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 2417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.2417.

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This paper introduces a new and effective study on optimum calculation of the partial ratios of coupled planetary gear sets for getting minimum radial size of the gear sets. In the paper, basing on moment equilibrium condition of a mechanic system including two row planetary gear units and their regular resistance condition, an effective model for determining the partial ratios of coupled planetary gear sets was proposed. Especially, by giving this explicit model, the partial ratios can be calculated accurately and simply.

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Mu Chen, K. T. Chau, Wenlong Li, Chunhua Liu, and Chun Qiu. "Design and Analysis of a New Magnetic Gear With Multiple Gear Ratios." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2013.2291972.

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Bair, B. W., and C. B. Tsay. "ZK-Type Dual-Lead Worm and Worm Gear Drives: Contact Teeth, Contact Ratios and Kinematic Errors." Journal of Mechanical Design 120, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829169.

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Contact ratio is an important gear design parameter for gear bending and contact stresses. A higher contact ratio may reduce the stresses and kinematic errors of the gear set. In this study, we calculate the kinematic error of the ZK-type dual-lead worm gear set by applying the tooth contact analysis (TCA) method. Two kinds of contact ratios, the instantaneous contact teeth (ICT) and the average contact ratio (ACR), are investigated and calculated by applying TCA method. ICT is an important design parameter for a dual-lead worm gear set when the gear set is used in a machine subjected to large impact forces. ACR is also a useful design factor for assessing gear tooth strength and dynamic load. If gear surface elastic deformation 3μm is allowed for the worm gear set, the ICT may have 2, 3 or 4 teeth and the ACR reveals that the ZK-type dual-lead worm gear drive is a high-contact-ratio gear set. It is found that this type of worm gear set with a shorter center distance assembly can increase the value of ACR during the gear meshing. Illustrative examples presented herein demonstrate the effects of gear parameters on contact teeth, contact ratios, average contact ratios and kinematic errors under various conditions.

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Kołodziej, Janusz, Marcin Kowol, Piotr Mynarek, Rafał Gabor, and Marian Łukaniszyn. "Forces in Axial Flux Magnetic Gears with Integer and Fractional Gear Ratios." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 6, 2021): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040855.

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This paper presents a comparison of two variants of an axial flux magnetic gear (AFMG), namely, with integer and fractional gear ratios. Based on calculations derived with the use of three-dimensional numerical models, the torque characteristics of the analyzed AFMGs are computed and verified on a physical model. The greatest emphasis is put on the detailed decomposition and analysis of local forces in modulator pole pieces (also used in the structural analysis) within the no-load and maximal load conditions. The authors also describe the unbalanced magnetic forces (UMF) in the axial and radial directions resulting from the construction of the considered AFMGs variants, and their possible effects in the context of the use of additive manufacturing (AM) in prototypes. The paper also proposes an effective method for limiting the axial strain by using the asymmetry of the air gaps, which slightly reduces the torque transmitted by AFMGs. Finally, a static strength analysis was presented that allows us to assess the effects of local forces in the form of modulator disc deformation for selected cases of air gap asymmetry.

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Sensinger, Jonathon W., Lawrence E. Burkart, Gill A. Pratt, and Richard F. ff Weir. "Effect of compliance location in series elastic actuators." Robotica 31, no. 8 (June 7, 2013): 1313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574713000532.

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SUMMARYSeries elastic actuators have beneficial properties for some robot applications. Several recent implementations contain alternative placements of the compliant element to improve instrumentation design. We use a class 1 versus class 2 lever model and energy-port methods to demonstrate in this paper that these alternative placements should still be classified as series elastic actuators. We also note that the compliance of proximal series elastic actuators is reflected by an augmented gear ratio dependent on the nominal gear ratio, which is significant for small gear ratios and approaches unity for large gear ratios. This reflected compliance is shown to differ depending on the sign of the gear ratio. We demonstrate that although the reflected compliance is only marginally influenced by the magnitude of the gear ratio, there are several notable differences, particularly for small gear ratios.

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Boehme, Christoph, Dietmar Vill, and Peter Tenberge. "Enhanced application limits for crossed helical gearboxes using new geometries for smaller sliding paths or smaller contact pressures." MATEC Web of Conferences 287 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928701010.

