Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gen (langue)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Gen (langue)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gen (langue)"

1

Picard, Marc. "On the Effects of Frequency-Induced Phonological Change." Diachronica 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.14.1.05pic.

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SUMMARY It has long been recognized that there are two basic types of sound change: phonetic change, which is intrinsically regular, and analogical change, which is basically irregular. In addition, it has been argued by Witold Manczak that in any language, about one third of the words manifest an irregular sound change due to frequency. Such changes have in common the fact that in language after language they apply to the same lexical categories, amputating segments from forms whose length and frequency are in discordance. Although Manczak has studied this phenomenon extensively from a diachronic perspective, no one has yet looked specifically at the synchronic consequences of this type of change. What such a study reveals, inter alia, is how it is possible for an irregular sound change due to frequency to yield a regular synchronic morphophonemic rule, and also how such a morphophonemic process can emerge without first going through a strictly phonological stage. RÉSUMÉ On reconnaît depuis longtemps qu'il y a deux types de changements phonologiques: le changement phonétique, qui est intrinsèquement régulier, et le changement analogique, qui est fondamentalement irrégulier. Or voilà plusieurs années que Witold Mariczak tente de démontrer que dans toute langue, environ le tiers des mots manifeste un changement irrégulier dû à la fréquence. De tels changements ont en commun le fait que dans langue après langue, ils s'appliquent aux mêmes catégories lexicales en amputant des segments aux formes dont la longueur et la fréquence sont en déséquilibre. Bien que Mariczak ait étudié ce phénomène à fond dans une optique historique, personne n'a encore examiné de façon spécifique les conséquences synchroniques de ce type de changement. Une telle étude démontre, entre autre, qu'il est possible pour un changement phonologique irrégulier dû à la fréquence d'aboutir à une règle morphophonémique synchronique régulière, et aussi comment un tel processus morphophonémique peut surgir sans avoir passé au préalable par une étape strictement phonologique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das Vorhandensein von zwei Grundtypen der Lautveränderung ist seit langem anerkannt: phonetischer Wandel, der gewöhnlich regulär ist, und aria-logischer Wandel, der als irregular gilt. Hierzu kame noch die Tatsache, laut Witold Manczak, daB in jeder Sprache etwa ein Drittel der Wörter häufig-keitsbedingten unregelmaßigen Lautwandel unterliege. Solche Veränderun-gen haben die Eigenschaft gemein, daB in einer Sprache nach der anderen stets die gleichen lexikalischen Kategorien betroffen sind, in dem sie Segmente abtrennen, deren Lange und Gebrauchshäufigkeit im Widerspruch stehen. Abschon Manczak dieses Phanomen intensiv aus der diachronischen Perspektive studiert hat, hat bis heute niemand sein Augenmerk auf die synchronen Konsequenzen dieses Veranderungstyps gerichtet. Was namlich eine solche Untersuchung zutage fördert, ist u.a. wie es möglich ist für einen irregulären Lautwandel, der durch Verwendungshäufigkeit hervorgerufen wurde, eine reguläre synchronische morphophonemische Regel hervorzu-bringen, und auch wie solch ein morphophonemischer Prozeß entstehen kann, ohne zunachst ein strikt phonologisches Stadium durchlaufen zu haben.
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2

Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Founder Principle in Creole Genesis." Diachronica 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 83–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.1.05muf.

