Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gender and biological sex

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Gender and biological sex'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Gender and biological sex"

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van Anders, Sari M., Zach C. Schudson, Emma C. Abed, et al. "Biological Sex, Gender, and Public Policy." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4, no. 2 (2017): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732217720700.

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Policy debates have focused on who can participate in or access single-sex activities or services. This article describes how science of the biology of sex is relevant to three major policy areas: parenting (including leaves), sports, and public spaces. We focus on what scientists know about sex and gender (and gender/sex, where gender and sex are intertwined), and the role of various biological factors, including hormones such as testosterone and estradiol as well as genetics, gonads, genitals, and more. The policies under debate often use “biological sex,” but this fails to account for scien
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Nye, Robert A. "How Sex Became Gender." Psychoanalysis and History 12, no. 2 (2010): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2010.0005.

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This article argues that ‘sex’ which had been commonly assumed in the West to refer to a permanent set of biological and behavioural traits particular to men and women, is gradually being replaced in general usage by ‘gender’. Though feminist theorists attempted to attach a constructivist meaning to gender, a generation of developmental theorists, clinicians and analysts has imbued the term with the determinism and biological qualities formerly ascribed to ‘sex’. The triumph of this materialist conception of gender is not assured, but it threatens our ability to think about gender identity as
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Udry, J. Richard. "Biological Limits of Gender Construction." American Sociological Review 65, no. 3 (2000): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240006500307.

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A biosocial theory of gender is constructed on both the macro and micro levels. A micro-model of within-sex differences among females integrates the biological model current in primatology with the prevailing social science model. It shows how sex differences in hormone experience from gestation to adulthood shape gendered behavior (that is, behavior that differs by sex). On the macro level, this model also illustrates how socialization and environment shape gendered behavior. It then demonstrates how hormone experiences can facilitate or dampen the effects of socialization and environment on
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Budin, Stephanie Lynn. "Sex and Gender and Sex." Mare Nostrum 11, no. 1 (2020): 1–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2177-4218.v11i1p1-59.

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This article challenges some of the prevailing notions pertaining to non-binary sex and fluid gender in modern academia. Beginning with a look at the history of the sex vs. gender debate, it turns to the study of genetics to determine how binary sex is, overturning many current beliefs about the biological bases of multiple sexes. It then considers four case studies of so-called fluid gender in world history—Mesopotamian women as men, Albanian virgjinéshē, and Indian devadāsīs and sādhini—which show that these apparently “male women” never lose their feminine gender in spite of provisional mal
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Raines, Jamie, Luke Holmes, Tuesday M. Watts-Overall, et al. "Patterns of Genital Sexual Arousal in Transgender Men." Psychological Science 32, no. 4 (2021): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620971654.

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Most men show genital sexual arousal to one preferred gender. Most women show genital arousal to both genders, regardless of their sexual preferences. There is limited knowledge of whether this difference is driven by biological sex or gender identity. Transgender individuals, whose birth sex and gender identity are incongruent, provide a unique opportunity to address this question. We tested whether the genital responses of 25 (female-to-male) transgender men followed their female birth sex or male gender identity. Depending on their surgical status, arousal was assessed with penile gauges or
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Heckel, Noach. "The Problem of Transgender Identity in the Law of Consecrated Life." Jurist: Studies in Church Law and Ministry 80, no. 2 (2024): 469–99. https://doi.org/10.1353/jur.2024.a945239.

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ABSTRACT: In many Western countries, transgender people can change their gender and first name by simply declaring this to the state authorities. Transgender persons can be biologically clearly assigned to the male or female sex but do not feel aligned with their biological sex at the core of their consciousness. Instead, they identify with the opposite sex or neither. This phenomenon raises the question for religious orders of how to deal with the gender identity of individuals within the religious community in the future and whether transgender persons can be admitted to the order. In the Ca
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Gentile, Douglas A. "Just What Are Sex and Gender, Anyway? A Call for a New Terminological Standard." Psychological Science 4, no. 2 (1993): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00472.x.

