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Journal articles on the topic 'Gen Beta'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Fitria, Murni, Anggi Saputra, Rahmat Hidayat, and Niken Feladita. "Analisis Protein Gen LCYB pada Mikroalga Laut Phaeodactylum tricornutum menggunakan Pendekatan Bioinformatika." IJCA (Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis) 5, no. 2 (2022): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ijca.vol5.iss2.art8.

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LCYB merupakan gen yang memproduksi enzim Lycopene Beta Cyclase. Enzim Lycopene Beta Cyclase beperan dalam mengubah likopen menjadi ß-karoten. Gen LCYB terdapat pada diatom maupun mikroalga hijau. Berbeda dengan mikroalga hijau, penelitian mengenai struktur protein Lycopene Beta Cyclase selaku produk gen LCYB pada diatom masih minim publikasi. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan prediksi struktur produk gen LCYB pada diatom P. tricornutum secara bioinformatika. Untuk menganalisis perbedaan produk gen LCYB pada diatom dan mikroalga hijau, produk gen LCYB pada diatom P. tricornutum dibandingkan denga

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Widyawati, Keri Ayu, Suliati, Anita Dwi Anggraini, and Wisnu Istanto. "Deteksi Gen blaTEM Dari Bakteri Klebsiella Pneumoniae Penghasil Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Pada Pasien Infeksi Saluran Kemih." Jurnal Media Analis Kesehatan 15, no. 2 (2024): 158–66. https://doi.org/10.32382/jmak.v15i2.814.

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Infeksi saluran kemih merupakan infeksi yang terjadi pada saluran uretra dan kandung kemih yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Klebsiella pneumoniae salah satunya. Pengobatan atau terapi yang sering digunakan untuk penderita infeksi saluran kemih yakni dengan pemberian antibiotik golongan beta-laktam. Namun, terdapat beberapa bakteri yang memiliki enzim beta-laktamase yang merupakan salah satu penyebab bakteri resisten terhadap antibiotik. Enzim tersebut dikodekan oleh gen salah satunya gen TEM yang dapat menghidrolisis antibiotik golongan beta-laktam. Tujuan studi ini untuk mendeteksi gen blaTEM ter

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Pujianto, Dwi Ari, Andika Setyoadi, and Asmarinah ,. "Study of Expression and Regulation of Mouse Beta-Defensin 2 as a Model for Understanding Its Role in the Process of Sperm Maturation." Jurnal Biotek Medisiana Indonesia 9, no. 2 (2021): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jbmi.v9i2.4417.

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Abstrak Beberapa gen yang terekspresi spesfik di epididimis diduga terlibat dalam proses pematangan sperma. Ekspresi gen spesifik di epididimis dipengaruhi oleh androgen, faktor testikuler, dan terekspresi pada masa pubertas. Famili gen yang cukup banyak ditemukan terekspresi di epididimis adalah beta-defensin, salah satunya yaitu beta-defensin 2 (Defb2). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi gen Defb2 terkait dengan perannya pada proses pematangan sperma. Analisis bioinformatika digunakan pada penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai struktur gen, signal peptide, d

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Dr.A.Shaji, George. "The Beta Generation: How AI, Climate Change, and Technology Will Shape the Next Wave of Humans." Partners Universal International Innovation Journal (PUIIJ) 02, no. 06 (2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14626033.

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The arrival of Generation Beta, which includes people born between 2025 and 2039, marks a significant transition in the course of human history. As the first generation to mature in a world where technology and artificial intelligence are intricately connected with daily life, Gen Beta will be influenced by an unprecedented number of influences. Climate change, economic uncertainty, and social pressures will all be very hard to deal with, but this generation is ready to rise to the task with a unique mix of creativity, resilience, and AI-driven innovation. According to a report from the Pew Re

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Quỳnh, Bạch Thị Như, Nguyễn Hải Bằng, Hà Thị Thu, Nguyễn Văn Thảnh та Dương Quốc Chính. "Tạo thư viện chứng dương cho xét nghiệm sinh học phân tử chẩn đoán bệnh Beta Thalassemia". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Y học 151, № 3 (2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52852/tcncyh.v151i3.641.

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Beta Thalassemia là bệnh thiếu máu tan máu bẩm sinh gây ra bởi sự bất thường về di truyền trên gen beta-globin (HBB) để lại hậu quả nghiêm trọng về sức khỏe, ảnh hưởng tới giống nòi và là gánh nặng cho gia đình và xã hội. Xét nghiệm phát hiện sớm người mang gen bệnh bằng kỹ thuật sinh học phân tử hiện nay sử dụng chứng dương tách chiết từ máu của người mang đột biến, dẫn tới sự không đồng nhất về chất lượng, sự thiếu hụt nguồn chứng dương đặc biệt là những đột biến hiếm. Mục tiêu: tạo thư viện chứng dương cho 8 đột biến trên gen HBB. Đối tượng và phương pháp: 1456 bệnh nhân tiến hành sàng lọc

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Febrianto, Yahya, Ana Indrayati, and Elfahmi . "Deteksi Molekuler Ekson 2 Gen Beta Globin pada Pasien Beta Talasemia Mayor di RSUD DR. Soeroto Ngawi menggunakan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction- Single Strand Conformation Polimorfism." Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 15, no. 1 (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31001/jfi.v15i1.350.