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SUMMARY In this paper, the author discusses one of the aspects of creole genesis from a population genetics perspective, analogizing 'language' with 'population' (rather than 'organism', the tradition in linguistics) and 'linguistic feature' with 'gene'. With language contact analogized to population contact, individual speakers are given a greater role than traditionally accorded them in the literature and variation within language is made more natural. Like genes, linguistic features are shown as competing with each other for selection into creoles' systems, in the different, though similar, ecologies of individual language contacts. It is argued here that the founder populations, including speakers of both lexifiers and substrate languages, played greater roles than hitherto considered in determining which specific features received selective advantage over their competitors during the formation of creoles. The Founder Principle explains why some European languages in their nonstandard forms became the principal lexifiers when others could have and why some specific features prevailed in the new systems. The competition-of-features perspective allows deterministic influences of both the lexifiers and substrate languages, thanks to convergence and other markedness principles, with the bioprogram qua Universal Grammar serving as the body of principles regulating the development of the new vernaculars. RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article l'auteur discute un des aspects de la genèse des creoles du point de vue de la génétique des populations. Il y compare la notion de 'langue' à celle de 'population' (plutôt qu'à celle d"organisme', la tradition en linguistique) et celle de 'trait linguistique' à celle de 'gène'. Cette comparaison du contact de langues à celui de populations accorde aux locuteurs un rôle plus grand qu'il n'est de coutume dans la littérature; la variation dans la langue se montre ainsi plus naturelle. Comme les gènes, les traits linguistiques se présentent en compétition mutuelle pour être sélectionnés dans les systèmes des creoles, dans des écologies différentes, bien que semblables, des contacts langagiers individuels. Selon mon hypothèse, la population fondatrice, y compris les locuteurs autant des langues lexificatrices que des langues substrates, ont joué des rôles plus importants qu'on leur reconnaît à présent en déterminant quels traits spécifiques ont eu un avantage sélectif par rapport à leurs alternatives pendant la formation des creoles. Le Principe Fondateur explique pourquoi quelques langues européennes dans leurs formes non standard sont devenues les principales lexificatrices, plutôt que d'autres langues qui auraient pu faire autant, et pourqoi quelques traits spécifiques se sont imposés dans les nouveaux systèmes. La perspective de la compétition des traits rend possible des influences déterministes à la fois des langues lexificatrices que des langues substrates, étant donné la convergence de certains de leurs traits et grace à d'autres principes sur lesquels est basé l'opposition marqué/non marqué. La Grammaire Universelle fonctionne dans mon hypothèse comme un corps de principes régissant le développement des nouveaux vernaculaires. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert der Autor einen Aspekt der Genese von Kreolsprachen aus der Sicht einer Bevölkerungsgenetik, dabei eine Analogie zwischen 'Sprache' und 'Population' (anstelle von 'Organismus', wie es in der Linguistik Tradition ist) und zwischen 'sprachlicher Erscheinung' und 'Gen' herstellend. Wenn Sprachkontakt mit Populationskontakt in Analogie gesetzt wird, erhalten die Einzelprecher eine größere Rolle als ihnen gewöhnlich in der Forschung zuerkannt werden, und Variation innerhalb einer Sprache wird auf diese Weise ein weit natürlicherer Vorgang. Genen vergleichbar, konkurrieren linguïstische Eigenschaften untereinander um die Auswahl für das System einer Kreolsprache innerhalb der verschiedenen, wenngleich ähnlichen, 'Ökologien' individueller Sprachkontakte. Es wird hier die Behauptung aufgestellt, daß die 'Gründungspopulationen', inklusive der Sprecher von sowohl lexifizierenden als auch Substratsprachen, größere Rollen spielen als man bisher bei der Bestim-mung berücksichtigt hat, welche besondere Eigenschaften selektive Vorteile gegenüber anderen bei der Herausbildung von Kreolsprachen erhalten haben. Das 'Gründerprinzip' erklärt, weshalb einige europäische Sprachen in ihren nicht-standardisierten Formen die hauptsachlichen Lieferanten von Wortstruk-turen geworden sind, wenn andere es hatten werden können, und weshalb gewisse Eigenschaften in diesen neuem System die Oberhand gewannen. Der Gesichts-punkt eines Wettkampfs zwischen Eigenschaften ermöglicht bestimmbare Ein-flüsse auf sowohl von lexifizierenden als auch Substratsprachen, und zwar dank einer Konvergenz und anderer Merkmalprinzipien, wobei ein 'Bioprogramm' oder eine Universaliengrammatik als die Grundlage dazu dient, die Entwicklung neuer Volkssprachen zu regulieren.
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3

Van den Avenne, Cécile. "L’exploration coloniale en ses langues." Genèses 106, no. 1 (2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/gen.106.0131.

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4

Terra, Raymond. "Le Romanche, quatrième langue des Suisses." Annales de Géographie 102, no. 574 (1993): 596–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geo.1993.21180.

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5

Posner, Rebecca. "Creolization as Typological Change." Diachronica 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1985): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.2.2.03pos.

