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Journal articles on the topic 'Gender and child labour'
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1
Tetteh, Peace. "Child Domestic Labour in (Accra) Ghana: A Child and Gender Rights Issue?" International Journal of Children's Rights 19, no. 2 (2011): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x522298.
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AbstractChild domestic labour is one of the widespread and exploitative forms of child labour in the world today. However, the ubiquity of child/adolescent (domestic) labour, together with the perception that such work-especially in relation to girls is important training for later life, normalises such work and renders it invisible. Child domestic labour is thus, largely feminised as almost 90 percent of the children are girls. Many domestics work for long hours with no rest or remuneration, and are subjected to verbal, physical and in some instances sexual abuse in the households of their employers. The conditions under which many child domestics live and work, undermines and threatens many basic rights of children. is paper highlights the child and gender-based rights that are actually or potentially denied child domestic workers in order to influence policy development and implementation, as well as advocacy for and on behalf of children.
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Das, Saswati. "Incidence of Child Labour and Child Schooling in India: Pattern and Determinants." ISRN Economics 2012 (August 5, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/429506.
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The issue of child labour is a frontline concern in India, as early entry into labour market at formative stage of life does mean absconding from proper schooling leading to loss of future scope of better livelihood, since the existing literature shows that there is wage premium for education in Indian labour market. In this perspective, this study aims to carry out a supply-side analysis towards examining the incidence and pattern of child labour and child schooling to test out regional and gender disparities, if any, in terms of these incidences. Socio-economic determinants across gender and region also have been identified for an everlasting way out of the crisis. The data-base utilized for the analysis has been extracted from the National Sample Survey on “Employment and Unemployment Situation in India” for the 61st large sample round (2004-2005). The pattern of child employment in a range of industries confirms the malfunctioning of lawful steps to save child labourers from mischief of occupational vulnerability. It also reveals significant discrepancy in incidence of child labour both across region and gender, but for schooling choice no considerable regional gap is substantiated.
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Khan, Rana Ejaz Ali. "Children in Different Activities: Child Schooling and Child Labour." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i2pp.137-160.
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Using primary data from two districts of Pakistan, this article analyses the supplyside determinants of child labour. The study finds that the birth-order of the child has a significant association with schooling and labour decision of child: first school enrolment of children is delayed; there exists gender disparity in favour of male children; the children from female-headed households are more likely to go to school; the education of the head of household has a positive impact on child’s schooling; among the parent’s parameters mother’s education is more important than father’s; parental education is positively associated with child schooling and negatively associated with child labour. The ownership of assets impacts the schooling positively, and labour negatively; the household size affects the schooling negatively, and work positively; and household composition also has a significant effect on schooling and child labour. The children from urban areas are more likely to go to school.
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Middel, Abigail, Kalyan Kumar Kameshwara, and Andrés Sandoval-Hernandez. "Exploring trends in the relationship between child labour, gender and educational achievement in Latin America." Revista Iberoamericana de Educación 84, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.35362/rie8413987.
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Participation in child labour, in both household and non-household activities, gender effects and low educational attainment remain challenges for countries in Latin America. Through hierarchical linear modelling of data from the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this study seeks to explore the current cross-country trends in the relationship between educational attainment, child labour and gender. While non-household labour is found to have an effect, as per statistical significance and the magnitude, on educational achievement across all Latin American countries; participation in household labour is significant in only two countries (Peru and Uruguay). Girls are found to underperform compared to boys by a significant margin across Latin America. The later part of the study seeks to examine the interaction effects of gender and participation in labour activities. Results show that gender has no moderating effect, suggesting that participation in work itself or workspace (household or non-household) does not influence or contribute to gender inequality in education outcomes. The explanatory factors for gender inequality in education outcomes are potentially rooted in a different sphere of influence which needs to be deciphered through deeper empirical investigation.
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KÜRKCÜ, Murat, and Orhan KANDEMİR. "THE ROLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WOMEN ON INFANT MORTALITY: A PANEL DATA ANALYSES FOR OECD COUNTRIES." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 5, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 826–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v5i3.164.
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Social and economic development of a nation is often reflected by the existing infant and child mortality rates. In this context, one of the millennium development goals is to reduce infant and child mortalities globally. In particular, women’s socio-economic positions are important variables in explaining infant/child mortality. The correlation between infant/child mortalities and socio-economic positions of women is very strong. This study uses a panel data analysis to measure the effect of labour force participation rate of women on infant/child mortalities. The present article analyzes how women’s socio-economic situations affect infant/child mortality in OECD countries for the era 2000-2014. Our results are statistically significant and also suitable for theoretical expectations. According to our conclusions mortality rates may decline as a result of the increase in labour force participation rates of women. In this context, there is a negative relationship between the labor force participation rate of women and gender inequality. So, as gender inequality decreases, infant/child mortality rates also decrease.
