Academic literature on the topic 'Gelatin Molded'

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Journal articles on the topic "Gelatin Molded"

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Dubrovina, S. S., V. A. Grohovskiy, S. Yu Dubrovin, E. D. Obluchinskaya, and E. V. Gorshenina. "A new direction of Pollock use." Fisheries, no. 4 (February 27, 2025): 119–28. https://doi.org/10.36038/0131-6184-2024-4-119-128.

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A fundamentally new molded fish product has been developed, characterized by the use of dried salted pollock fillet and gelatin solution as a structure-forming agent in the formulation. An algorithm for manufacturing the product has been developed, and the main prescription components have been determined. The three-component composite composition of the new molded product has been optimized, including gelatin solution and crushed salted-dried flounder-ruff meat and pollock meat. The recommended shelf life of the product has been determined.
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Dubrovina, S. S., V. A. Grohovskiy, and S. Y. Dubrovin. "Half-dried fish with improved properties." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 84, no. 4 (2023): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2022-4-133-140.

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The research of gelling ability of different grades of food gelatin has been conducted, analytical researches have been carried out to establish the possibility of using a mass and inexpensive object of fishing - pollack for food purposes; the technological scheme of making a new structured fish product has been developed and experiments on its making have been carried out. There has been developed a scale of organoleptic evaluation of structured fish product quality, including significance coefficients, the highest of which are typical sensory indices: appearance, taste, consistency, flavour and also point scale of chewing degree of the molded product. As a result of organoleptic evaluation of structured fish products we have determined close to optimal correlation between fish and structurer of salt-dried finely-milled meat from the total mass of the system. The created product with the indicated ratio of fish and gelatin has got the highest score according to organoleptic evaluation, which testifies to its excellent quality characteristics. The results of investigations show the technological perspectivity of the developed new molded product of salted and dried pollock using as a structure-forming agent the water solution of gelatin of 220 bloom grade in concentration of 10 % at a ratio of fish and gelatinous components 3:7.
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Bunch, Elaine A. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Aminacrine Hydrochloride in Creams, Jellies, and Suppositories: Interlaboratory Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 3 (1987): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.3.560.

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Abstract A previously reported visible spectrophotometric method for the analysis of aminacrine hydrochloride in creams, jellies, and suppositories was studied collaboratively by 8 laboratories. Aminacrine hydrochloride was extracted into acidic ethanol and its visible spectrum recorded. The amount present was calculated by determining the net absorbance between the absorbance maximum at about 402 nm and one-half the sum of the absorbance of the minima at about 389 and 412 nm. Each collaborator received 4 creams (0.2%), 1 jel (0.2%), 1 molded suppository (6 mg/3.198 g), and 2 gelatin-encapsulated suppository samples (12 mg/6.661 g and 14 mg/6.863 g). The cream samples included blind duplicates prepared to contain 0.212% aminacrine hydrochloride, 15% sulfanilamide, and 2% allantoin. Mean recovery for the authentic cream was 104.7% with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 9.22%. The commercial products contained these respective amounts (CVs): creams, 100.0% (2.48%) and 101.5% (2.16%); jel, 118.0% (9.58%); molded suppository, 102.7% (1.88%); and gelatin encapsulated suppositories, 93.1% (1.0%) and 94.3% (1.60%). Standard aminacrine hydrochloride provided for the study was 99.6% pure by nonaqueous titration. Thin layer chromatographic identification of aminacrine hydrochloride was also tested collaboratively. The method was not adopted by AOAC.
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Golden, Andrew P., and Joe Tien. "Fabrication of microfluidic hydrogels using molded gelatin as a sacrificial element." Lab on a Chip 7, no. 6 (2007): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b618409j.

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Arni, L. S., L. Purnamayati, and P. H. Riyadi. "Effect of Chitosan on Physical Characteristic of Tapioca Edible Film with Ariid Catfish Bone Gelatin (Arius thalassinus)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1224, no. 1 (2023): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1224/1/012037.