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SUMMARY Is 'creolization' a process that differs fundamentally from other kinds of linguistic change? Recent debate centers round Bickerto/i's 'Language Bioprogram Hypothesis' (LBH), according to which a pure 'creole' is a newly-created language utilising the lexical items of an unstructured contact-language (a jargon) and the grammatical theory innate in all human beings. Linguistic 'change', on the other hand, is a more gradual process in which tradition plays a part, without sudden breakdown of inherited structures, regarded as characteristic of creolization, which occurs only in certain social conditions. Romance Creoles are here contrasted with patois, in a attempt to discern crucial differences. French completive and relative structures are examined in some detail. The conclusion is that, while some features of Romance Creoles can be seen as continuing the tendencies of non-creole Romance, others involve more radical typological change, resulting, conceivably, from a drastic switch in the way new speakers understand the structure of the language to which they are exposed. A parallel is drawn with earlier periods in Romance history. RÉSUMÉ La 'creolisation' diffère-t-elle de faÇon fondamentale du change-ment linguistique 'normal'? Cet article examine surtout l'hypothèse de Bickerton (Language Bioprogram Hypothesis) qui propose qu'un creole 'pur' se cree d'un coup a partir des elements lexicaux d'un 'jargon de contact', agences par un bioprogramme linguistique inne et universel. En revanche, la tradition jouerait un role dans le changement propre-ment dit, qui s'avere plus graduel, et ne bouleversent pas de la même fa-Çon les structures heritees. Les conditions sociales qui provoquent la creolisation seraient à specifier. On fait le contraste des Creoles et des patois, pour degager des differences fondamentales: on examine surtout la syntaxe des completives et relatives en franÇais. La conclusion: bien que quelques aspects des Creoles ne fassent que prolon-ger les tendances des autres parlers romans, il y en a d'autres qui decoulent plutot d:une alteration typologique plus radicale, ce qui in— diquerait un decalage des attitudes linguistiques au moment de l'acqui-sition de la langue heritee. On fait la comparaison avec d'autres evé-nements au cours de l'histoire des langues romanes. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Gibt es einen grundsätzlichen Unterschied zwischen 'Kreolisierung' und anderen Arten von Sprachveranderung? Der vorliegende Aufsatz un-tersucht vor allem die sog. 'Sprachbioprogrammhypothese' (Language Bio-program Hypothesis) Bickertons, derzufolge ein reines Kreol eine neuer-zeugte Sprache darstellt, die lexikalische Elemente einer unstrukturier-ten Kontaktsprache (Jargon) zusammen mit einer universellen, eingebore-nen Grammatik verbindet. Dahingegen spielt die tüberlieferung bei regu-lärem, graduellen Sprachwandel eine gewisse Rolle, ohne abruptes Zusam-menbrechen überkommener Strukturen, wie sie in Fallen der Kreolisierung als charakteristisch gelten, die nur unter gewissen sozialen Bedingun-gen stattfindet, Es wird hier zwischen romanischen Kreolsprachen und Volksmundarten (patois) unterschieden, urn grundsatzliche Unterschiede herauszustellen. Hier werden insbesondere Erganzungs- und Relativ-sätze im Franzosischen untersucht. Das Ergebnis ist, daß, obschon ei-nige Aspekte der romanischen Kreolsprachen als Weiterentwicklung von Tendenzen der nicht-kreolisierten romanischen Sprachen angesehen werden konnen, enthalten andere radikalere typologische Veranderungen, die offenbar von einem drastischen Wandel herriihren in der Art, wie die neuen Sprecher die Struktur der Sprache verstehen, der sie ausgesetzt sind. Eine Parallele wird gezogen zu früheren Epochen in den romanischen Sprachen.
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Racine, Jean-Bernard. "Langues et identités territoriales en Suisse." Annales de Géographie 103, no. 576 (1994): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geo.1994.13743.

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KULIKOVSKIY, MAXIM, HORST LANGE-BERTALOT, and ANDRZEJ WITKOWSKI. "Gliwiczia gen. nov. a new monoraphid diatom genus from Lake Baikal with a description of four species new for science." Phytotaxa 109, no. 1 (June 10, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.109.1.1.

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This paper proposes a new monoraphid genus Gliwiczia Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski, separated from Achnanthes sensu lato. Here we describe four species G. skvortzowii Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski, G. tenuis Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski, G. latarea Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski and G. vixcalcar Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski which all are new to science. In terms of morphology, this group of species closely resembles Achnanthes calcar Cleve. Also proposed is the taxonomic transfer of A. calcar Cleve to Gliwiczia calcar (Cleve) Kulikovskiy, Lange-Bertalot & Witkowski comb. nov. Our taxonomic conclusions about the position of this group of species is based on light microscopic (LM) examination of the type material of A. calcar and on extensive LM and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies on material originating from Lake Baikal. This new genus differs from other established monoraphid genera in the of cavum (horse shoe) present on both raphe and sternums valves, uniseriate striae on both valves, and areola occlusions in a form of open circular foramina externally. The raphe valve is only slightly concave, whereas the sternum valves appear flat. Only one of the species belonging in Gliwiczia gen. nov., G. calcar, is known to inhabit oligotrophic and dystrophic freshwater lakes of Eurasia. It seems highly likely that the newly described species are limited in their distribution to the waters of Lake Baikal. None of them have thus far been illustrated in any accessible literature even under provisional names.
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Bidder, Julia. "Alternsforschung – Die Biologie des Alterns." ergopraxis 11, no. 03 (March 2018): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-123523.