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Beta talasemia adalah kelainan darah herediter akibat kelainan genetik pada genglobin.Hal ini menyebabkan kerusakan pada sel darah merah sehingga harus dilakukantransfusi darah secara teratur.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui adanya mutasi pada ekson 2 gen beta globin daripasien talasemia menggunakan metode PCR-SSCP.Sebanyak 5 sampel diisolasi DNA dandiamplifikasi dengan metode PCR.Selanjutnya hasil amplifikasi dikarakterisasi dengan metodeelektroforesis. Region 2 gen beta globin merupakan hasil amplifikasi dari primer forward 4 danprimer reverse 5 dengan ukuran target 350 bp. Produk PCR dar

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Huda, Choirul, Ana Indrayati, and Elfahmi Elfahmi. "Deteksi Molekuler Ekson 3 Gen Beta Globin pada Pasien Beta Talasemia Mayor di RSUD DR. Soeroto Ngawi menggunakan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction- Single Strand Conformation Polimorfism." Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 16, no. 1 (2019): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31001/jfi.v16i1.484.

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Talasemia merupakan penyakit genetik yang menyebabkan gangguan sintesis rantai globin, komponen utama molekul hemoglobin. dengan adanya sintesis rantai globin yang tidak seimbang maka akan menurunkan produksi sel darah merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui adanya mutasi pada ekson 3 gen beta globin pasien talasemia menggunakan metode PCR, dimana 5 sampel di isolasi DNA dan dilanjutkan amplifikasi PCR, hasil amplifikasi dielektroforesis region IV gen beta globin Region IV merupakan hasil amplifikasi dari primer forward 8 dan primer reverse 9 dengan target yaitu 214 bp, pada PCR terja

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Supriadi, Agus, Ana Indrayati, and Elfahmi Elfahmi. "DETEKSI MOLEKULER EKSON 1 GEN BETA GLOBIN PADA PASIEN TALASEMIA BETA MAYOR DI RSUD DR. SOEROTO NGAWI DENGAN METODE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)." Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 14, no. 2 (2019): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31001/jfi.v14i2.372.

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Talasemia merupakan kelainan akibat mutasi gen yang bersifat autosumal resesif yang disebabkan kekurangan sintesis rantai globin pembentuk hemoglobin darah dengan gejala mirip anemia maka akan menurunkan produksi sel darah merah, dan harus dilakukan penanganan dengan dilakukan transfusi darah secara teratur.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui adanya mutasi pada ekson 1 gen beta globin pasien talasemia menggunakan metode PCR, dimana 5 sampel di isolasi DNA dan dilanjutkan amplifikasi PCR, hasil amplifikasi dielektroforesis region 1 gen beta globin Region I merupakan hasil amplifikasi dari prime

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Yuwono, Yuwono. "Identifikasi Gen SHV pada Enterobacteriaceae Produsen Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)." Syifa' MEDIKA: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan 4, no. 1 (2013): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/sm.v4i1.1413.

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Salah satu problem resistensi terhadap antimikroba terutama di rumah sakit adalah kelompokEnterobacteriaceae yang memproduksi Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs). Tujuanpenelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi gen SHV pada Enterobacteriaceae produsen ESBLs padapasien yang dirawat di RSUP Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. Didapatkan 75 sampelEnterobacteriaceae berdasarkan uji Double Disk Approximation dan PCR. Spesies yang ditemukanadalah Klebsiella pneumoniae 30 (40,00%), Escherichia coli 17 (22,66%), Enterobacter sp 14(18,67%), Proteus Sp 12 (16,00%), dan Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 2 (2,6

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Lestari, Ida, Pestariati Pestariati, and Sri Sulami Endah Astuti. "Deteksi Gen Tem (Temoneira) dari Isolat Klinis Escherichia Coli Penghasil Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) Pasien Penderita Infeksi Saluran Kemih." Malahayati Nursing Journal 5, no. 1 (2023): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v5i1.7832.

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ABSTRACT Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a most common infectious disease. The prevalence of UTIs in Indonesia is estimated at 180.000 per year and can affect people of all ages. In East Java, the number of cases of Urinary Tract Infection reaches 3-4 cases per 100,000 population per year. The most dominant urinary tract infection is caused by Escherichia coli bacteria from the multidrug-resistant Gram-negative group, such as producing of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL). Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) are Beta- Lactamase enzymes which ability can cause bacteria resistant t

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Patricia, Venny, та Ahmad Yani. "IDENTIFIKASI METALLO-β-LACTAMASE (MBL) PADA ISOLAT BAKTERI GRAM NEGATIF DI RUMAH SAKIT KOTA PALEMBANG". JPP (Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Palembang) 18, № 1 (2023): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36086/jpp.v18i1.1424.

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Latar Belakang: Resistensi antibiotik merupakan ancaman bagi efektifitas pencegahan dan pengobatan terhadap penyakit infeksi. Antibiotik beta laktam ditemukan pertama kali sampai sekarang, angka kejadian infeksi oleh bakteri penghasil ESBL semakin meningkat diseluruh dunia. Ada 3 kelas menurut klasifikasi Ambler, diantara nya kelas B yaitu metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) paling banyak menyebar dan banyak didominasi oleh bakteri Enterobactericeae yang merupakan bagian dari bakteri gram negatif. mengetahui prevalensi enzim Metallo beta lactamase (MBL) pada isolat bakteri gram negatif berdasarkan me

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Putri, Rafika Febriani, Chairdin Dwi Nugraha, Ahmad Furqon, Wike Andre Septian, and Suyadi Suyadi. "Identifikasi Keragaman Genetik Gen Inhibin Subunit Alpha (INHA) dan Inhibin Subunit Beta A (INHBA) Pada Sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO)." TERNAK TROPIKA Journal of Tropical Animal Production 22, no. 1 (2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtapro.2021.022.01.9.