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Abstract Ariid catfish is a demersal fish species with a high production rate. Fishbone is a by-product with protein content converted into gelatin. Gelatin can be utilized as an edible film due to its low water resistance and low tensile strength so that a suitable polymer is needed to form a good film, namely chitosan and tapioca starch. This study aimed to determine the effect of chitosan on the characteristics and the best formulation of tapioca edible film with ariid catfish bone gelatin. The method of making the edible film is by extracting gelatin, then gelatin is mixed with tapioca starch, chitosan and glycerol, then molded and dried. This research was a laboratory experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) of 4 treatments, namely different concentrations of gelatin:chitosan (20:0%, 15:5%, 10:10%, and 5:15%) with 3 repetitions. The testing parameters observed were tensile strength, elongation, thickness, solubility, water vapor transmission rate and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The best edible film was produced from the treatment of 10% gelatin and 10% chitosan with a tensile strength value of 2.62 Mpa; elongation of 17.4%; water vapor transmission rate of 5.96 g/m2/hour; solubility of 35.22% and thickness of 0.17 mm and SEM observations showed that the edible film morphology was smoother, compact and not hollow.
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Balabram, Sara Kierulff, Larissa Tessaro, Maria Eduarda de Almeida Astolfo, Pedro Augusto Invernizzi Sponchiado, Stanislau Bogusz Junior, and Bianca C. Maniglia. "Development of NADES–Annatto Seed Extract for Enhancing 3D Printed Food Designed for Dysphagia Patients." Foods 14, no. 9 (2025): 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091604.

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This study develops a 3D printed food designed for dysphagia patients, incorporating a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)–annatto seed extract. The objective was to enhance textural properties and bioactive retention in food matrices tailored for individuals with swallowing difficulties. NADES extraction was compared to ethanol, with the extracts incorporated into gelatin and starch hydrogels. Gelatin, a widely used biopolymer, improved mechanical properties and printability, ensuring a cohesive and structured matrix for 3D printing. Textural analysis showed that starch-based 3D printed hydrogels exhibited lower hardness, adhesiveness, and gumminess compared to molded samples, making them more suitable for dysphagia-friendly diets than gelatin-based formulations. The IDDSI fork test confirmed that selected 3D printed samples met essential texture requirements for safe consumption by dysphagia patients. The combination of NADES-extracted bioactive compounds and 3D printing enabled the development of functional foods with optimized texture and nutritional properties. Additionally, gelatin played a key role in enhancing elasticity and structural integrity in printed samples, reinforcing its potential for food texture modification. This study presents an innovative approach to dysphagia-friendly food formulation, integrating green extraction methods with advanced food processing technologies, paving the way for safer, nutritionally enhanced, and customizable functional foods for individuals with swallowing disorders.
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Hossan, MJ, MA Gafur, MM Karim, and AA Rana. "Mechanical properties of Gelatin –Hydroxyapatite composite for bone tissue engineering." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 50, no. 1 (2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v50i1.23805.

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In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) and gelatin (GEL) scaffolds were prepared to mimic the mineral and organic component of natural bone. The raw material was first compounded and resulting composite were molded into the petridishes. Using Solvent casting process, it is possible to produce scaffolds with mechanical and structural properties close to natural trabecular bone.The mechanical properties of composites were investigated by Thermo-mechanical analyzer (TMA), Vickers microhardness tester, Universal testing machine. It was observed that the composite has maximum tensile strength of 37.13MPa ( oven drying) and % elongation of 7.68 (Oven drying) and 2.04 (Natural drying) at 15% of Hap respectively. These results demonstrate that the prepared composite scaffold is a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(1), 15-20, 2015
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Pedrosa, Thiago Cajú, Rossanna Trócolli, Wladymyr Jefferson Bacalhau de Sousa, et al. "Development of Gelatin/Misoprostol Compounds for Use in Pregnancy Failures." Materials 14, no. 23 (2021): 7250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237250.