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Die Alternsforschung steckt noch in den Kinderschuhen, hat aber nach gerade einmal zwei Jahrzehnten schon bahnbrechende Erfolge zu verzeichnen. So stie-ßen Forscher vor einiger Zeit auf das erste Altersgen, das manche Fadenwürmer, Fruchtfliegen und Mäuse doppelt so lange leben lässt wie andere. Auch wir Menschen besitzen das Gen, das sich Foxo3a nennt.
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Bidder, Julia. "Alternsforschung – Die Biologie des Alterns." physiopraxis 15, no. 10 (October 2017): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-111648.

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Die Alternsforschung steckt noch in den Kinderschuhen, hat aber nach gerade einmal zwei Jahrzehnten schon bahnbrechende Erfolge zu verzeichnen. So stießen Forscher vor einiger Zeit auf das erste Altersgen, das manche Fadenwürmer, Fruchtfliegen und Mäuse doppelt so lange leben lässt wie andere. Auch wir Menschen besitzen das Gen, das sich Foxo3a nennt.
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Hoare, Robert, John Dugdale, and Corinne Watts. "The world's thinnest caterpillar? A new genus and species of Batrachedridae (Lepidoptera) from Sporadanthus ferrugineus (Restionacea), a threatened New Zealand plant." Invertebrate Systematics 20, no. 5 (2006): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is06009.

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Houdinia flexilissima, gen. nov., sp. nov. is described from peatlands in the North Island of New Zealand. The extremely narrow larvae mine and pupate in the living stems of Sporadanthus ferrugineus de Lange, Heenan & Clarkson, (Restionaceae), a large endemic rush. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults are fully described and illustrated. The systematic placement of this autapomorphic taxon is discussed in detail, and it is assigned within Gelechioidea to Batrachedridae on the basis of characters shared with a taxon currently placed in Batrachedra. Because of its morphological distinctiveness, as well as threats to the habitat of its very local host plant, H. flexilissima, gen. nov., sp. nov. is considered a species of high conservation status.
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More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gen (langue)"

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Mensah, Barnabé. "La modernisation du Gὲngbe." Paris, INALCO, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INAL0025.

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Peut-on se servir d'une langue africaine comme le gὲngbe pour enseigner les sciences et la technologie modernes? A cette question, certains répondent par la négative prétextant que les langues africaines sont trop pauvres en vocabulaire de spécialité et inaptes à l'enseignement de ces disciplines. Dans ce travail, l'auteur s'inscrit en faux contre ce préjugé. Après avoir effectué une étude sociolinguistique de la langue, il conclut que pour servir de véhicule à l'enseignement des sciences et de la technologie modernes, le gὲngbe doit se doter à la fois d'une orthographe stable et normée puis d'un lexique enrichi. La thèse comprend donc deux grandes parties. Une première consacrée à la modernisation de l'orthographe et une deuxième à celle du lexique où l'auteur démontre que le gὲngbe dispose suffisamment de ressources susceptibles de l'aider à dire toutes les innovation techniques et scientifiques
Can an African language such as Gὲngbe be used for teaching science and modern technology? Some say no, arguing that African languages are too poor in specialist vocabulary and therefore unfit for teaching these subjects. In this work, the author challenges such a prejudice. After a sociolinguistic survey of the language, he concludes that in order to serve as a vehicle for teaching science and modern technology, Gὲngbe must develop a standardised orthography and enrich its lexicon. The thesis is therefore divided into two parts. The first part deals with orthography and the second with the lexicon where the author shows that Gὲngbe does indeed have sufficient resources at its disposal to articulate any and all technological and scientific terminology
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Kwok, Kar-ling Florence. "Form and function of conjunction gen1 zyu6 (gen zhu) in story telling of Cantonese speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2007. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B42005231.