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Crossed-axis helical gear units are used as actuators and auxiliary drives in large quantities in automotive applications such as window regulators, windscreen wipers and seat adjusters. Commonly gear geometry of crossed helical gears is described with one pitch point. This article deals with an extended calculation method for worm gear units. The extended calculation method increases the range of solutions available for helical gears. In general, for a valid crossed helical gear pair, the rolling cylinders do not have to touch each other. In mass production of many similar gears, individual gears can be reused because they can be paired with other centre distances and ratios. This also allows the use of spur gears in combination with a worm, making manufacturing easier and more efficient. By selecting design parameters, for example the axis crossing angle or the helix angle of a gear, positive effects can be achieved on the tooth contact pressure, the overlap ratio, the sliding paths, the lubrication condition, the tooth stiffness and, to a limited extent, on the efficiency of the gearing. It can be shown that for involute helical gears, in addition to the known insensitivity of the transmission behaviour to centre distance deviations, there is also insensitivity to deviations of the axis crossing angle. This means that installation tolerances for crossed helical gearboxes can be determined more cost-effectively.

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Chen, Tzu Hsia, and Long Chang Hsieh. "The Design and Prototype Manufacture of Helical Gear Reducers with Two Gear Pairs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 883 (July 2018): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.883.37.

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Due to the reasons of manufacture cost and mechanical efficiency, the gear transmissions for electric vehicles are helical gear reducers. For electric vehicles, the reduction ratios are required to be 11~30 and their gear reducers are helical gear reducer with two gear pairs. This paper focused on the design and prototype manufacture of helical gear reducers with two gear pairs. First, according to the kinematic requirements of electric vehicles, their reduction ratios were derived. Then, based on the involute theorem, the gear data of helical spur gear pairs we obtained. Finally, according to the gear data, its corresponding engineering drawings were accomplished and its corresponding prototype was manufactured. The results of this paper can be used as reference for engineers to design the gear reducers for electric vehicles.

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Petrovskiy, A. N. "Increased efficiency of eccentric cycloidal engagement." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 9 (738) (September 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2021-9-3-14.

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Gears with eccentric cycloidal engagement have large gear ratios, small overall dimensions, low noise and vibration levels. A relatively low efficiency factor limits their use in transmissions mechanisms, where involute gearing with gear ratios up to 10 and high efficiency (over 0.98) are in demand. The power losses of the eccentric cycloidal engagement are caused by friction in the jointly working kinematic pairs, which are formed by the gear with at least half of the pins, and the latter form the pairs with axles or sockets in the housing. It is possible to reduce the power loss by reducing the number of jointly working kinematic gear-pin pairs, which is done by modifying the theoretical profile of the gear. The modified profile is obtained from the theoretical one by removing the tops of the protrusions so that the remaining parts of the profile provide a smooth transfer of the load to a given number of pins. The study introduces a method for calculating power losses and the efficiency of eccentric cycloidal gearing for theoretical and modified gear profiles. Findings of research show that the modification of the cycloidal gear makes it possible to reduce the power loss in the engagement by more than 60% and to increase the efficiency by 0.03 ... 0.04 without a significant decrease in the strength of the working surfaces. The obtained result confirmed the possibility of increasing the efficiency of eccentric cycloidal gearing for it to be used in transmissions of transport vehicles.

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Fot, A. P. "ABOUT IMPROVEMENT OF SETS OF REPLACEABLE GEARS GUITARS METAL CUTTING MACHINES." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 286 (January 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2021.01.pp.021-025.

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The article is devoted to the problems of modernization of the existing fleet of metal-cutting machines. The purpose and objectives-to determine ways and practical recommendations for resource saving in the production of machine components for the manufacture of complex products. The methods used are comparative computational experiments to determine the performance characteristics of sets of replaceable gears. The presented material contains practical recommendations on the choice of evaluation indicators and improvement of sets of replaceable gears of two-pair guitars of various gear-processing machines (5B12, 5A308P, 5111 and 5K32) based on the results of research. Confirmed the possibility of improving the characteristics of kits while maintaining the number of wheels in the kits. In conclusion, it is noted that the proposed solutions contribute to an increase in the integral quality index by 1,2857 – 6,3742 times, a decrease in the total weight of the wheels of the set by 1,4824 – 3,3093 times, an increase in the number of realized gear ratios by 1,2622 – 3,7525 times, an increase in the average density of the values of the gear ratios by 1,2136 – 3,7781 times.