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Gen Inhibin berperan dalam mengatur proliferasi sel, pertumbuhan kelenjar adrenal, hematopoiesis dan metabolisme tulang. Inhibin subunit alpha juga diketahui memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap berat badan, panjang tubuh dan lingkar badan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi keragaman gen INHA dan INHBA pada Sapi PO yang berturut-turut sebanyak 68 ekor sapi PO yang berasal dari UPT PT HMT Tuban dan 11 ekor sapi PO BBIB Singosari. Metode pendeteksian keragaman gen menggunakan metode sequencing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada sapi PO populasi UPT Tuban ditemukan tiga ge

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Trần, Sơn Tùng, Thị Hà Phương Triệu, Bội Ngọc Trần та ін. "NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM LÂM SÀNG CÁC THỂ BỆNH BETA-THALASSEMIA". Tạp chí Y Dược học Cần Thơ, № 60 (29 червня 2023): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.58490/ctump.2023i60.593.

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Đặt vấn đề: Beta-thalassemia là nhóm bệnh thiếu máu di truyền gen lặn theo quy luật Mendel do đột biến gen globin làm giảm hoặc mất tổng hợp các chuỗi β-globin từ đó gây ra tình trạng thiếu máu tán huyết. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Mô tả đặc điểm lâm sàng beta-thalassemia thể nhẹ, thể trung gian và thể nặng. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang trên 44 bệnh nhân mắc beta-thalassemia đến khám và điều trị tại Bệnh viện Huyết học-Truyền máu Cần Thơ và Bệnh viện Trường Đại học Y Dược Cần Thơ từ tháng 06/2021-12/2022. Kết quả: Độ tuổi trung bình biểu hiện triệu chứng đầu tiên l

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Prasetya, Yulianto Ade. "DETEKSI GEN SHV PADA ISOLAT KLINIK Escherichia coli PENGHASIL EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA−LACTAMASES (ESBLs) DENGAN METODE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) DARI URIN PASIEN DI RSUD Dr. SOETOMO SURABAYA." Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi 11, no. 2 (2018): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v11i2.5779.

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AbstrakEscherichia coli penghasil Extended Spectrum Beta Lactmases (ESBLs) bertanggungjawab terhadap terjadinya wabah infeksi nosokomial, peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas, serta peningkatan biaya kesehatan. Enzim yang diproduksi oleh gen SHV dari bakteri mampu menghidrolisis antibiotik sefotaksim dan seftazidim. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prevalensi gen SHV pada isolat klinik E. coli penghasil ESBLs dari urin pasien yang merupakan koleksi Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya pada bulan Januari-Februari 2014. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah o

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Trang, Đào Thị, Phạm Thị Ngọc Ánh, Vũ Thị Thu Hà та ін. "Phát hiện người lành mang gen thalassemia ở đối tượng kiểm tra trước kết hôn, trước mang thai và trước sinh bằng giải trình tự thế hệ mới và gap-PCR". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Y học 182, № 9 (2024): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52852/tcncyh.v182i9.2643.

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Thalassemia là bệnh di truyền lặn phổ biến tại Việt Nam. Xác định sớm người lành mang gen bệnh thalassemia, tư vấn trước sinh giúp hạn chế sinh con mắc thalassemia thể trung bình - nặng. Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang với mục tiêu xác định tỉ lệ người lành mang gen và mô tả các biến thể gây bệnh trên đồng thời hai gen HBA, HBB dựa trên hồi cứu kết quả xét nghiệm gen thalassemia sử dụng phương pháp giải trình tự thế hệ mới (Next Generation Sequencing-NGS) và gap-PCR của 764 đối tượng đến kiểm tra trước hôn nhân, trước mang thai và trước sinh tại Bệnh viện Đại học Y Hà Nội từ 2/2023 đến 10/2023. Tỉ

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Anh, Đỗ Thị Kiều, Trần Huy Thịnh, Phạm Lê Anh Tuấn, Nguyễn Thanh Bình та Trần Vân Khánh. "Xác định đột biến trên gen SCN1B ở bệnh nhân mắc hội chứng Brugada". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Y học 164, № 3 (2023): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52852/tcncyh.v164i3.1450.

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Hội chứng Brugada là một trong những nguyên nhân phổ biến nhất gây đột tử liên quan tim mạch. Đây là một rối loạn điện sinh lý học ở tim bẩm sinh, là hậu quả của đột biến những gen mã hóa kênh dẫn truyền ion trong hệ tim mạch. Một trong số đó là gen SCN1B (Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Beta Subnit-1), đột biến gen SCN1B gây ra sự giảm chức năng protein kênh Natri β1 (Navβ1). Đề tài được thực hiện nhằm xác định đột biến trên gen SCN1B ở bệnh nhân mắc hội chứng Brugada bằng kỹ thuật giải trình tự gen, dựa trên đối tượng nghiên cứu là DNA tách chiết từ mẫu máu ngoại vi của 50 bệnh nhân được chẩn đ

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Quỳnh Anh, Mai, Trần Thị Chi Mai, Nguyễn Thị Phương Thúy та Nguyễn Kim Đồng. "Đặc điểm hóa sinh của bệnh nhân thiếu beta-ketothiolase". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Y học 171, № 10 (2023): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52852/tcncyh.v171i10.2016.