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The terms sex and gender have come to be used as synonyms in the social sciences literature. However, nothing has been gained by the use of the term gender except confusion. This article identifies five meanings for which social scientists often use the terms sex or gender and proposes a distinct term for each of those five meanings. The terms proposed are (1) sex: to refer to the biological function; (2) biologically sex-linked: to refer to traits or conditions that are causally biologically related to being male or female; (3) gender-linked: to refer to traits or conditions that are causally
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Krampen, Günter, Britt Effertz, Ursula Jostock, and Beatrix Müller. "Gender differences in personality: Biological and/or psychological?" European Journal of Personality 4, no. 4 (1990): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410040404.

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The results of three empirical studies are reported in which the hypothesis is tested that differences in personality variables between the morphophenotype sexes can be explained by psychological sex‐role orientation variables. Furthermore, it was expected that normative sex‐role orientations (measured with the SRO‐S and the AWS‐S Scales) and gender‐related self‐concepts (femininity, masculinity, and androgyny measured with a modified BSRI) explain more variance in personality variables than morphophenotype sex. Besides these sex‐role orientation variables, test and questionnaire data on verba
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Steriopolo, Olga. "The division of GENDER." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 1 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2022.1.59-84.

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The paper investigates the connection between grammatical gender of human nouns and social gender and biological sex of their referents, focusing on the instances of mismatch between them. We analyze data from various languages and conclude that discrepancies between the biological sex of an individual and grammatical gender used in reference to that individual can be accounted for via sociological factors, namely the social roles, status and social behaviours that are considered (in)appropriate in a given society. We propose a pyramid structure, in which grammatical gender is based on social
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Lancaster, Roger, Jonathan Marks, Anne Fausto‐Sterling, and Agustín Fuentes. "Complexities of gender and sex." Anthropology Today 39, no. 6 (2023): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12844.

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This editorial reflects on the controversy at the American Anthropological Association and the Canadian Anthropology Society's conference, where a session on the fixity of biological sex was cancelled. Retracing developments from Simone de Beauvoir's foundational ideas to the theories of second‐wave feminism it emphasizes how the gender concept was posed as a dynamic cultural construct. rather than a fixed biological fate, then shows that biological sex is also more complex than earlier characterizations of it as given, fixed, and immutable. Underscoring the complexities of academic debate and
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gender and biological sex"

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Griffiths, Katharine Susan. "A comparison of biological sex and gender in subadult burials." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10059464/.

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Fundamental to mortuary associated gender studies is the comparison of the biological sex of skeletal remains with the cultural aspects of burial. Previously this type of gender study has been limited to the study of adults and those concerning children have been somewhat hypothetical due to the problems inherent in the osteological assignment of sex to immature human remains. However, the sexual dimorphism displayed in adult teeth is also found in the dentition of children and adolescents and this research project uses dental morphometrics of both the permanent and deciduous dentition to assi
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Brickley, M., and Jo Buckberry. "Undertaking sex assessment." CIFA, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17520.

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Chiasson, Grant D. "Effects of Biological Sex and Socially Identifiable Sex Roles on Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) Baseline Measures." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10278417.

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<p>This study examines sex differences on the baseline Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), as well as the relationship between ImPACT measures and sex roles in a high school sample. Previous literature has shown that males tend to outperform females in the scope of reaction time and visuospatial performance. Likewise, females tend to outperform males on cognitive tasks, such as those pertaining to verbal and visual memory. There is limited research regarding sex roles and neurocognitive testing, while the present study examined this relationship. Participants were
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Kendall, Julie C. "The effects of listening quality, biological sex, and gender on leader-member exchange relationships." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1285590.