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Tuan, Nguyen Khac, Vu Ngoc Pi, Nguyen Thi Hong Cam, Tran Thi Phuong Thao, Ho Ky Thanh, Le Xuan Hung, and Hoang Thi Tham. "Determining Optimal Gear Ratios of a Two-stage Helical Reducer for Getting Minimal Acreage of Cross Section." MATEC Web of Conferences 213 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821301008.

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This article introduces a study on the optimal calculation of gear ratios of a two-stage helical reducer. In the study, the acreage of the cross section of the reducer was chosen as the objective function of the optimization problem. Also, the design equation for pitting resistance of a gear set was investigated. Furthermore, the equations on moment equilibrium condition of a two-stage helical reducer and their regular resistance condition were analysed. A computer program was performed to determine the optimal partial transmission ratios for getting the minimal acreage of the cross section of the system. From the results of the computer program, two models for determining the optimal gear ratios of a two-stage reducer were proposed. Using these models, the gear ratios can be calculated accurately in a simple way.

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Hsu, C.-H., and R.-H. Huang. "Design of parallel-connected epicyclic-type automatic transmissions with two fundamental geared entities." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto548.

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The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic methodology to simplify effectively the design of automatic transmissions by using the concepts of fundamental geared entity and basic gear ratios. An atlas of parallel-connected epicyclic-type automatic transmissions is first enumerated. Next, an effective procedure is developed to synthesize feasible clutching sequences for all the parallel-connected epicyclic gear mechanisms with two fundamental geared entities. Then, the numbers of teeth of gears in each epicyclic gear mechanism are determined by an analytical method. Finally, four alternatives for four-speed automatic transmissions are generated, and the corresponding rotating and band clutches are embodied to the epicyclic gear mechanism to obtain the atlas of four-speed automatic transmissions. The result of this paper shows that three four-speed automatic transmissions can be synthesized from the atlas of parallel-connected epicyclic gear mechanisms with two fundamental geared entities

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Liang, Dong, Sheng Meng, and Rulong Tan. "Mathematical model and characteristics analysis of crossed-axis helical gear drive with small angle based on curve contact element." Science Progress 104, no. 2 (April 2021): 003685042110162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211016202.

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To improve load capacity and transmission characteristics of crossed-axis helical gear drive, a generation approach of the gear pair with small-angle based on the curve contact element is proposed. Contact principle based on spatial curve meshing relationships is introduced and geometric models of tooth profiles are developed according to a pair of mated conjugate curves. Furthermore, a mathematical model of crossed-axis helical gear drive with small-angle is established. Numerical examples are illustrated for this research using the 10° shaft angle, and the computerized simulation is also developed based on the solid models. According to gear geometry and finite element method, general characteristics including undercutting conditions, sliding ratios and contact stress for tooth profiles are analyzed. Comparisons with crossed-axis involute gears are also carried out. Finally, the gear prototype is processed using the gear milling method and a basic performance test is conducted. Analysis results show that the new gear pair has well contact characteristics. Further studies on the dynamic analysis and precision manufacturing method will be carried out.

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Stefanović-Marinović, Jelena, Željko Vrcan, Sanjin Troha, and Miloš Milovančević. "Optimization of two-speed planetary gearbox with brakes on single shafts." Reports in Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/rme2001280122m.