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Early abortion is one of the most common complications during pregnancy. However, the frequent handling of the genital region, more precisely the vagina, which causes discomfort to patients in this abortion process due to the frequency of drug insertion, as four pills are inserted every six hours, has led to the search for alternatives to alleviate the suffering caused by this practice in patients who are already in a shaken emotional state. Hence, this work aimed to develop composites of gelatin and misoprostol, using a conventional single-dose drug delivery system. These composites were prepared by freeze/lyophilization technique, by dissolving the gelatin in distilled water, with a concentration of 2.5% (w/v), and misoprostol was incorporated into the gelatin solution at the therapeutic concentration (800 mcg). They were subsequently molded, frozen and lyophilized. The samples of the composites were then crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) 1% (v/v) with respect to the gelatin mass for 5 min. The characterization techniques used were: Optical Microscopy (OM), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry (TG), Swelling, Biodegradation and Cytotoxicity. In OM it was observed that the addition of the drug improved the cylindrical appearance of the compounds, in comparison with the sample that was composed of only gelatin. There was a reduction in the degree of swelling with the addition of the drug and crosslinking. The cytotoxicity test indicated the biocompatibility of the material. Based on the results obtained in these tests, the composites have therapeutic potential for uterine emptying in pregnancy failures, especially in the first trimester.
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Guillén-Carvajal, Karen, Benjamín Valdez-Salas, Ernesto Beltrán-Partida, Jorge Salomón-Carlos, and Nelson Cheng. "Chitosan, Gelatin, and Collagen Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration." Polymers 15, no. 13 (2023): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15132762.

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Hydrogels are versatile biomaterials characterized by three-dimensional, cross-linked, highly hydrated polymeric networks. These polymers exhibit a great variety of biochemical and biophysical properties, which allow for the diffusion of diverse molecules, such as drugs, active ingredients, growth factors, and nanoparticles. Meanwhile, these polymers can control chemical and molecular interactions at the cellular level. The polymeric network can be molded into different structures, imitating the structural characteristics of surrounding tissues and bone defects. Interestingly, the application of hydrogels in bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been gathering significant attention due to the beneficial bone improvement results that have been achieved. Moreover, essential clinical and osteoblastic fate-controlling advances have been achieved with the use of synthetic polymers in the production of hydrogels. However, current trends look towards fabricating hydrogels from biological precursors, such as biopolymers, due to the high biocompatibility, degradability, and mechanical control that can be regulated. Therefore, this review analyzes the concept of hydrogels and the characteristics of chitosan, collagen, and gelatin as excellent candidates for fabricating BTE scaffolds. The changes and opportunities brought on by these biopolymers in bone regeneration are discussed, considering the integration, synergy, and biocompatibility features.
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Strother, Heather, Rachael Moss, and Matthew B. McSweeney. "Comparison of 3D printed and molded carrots produced with gelatin, guar gum and xanthan gum." Journal of Texture Studies 51, no. 6 (2020): 852–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12545.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gelatin Molded"