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Ligeve, Susan Nduta, and Dr Moses W. Poipoi. "The Influence of Child Labour on Academic Achievement of Primary School Pupils in Suba and Homa-Bay Districts, Kenya." International Journal of Learning and Development 2, no. 4 (August 9, 2012): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i4.2214.
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This causal-comparative study investigated the effects of child labour on academic achievement of primary school pupils in Suba and Homa-Bay districts in Kenya. The participants of this study were Class 7 pupils drawn from 12 schools in these two districts. A total of 333 pupils that is, 171 boys and 162 girls participated in the study. The academic achievement scores, which were extracted from the schools’ end-term examination records, were used to compare the participants on the dependent variable. The results of this study showed that pupils who were involved in child labour had a significantly lower academic achievement mean score than those not involved. The results also indicated that boys not involved had a significantly higher academic achievement mean score than girls not involved. Furthermore, boys involved in child labour activities had a significantly higher academic mean score than girls involved in child labour activities. It was concluded that there were child labour and gender effects on academic achievement of primary school pupils in Suba and Homa Bay districts. This study recommends that school pupils should not engage in fishing activities. Key Words; Child labour, Academic Achievement, Gender
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Schmid, Günther. "Enhancing gender equality through transitional labour markets." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 7, no. 2 (May 2001): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890100700207.
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This article develops the concept of ‘transitional labour markets': legitimised and collectively insured sets of mobility options between paid and unpaid work. Such mobility options could constitute a basis for both a new gender contract and a new concept of full-employment, the latter being based on the flexible target of 30 hours a week, from which employees would constantly deviate over their life course to allow for periods of training, child-care, higher-income phases etc. Of five different types of transitional labour market, this article focuses on the transition between paid and unpaid work and between work and retirement. Greater flexibility in the mobility between various labour market statuses, it is argued, would make a major contribution to overcoming gender inequality.
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BORRÁS LLOP, JOSÉ M. "Schooling and child farm labour in Spain, circa 1880–1930." Continuity and Change 20, no. 3 (December 2005): 385–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841600500562x.
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This article evaluates the extent of child farm labour in Spain in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The first part of the article examines child labour in rural areas. Because under-registration of farm child labour was common in both national and local censuses, the writer examines other evidence, including surveys of child labour on farms and school-enrolment registers listing seasonal and as well as full-time labour. The second part of the article considers the relationship between employment and school absenteeism by age and gender. School attendance is compared by season and by geographic area, and its relation to farming is apparent. All the evidence in the registers demonstrates extensive employment of children over the age of ten in rural Spain.
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Burrone, Sara, and Gianna Claudia Giannelli. "Child Labour, Gender and Vulnerable Employment in Adulthood. Evidence for Tanzania." Journal of Development Studies 56, no. 12 (May 13, 2020): 2235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1755655.
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Lister, Ruth. "Children (but not women) first: New Labour, child welfare and gender." Critical Social Policy 26, no. 2 (May 2006): 315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018306062588.
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Khan, Jahanzeb, Rahman Ullah, and Zafar Khan. "Socio-cultural factors of child domestic labour in the urban centre: A quantitative study in Peshawar Pakistan." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 528–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.34.
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This research article investigates the socio-economic factors of child domestic labour. The quantitative methods utilize for the exploring the causal factors of child domestic labour. Data collected from 341 child domestic labour and their parents through snowball sampling techniques from the universe of the study. Uni-variate and Bi-variate statistics applied for the analysis of primary data. Poverty and over-population reinforce the child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan. Large family size and unemployment compel parents to allow children in school age as a domestic worker. Gender discrimination and poverty also increase children's susceptibility to work as domestic labour. Pashtun, culturally more preferred children to keep them as a domestic labour and Pashtuns allow children to work inside home due to purdah (veil). Domestic child labour also psycho-sextual and physical abuses and it is not reported in majority cases. Socio-economic protection of children and education significantly decrease the ratio of child domestic labour. It suggests to control over-population and provides socio-economic protection will decrease the ration of child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan.