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This paper deals with configurations of complex planetary gear trains consisting of two planetary gear trains of basic type. These gear trains are formed by linking shafts from different component gearsets and contain two carriers, and therefore designated as two-carrier planetary gear trains with four external and two coupled shafts. The structural configurations are pointed out, and additional research has been made into gear trains using coupled external shafts for torque input and output, with the controlling brakes acting on single external shafts. The kinematic schemes have been created for all analyzed PGT variants, and the available transmission ratio ranges calculated for both speeds. The transmission ratio is changed by alternating the activation of each brake, enabling their use as transmissions with two transmission ratios in transportation technology and other engineering applications. Extreme transmission ratio changes have been determined for each analyzed PGT design solution. Also, relations of ideal torque ratios to the required transmission ratios of component planetary gear trains for both speeds have been calculated. These relations enable the selection of compound gear train designs which will achieve the required pair of transmission ratios. The optimal design parameters for the adopted configuration were determined, and the optimal transmission solution for the given input data selected.

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Liang, Dong, Sheng Meng, and Yane Gao. "Design principle and meshing analysis of internal gear drive with three contact points." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 2 (February 2022): 168781322210815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221081576.

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A kind of internal gear drive with three contact points is presented in the article. Firstly, the pinion with circular-arc form and the internal gear with parabola-circular form are proposed, respectively. General equations of tooth profiles are provided. Furthermore, according to gear geometry, mathematical model of the pinion and the internal gear are generated and their tooth surfaces equations are derived. Meanwhile, based on design parameters, 3D solid models of the new gear pair with three contact points are developed utilizing modeling software. Finally, meshing characteristics of generated new gear pair are analyzed, such as sliding ratios and contact stress conditions. General corresponding comparisons with other internal gear drive are also discussed. Research conclusions show that the new internal gear pair with three contact points has low sliding ratios and high contact strength.

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Stump, Sheryl L. "Activities for Students: Doing Mathematics with Bicycle Gear Ratios." Mathematics Teacher 93, no. 9 (December 2000): 762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.93.9.0762.

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Bicycle gear ratios furnish an interesting context that allows students to explore connections among the concepts of ratio, slope, rate of change, speed, and function. In this activity, students use a bicycle to investigate the relationship between the number of pedal revolutions and the number of wheel revolutions. They also use the speed of pedal revolution and the gear ratio to predict the speed of the bicycle.

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Macyszyn, Lukasz, Cezary Jedryczka, and Adam Myszkowski. "Simulation and Experimental Investigation of a Two-Stage Magnetic Precession Gear." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071838.

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Gears are common and important components of many types of propulsion systems applied in mechanical engineering. The aim of this paper is to present the mechanical design and performance analysis of a novel two-stage magnetic precession gear (MPG). The main advantage of the proposed design is the ability to obtain higher transmission ratios than other currently known magnetic gear types. A detailed analysis of the performance of the MPG was carried out employing a developed numerical model of the magnetic field in the proposed gear. The MPG model is based on the finite element method (FEM) and allows determining the relations between the torque acting on the main components of the gear, load angles, and air-gap lengths. To validate the developed FEM model, the prototype of an MPG with a 1/144 gear ratio was built and tested. The experiments were also focused on determining the mechanical efficiency as well as the influence of rotational speed and lengths of air gaps on the maximum load torque. The tests indicated that the maximum efficiency of the studied MPG is about 30%, which is comparable to the efficiency of mechanical two-stage precession gears with face meshing.

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Miltenovic, A., V. Nikolic, and M. Banic. "Wear load capacity of crossed helical gears with wheel made from sintered steel." Science of Sintering 47, no. 2 (2015): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1502153m.

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Crossed helical gears have an important position in power transmission. Important advantages of the crossed helical gears are the small design, the realization of high ratios in one stage, and the low noise characteristics. The paper presents a theoretical and experimental research of mesh efficiency, tooth friction coefficient and wear for a wheel of crossed helical gears made of Fe1.5Cr0.2Mo sintered steel with sinter-hardening treatment and without additional treatment. The calculation method is also given for the determination of wear load capacity of the worm with a helical gear made of Fe1.5Cr0.2Mo sintered steel with sinter-hardening treatment. These results provide product developers with the first important clues for indicators for calculation of the worm with a helical gear.

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Park, Jeonghyun, Changjun Seo, Kwangsuck Boo, and Heungseob Kim. "Geometry Modification of Helical Gear for Reduction of Static Transmission Error." MATEC Web of Conferences 167 (2018): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816702013.