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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2007.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-30). Also available in print.
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Ljiljana, Šašić Zorić. "Молекуларни диверзитет Merodon aureus групе (Diptera: Syrphidae)." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107246&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Род Merodon Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae) се одликује великм бројем врста које имају  функцију у опрашивању  биљака. У оквиру овог рода својом разноврсношћу издваја се Merodon aureus  група  врста коју поред фенотипски различитих одликује и присуство већег броја криптичних  врста. Због морфолошке сличности криптичне врсте представљају изазов за таксономе, те су молекуларне методе од посебног значаја. У том светлу примарни циљ овог истраживања је био утврђивање молекуларног диверзитета групе и могућности његове примене у таксономији. Истраживање је било засновано на анализи варијабилности секвенци  COI  и  28S  рРНК гена за 718 јединки 41 описане или новоткривене врсте сирфида. Додатно, тестирана је примењивост мултилокусних  ISSR маркера у раздвајању врста  M.  luteomaculatus  комплекса. Узорци су тестирани и на присуство Wolbachia с обзиром да она може утицати на еволуцију митохондријалних гена. Добијени резултати су указали на високу варијабилност секвенци  COI  гена  који се показао корисним у  утврђивању граница  криптичних  врста у анализираним комплексима. Секвенце 28Ѕ рРНК гена у већини случајева нису биле од већег значаја за раздвајање врста, али би могле имати потенцијал у  раздвајању комплекса  или подгрупа  врста као допуна анализи  секвенци  COI  гена. Додатно,  ISSR  маркери су показали потенцијал за примену у молекуларној таксономији. Све анализиране врсте изузев М. balkanicus су биле заражене  Wolbachia, али није утврђена јасна веза између варијабилности  секвенци  митохондријалног  COI гена и инфекционог статуса врста. Утврђен образац генетичке варијабилности је вероватно  обликован драстичним климатским променама  током Плеистоцена и фрагментацијом хабитата. Да би се донели крајњи закључци о таксономском статусу предложених врста потребно је добијене резултате интегрисати са подацима других релевантних  научних дисциплина.
Rod Merodon Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae) se odlikuje velikm brojem vrsta koje imaju  funkciju u oprašivanju  biljaka. U okviru ovog roda svojom raznovrsnošću izdvaja se Merodon aureus  grupa  vrsta koju pored fenotipski različitih odlikuje i prisustvo većeg broja kriptičnih  vrsta. Zbog morfološke sličnosti kriptične vrste predstavljaju izazov za taksonome, te su molekularne metode od posebnog značaja. U tom svetlu primarni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje molekularnog diverziteta grupe i mogućnosti njegove primene u taksonomiji. Istraživanje je bilo zasnovano na analizi varijabilnosti sekvenci  COI  i  28S  rRNK gena za 718 jedinki 41 opisane ili novotkrivene vrste sirfida. Dodatno, testirana je primenjivost multilokusnih  ISSR markera u razdvajanju vrsta  M.  luteomaculatus  kompleksa. Uzorci su testirani i na prisustvo Wolbachia s obzirom da ona može uticati na evoluciju mitohondrijalnih gena. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali na visoku varijabilnost sekvenci  COI  gena  koji se pokazao korisnim u  utvrđivanju granica  kriptičnih  vrsta u analiziranim kompleksima. Sekvence 28Ѕ rRNK gena u većini slučajeva nisu bile od većeg značaja za razdvajanje vrsta, ali bi mogle imati potencijal u  razdvajanju kompleksa  ili podgrupa  vrsta kao dopuna analizi  sekvenci  COI  gena. Dodatno,  ISSR  markeri su pokazali potencijal za primenu u molekularnoj taksonomiji. Sve analizirane vrste izuzev M. balkanicus su bile zaražene  Wolbachia, ali nije utvrđena jasna veza između varijabilnosti  sekvenci  mitohondrijalnog  COI gena i infekcionog statusa vrsta. Utvrđen obrazac genetičke varijabilnosti je verovatno  oblikovan drastičnim klimatskim promenama  tokom Pleistocena i fragmentacijom habitata. Da bi se doneli krajnji zaključci o taksonomskom statusu predloženih vrsta potrebno je dobijene rezultate integrisati sa podacima drugih relevantnih  naučnih disciplina.
Genus  Merodon  Meigen  (Diptera: Syrphidae)  is characterized by a large number of species which have a function in plants pollination. Within this genus, Merodon aureus species group is distinguished by its diversity and it is characterized not only by phenotypically divergent species but also with a large number of cryptic species. Because of the high morphological similarity, cryptic species are a challenge for taxonomist, thus molecular methods are of special importance. The primary goal of this research was to determine the molecular diversity of the group and the possibility of its application in taxonomy. The study was based on the sequences variability analysis of COI and 28S rRNA genes for 718 individuals belonging to 41 described or newly discovered hoverfly species. Additionally, the applicability in species delimitation of multilocus marker ISSR was tested on  M. luteomaculatus  species complex. Specimens have also been tested for Wolbachia since  it may affect the evolution of mitochondrial genes. The obtained results indicated a high variability of the COI gene  sequences that proved useful for determining the  cryptic  species boundaries in the analyzed complexes. Sequences of the 28S rRNA gene in   most cases were not of much significance for the species delimitation, but they could have the potential to separate species complexes  оr subgroups  as a complement to the analysis of the COI gene  sequences. Additionally, the ISSR markers showed potential for application in molecular taxonomy. All analyzed species  except  M. balkanicus  were infected with  Wolbachia, but no clear  relation  was established between the sequence variability of the mitochondrial COI gene and  the infectious status of species. The established pattern of genetic variability is probably shaped  by drastic climatic changes during Pleistocene and habitats fragmentation. In order to  achieve  the final conclusions on the taxonomic status of the proposed species, it is necessary to integrate the obtained results with the data of other  relevant scientific disciplines.
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Eichhorn, Pieter Johan Adam. "Towards the cloning of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome gene." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327219.