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Manbeck, Analena. "The effect of gelatin bloom strength on dry extruded pet food and injection molded treats." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20605.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Grain Science and Industry<br>Greg Aldrich<br>Pet food is a $23 billion industry that continues to grow. Owners continue to humanize their pets and their dietary needs, thus the pet food industry tends to mirror human dietary trends. Currently, pet food is trending towards higher levels of protein, thus lower levels of starch. Decreasing starch, one of the main structure forming ingredients in extruded foods, creates issues in terms of lower rates of expansion and decreased kibble durability. Consumers tend to dislike ingredients that do not serve a dual nutritional purpose; therefore gelatin may be a plausible binding ingredient for high protein pet foods. Gelatin is a pure protein derived from collagen and is sold as a dry, odorless, tasteless powder. High-bloom gelatins find numerous uses in the human food as a stabilizer, foaming agent, and capsule base among other uses. Low-bloom gelatin may find a value-adding opportunity as a nutritional binder in the pet food market. Four extrusion experiments were performed to test this hypothesis. Experiment 1 compared gelatin at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% inclusion and 15% gelatin at 3 different extruder screw speeds. Results showed a decrease in expansion but an increase in hardness and pellet durability index (PDI); however there may have been inadequate preconditioning. It was unclear whether the decrease in expansion or presence of gelatin improved product durability. Experiment 2 analyzed two levels of gelatin, 0% and 10%, under two extruder screw speeds, 300 rpm and 500 rpm, and two hydration ratios, 17% and 28%. In this experiment, there were no differences in density, expansion, hardness, or PDI. This indicated that preconditioning was more ideal and may indicate gelatin does not decrease product expansion. Experiment 3 analyzed two levels of gelatin, 0% and 10%, at two target densities, low and high. Results indicated that gelatin created a more expanded product when processed under similar conditions as a control formula. Experiment 4 analyzed different strengths of gelatin to determine if the low-bloom gelatin experiments were repeatable with more conventional strength gelatins. Treatments were a control with no gelatin, and a 100 bloom, 175 bloom, and 250 bloom gelatin. Results showed increased gelatin strength increased product expansion, likely through a foaming effect. However, durability declined with mid- and high-bloom gelatins; thus, low-bloom gelatin may be the most promising to improve product characteristics and preserve durability. Two additional experiments were performed in order to explore gelatin bloom strength in injection molded treat processing. A lab-scale experiment was performed to optimize an initial formula. Tensile strength, strain at break, Young’s Modulus, puncture force, and peaks were measured. It was determined that equal parts gelatin, gluten, and glycerin were most ideal for further testing purposes. Determination of gelatin bloom strength effects with three bloom strength gelatins were used to produce beadlets on a pilot-scale twin-screw extruded and production model injection molding system. Differences were noted between treatments; wherein high bloom gelatin created a softer, more stretchy treat and low bloom gelatin created a tougher, more rubbery treat. Low-bloom gelatin may find use as a nutritional binder in high protein pet foods and may be an alternative to high-bloom gelatin in injection molded dental treats.
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Chatham, Sarah Marianna. "Characterisation of molten filled hard gelatin capsules." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1985. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/characterisation-of-molten-filled-hard-gelatin-capsules(5b2e73bf-b02c-4ecc-b00a-146fd90ec814).html.

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Books on the topic "Gelatin Molded"

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Jelly Mongers Glowinthedark Jelly Titanic Jelly Flaming Jelly. Sterling Epicure, 2011.

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Brears, Peter. Jellies and Their Moulds. Boyars Publishers, Ltd., Marion, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gelatin Molded"

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Lee, Dai Gil, and Nam Pyo Suh. "Axiomatic Design of Materials and Materials-Processing Techniques." In Axiomatic Design and Fabrication of Composite Structures. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195178777.003.0012.

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Abstract In the 1970s, airplane manufacturers were developing composite parts using the autoclave vacuum bag degassing method, which was discussed in chapter 2. However, the empirical approach they used encountered many problems. One of the problems was that sometimes the cured part would have a large void inside the composite structure, because the resin was depleted during the curing process. Resin depletion occurred because the viscosity of the resin initially decreased before the resin in the prepregs began to crosslink. Therefore, when a laminate consisting of prepregs and a honeycomb structure were heated in the autoclave, the resin began to flow out of the composite structure when the gelation of the resin did not occur quickly. Similarly, automotive companies spent many years developing sheet molding compound (SMC) parts that did not require hand-polishing of the surface of the cured parts. They ultimately developed the in-mold coating process that coated the rough surface with a thin layer of resin.
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Conference papers on the topic "Gelatin Molded"

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Powell, Daniel E., W. Mark Bohon, and Gary R. Chesnut. "Solid Gel Pigs for Cleaning Production Pipelines." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96048.