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Bệnh thiếu hụt enzym beta-ketothiolase là một bệnh rối loạn chuyển hóa do đột biến gen ACAT1 (gen T2) nằm trên nhiễm sắc thể số 11 (11q22.3-q23). Bệnh được đặc trưng bởi những đợt nhiễm toan ceton cấp và không có triệu chứng lâm sàng giữa các đợt. Cơ chế gây bệnh thiếu enzym beta-ketothiolase là do đột biến gen T2, dẫn tới gián đoạn quá trình giáng hóa isoleucin và thể ceton trong cơ thể. Các xét nghiệm hóa sinh đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc sàng lọc và chẩn đoán bệnh thiếu hụt enzym beta-ketothiolase. Nghiên cứu hồi cứu, mô tả một loạt ca bệnh được thực hiện nhằm mô tả các đặc điểm sàng

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Satari, Mieke. "The molecular phenomena of the blaZ genes forming betalactamase enzymes structure in Staphylococcus aureus resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin)." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 43, no. 3 (2010): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v43.i3.p146-150.

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Background: Nowadays, infectious disease still an important problem. One of the bacteria causing infectious diseases is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In the effort to deal with infections caused by S. aureus, beta-lactam antibiotics, such as ampicillin, are used. In fact, it is unfortunately known that many of S. aureus bacteria are resistant to this group of antibiotics. Because of nucleotide base changes in the structure of the genes blaZ which encode beta-lactamase enzymes in S. aureus. Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze the nucleotide base changes in the structure of

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Ojha, Dharma Raj. "AI-Driven Personalized Learning Systems for Gen Alpha and Beta: Opportunities and Challenges." American Journal of Innovation in Science and Engineering 4, no. 2 (2025): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajise.v4i2.4644.

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This research paper explores the potential of AI-driven personalized learning systems for Generation Alpha (born 2010-2024) and Generation Beta (born 2025 onwards). As these digital natives enter educational institutions, there is a growing need for innovative learning approaches that cater to their unique characteristics and expectations. This study examines the opportunities and challenges associated with implementing AI-powered personalized learning systems for these generations. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis of existing AI-driven educational technologies, we identi

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De Dios, Alejandro, Sofía Irene Trobo, María Silvia Pérez, Ignacio Chiesa, Gustavo Daniel Frechtel, and Ariel Pablo López. "PRESENTACIONES POCO FRECUENTES DE DIABETES TIPO MODY, EL EJEMPLO DEL MODY TIPO 5 Y LAS FORMAS DE NOVO DE MODY TIPO 2." Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes 51, no. 4 (2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.47196/diab.v51i4.39.

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El MODY se produce por alteraciones en genes relacionados con el metabolismo de la célula beta pancreática. El tipo 2 es uno de los más frecuentes y se produce por alteraciones en el gen GCK (glucoquinasa) y el tipo 5 es mucho menos frecuente y se produce por alteraciones en el gen HNF1B (factor nuclear hepático 1B). Se presentan con herencia autosómica dominante, aunque se ha descripto la presencia de mutaciones de novo.El objetivo del trabajo fue buscar mutaciones en el gen GCK en pacientes sin antecedentes familiares pero con características clínicas de MODY2 y mutaciones en el gen HNF1B en

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Prasetya, Yulianto Ade. "Deteksi Gen SHV pada Isolat Klinik Eschericia coli Penghasil Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) dari Urin Pasien di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya." Bioeksperimen: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi 4, no. 2 (2018): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/bioeksperimen.v4i2.6884.

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Esherichia coli ESBLs bertanggungjawab terhadap terjadinya wabah infeksi nosokomial, peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas, serta peningkatan biaya kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini yakni untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gen SHV pada isolat klinik E.coli penghasil ESBLs dari urine pasien yang merupakan koleksi Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya pada bulan Januari - Februari 2014. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasional deskriptif dengan pendekatan molekul genetik. Metode yang digunakan untuk deteksi gen SHV menggunakan PCR (Polymerase ChainReaction) kemudian diel

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Phan, Minh Thi Tuyet, Viet Quoc Nguyen, Hy Gia Le, Thoa Kim Nguyen, and Man Dinh Tran. "Molecular cloning gene and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from Bacillus sp VLSH08 strain applying to biomass hydrolysis." Journal of Vietnamese Environment 3, no. 2 (2012): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol3.no2.pp80-86.

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Bacillus sp VLSH08 screened from sea wetland in Nam Dinh province produces an extracellular endo-1,4-beta-glucanase. According to the results of the classified Kit API 50/CHB as well as sequence of 1500 bp fragment coding for 16S rRNA gene of the Bacillus sp VLSH 08 strain showed that the taxonomical characteristics between the strain VLSH 08 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciene JN999857 are similar of 98%. Culture supernatant of this strain showed optimal cellulase activity at pH 5.8 and 60°C and that was enhanced 2.03 times in the presence of 5 mM Co2+. Moreover, the gene encoding endo-1,4-beta-gl

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Sabrina, Tia, Erizka Rivani, and Venny Patricia. "Analisis Gen Blavim, Blandm dan Blaimp Carbapenemase dengan Alat Otomatis Vitek-2 dan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) pada Isolat Bakteri Enterobacteriaceae di RSUP Dr. Moh. Hoesin Palembang." Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine 1, no. 2 (2018): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/sjm.v1i2.10.