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This study examined the effects of listening quality, biological sex, and gender on leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships. Participants included 112 of 115 Resident Assistants (RAs) at Ball State University in Muncie, IN. RAs (i.e., members) were asked to complete a 13 5-item survey regarding their perceptions of the quality of their relationship with their leader, their leader's quality of listening, and their leader's gender characteristics. The leaders in this study were Residence Hall Directors (RHDs) and Assistant Residence Hall Directors (ARHDs). Results found that members (i.e., RA
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Holme, Ingrid. "Genetic sex : a symbolic struggle against reality? : exploring genetic and genomic knowledge in sex discourses." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/78613.

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Genetic sex -the apparent fundamental biological cause of the two male and female human varieties- is a 20th century construct. Looking down the microscope, the stained chromosomes are concrete countable entities and lend themselves easily to genetic determinism. As the chromosome composition of a person is generally fixed at the time of conception, when a Y- or X-bearing sperm is united with the X-bearing egg, a person’s genetic sex is taken as permanent and unchanging throughout their life. Drawing upon gender theory as well as science and technology studies this thesis explores how our part
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Seed, Anne Elizabeth. "The effect of communication competence, biological sex, and situation on compliance-gaining strategy choice." Scholarly Commons, 1994. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2263.

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This study investigated the effect of communication competence, biological sex, and situation on compliance-gaining strategy choice. Two hypotheses and five research questions were addressed in this study. Specifically, hypothesis one predicted a positive correlation between communication competence and the likelihood of use ratings of pro-social compliance-gaining strategies. Hypothesis two predicted a negative correlation between communication competence and the likelihood of use ratings of anti-social compliance-gaining strategies. Four research questions examined differences in the likelih
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Morando, André. "Do incomensurável ao quantitativo : os discursos de verdade das ciências biológicas na produção de corpos sexuados." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148602.

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Historicamente o conhecimento científico produz uma maneira de pensar a diferença sexual, muito embora, deva-se levar em conta que é a bagagem do gênero e não a ciência que define o sexo. Sendo assim, não há como pensar corpos e identidades de maneira universal, no entanto, há formas quase que totalizantes de interpretação das distinções do que é ser masculino ou feminino nas sociedades ocidentais. Para além da universalização da diferença sexual, a ciência do sexo produz saberes e autoriza atores a multiplicá-los como verdades. O docente de biologia está em um lugar de poder que o autoriza a
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Moran, Kelsey. "Trans Gender Identities and Language: Interviews with Recent College Graduates." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1503535174913379.

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Davis, Julie Lynn. "The influence of biological sex, age, work history and training on perceptions of sexual harassment." Scholarly Commons, 2000. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/537.

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This cross-sectional study investigates the perceptions of sexual harassment among 271 non-academic university personnel. The survey administered measured perceptions of sexual harassment using 17 dependent variables which assessed attitudes toward hostile work environment and quid pro quo sexual harassment. The study found that differences do exist in perceptions of sexual harassment based on biological sex of the respondents and the biological sex of the sexual harassment target. The study also found that there are significant positive correlations between perceptions of sexual harassment an
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Davis, Julie Lynn. "The influence of biological sex, age, work history and training on perceptions of sexual harassment : a thesis." Scholarly Commons, 2001. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/537.

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This cross-sectional study investigates the perceptions of sexual harassment among 271 non-academic university personnel. The survey administered measured perceptions of sexual harassment using 17 dependent variables which assessed attitudes toward hostile work environment and quid pro quo sexual harassment. The study found that differences do exist in perceptions of sexual harassment based on biological sex of the respondents and the biological sex of the sexual harassment target. The study also found that there are significant positive correlations between perceptions of sexual harassment an
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Books on the topic "Gender and biological sex"

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Anees, Munawar A. Islam and biological futures: Ethics, gender, and technology. Mansell, 1989.

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Fausto-Sterling, Anne. Myths of gender: Biological theories about women and men. Basic Books, 1985.

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Programa de Desarrollo Rural (Centro de la Mujer Peruana Flora Tristán), ed. Gender and biodiversity: Ayacucho and San Martín. Kasparek, 2004.