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Smith, Melanie Jane. "Towards positional cloning of a Cornelia de Lange syndrome gene at 3q26.3." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311133.

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Cuddihy, Paul. "Compiling GEN-X knowledge bases into "C" /." Online version of thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10792.

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Imamwerdi, Burhan. "Towards the positional cloning of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome gene at chromosome 3q26.3." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313218.

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Sagart, Laurent. "Phonétique et phonologie d'un groupe de dialectes chinois : les dialectes Gan." Aix-Marseille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX10006.

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La formation des dialectes gan reflete le processus de peuplement du jiangxi par des populations chinoises originaires du nord de la chine a differentes epoques. La phonetique, la phonologie, et dans une certaine mesure, le lexique de deux dialectes gan, shanggao et wuning, sont decrits et analyses; la stratification chronologique des dialectes du jiangxi est etudiee dans le dialecte de la capitale provinciale, nanchang. Enfin, quelques-uns des principaux changements phonetiques affectant les consonnes initiales sont etudies dans une perspective geographique.
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Langer, David [Verfasser]. "Kaiso und CTCF regulieren geprägte Gene in cis und in trans / David Langer." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1064721435/34.

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Borislav, Simendić. "Niskotemperaturno procesiranje sol-gel mulita." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet Novi Sad, 2003. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=71471&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).Mehanizam nastanka mulita zavisi od načina doziranja polaznih oblika reaktanata kao što su alumina i silika. Dobijanje mulita sol-gel postupkom je u velikoj meri poboljšano u odnosu na klasično procesiranje zbog mogućnosti homogenog mešanja AI2O3 i SiO2 komponenti i kontrole dodataka. Sol-gel metod omogućuje pripremu vrlo homogenih i reaktivnih gelova koji mogu da sinteruju na nižim temperaturama pri čemu se može postići vrlo fina mikrostruktura. U ovom radu koji se odnosio na procesiranje mulita sol-gel postupkom, hipoteza je bila da se na samom početku procesiranja aluminijumovi joni iz alkoholnog rastvora Al-soli uključuju u polimernu gel strukturu koju formira silika. Svrha ovog rada, je proučavanje uticaja procesnih promenjivih, dodatka fluornog jona i “seedinga” na temperaturu nastanka sol-gel mulita pri čemu se očekuje što je moguće niža tempertura nastanka mulita (niža od 9800C). Polimerni sol je dobijen u prvom slučaju mešanjem TEOS-a i aluminijum nitrata nanohidrata koji je prethodno rastvoren u etil alkoholu. U drugom slučaju, u polimerni sol je dodavan fluorni jon u koncentraciji 2 do 5 % mas. u odnosu na očekivani prinos mulita i u trećem slučaju je dodavana različita količina mulitnih klica (2-4 % mas.). Eksperimantalno je potvrđeno da procesne promenljive; pH, temperatura geliranja i R odnos imaju, veliki uticaj na brzinu geliranja i na nastanak mulita. U slučaju dodavanja fluornog jona, potvrdena je hipoteza da fluorni jona na različite načine utiče na mehanizam nastanka mulita, pri čemu u prvom slučaju prisustvo fluornog jona obezbeduje mesta u oblastima razdvajanja granica faza nakon geliranja koja utiču na proces nukleacije. Ova mesta slično procesu kristalizacije stakla, omogućuju lakšu nukleaciju mulita prilikom njegove transformacije iz gela. Mesta na granici razdvanja faza postaju mesta na kojima se uspostavlja proces heterogene nukleacije što je jedan od mogućih načina za snižavanje temperature nastanka mulita. Pored ovoga, dodavanje fluornog jona je doprinelo promeni mulitnih gel struktura, pri čemu je promena brzine hidrolize silike imala za posledicu promenu sadržaja vezane vode u toku geliranja što se takođe značajno odražavalo na temperaturu nastanka mulita. Eksperimentalni rezultati termički obradenih gelova su pokazali, da dodavanje lluornog jona u polimerni mulitni sol stvara uslove za snižavanje temperature obrazovanja mulita sve do 8900C. U ovom radu je takođe pokazano da mulitne čestice, kao nukleanti pri “seeding" procesiranju, doprinose nastanku mulitnog gela koji nakon termičke obrade na 10000C pokazuje veoma finu mikrostrukturu.
Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).The mechanism of mullite formation depends upon the method of combining the alumina and silica containing reactants. Mullite can be obtained through the sol-gel process and can be greatly improved by the control of some reaction conditions particulaiiy by homogeneous mixing of Al2O3 and SiO2, and controlling of the additions. Sol-gel method allow preparation of very homogenous and reactive gels which can be sintering at low temperature and consequently submicronic microstructure can be reached. In this study of the mullite formation by sol-gel method, the hypothesis was that aluminium ions from alcoholic solulion of its salts incorporate to polymeric silica gel structure. The aim of this work was the investigation of the effect processing variables, fluorine addition and “seeding”on the temperature of sol-gel mullite formation and to obtain as lower temperature of mullite formation as possible (smaller than 980°C). Polymeric sols, were prepared by the mixing of TEOS and aluminum nitrate nanohydrate dissolved in absolute ethyl alcohol and by adding fluorine ions in the second case from 2 wt.% to 5 wt.% and by different content of mullite seeded (2- 4 wt. %). Experimentally is determined that the processing variables as pH, gelling temperature and R ratio have high influence on the gelling rate and mullite formation. The hypothesis in the case of fluorine addition was that addition of fluorine ions could have different effects on the mechanism of mullite formation; the first it makes the sites at boundary of phase separation regions after gelling which influence at the process of the nucleation. These sites will act as a place for easy mullite nucleation, similar to process of the glass crystallization. The boundaries of the phase separation are the sites for heterogeneous nucleation which is one of the condition for lowering the temperature of mullite formation. Besides, fluorine addition could change the mullite gel structure (by changing the rate of hydrolyses of silica and it could change the content of bonded water during gelling), which should be very important for the temperature of mullite formation, too. The experimental results of heat treated gels showed that the addition of fluorine ion does decrease the temperature of mullite formation (in respect to classical sol-gel mullite processing) up to 8900C. As a nucleant in this study the mullite powder by “seeding” process contribute to muillite gel formation that after heat treatment up to 10000C showed very fine microstructure.
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Books on the topic "Gen (langue)"