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Enterobacteriaceae merupakan flora normal pada saluran intestinal manusia yang paling sering menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia. Carbapenem merupakan antibiotik lini terakhir yang digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi berat yang diakibatkan oleh bakteri batang Gram negatif, seperti Enterobacteriaceae, namun terjadi peningkatan prevalensi infeksi yang diakibatkan oleh Enterobacteriaceae yang resisten terhadap carbapenem (CRE). Adapun gen yang mengkode pada CRE antara lain gen blaVIM, blaNDM, dan blaIMP dan deteksi pada gen-gen ini sangat penting dalam pencegahan dan penyebaran infeksi nosokomial di

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GÖRGEÇ, Sündüz, Çiğdem KUZUCU, Barış OTLU, Funda YETKİN, and Yasemin ERSOY. "Investigation of Beta-Lactamase Genes and Clonal Relationship Among the Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Nosocomial Escherichia coli Isolates." Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 49, no. 1 (2015): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/mb.8437.

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Sumantri, Nur Imaniati, and Dian Rachma Wijayanti. "Prediction of RNA Secondary Structure at IVS1 Mutation of Beta Globin Gene." International Journal of ChemTech Research 13, no. 1 (2020): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.130131.

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Background: Beta globin gene is responsible for producing beta globin chains that stabilize the structure and function of hemoglobin. This gene expression is controlled by complex interactions of transcriptions factors and its regulatory elements in a specific manner. Disturbed beta globin genes may result in hemoglobinopathies, mainly sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia. It seems interesting that several mutations occurring in intronic region results in severe symptoms to beta thalassemia patients, such an IVS1nt5 G>C. This research aimed to analyze RNA structural alteration effected

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Dashora, Jyoti, Rakesh Bhandari, Anushreya Ghewariya, and Riya Meena. "The Role of Technology in Recruitment of Gen Z and Shaping Future Strategies for Gen Beta." Shiv Shakti International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Academic Research 13, no. 2 (2025): 43–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15173987.

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Bolla, Andrea Mario, Vera Usuelli, Moufida Ben Nasr, et al. "Next-gen therapeutics to spare and expand beta-cell mass." Current Opinion in Pharmacology 61 (December 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2021.09.001.

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Nirmawati Angria and Zarqia. "Deteksi Gen mecA pada Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Pasien Infeksi Saluran Kemih." Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) 18, no. 2 (2023): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/pannmed.v18i2.1623.

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Saluran kemih manusia adalah organ yang mengumpulkan dan menyimpan urin dan organ yang mengeluarkan urin dari tubuh adalah ginjal, ureter, kandung kemih dan uretra. MRSA merupakan bakteri yang muncul dan mampu bertahan terhadap efek antimikroba. Diidentifikasi sebagai patogen utama dari infeksi nosokomial. Pemasangan berbagai macam kateter dapat meningkatkan kejadian infeksi saluran kemih yang disebabkan oleh MRSA. Salah satu faktor penyebab Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) mengacu pada Staphylococcus aureus yang mampu melawan antibiotik yang terdaftar, seperti: methicillin,

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Setiadji, Vinisia, Bidasari Lubis, Adi Koesoema Aman, and Herman Hariman. "DISCREPANCY BETWEEN HAEMOGLOBIN, RDW, AND MEAN CORPUSCULAR VALUES IN PATIENTS WITH BETA THALASSEMIA / HEMOGLOBIN E DISEASE AND BETA THALASSEMIA TRAIT." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 25, no. 3 (2019): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v25i3.1459.

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Thalassemia beta / hemoglobin E adalah suatu kondisi dengan heterozigot ganda gen pembawa thalassemia beta dan hemoglobin E. Hal ini menyebabkan kondisi dengan gambaran fenotip yang berat dibandingkan trait thalassemia beta dan trait hemoglobin E. Secara logika, nilai mean corpuscular dari thalassemia beta / hemoglobin E seharusnya memburuk. Pada penelitian ini, kami meneliti sebelas kasus dari dua keluarga dengan anggota menderita thalassemia beta / hemoglobin E.Pada keluarga-1 dua anggota dengan trait thalassemia beta memiliki nilai MCV 68 fL dan 65 fL, dan nilai MCH 21 pg dan 20 pg. Pada ke

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Gunawan, Asep, Sarah Tazkya, Kasita Listyarini, Mohamad Yamin, Ismeth Inounu, and Cece Sumantri. "Karakterisasi Gen KIF12 (Kinesin Familly 12) serta Hubungannya dengan Komposisi Asam Lemak pada Domba." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 5, no. 2 (2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v5i3.4978.

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ABSTRAKKinesin Family 12 (KIF12) merupakan gen yang terlibat dalam mediasi kaskade antioksidan dalam sel beta sebagai sebuah target intraselular dari kelebihan asupan lemak atau lipotoksit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakterisasai gen KIF12 melalui identifikasi keragaman dan asosiasi gen KIF12 terhadap komposisi asam lemak pada domba. Sampel domba yang digunakan sebanyak 35 ekor yang terdiri dari Domba ekor Gemuk (DEG) dan Domba Ekor Tipis (DET) masing-masing 20 dan 15 ekor. Titik mutasi gen KIF12 berada pada posisi g.9617965 C>T. Identifikasi keragaman gen KIF12 diana

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Phương, Lê Thị, Vương Vũ Việt Hà, Trần Thị Quỳnh Trang, Đinh Thúy Linh та Trần Vân Khánh. "Phát hiện các đột biến xóa đoạn cụm gen β-globin bằng kỹ thuật MLPA". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Y học 182, № 9 (2024): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52852/tcncyh.v182i9.2657.