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Patricia, Whelehan, ed. Human sexuality: Biological, psychological, and cultural perspectives. Routledge Taylor & Francis, 2008.

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B, Merkatz Ruth, Williams Roger L. 1941-, and United States. Food and Drug Administration., eds. Gender studies in product development: Scientific issues and approaches : November 6-7, 1995, Doubletree Hotel, Rockville, MD. U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, 1995.

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1933-, Lloyd Barbara B., ed. Sex and gender. Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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John, Archer. Sex and gender. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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Sullivan, Alice, and Selina Todd. Sex and Gender. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003286608.

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1933-, Lloyd Barbara B., ed. Sex and gender. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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DuBois, L. Zachary, Anelis Kaiser Trujillo, and Margaret M. McCarthy, eds. Sex and Gender. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-91371-6.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gender and biological sex"

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Lieven, Theo. "Androgyny, Consumers’ Biological Sex, and Cultural Differences." In Brand Gender. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60219-6_4.

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Low, Bobbi S. "Biological Bases of Sex Differences." In Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29907-6_3.

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Frank, S. E., and Jac Dellaria. "Navigating the Binary: A Visual Narrative of Trans and Genderqueer Menstruation." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_7.

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Abstract Menstruation is often categorized as a function of the female body that affects women. Trans and genderqueer people contest this biological function as a social signal of gender/sex identity. The comics illustrate the gendered interactions trans and genderqueer people must navigate in their daily lives and visually explore four gendered/ sexed social spheres: (1) gender/sex identity, (2) public bathroom attendance, (3) product marketing and messaging, and (4) healthcare. Each of these arenas is permeated by the biologically and socially constructed gender/sex binary, and as a result t
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Sramek, John J., and Neal R. Cutler. "The Impact of Gender on Antidepressants." In Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2010_118.

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Legato, Marianne J. "Biological Sex and the Genome: What Makes Us Ourselves?" In Handbook of Clinical Gender Medicine. KARGER, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000336472.

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Horgan, Terrence G. "The Nonverbal Communication of Biological Sex and Gender." In The Nonverbal Communication of Our Gendered and Sexual Selves. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54361-6_2.

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Kim, Tae Jung, and Beom Joon Kim. "Sex Differences and Disparity in Stroke: Biological Factors and Management." In Sex/Gender-Specific Medicine in Clinical Areas. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0130-8_25.

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Rinehart, Nicole J., Kim M. Cornish, and Bruce J. Tonge. "Gender Differences in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism and Fragile X Syndrome." In Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2010_96.

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Lavorato, Elisabetta, Antonio Rampino, and Valentina Giorgelli. "Gender Dysphoria: Overview and Psychological Interventions." In Practical Clinical Andrology. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11701-5_20.

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AbstractIn the DSM V, the condition known as “Gender Identity Disorder” becomes “Gender Dysphoria” in order to avoid the stigma of being labeled as carriers of psychopathology. Gender Dysphoria (GD) refers to mental discomfort deriving by incongruence between the expressed gender and the assigned one. The term Transgender refers to identities or gender expressions that differ from social expectations typically based on the birth assigned sex. Not all people living “Gender Variance” express psychological or physic discomfort. The personal gender identity develops influenced by emotionally signi
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Benbow, C. P., and D. Lubinski. "Consequences of Gender Differences in Mathematical Reasoning Ability and Some Biological Linkages." In The Development of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1709-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gender and biological sex"

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Bencivenga, Rita, Cinzia Leone, Davide Peddis, and Sara Laureti. "Exploring Sex/Gender Perspectives in Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials Research." In 2024 IEEE 24th International Conference on Nanotechnology (NANO). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano61778.2024.10628573.

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Shirokova, Olesya, Petr Vasilchikov, Elizaveta Kozliaeva, Svetlana Korotchenko, and Irina Mukhina. "Biological Sex Determines Differences in Gene Expression During Replicative Aging of Glia in Vitro." In 2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cnn63506.2024.10705843.