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Abstract Many oil fields, such as that at Kuparuk, on the North Slope of Alaska, have been built as a trunk and lateral gathering system, with many different pipeline diameters in a branched network. No launchers nor receivers were built for the Kuparuk oil production pipelines. The high cost of retrofitting launchers and receivers prompted investigation of alternative methods for cleaning the pipelines. This paper describes a novel approach to mold solid gelatin pigs in bypass lines, and to run those pigs through the production pipelines to the primary separators. The gelatin pigs would slowly melt, eliminating the need for receivers. Field and laboratory testing showed that gelatin pigs could not effectively clean the pipelines. The addition of cross linking agents could increase the mechanical integrity of the gelatin pigs, but also elevated the melting temperatures above the operating temperatures of the primary separators. As such, they were not meltable (in time), and no benefits could be obtained by the use of solid gelatin pigs for cleaning applications.
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Occhetta, Paola, Nasser Sadr, Francesco Piraino, Alberto Redaelli, Matteo Moretti, and Marco Rasponi. "Validation of a Novel Microscale Mold Patterning Protocol Based on Gelatin Methacrylate Photopolymerizable Hydrogels." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80723.

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Native tissues are composed of functional three-dimensional (3D) units on the scale of 100–1000μm. The 3D architecture of these repeating units underlies the coordination of multicellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis[1]. The requirement for 3D biomimetic matrices to mimic in vitro the ECM microarchitecture found in vivo becomes relevant in complex and vascularized tissue engineered models[2]. Among others, photopolymerizable hydrogels offer tunable geometrical features similar to the macromolecular-based components of soft ECM [3], can be crosslinked either in vivo or in vitro in the presence of a photoinitiator agent (PI) using visible or ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, and have shown good compatibility with several protocols for cell embedding at different size-scales. In the present study, a new protocol to obtain cell-laden hydrogel micropatterns with highly controlled geometrical features is presented, based on the combination of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replica molding and UV photopolimerization of methacrylate gelatin (GelMA).
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Antunes Junior, Osmar Dos Reis, Diego Cleber Trindade, Erison Brayon Batista, Alana Carolina Alberton, and Araceli Scalcon. "REUTILIZAÇÃO DE APARAS DE GELATINA GERADAS NO PROCESSO PRODUTIVO DE CÁPSULAS GELATINOSAS MOLES." In Anais do Congresso Brasileiro Interdisciplinar em Ciência e Tecnologia. Even3, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/167942.3-75.

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Ngo, Nam D., and Kumar K. Tamma. "Non-Isothermal “2-D Flow/3-D Thermal” Developments Encompassing Process Modeling of Composites: Flow/Thermal/Cure Formulations and Validations." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0801.

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Abstract In the manufacturing process of large geometrically complex components comprising of fiber-reinforced composite materials by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM), the process involves injection of resin into a mold cavity filled with porous fiber preforms. The overall success of the RTM manufacturing process depends on the complete impregnation of the fiber mat by the polymer resin, prevention of polymer gelation during filling, and subsequent avoidance of dry spots. Since a cold resin is injected into a hot mold, the associated physics encompasses a moving boundary value problem in conjunction with the multi-disciplinary study of flow/thermal and cure inside the mold cavity. Although experimental validations are indispensable, routine manufacture of large complex structural geometries can only be enhanced via computational simulations, thus eliminating costly trial runs and helping the designer in the set-up of the manufacturing process. This study describes the developments towards formulating an effective simulation based design methodology using the finite element method. The specific application is for thin shell-like geometries with thickness being much smaller than the other dimensions of the part. Due to the highly advective nature of the non-isothermal conditions involving thermal and polymerization reactions, special computational considerations and stabilization techniques are also proposed. Validations and comparisons with experimental results are presented whenever available.
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Hotz, Nico. "Micro- and Nano-Structured Catalytic Reactor for Biofuel Reforming in a Solar Collector." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91338.