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Beta-thalassemia là một trong những bệnh di truyền lặn trên nhiễm sắc thể thường phổ biến. Nguyên nhân gây bệnh là do giảm (β+) hoặc không (β0) tổng hợp chuỗi β-globin của phân tử hemoglobin (Hb). Trên 350 đột biến trên cụm gen β-globin đã được báo cáo trên ngân hàng dữ liệu ClinVar. Đột biến xóa đoạn lớn chỉ chiếm tỉ lệ nhỏ trong các dạng đột biến gây bệnh nhưng thường bị bỏ sót do chưa được tích hợp sẵn vào các bộ kit thương mại. Kỹ thuật MLPA để xác định đột biến mất đoạn/lặp đoạn có độ nhạy và độ đặc hiệu cao. Với mục tiêu phát hiện các biến xóa đoạn lớn cụm gen β-globin, nghiên cứu tiến h

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Darras-Joly, C., J. P. Bédos, C. Sauve, et al. "Synergy between amoxicillin and gentamicin in combination against a highly penicillin-resistant and -tolerant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse pneumonia model." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 9 (1996): 2147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.9.2147.

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In vivo synergy with beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides has been studied only with penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. We evaluated the interaction between amoxicillin (AMX) and gentamicin (GEN) on the basis of in vitro checkerboard and time-kill curves and of findings in a mouse model of acute bacteremic pneumonia due to a highly penicillin-resistant and -tolerant S. pneumoniae strain of serotype 19 (penicillin and AMX MICs of 4 micrograms/ml; gentamicin MIC of 16 micrograms/ml). Checkerboard results at 18 h of incubation showed indifference. With regard to AMX a

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Angulo Ureña, Guido, Rebeca Koss Hernández, and José Manuel Monge Ortiz. "Generalidades y tratamientos emergentes en la Beta Talasemia." Revista Medica Sinergia 5, no. 12 (2020): e549. http://dx.doi.org/10.31434/rms.v5i12.549.

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La beta-talasemia es un trastorno congénito causado generalmente por mutaciones puntuales en el gen que codifica para la síntesis de cadenas beta de la globina, lo que produce un fenómeno de eritropoyesis ineficaz, y reducción de la vida media de los eritrocitos en las formas más severas. Dentro de la clasificación se engloban formas de talasemia de diversos comportamientos clínicos; desde formas severas hasta formas asintomáticas. Las complicaciones de las talasemias muchas veces se asocian al tratamiento crónico de la misma. El tratamiento actual conlleva transfusiones sanguíneas a repetició

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Wasdili, Fini Ainun Qolbi, Sitti Romlah, and Shintia Novianty. "Kuantifikasi Gen VDR pada Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 dengan Metode Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction." Anakes : Jurnal Ilmiah Analis Kesehatan 7, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37012/anakes.v7i1.452.

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Diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2 adalah penyakit yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia akibat resistensi tubuh terhadap efek insulin yang diproduksi oleh sel beta pankreas. Pada lansia terjadi proses menua yang menyebabkan banyak perubahan, Defisiensi vitamin D dapat terjadi pada penderita DM tipe 2 dan mempercepat resistensi insulin. Vitamin D berperan pada imunomodulator yang melindungi terhadap kejadian DM melalui gen Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) yang diekspresikan pada sel penyaji antigen, sel T aktivasi dan sel β pankreas. Jumlah VDR yang ada di dalam tubuh tergantung pada gen VDR yang diekspresikan

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Skliarenko, Y., V. Ladyka, J. Pavlenko, T. Drevytska, V. Dosenko, and V. Vechorka. "Estimación de las poblaciones locales de ganado lechero en la región noreste de Ucrania según el genotipo de beta-caseína." Archivos de Zootecnia 73, no. 284 (2024): 234–39. https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v73i284.5864.

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El objetivo de este estudio es la genotipificación de diferentes razas de ganado lechero según el gen CSN2 (rs43703011), el cálculo, la evaluación y el análisis de las frecuencias de los genotipos y alelos. Utilizando métodos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, se ha estudiado el polimorfismo del gen CSN2 (GenBank M55158; SNP rs43703011) en 5 razas de vacas y 4 razas de toros sementales en el noreste de Ucrania. Las frecuencias de los genotipos A1/A1, A1/A2, A2/A2 y los alelos A1 o A2 varían significativamente en vacas de diferentes razas de ganado: raza Lebedyn - 10%, 33%,

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Prameswari, Larasita, Linda Silvana Sari, and Ima Arum Lestarini. "PREVALENSI TERDUGA TALASEMIA BETA MINOR BERDASARKAN SKRINING DENGAN INDEKS MENTZER DAN INDEKS RED DISTRIBUTION WIDTH PADA SISWA SMP NEGERI 7 PUJUT." Unram Medical Journal 9, no. 2 (2020): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jk.v9i2.4362.

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Talasemia beta adalah gangguan darah yang sering ditemukan di Indonesia dengan frekuensi gen pembawa talasemia beta yang tinggi, yaitu sekitar 3 sampai 10%. Talasemia beta hingga saat ini belum dapat disembuhkan namun dapat dicegah dengan melakukan skrining talasemia untuk identifikasi awal individu talasemia beta minor pada suatu populasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prevalensi anemia dan prevalensi terduga talasemia beta minor pada siswa SMP Negeri 7 Pujut berdasarkan indeks Mentzer dan indeks Red Distribution Width (RDW). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif ku

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Ladyka, V., Y. Pavlenko та Y. Sklyarenko. "Uso del polimorfismo del gen de la β-caseína en términos de preservación del ganado lechero marrón". Archivos de Zootecnia 70, № 269 (2021): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/az.v70i269.5422.