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Leinberger-Jabari, Andrea, David L. Parker, and Charles Oberg. "Child Labor, Gender, and Health." Public Health Reports 120, no. 6 (November 2005): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490512000612.
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It is often forgotten that child labor is part of a multi-generational problem due in part to the failure to educate girls. Although the literacy rate for women has improved over the last two decades, in many countries it is less than half that of their male counterparts. This in turn leads to nutritional deficiencies, poverty, and poor health. While many researchers address the immediate health effects of child labor on the child laborers, this article addresses the issue of child labor from a broader perspective, one that identifies child labor as a contributor to inter-generational poverty, malnutrition, and limited educational attainment. Child labor and nutrition are important issues in both educational attainment and health status.
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Sari, Liza Kurnia, and Lissa Octavia Wardana. "Modeling of child labour exploitation status in Indonesia using multilevel binary logistic regression." ITM Web of Conferences 36 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20213601008.
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The Indonesian constitution recognizes guarantees the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play, and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child so that they should not be working. Employers are also prohibited to employ children. However, many children come to work because of poverty, even though child labour is close to exploitation. Theoretically, individual and contextual factors affect the exploitation status of child labour. This study aims to analyze the variables that influence the exploitation of child labour in Indonesia based on data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) in 2018. The random effect test shows that there are differences between regency/municipality so that multilevel binary logistic regression performs better than one level binary logistic regression. More than 80 percent of child labourers are exploited in terms of education and working hours. Variables that significantly influence the exploitation status of child labour at the individual level are gender, the occupation sector of child labour, and the occupation sector of the household head. Meanwhile, poverty rates and mean years of schooling significantly influence the exploitation status of child labour at the regional level.
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Khan, Rana Ejaz Ali. "Gender Analysis of Children’s Activities in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i2pp.169-195.
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This paper estimates gender differences in children’s time allocation among four ordered options. It analyses the sample of boys and girls separately through a series of probit models using primary data. We compare the socio-economic determinants of boys’ and girls’ activities. The results suggest that boys are more likely to go to school as compared to girls with the increase in their age. The provision of schooling as an instrument to decrease child labour and home-care would affect boys more than girls. To make the adults literate (five years of education) only is not enough to eliminate the gender gap in schooling; a greater number of years of adult education is necessary. The female adult education may be devised to eliminate gender discrimination in child schooling. In the larger households, girls drop out of school and are absorbed in the labour market earlier than boys. The results further suggested that the use of resources is significantly different for boys’ and girls’ welfare. Thus, we conclude that girls can be a better target for increase in the welfare of all children in Pakistan.
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Aslam Shah, Nasreen, Rashid Iqbal, and Aamir Ul Haque. "GENDER BASED ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF CHILD LABOURERS LIVING IN KARACHI." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 57, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v57i2.28.
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This study aims to draw a gender based analysis of social and economic conditions of child labourers living in Karachi. Globally the issue of child labour is growing constantly and children are engaged in all sorts of hazardous forms of work, like adults, which deprives them from education, healthy life, child hood activities and balanced diet. In Pakistan the child labour is very common in all economic sectors, but it is mainly found in the informal sector and the household sector. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques of non-probability sampling are used to collect data through structured questionnaire from 900 respondents from eighteen (18) administrative districts of Karachi, which is based upon primarily quantitative and narrowly focused qualitative research methods. The findings of the study reveal that mostly children between the ages of 12 to 14 years are commonly inducted in different economic sectors. This clear violation of child rights makes them vulnerable to health and safety threats and putting them forcefully in hazardous occupations to earn bread and butter for their family by compromising their education.
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Brekke, Idunn, and Marjan Nadim. "Gendered effects of intensified care burdens: employment and sickness absence in families with chronically sick or disabled children in Norway." Work, Employment and Society 31, no. 3 (February 1, 2016): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017015625616.
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Using longitudinal register data from Norway, the article examines the impact of having a child with intensified care needs on maternal and paternal employment, within a gender equality promoting welfare state. The hypothesis is that parents with a chronically sick or disabled child will have lower employment probabilities, lower labour earnings and higher sickness absence than parents with a healthy child, and that mothers are more affected than fathers when having a child with extra care needs. A quasi-experimental difference-in-difference regression model shows that the employment probabilities of parents with a sick or disabled child are comparable to those of parents with a healthy child, both for mothers and fathers. The analyses further reveal that having a chronically sick or disabled child reduces labour earnings and increases long-term sickness absence among mothers, while fathers’ labour earnings and sickness absence are less affected.