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In this study, a novel flow-based method is presented to place catalytic nanoparticles into a reactor by solgelation of a porous ceramic consisting of copper-based nanoparticles, silica sand, ceramic binder, and a gelation agent. This method allows for the placement of a liquid precursor containing the catalyst into the final reactor geometry without the need of impregnating or coating of a substrate with the catalytic material. The so generated foam-like porous ceramic shows properties highly appropriate for use as catalytic reactor material, e.g., reasonable pressure drop due to its porosity, high thermal and catalytic stability, and excellent catalytic behavior. The catalytic activity of micro-reactors containing this foam-like ceramic is tested in terms of their ability to convert alcoholic biofuel (e.g. methanol) to a hydrogen-rich gas mixture with low concentrations of carbon monoxide (up to 75% hydrogen content and less than 0.2% CO, for the case of methanol). This gas mixture is subsequently used in a low-temperature fuel cell, converting the hydrogen directly to electricity. A low concentration of CO is crucial to avoid poisoning of the fuel cell catalyst. Since conventional Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells require CO concentrations far below 100 ppm and since most methods to reduce the mole fraction of CO (such as Preferential Oxidation or PROX) have CO conversions of up to 99%, the alcohol fuel reformer has to achieve initial CO mole fractions significantly below 1%. The catalyst and the porous ceramic reactor of the present study can successfully fulfill this requirement. The results of the present study confirm that product gas mixtures with up to 75% hydrogen content and less than 0.2% CO content can be achieved, which is an excellent result. The reactor temperature can be kept as low as 220°C while obtaining a methanol conversion of up to 70%. The used PROX catalyst showed selective CO conversion rates above 99.5% for temperatures between 80 and 100°C in presence of large molar fractions of H2O and CO2.
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Zhang, Haipeng, Aidan Johnson, Sangjin Ryu, Seunghee Kim, and Chi (Kevin) Zhang. "Fabrication of Heterogeneous Hydrogel Models for Convection-Enhanced Drug Delivery Studies." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-67615.

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Abstract Convection-enhanced drug delivery (CED) enables faster convective dispersion of drug molecules through soft, porous tissues than diffusion, which is beneficial for treating aggressive tumors. Advancing the CED technology requires rigorous characterization of fluid transport through soft, porous tissues. When a fluid flows through soft, porous tissues, the deformation and/or structural rearrangement of the hosting solid alters the pattern and efficiency of fluid propagation. Such hydro-mechanical coupling can be understood by experimentally studying fluid flows through hydrogel phantoms that mimic soft, porous tissues in vitro. However, current studies using hydrogel-based models are limited because homogenous hydrogel models with uniform properties have been employed. To overcome this limitation, we aim to develop heterogeneous hydrogel models for CED studies by embedding agar beads (1 w/v%) in an agarose gel block (0.2 or 0.6 w/v%), and this paper introduces our fabrication method in detail. The fabrication process includes two steps: fabrication of the gel beads and dispensing the gel beads in the agarose gel. In the first step, agar gel beads were fabricated with the rotating-liquid-based drop generation method. Hot agar gel solution (∼95°C) was injected through a syringe needle with its tip immersed in cold mineral oil (∼4°C) that rotates in rigid body motion. As agar gel solution drops were sheared off from the needle tip by the bulk mineral oil motion, they became spherical due to surface tension. While falling through the mineral oil, the gel drops were cooled and became gel beads. These agar gel beads were harvested, washed in water, and stored at 4°C. Microscopy imaging of the created gel beads confirmed that the sizes of the beads were uniform. In the second step of fabrication, agarose solution was prepared at 95°C, and the precooled agar beads were mixed in the agarose solution. Then, the mixture was poured into a precooled mold (a petri dish at −20°C), and then the mold was moved into a refrigerator immediately for quick cooling and gelation. Microscopy imaging of the embedded gel beads showed two heterogeneous agarose gel blocks with embedded agar beads were produced with different sized agar gel beads, different concentration of agarose gel, and different distribution of agar gel beads in agarose gel. The presented method has the following advantages. First, the size of agar beads can be adjusted by changing the injection speed of the agar solution and the rotation speed of the mineral oil. Second, the level of heterogeneity can be modulated by changing the properties of the gel beads and block and by adjusting the volume fraction between the gel beads and the gel block. Also, it is expected that the degree of fusion between the gel beads and the gel block could be controlled by adjusting the temperature of the agar gel beads and the agarose solution, and the cooling process of their mixture. Therefore, the suggested heterogeneous gel model has the potential to elucidating fluid flow through deformable, heterogeneous porous media and thus to advancing convection-enhanced drug delivery.
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