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Hummel, Dennis, Sinja Herbertz, and Alexander Mädche. "Biological sex vs. psychological gender-roles in online channel choices." In the 4th Conference. ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3196839.3196870.

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Ilyushenko, N. A., Yu O. Gainutdinova, Z. B. Eskindyrova, O. V. Ragozina, I. A. Shevnin, and B. Z. Jafarova. "Sexual dimorphism in the physical development of boys and girls of the northern region with an established dysplastic phenotype." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-94-97.

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The article analyzes the data of an anthropometric and somatotypological study of 164 boys and 93 girls of the northern region, different sexual somatotypes with different severity of signs-phenes of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia. It was found that 44% of boys and 22% of girls with d, according to sexual somatic differentiation, correspond to the biological sex, 34% of boys and 53% of girls have mild gender dysplasia in the form of mesomorphy, and 19% of boys and 21% of girls have signs of sex inversion. Undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia affects the severity of morpho
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Kikvidze, Zeinab. "A Literary Model of the Broken Gender Lens." In XII Congress of the ICLA. Georgian Comparative Literature Association, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62119/icla.4.9041.

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The broken gender lens, based on androcentrism, gendered polariza­tion and biological essentialism, are considered one of the most significant challenges for today’s world. Views about powerfulness of men and insig­nifi­cance of women as a second sex have been entrenched in social institutions of various countries, ethno-cultural ways of life, and human minds since ancient times when monotheism took prevalence over polytheism. The equality of male and female deities in pagan beliefs stayed in the past. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam made radical changes in views about men’s and women’s roles
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Seserman, Corina-Maricica, and Daniela Cojocaru. "AN EXPLORATION OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TEENAGERS’ USE, CONSUMPTION AND DIGITAL PRODUCTION." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/24.

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Today’s teenagers have a very close relationship with ICTs and the digital space related to them, as they have impacted the way the youth constructs their sense of self and the tools they use to perform their carefully constructed identity. One key element which influences the way one constructs their views by themselves is within the boundaries set by their biological sex and therefore through the behaviors associated with their asigned gender. Through the symbolic interactionist lense, or more specifically through Goffman's dramaturgical theory on the manner in which one presents him/herself
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Avvakumova, O. V., and Y. A. Skomorina. "INFECTION OF THE EUROPEAN VENDACE (COREGONUS ALBULA, LINNAEUS, 1758) FROM LAKE ONDOZERO BY PLEROCERCOIDS OF CESTODES DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM DITREMUM (CREPLIN, 1825) DEPENDING ON THE FISH GENDER." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2025. https://doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6053355-1-1.2025.26.36-40.

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This article presents research data on the infection of the European vendace from Lake Ondozero with plerocercoids of the cestode Diphyllobothrium ditremum (Creplin, 1825) depending on the fish gender. The material was collected and processed by the common partial parasitological dissection technique. The research was performed in the Laboratory of Biology and Biological Basis of Preventive Measures of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV from November 2024 to January 2025. The fish samples for the research were collected from commercial catches made by the Veterinary Service of the Northern Sea Department of
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Davi, Caio, André Pastor, Thiego Oliveira, et al. "Computational Intelligence applied to Human Genome Data for the Dengue Severity Prognosis." In XI Simpósio Brasileiro de Bioinformática. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/bsb_estendido.2018.8800.

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Dengue has become one of the most important worldwide arthropodborne diseases around the world. Here, one hundred and two Brazilian dengue virus (DENV) III patients and controls were genotyped for 322 innate immunity gene loci. All biological data (including age, sex and genome background) were analyzed using Machine Learning techniques to discriminate tendency to severe dengue phenotype development. Our current approach produces median values for accuracy greater than 86%, with sensitivity and specificity over 98% and 51%, respectively. Genome data information from 13 key immune polymorphic S
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Tanishita, Masayoshi, and Michiko Ohkura. "Evaluation of unpleasant green environment based on biological reaction and contingent valuation." In AHFE 2023 Hawaii Edition. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004243.