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Dr. Betty J. Tikoko; Prof. Frederick B. J.A. Ngala, Johannes Koech;. "Relationship between Economic Factors and Gender Disparity in Enrolment of Students in Public Mixed Day Secondary Schools in Kericho County, Kenya." Editon Consortium Journal of Curriculum and Educational Studies 2, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 286–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/ecjces.v2i1.172.
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This study attempted to examine the relationship between economic factors and gender disparity in enrolment of students in mixed public day secondary schools in Kericho County, Kenya. Social Demand Theory guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study targeted 124 public mixed day secondary schools. The target population consisted of 124 principals and 9,418 students. Sampling techniques applied included purposive and systematic random sampling techniques. A sample size of the principals was determined by applying Kerlinger (1986) 30% rule, whereas for the students Cochran formula was used. The sample size consisted of 38 principals and 384 students. Data for the study was collected by the use of questionnaires. The study revealed that there exists a statistically significant relationship between Economic Factors and Gender Disparity (r=0.768; p<0.05). From the findings, in connection with economic factors, it was established that child labour had the highest mean of 3.21 and therefore was the major factor related to gender disparity in enrollment. This was followed by parents' reluctance to pay fees due to the false notion of free education with a mean of 3.10. The study concluded that the government, through quality assurance and standards officers alongside local administration, should ensure that policies on child labour are well implemented. That child labour is not practised so that all school age going children irrespective of their gender attend school uninterrupted.
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Wazir, Rekha. "Some Reflections on Child Labour in Jodhpur District." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 9, no. 1 (March 2002): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152150200900106.
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Kadivnik, Mirta, Kristina Kralik, Gordana Lončar, Andrea Teodosić, Maja Košuta Petrović, and Iva Milić Vranješ. "Utjecaj majčinih i fetalnih faktora na uspješnost medikamentozne indukcije poroda." Medicina Fluminensis 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/medflum2021_261189.
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Labour induction is the process in which labour is induced mechanically or pharmacologically. The percentage of induced labours is between 1.4% and 32% of the total number of births in the world. The aim of this research is to present the number of medically induced labours from 2012 to 2019 at the Clinic for Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the Clinical Hospital Center in Osijek and to present the success rate of medically induced labour and factors, both maternal and/or foetal which may affect it. Materials and methods: In the study 2361 subjects were included whose births were induced by medication regardless of the indication for medically induced labour, gestational age or mother’s age. χ2 test, Mann Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, Kruskal Wallis test (Pot Hoc Conover), and the univariate and multivariate logistic regression model were used. Results: The percentage of inductions was 13.8%. 81% of the child births was completed vaginally , while 19% was completed by the caesarean section. The univariate regression analysis found that meconium amniotic fluid increases the risk of the caesarean section after the labour has been induced. Factors decreasing the possibility of the caesarean section after induced labour include multiparity, women age between 25 and 35 years and women bearing female children. The multivariate statistical regression model found that women over the age of 36 are 1.58 times more likely to have the caesarean section. Women with meconium amniotic fluid are 1.47 times more likely to have the caesarean section. Multiparity in the mother and the female sex of the child reduce the probability of the caesarean section after induced labour (odds ratio (OR) 0.20, P=0.02 and OR 0.84, P=0.09, respectively). Conclusion: The study indicates that multiparity and female gender of child increase the probability of the vaginal birth after the induction, while the mother’s age over 36 and meconium amniotic fluid after the induction increase the risk of the caesarean section.
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Sahin, Soumya, and Ambar Nath Ghosh. "The Long Run Effect of Female Work Force Participation on Child Labour." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 9 (August 20, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n9p137.
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We develop a simple overlapping generations model to show how an increased level of female labour force participation(FLFP) could add to GDP and also make society, especially, women and children better off in the long run. It will also enumerate some of the reasons behind the gender gap in employment and suggest ways to overcome the gap.
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Halrynjo, Sigtona, Ragni Hege Kitterød, and Axel West Pedersen. "A woman’s cause? Popular attitudes towards pension credits for childcare in Norway." European Journal of Social Security 21, no. 3 (August 22, 2019): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262719869065.