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Los componentes biológicamente importantes de la leche son la grasa, la proteína, la lactosa y los minerales. Gracias a ellos, es una parte significativa y esencial de la dieta humana. En los últimos años, entre los componentes de la proteína, la beta-caseína ha ganado gran importancia y popularidad entre las personas que se preocupan por su salud. Por lo tanto, la composición beta-caseína de proteínas lácteas y productos lácteos se ha convertido en una característica de cría importante de los animales lácteos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las perspectivas para el uso del polimorfi

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Lan, Nguyễn Hoàng, та Cấn Thị Bích Ngọc. "Đái tháo đường khởi phát ở người trẻ tuổi thể 12 (MODY12): Đặc điểm lâm sàng và điều trị". Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Y học 191, № 6 (2025): 241–47. https://doi.org/10.52852/tcncyh.v191i6.3519.

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Đái tháo đường khởi phát sớm ở người trẻ (MODY) là thể đái tháo đường đơn gen do rối loạn chức năng tế bào beta, di truyền trội trên nhiễm sắc thể thường. Có 14 thể MODY (MODY1–14), mỗi thể có biểu hiện và điều trị khác nhau. Chúng tôi báo cáo trường hợp MODY12 do biến thể gây bệnh dị hợp tử c.3544C>T (p.Arg1182Trp) trên gen ABCC8 (mã hóa SUR1). Trẻ nam 14 tuổi nhập vì uống nhiều, đái nhiều, sụt cân; glucose huyết lúc đói 14,6 mmol/L, HbA1c 14,2%, C-peptid 1,04 ng/mL, insulin 3,75 mU/L, ceton niệu (++). Gia đình có mẹ đái tháo đường típ 1 lúc 15 tuổi và bà ngoại đái tháo đường khi 60 tuổi đ

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Sanatang, Wa Ode Yuliastri, and Dyah Qadratillah. "Deteksi Gen NF-KB dan TLR4 pada Tikus Diet Tinggi Lemak Pra dan Pasca Pemberian Free Cell dari Bakteri Simbion Kulit Pisang." Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Mandala Waluya 3, no. 1 (2023): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54883/28093151.v3i1.52.

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Diet tinggi lemak menyebabkan risiko obesitas. Obesitas ini dapat menyebabkan inflamasi tingkat rendah akibat aktivasi Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta (NF-kB) melalui Toll Like Receptor (TLR-4). Pada penelitian ini peran free cell dari bakteri simbion kulit pisang diharapkan mampu menurunkan ekspresi gen NF-kB dan TLR-4 pada tikus diet tinggi lemak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendeteksi gen NF-kB dan TLR4 pada tikus diet tinggi lemak pra dan pasca pemberian free cell dari bakteri simbion kulit pisang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan desain pre post control. Sampel pada penelit

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Như, Trương Thị Huỳnh, Huỳnh Thị Ngọc Mai, Lê Hồng Kông та ін. "Bước đầu Nghiên cứu sự Hiện diện của Sri Lankan Cassava Mosaic Virus (SLCMV) trên Sắn (Manihot esculenta Crantz 1766)". TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC ĐẠI HỌC MỞ THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH - KỸ THUẬT VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ 17, № 2 (2022): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.vi.17.2.2194.2022.

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Các khảo cứu về Sri Lankan Cassava Mosaic Virus (SLCMV) ở tải lượng virus thấp trên cây sắn (Manihot esculenta Crantz 1766), đặc biệt là giống kháng virus hoặc giống sạch bệnh thường đòi hỏi cao về hiệu suất tách chiết và phát hiện DNA mạch đơn của virus (ssDNA). Trong nghiên cứu, bốn quy trình ly trích DNA tổng sổ khác nhau được dùng nhằm mục đích tách được hàm lượng ssDNA cao. Đồng thời, sử dụng quy trình Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) và Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) để phát hiện sự hiện diện của SLCMV với các cặp mồi nhân bản gen Rep/AC1 của virus và cặp mồi nhân bản gen nội chuẩn Beta-Actin của

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Bringloe, Trevor T., Karl Cottenie, Gillian K. Martin, and Sarah J. Adamowicz. "The importance of taxonomic resolution for additive beta diversity as revealed through DNA barcoding." Genome 59, no. 12 (2016): 1130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2016-0080.

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Additive diversity partitioning (α, β, and γ) is commonly used to study the distribution of species-level diversity across spatial scales. Here, we first investigate whether published studies of additive diversity partitioning show signs of difficulty attaining species-level resolution due to inherent limitations with morphological identifications. Second, we present a DNA barcoding approach to delineate specimens of stream caddisfly larvae (order Trichoptera) and consider the importance of taxonomic resolution on classical (additive) measures of beta (β) diversity. Caddisfly larvae were sampl

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Falco Restrepo, Aura Dayana del Carmen, and Carlos Andrés Aranaga Arias. "Resistencia a los antibióticos beta-lactámicos Carbapenems mediada por el gen blaKPC en Klebsiella pneumoniae." Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental 6, no. 2 (2015): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/21456453.1409.

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<p> Los carbapenems son antibióticos â-lactamicos de amplio espectro que se utilizan como terapia de primera línea para tratar pacientes con infecciones graves. Actualmente, la resistencia a carbapenems se asocia con la presencia de â-lactamasas capaces de hidrolizar estos antibióticos. La carbapenemasa de clase A más común es KPC, la cual es codificada por el gen <em>bla</em>KPC que generalmente, se encuentra ubicado en plásmidos. La selección y la rápida propagación de aislados de <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae </em>portadores de estas carbapenemasas se ha convertido

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Magdalena, J., B. Joris, J. Van Beeumen, R. Brasseur та J. Dusart. "Regulation of the β-lactamase BlaL of Streptomyces cacaoi: the product of the blaB regulatory gene is an internal membrane-bound protein". Biochemical Journal 311, № 1 (1995): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3110155.