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Capo, Hounkpati B. C. Renaissance du gbe, une langue de l'Afrique occidentale: Étude critique sur les langues ajatado, l'ewe, le fon, le gen, l'aja, le gun, etc. Lomé: Université du Bénin, Institut national des sciences de l'éducation, 1986.

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Barneche, Sophie. Gens de Nouméa, gens des îles, gens d'ailleurs--: Langues et identités en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris, France: L'Harmattan, 2005.

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Barneche, Sophie. Gens de Nouméa, gens des îles, gens d'ailleurs...: Langues et identités en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005.

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Suzhou hua xun gen. Suzhou Shi: Gu wu xuan chu ban she, 2009.

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Cuo zi zhui gen. [Guangzhou]: Guangdong jiao yu chu ban she, 1998.

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1924-, Lin Liang, and Bond Felicia ill, eds. Ru guo ni gei lao shu chi bing gan. Taibei Shi: Tai-wan ying wen za zhi she yu xian gong si, 1993.

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BBC English by Radio and Television, ed. Gen wo xue: Follow me. [Peking]: Zhongguo guang bo dian shi chu ban she, 1985.

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Manuela, Olten, and Jia Ru, eds. Gen ben jiu bu zang ma. [Wuhan]: Hubei mei shu chu ban she, 2010.

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Sheng, Chong, ed. Han zi xun gen 300 li. Jinan Shi: Shandong mei shu chu ban she, 2005.

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Gen xiao jing ling jiao peng you. Wuhan: Wuhan da xue chu ban she, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gen (langue)"

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Struve, Ulrich. "Katja Lange-Müller (geb. 1951)." In Der Findling Kaspar Hauser in der Literatur, 337–43. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-03383-3_73.

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Kulkarni, Akshay, and Adarsha Shivananda. "Conclusion and Next-Gen NLP." In Natural Language Processing Recipes, 263–75. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7351-7_7.

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Buchberger, E., and H. Horacek. "VIE-GEN A Generator for German Texts." In Natural Language Generation Systems, 166–204. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3846-1_5.

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Holm, John, and Christopher Kepiou. "Tok Pisin I Kamap Pisin Gen? Is Tok Pisin Repidginizing?" In Creole Language Library, 341. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cll.11.33hol.