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In many countries – including Norway – concerns about the persistent gender gap in pensions have led to the introduction of child credits that compensate mothers for losing accrued pension rights while they care for small children. In political debates child credits are typically framed as being unequivocally women-friendly. But, although they help to reduce the gender gap in pension income, they tend to discourage mothers’ paid work and favour couples with a gendered division of paid and unpaid work. This article uses survey data to investigate the extent to which the working age population in Norway supports the idea that parents (mothers) of pre-school children with low earnings should be compensated by the pension system. We examine whether the pattern of support is consistently gendered or whether there are internal cleavages among men and women according to socio-economic status and work-family adaptation. We find that, although both genders express positive attitudes, women are on average more inclined to support child credits than men, but with strong internal divisions. While less-educated women in families with a traditional division of labour constitute the most supportive group, highly-educated women in gender-equal families are as sceptical towards child credits as their male peers. Surprisingly, among both genders, we find that younger cohorts are as supportive as older cohorts.
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Tewari, Shweta, Rajshree Chouhan, and Sanjeev. "GENDER GAP INDEX FOR EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 9 (February 1, 2020): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i9.2017.98.
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Women account for nearly half of the human resources of a nation and play an important role in the socio-economic development of a country. In India, in spite of focus on women empowerment, condition of women at the work place is not very encouraging. Women often face greater barriers than men in terms of securing a decent jobs, wages and conducive working conditions. Provisions relating to women’s work were introduced in 1891, with amendment of the Factories Act, 1881. After independence, number of provisions has been made in the constitutions to protect the welfare of women workers. Number of protective legislations have also been made and implemented by the government for the interest of women workers. The basic objective behind implementation of these legislation are to provide equal and a decent level of remuneration, proper child care center , maternity relief and decent working conditions to women workers. Despite these constitutional and legislative arrangements to reduce gender gap, women in India are facing discrimination at work place and suffer from harassment. The present paper critically reviewed the effectiveness of government policies and legislations framed and enacted for the welfare of women workers. It also examines the gender dimensions of the trends in various aspects of labour market viz. labour force participation rate, workforce participation rate, unemployment rate and wage rate. An attempt has been made to capture the discrimination at work by computing Gender Gap Index using major indicators of labour market. For computing the index, data for the last four decades has been used. The analysis shows that there are gaps in effective enforcement of relevant laws and implementation of women responsive policies. The gender gap index for employment opportunities and the analysis of major employment indicators showed that gender gap is increasing in many aspects. Major indicators of employment such as Labour Force participation rate, Worker population ratio, Unemployment rate and wages now have larger gender gaps than before.
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Malhotra, Chirag, Siddharth Sarda, and Guanru Wang. "The Relationship between Children’s Gender and the Divorce Rate." Deakin Papers on International Business Economics 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dpibe2011vol4no2art178.
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In this paper we analyse the impact of the gender of children on the stability of marriage. In order to analyse the issue we have conducted a survey with 40 people as well as utilised various economic theories such as the “father involvement hypothesis” (Morgan at al 1988), and Durkheim’s division of labour theory (1893). We conclude that having a male child can reduce the odds of divorce. DPIBE, Dec 2011 Gender and Divorce 28 1. INTRODUCTION This topic is intriguing primarily because the topic is as old as mankind itself. Previous studies have shown that the gender composition of a family’s children – particularly, the presence of male child – reduces the chances of divorce. Using a survey an d an economic interpretation, we analyse the channels in which this might operate. To explain the findings of our survey we use of the ‘father - involvement’ hypothesis by Morgan et al (1988). The hypothesis suggests that on average, the roles played by a father are greater with their male child and as a result they end up spending more time with their male child than with their female child. In turn the higher the level of a father’s involvement in the marriage, the l ower is the odds of divorce. However the same is not observed in women’s involvement (White 1990) . From an economic point of view the divorce rate is reciprocally associated with the specific investments made in a marriage by both the father and the mothe r. (Becker et al. 1977). A father’s presence and involvement during a child’s raising may result in various types of division of labour amongst the family. Durkheim’s (1893) theory says that fathers who have more presence during a child’s rearing may resul t in the creation of an additional dependence amongst spouses. There will be an increased division of labour within the household, where husband and wife tend to be more reliant on the other to fulfil their economic function. This form of solidarity is cal led ‘organic solidarity’ by Durkheim because individuals with different functions and mentalities are contracting with each other. Taken together with Morgan et al’s hypothesis, we can say that families with boys tend to exercise more organic solidarity (D iekmann & Schmidheiny 2002) . 2. DEMAND FOR CHILDREN Marriage is a market. People transact in it primarily because it can produce a benefit that other markets cannot; for instance, the benefits of having a family, a new life, living with the people you l ove and the development of positive emotions. If people invest and fail to get the expected returns, they may want a divorce. Since children are an important product of the marriage market, we begin the analysis by analysing the difference in the demand fo r
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Bérenger, Valérie, and Audrey Verdier-Chouchane. "Child Labour and Schooling in South Sudan and Sudan: Is There a Gender Preference?" African Development Review 28, S2 (October 2016): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12200.