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Green environment such as parks and woods have been maintained as having healing and relaxing effects. These effects have been evaluated by biological reactions and contingent valuation method. Most previous studies are focusing on green environments where maintenance is done. On the other hand, there are many unmaintained green environments such as abandoned detached houses and woods. There is a possibility that people feel uncomfortable with these problems, such as increasing anxiety about crime prevention and disasters and deteriorating the local image. However, to the best of our knowledge
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Argasiński, Krzysztof. "Problems with classical models of sex-ratio evolution." In Stochastic Models in Biological Sciences. Institute of Mathematics Polish Academy of Sciences, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/bc80-0-11.

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Reports on the topic "Gender and biological sex"

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Dalaqua, Renata Hessmann, James Revill, Alastair Hay, and Nancy Connell. Missing Links: Understanding Sex- and Gender-Related Impacts of Chemical and Biological Weapons. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/19/gen1.

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IIGH, UNU, and University of the Western Cape School of Public Health. Gender and COVID-19 global research agenda: priorities and recommendations. UNU-IIGH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/lrrw9593.

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Calls for greater recognition of and attention to the influence of sex and gender on health have been longstanding, and the need for this has only been amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from the direct effects of biological sex and socially-constructed gender differences on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality – with higher rates of severe disease and deaths among men, pandemic responses have also amplified existing gender inequalities, with women bearing the heaviest burden of the indirect health and socio-economic consequences. The interactions between sex, gender and COVID-19 are comple
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3

IIGH, UNU, and University of the Western Cape School of Public Health. Gender and COVID-19 global research agenda: priorities and recommendations. UNU-IIGH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/ffnz1457.

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Calls for greater recognition of and attention to the influence of sex and gender on health have been longstanding, and the need for this has only been amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from the direct effects of biological sex and socially-constructed gender differences on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality – with higher rates of severe disease and deaths among men, pandemic responses have also amplified existing gender inequalities, with women bearing the heaviest burden of the indirect health and socio-economic consequences. The interactions between sex, gender and COVID-19 are comple
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4

Werren, John H., Einat Zchori-Fein, and Moshe Coll. Parthenogenesis-Inducing Microorganisms in Parasitic Hymenoptera: Their Mode of Action and Utilization for Improvement of Biological Control Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573080.bard.

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Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria known to cause reproductive and sex ratio disorders in many insects. In various parasitic Hymenoptera, Wolbachia induce thelytokous reproduction. The overall goal of this research was the improvement of biological control agents by reversion of their mode of reproduction. This was attempted from two directions: 1) studying the effect of naturally occurring Wolbachia on the thelytokous species Muscidifuraxuniraptor and 2) trying to transmit thelytoky-inducing Wolbachia to Nasoniavitripennis. In M. uniraptor, gamete duplication was found to be the mode of dip
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5

Carrell, Scott, Marianne Page, and James West. Sex and Science: How Professor Gender Perpetuates the Gender Gap. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14959.

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Vacanti, Annapaola. Review of Designing for Sex and Gender Equity. Design Research Society, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21606/wsbr.006.

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7

Savell, Joel M. Group-Gender-Composition Factors in Sex-Role-Attitude Measurement. Defense Technical Information Center, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada172413.

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Haupt, Sue, Bronwyn Graham, and Jane Hirst. Can AI fight sex and gender bias in healthcare? Edited by Grace Jennings-Edquist. Monash University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/6079-ad33.

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Jejeebhoy, Shireen, Rajib Acharya, Sharmistha Basu, and A. J. Zavier. Addressing gender-biased sex selection in Haryana, India: Promising approaches. Population Council, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy9.1047.

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Van Belthowing, Sheilagh. Lesbian Gender Identities: An Expansion of Bern's Sex-Role Inventory. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3036.

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