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Eichele, Gregor, and Henrik Oster. "Uhrenkontrollierte Gene: Am Ende entscheidet der lange Arm der Uhr." In Auf der Suche nach der biologischen Zeit, 95–110. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61544-7_6.

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Musgrave, Alan. "Conceptual Idealism and Stove’s Gem." In Language, Quantum, Music, 25–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2043-4_4.

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Meyer, Oliver, Do Coyle, and Kevin Schuck. "2. Learnscaping: Creating Next-Gen Learning Environments for Pluriliteracies Growth." In Multilingual Computer Assisted Language Learning, edited by Judith Buendgens-Kosten and Daniela Elsner, 18–38. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781788921497-004.

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von Meyenn, Karl. "Genter Gastprofessur und "langes Exil".Gent und Dublin 1938-1956." In Eine Entdeckung von ganz außerordentlicher Tragweite, 599–710. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04335-2_10.

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Li, XuPing. "Ditransitive constructions in Gan Chinese." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 177–93. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.167.06li.

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Brijder, Robert, and Hendrik Jan Hoogeboom. "Graph Polynomials Motivated by Gene Rearrangements in Ciliates." In Language, Life, Limits, 63–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08019-2_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gen (langue)"

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Dolzhich, Elena, Svetlana Dmitrichenkova, and Yoandry Sanchez Pozuelo. "FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING TO GEN Z STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF SPANISH LANGUAGE)." In 15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.0181.

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Xiao, Dongling, Han Zhang, Yukun Li, Yu Sun, Hao Tian, Hua Wu, and Haifeng Wang. "ERNIE-GEN: An Enhanced Multi-Flow Pre-training and Fine-tuning Framework for Natural Language Generation." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/553.

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Current pre-training works in natural language generation pay little attention to the problem of exposure bias on downstream tasks. To address this issue, we propose an enhanced multi-flow sequence to sequence pre-training and fine-tuning framework named ERNIE-GEN, which bridges the discrepancy between training and inference with an infilling generation mechanism and a noise-aware generation method. To make generation closer to human writing patterns, this framework introduces a span-by-span generation flow that trains the model to predict semantically-complete spans consecutively rather than predicting word by word. Unlike existing pre-training methods, ERNIE-GEN incorporates multi-granularity target sampling to construct pre-training data, which enhances the correlation between encoder and decoder. Experimental results demonstrate that ERNIE-GEN achieves state-of-the-art results with a much smaller amount of pre-training data and parameters on a range of language generation tasks, including abstractive summarization (Gigaword and CNN/DailyMail), question generation (SQuAD), dialogue generation (Persona-Chat) and generative question answering (CoQA). The source codes and pre-trained models have been released at https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/ERNIE/ernie-gen.
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Li Liu, Jingyuan Zhang, and Nicholas Kraft. "Using domain specific language for large screen game interaction." In 2014 IEEE Games, Media, Entertainment (GEM) Conference. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gem.2014.7048095.

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Sheshasaayee, Ananthi, and Angela Deepa. V.R. "Ascertaining the morphological components of Tamil language using unsupervised approach." In 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/get.2016.7916723.

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Nikam, Ashish S., and Aarti G. Ambekar. "Sign language recognition using image based hand gesture recognition techniques." In 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/get.2016.7916786.

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Redfern, Sam, and Richard McCurry. "A Gamified System for Learning Mandarin Chinese as a Second Language." In 2018 IEEE Games, Entertainment, Media Conference (GEM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gem.2018.8516462.

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Cusumano-Towner, Marco F., Feras A. Saad, Alexander K. Lew, and Vikash K. Mansinghka. "Gen: a general-purpose probabilistic programming system with programmable inference." In PLDI '19: 40th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3314221.3314642.

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De Mattei, Lorenzo, Huiyuan Lai, Felice Dell’Orletta, and Malvina Nissim. "Human Perception in Natural Language Generation." In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Evaluation, and Metrics (GEM 2021). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.gem-1.2.

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Mankar, Sanket J., Manoj Demde, and Prashant Sharma. "Design of computer vision intelligent system for lane detection." In 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/get.2016.7916843.

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Boswell, William F. "Soil Stabilization/Soil Cement: Mark-Lang, Inc.'s Approach." In Geo-Denver 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40500(283)3.

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Reports on the topic "Gen (langue)"

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Body Language: Power Poses That Get Lost in Translation. IEDP Ideas for Leaders, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13007/278.

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Ecologische opvolging van bermen en natuurvriendelijke oevers langs het Kanaal Gent-Brugge: Resultaten vegetatieopnames 4de ronde en voorstel van beheermaatregelen. Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21436/inbor.15674045.

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