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Abdul-Mumuni, Abdallah, Bhasin K. Vijay, and Obeng K. Camara. "Remittances and child labour in Ghana: Does the gender of the household head matter?" Development Southern Africa 36, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2018.1452717.
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Hedija, Veronika. "Do Women Really Face Wage Discrimination on the Labour Market? An Analysis Using Intra-household Specialization." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 6 (2014): 1279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061279.
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This study aims to estimate the gender pay gap, cleansed at least partially of the effect of intra-household specialization on productivity. The estimate is based on EU-SILC data for 19 member countries of the European Union. We use an estimate of the average treatment effect on the treated, supplemented by a matching procedure to estimate the unexplained part of the gender pay gap and use a subsample of employees earning more than their partners, thus minimizing the impact of child- and family-care on the gender pay gap. We conclude that the unexplained gender pay gap amounts approximately 10 percent working to the disadvantage of women. If we assume that the dominant role in family- and child-care is taken up by the partner earnings a lower wage, then this difference could neither be explained by differences in the observed personal and company characteristics nor by the dominant role of women in care for the household and children and could actually be due to wage discrimination against women.
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Okpa, John Thompson, Emmanuel Eshiotse, Nnana Okoi Ofem, Akomaye Sylvester, and Ubong Stephen Andrew. "Child Labour and Delinquent Behaviour in Nigeria: A Risk Factor Analysis." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0067.
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The thrust of this paper is to analyse the issues surrounding child labour and delinquent behaviour, linking the core of the problem to parents’ financial status, cultural practices and parental literacy. The article presents that child labour is a widespread global abnormality, wherein underage children are illegally engaged in undignified, dangerous, and debasing economic activities without considering the implication on their safety, security and dreams. These children are unduly engaged or employed to work for longer hours; usually at dumpsites, industrial layouts, farmlands, and in other settings; as servants, labourers and scavengers. A situation that has a significant socio-psychological effect, which in extreme cases results in delinquent behaviour. Child labour invariably creates a feeling of false maturity syndrome, as well as, exposes children to negative habits in the course of interacting with people of low-virtue, who often in the guise of patronizing their wares indoctrinate them into their unsavoury ways of life. As Nigeria battles the increasing rate of child labour and the attendant juvenile delinquency, it has become imperative that qualitative education should be made free, compulsory, relevant, attractive, and available for all, irrespective of their tribe, gender, religion, and geographical location. If child education is guaranteed, it, therefore, follows that parents would not see the need to give out their children as baby sitters and house helps to their relatives who initially promise to give the child good education whereas such relatives eventually use the innocent child in multiple labour such as domestic laundry and street hawking.
Received: 7 September 2020 / Accepted: 31 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Abang Ali, Dayang Haszelinna binti, and Reza Arabsheibani. "Gender Preference and Child Labor in Indonesia." Family Journal 28, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480719844333.
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This study examines the prevalence of son preference among ever-married women aged between 15 and 49 years in Indonesia. A continuing longitudinal socioeconomic and health survey data, Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS, Wave 4) 2007, were used by implementing multiple classification analysis (MCA) as a method to analyze interrelationships between several predictor variables and a dependent variable within the context of an additive model. The variables used were women’s characteristics including age, education, number of living and died children, covering both rural and urban areas. The findings revealed that son preference remained as the principal determinant for future birth even after controlling the effect of factors and covariates. In addition, factors such as having at least one son in the family, married late in life, and level of educations highly influenced the desire among Indonesian women for future birth.
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HAAS, LINDA. "Gender Equality and Social Policy." Journal of Family Issues 11, no. 4 (December 1990): 401–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251390011004004.
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This article evaluates the effectiveness of parental leave as a social policy designed to eliminate the traditional, gender-based division of labor. It examines whether fathers' taking parental leave equalizes women's and men's involvement in the labor market and in child care once the leave is over. Results from a 1986 study of 319 sets of new parents in Gothenburg, Sweden were analyzed. Fathers who took parental leave were found to be more likely to be involved in child care and to reduce their involvement in the labor force. On the other hand, mothers retained primary responsibility for children and remained less involved and rewarded in the labor market, whether or not their partners participated in parental leave. Elimination of the gender-based division of labor may require social policies that simultaneously aim to improve women's labor market opportunities, raise girls' interests in occupational achievement, and increase men's participation in child care.