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The beta-lactamase-encoding gene blaL, cloned from Streptomyces cacaoi in Streptomyces lividans, is inducible by beta-lactam compounds. This regulation has been shown to depend on the products of two open reading frames, ORF1 (blaA) and ORF2 (blaB) [Lenzini, Magdalena, Fraipont, Joris, Matagne and Dusart (1992) Mol. Gen. Genet. 235, 41-48]. BlaA belongs to the LysR family of transcription activators, whereas BlaB shares some features with the penicillin-recognizing proteins. BlaB has now been overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and used for antibody preparation. Immunoblotting of cell-

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Yu, Wen Qing, Gui Ping Zheng, De Wen Qiu, Feng Chao Yan, Wen Zhi Liu, and Wan Xue Liu. "Draft genome sequence, disease-resistance genes, and phenotype of a Paenibacillus terrae strain (NK3-4) with the potential to control plant diseases." Genome 61, no. 10 (2018): 725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2018-0113.

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Paenibacillus terrae NK3-4 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that may be useful for controlling plant diseases. We conducted a genomic analysis and identified the genes mediating antimicrobial functions. Additionally, an extracellular antifungal protein component was isolated and identified. The draft genome sequence was assembled into 54 contigs, with 5 458 568 bp and a G+C content of 47%. Moreover, 4 690 015 bp encoded 5090 proteins, 7 rRNAs, and 54 tRNAs. Forty-four genes involved in antimicrobial functions were detected. They mainly encode 19 non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRP

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Arredondo Botero, Julia Victoria, and Germán Darío Saavedra Correa. "Polimorfismos del gen Dopamina beta hidroxilasa y su asociación con temperamento bovino." CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia 11, no. 1 (2016): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesmvz.11.1.5.

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Rangel González, Fátima. "Teorías actuales acercade los procesos neurodegenerativos de la enfermedad de Alzheimer." Acta de ciencia en Salud, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/acs.v0i1.2.

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La enfermedad de Alzheimer es un tema de gran relevancia actualmente, por lo tanto es muy importante tener en cuenta las teorías que hasta ahora se conocen acerca de los daños neurológicos de esta enfermedad. Aun no se tiene una causa específica que explique esta enfermedad en su totalidad, sin embargo se tienen datos de investigaciones anteriores de esta enfermedad que tiene como etiología neurodegenerativa diversos factores como la acumulación del péptido ȕ- amiloide, que contribuye a la degeneración de neuronas; los ovillos neurofibrilares favorecen la acumulación y formación de agregados;

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Agustinus Adi Nugraha, Mas Aditya Senaputra, and Siti Munawaroh. "Korelasi Srivastava Formula Terhadap Kadar Ferritin Pada Pasien Talasemia Beta Mayor." Plexus Medical Journal 4, no. 3 (2025): 111–17. https://doi.org/10.20961/plexus.v4i3.2062.

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Pendahuluan: Talasemia beta adalah penyakit genetik didapatkan adanya mutasi gen sehingga terjadi defek dalam produksi rantai polipeptida beta globin yang berdampak pada kejadian anemia dan kadar ferritin dalam tubuh. Srivastava formula dapat digunakan dalam skrining penyebab anemia karena talasemia beta atau karena adanya defisiensi zat besi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan korelasi antara Srivastava Formula terhadap kadar ferritin pada pasien talasemia beta mayor. Metode: Penelitian ini akan dilakukan dengan desain penelitian observasional analitik untuk mengetahui korelasi antara

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Susanto, Zaenal Adi, Wahyu Siswandari, and Lantip Rujito. "Korelasi Genotip-Fenotip Pasien Talasemia Beta Di Kota Samarinda Kalimantan Timur Tahun 2019." Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan 48, no. 2 (2020): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/bpk.v48i2.2362.

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Abstract Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that is autosomal recessive and is quite common throughout the world. This study aims to determine the relationship of Hemoglobin beta (HBB) gene mutations types with clinical levels and hematological in the subjects of 31 thalassemia-beta patients in Samarinda City. Blood samples were taken from patients to obtain their DNA then amplified them with the Polymerase Chain Reaction and direct sequencing techniques to analyze the hemoglobin-beta gene mutation. Javanese ethnics is the most dominant in this study (64.5%) and the most common clin

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Maszenan, A. M., R. J. Seviour, B. K. C. Patel, and P. Schumann. "Quadricoccus australiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a beta-proteobacterium from activated sludge biomass." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52, no. 1 (2002): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-52-1-223.

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Pressley, T. A., F. Ismail-Beigi, G. G. Gick, and I. S. Edelman. "Increased abundance of Na+-K+-ATPase mRNAs in response to low external K+." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 255, no. 2 (1988): C252—C260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1988.255.2.c252.

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Exposure of ARL 15 cells, an established line from adult rat liver, to external K+ concentrations less than 1 mM for 24 h increases Na+-K+ pump abundance (Na+-K+-ATPase) (J. Gen. Physiol. 87:591-606, 1986). We found that treatment of confluent monolayers of ARL 15 cells with low-K+ medium (0.65 mM) caused a 100% increase in total RNA content per plate after 24 h, as well as a 25% increase in DNA and protein content per plate. Concomitant with this growth effect, low-K+ exposure for 6 h elicited 60% increases in mRNA alpha and mRNA beta, the mRNAs that encode the constituent subunits of the Na+

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