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Gear systems are extensively employed in mechanical systems since they allow the transfer of power with a variety of gear ratios. So gears cause the inherent deflections and deformations due to the high pressure which occurs between the meshing teeth when transmit power and results in the transmission error. It is usually assumed that the transmission error and variation of the gear mesh stiffness are the dominant excitation mechanisms. Predicting the static transmission error is a necessary condition to reduce noise radiated from the gear systems. This paper aims to investigate the effect of tooth profile modifications on the transmission error of helical gear. The contact stress analysis was implemented for different roll positions to find out the most critical roll angle in view point of root flank stress. The PPTE (peak-to-peak of transmission error) is estimated at the roll angles by different loading conditions with two dimensional FEM. The optimal profile modification from the root to the tip is proposed.

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Dwivedi, Shivam, and Prof Vikas Gupta. "AUTOMATION IN GEAR SHIFTING MECHANISM." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 4, no. 5 (May 26, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v4i5.139.

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For the vehicle to move forward the engine has to be connected to driving wheels so as to propel the vehicle. The engine rotates at relatively high speeds, while the wheels are required to turn at slower speeds. The torque requirements of the vehicle vary as per the prevailing conditions of load, terrain etc. Gear box provides different gear ratios between the engine and the driving wheels, to suit the varying road conditions such as when climbing hills, traversing rough road or sandy road or pulling a load. The required gear shift for providing varying torque requirements can be obtained either manually or automatically. Automatic gear shifting mechanism is a concept implementing an embedded control system for actuating the gears automatically without human intervention. The automation is achieved by using a microcontroller and suitable sensor and actuator hardware. Whenever the speed of the vehicle increases or decreases beyond a pre-defined set of values, the microcontroller based control system actuates the clutch as well as the gear and helps maintain a steady operation of the automobile.

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Zwolak, Jan, and Marek Martyna. "ANALYSIS OF CONTACT STRESSES AND SLIP IN POWER SHIFT GEARINGS USING MULTI -CRITERION OPTIMISATION." Tribologia 292, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5910.

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The work analysed contact stresses and slippage occurring in specific toothed pairs of two power shift gearings with eight ratios. The analysed gearings have ratios of identical values. Differences in contact stresses and slippage values within individual toothed pairs of both gearings (at same values of input torque and engine speed) result from the internal configuration of the kinematic chains created by the toothed gears within individual gear ratios. The analysis included 5 characteristic contact points within the tooth engagement area. They were selected analytically depending on geometrical parameters of gears that constitute the toothed pair. Using computer-assisted design works that employ multi-criterion optimisation, it is possible to minimize slippage and take reasonable advantage of the fatigue contact durability of the material that was used for producing the toothed gears.

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Savage, M., K. L. Rubadeux, and H. H. Coe. "Effects of Planetary Speed-Reduction Ratio on Mean Service Life." Journal of Mechanical Design 120, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826662.

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Planetary-gear transmissions are compact speed reductions which use parallel-load paths to transmit high power. The range of possible reduction ratios is bounded from below and above by limits on the relative size of the planet gears. For a single-plane planetary transmission, the speed-reduction ratio must be greater than two for planet gears to exist. As the ratio increases, so does the size of the planets relative to the sizes of the sun and ring. Which ratio is best for a planetary reduction can be resolved by studying a series of optimal designs. In this series, each design is obtained by maximizing the service life for a spur-gear planetary with a fixed size, speed-reduction ratio, input speed, power and materials. The planetary-gear reduction service life is modeled as a function of the two-parameter Weibull distributed service lives of the ball bearings and spur gears in the reduction. Planet-bearing life strongly influences the optimal reduction lives which point to an optimal planetary reduction ratio in the neighborhood of four to five.

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Hsu, Y.-L., and S.-G. Wang. "Minimizing angular backlash of a multistage gear train." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 216, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405021520256.

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An optimization model is constructed to select the optimum reduction ratios that minimize the total angular backlash of a gear train, under constraints on the total reduction ratio and available space. It is found that a proper layout of reduction ratios has a major effect on the total angular backlash of a gear train.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gear ratios'

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