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Buchler, Sandra, and Katharina Lutz. "Fathers’ Job Flexibility and Mothers’ Return to Employment." European Sociological Review 37, no. 4 (July 19, 2021): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcab009.
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Abstract One of the main drivers of gender inequality is the unequal distribution of paid work between men and women, in particular, after the birth of a child. In this study, we examine how a man’s employment flexibility, specifically his weekly hours of employment and schedule autonomy, influence his female partner’s return to employment after the birth of a first child using the German Socio-Economic Panel. Given women’s placement as primary but not solitary carers of young children, it is plausible that women’s attachment to the labour force will increase if their male partner is in a position to take on more of the responsibility for unpaid work. Results indicate that a father’s employment flexibility facilities a mother’s part-time employment. A return to full-time hours, however, is less contingent on the father’s employment circumstances or other external factors. The findings highlight the importance of employing couple-level analyses in examinations of the gender division of labour.
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Biehl, Andres, Andrea Canales, Viviana Salinas, and Guillermo Wormald. "Gender differences in retirement in Chile and Uruguay." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 7/8 (May 1, 2020): 765–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-02-2020-0029.
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PurposeThis study compares retirement in Chile and Uruguay, and focuses on current individuals legally entitled to retire, particularly women. The article analyses how labour market and family resources shape the access of women and men to social insurance by investigating the likelihood of retirement after reaching the legal age of retirement.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the Longitudinal Social Protection Survey (LSPS), a biannual or triennial longitudinal survey carried out in six Latin American countries. To study gender differences in the chance of being retired, the study conducts a series of logit regression models to model retirement as a function of labour market and life course conditions as well as providing descriptive and contextual information.FindingsMain findings support labour market explanations of gender differences in retirement. Work experience, human capital and contribution densities largely explain the chances of retirement and economic autonomy among elderly women. Further analysis reveal that they are both less likely than men to retire but also to work in old age, limiting their economic autonomy.Research limitations/implicationsData for Uruguay are recent. To maximize comparison between countries, the paper selects the more recent waves with complete administrative information. As a result, the article uses cross-sectional data that might not capture the accumulation of family resources and could fail to provide a complete gendered life course explanation of current disadvantages faced by women.Originality/valueThe article uses novel data in order to place two Latin American countries within mainstream sociological theories of retirement, thus complementing literature that mainly focuses on European and North-American societies. The paper also documents gender gaps in retirement in two different Latin American societies, one with a traditionally generous public pension system (Uruguay) and one with a largely privately-run contributory system (Chile).
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STARRELS, MARJORIE E. "Gender Differences in Parent-Child Relations." Journal of Family Issues 15, no. 1 (March 1994): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251394015001007.
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This article uses longitudinal data from the National Survey of Children to examine parent-child relationships in middle childhood and early adolescence. It analyzes parental nurturance, closeness, discipline, and authoritativeness by gender of parent and child. Logistic and OLS regression models of supportive parenting are also presented. Fathers are much more involved with sons and tend to concentrate on more instrumental facets of support, whereas mothers tend to be more supportive across genders in the traditional, affective sense. Results also suggest that children's, mother's, and couple/spouse's characteristics are robust predictors of supportive parenting. Fathers' traits are related only to relations with daughters. This article specifies further theoretical and substantive implications such as the relative influence of formal versus informal marital power and the distinction between child rearing and housework in examining the household division of labor. It also suggests areas for future research, including the implications of parent-child relations for marital and sibling relations.
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Okon, Emmanuel Okokondem. "Female Labour Force, ICT and Growth Nexus in Nigeria." American Economic & Social Review 2, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v2i1.152.
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Growth in the labor force is one of the determinants of a nation’s maximum sustainable, or potential, rate of economic expansion. However, in the period of study in this paper, the relationship between women’s participation in the labor force of Nigeria and economic growth is inverse and insignificant. This is attributed to the level of economic development, social norms, education levels, fertility rates and other factors. From policy perspectives therefore educational opportunities for the girl child should be extended to the nooks and crannies of the country so as to enhance socio-economic family planning techniques and methods to reduce the burden of women in the labour force. In the same vein, employers should be encouraged to give all gender equal opportunity and chance to pursue their potentials especially if they have potentials required for a particular job. However, particular attention should be focused on men by enlightening them on the essence of encouraging their spouses on any career they may choose as long as it does not affected the family in any way.
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BROWN, ELAINE. "Gender, occupation, illiteracy and the urban economic environment: Leicester, 1760–1890." Urban History 31, no. 2 (August 2004): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392680400210x.
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This article examines the relationship between gender, occupation, illiteracy and economic development in Leicester from 1760 to 1890. Although Leicester's economy was at a proto-industrial stage of development, heavily dependent on domestic and workshop-based industries, interesting comparisons may be made with industrializing factory towns. There was similar reliance on child and female labour, and the industries appeared to develop in a climate of illiteracy. This new local case study is especially important for previous research concerning gender, occupation, illiteracy and economic development has tended to focus on urban market towns or newly developing factory towns.
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André, Stéfanie, Stéfanie André, Maurice Gesthuizen, Stéfanie André, Maurice Gesthuizen, and Peer Scheepers. "Support for Traditional Female Roles across 32 Countries: Female Labour Market Participation, Policy Models and Gender Differences." Comparative Sociology 12, no. 4 (2013): 447–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341270.
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Abstract In this research we study support for traditional female roles. We test individual and contextual explanations for differences in support for traditional female roles within and across 32 countries. Higher educated, employed people and those who do not adhere to a religion are least supportive. The higher the female labour market participation, the less traditional the average citizen is: this contextual effect is stronger for women than for men. Governmental child care expenditure does not affect average levels of support for traditional female roles. Yet, we do find a significant drop in traditional attitudes for men, when governments spend more on child care. This shows the importance of including the possibility of differences in contextual effects for men and women.
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Kıran, Binnaz, Binaz Bozkur, and Alim Kaya. "Investigation of social anxiety level of migrated and not migrated secondary school student." Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi 8, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 623–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2018.024.
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It is thought that children whose family migrated may have a high social anxiety due to being not acepted by public and being exposed to negative evaluation. This study examines the social anxiety of migrated and nonmigrated children in terms of gender, socio-economic level and prevalence of child labour. The study group included 727 migrated and nomigrated secondary school students in Mersin. Data were collected with the Social Anxiety Scale for Children and the Personal Information Sheet. As a result, it is found that social anxiety differs depending on migration, gender, working situation and their reasons for migration. Child labour and low socio-economic level are more prevalent in the immigrant group. In this contex, it can be asserted that immigration constitutes to be a risk factor for experiencing social anxiety problems. Considering that migration is a continuing phenomenon, it would be necessary for some institutions such as the Ministry of Family and Social Policies, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health, to carry out preventive studies collaboratively to ensure the children from migrant families are less affected by social anxiety and similar psychological difficulties.
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Pacho, Maureen, and Kennedy Mutundu. "Gender-Based Violence and Access to Education." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss7.3242.
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Gender based violence (GBV) consequences on women economic empowerment within Kenya are immensely widespread. Nakuru East Sub County, in particular has reported many cases of GBV. The aim of this study was to examine effects of gender-based violence on the women access to education. This investigation was guided by Ecological theory and a descriptive survey design was adopted in this study. Using a questionnaire, focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews, the results are based on achieved response of a group of 40 women, 2 chiefs and 2 officers in charge of children protection unit and 3 CSOs Staff. Study findings indicate that there was notable impact of GBV on women access to education in Nakuru East. Cases of school dropout as a result of teenage pregnancies, Early marriage, child labour, and giving preference to boys in education were top on the findings. Empowerment of women reduces the unequal power relationship between women and men which has been identified as the root cause of GBV.
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Wincott, D. "Paradoxes of New Labour Social Policy: Toward Universal Child Care in Europe's "Most Liberal" Welfare Regime?" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 13, no. 2 (May 9, 2006): 286–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxj011.
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Wang, Qing. "Child Gender, Intergenerational Kinship and Parental Labor Market Outcomes." Review of Development Economics 19, no. 4 (October 5, 2015): 892–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12177.
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Mishra, Dharmendra Kumar. "Gharkhia System in Western Odisha." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 5, no. 1 (January 2017): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024916677608.
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Gharkhia is a commonly accepted mediation process widely practiced in western part of rural Odisha, now seems to be vanished but its existence in some remote villages cannot be denied. Our occupation-based caste system, local labour practices and social customs are some factors responsible for mass acceptance of the gharkhia system. But common assumption among public towards work done by a gharkhia as non exploitative is the main catalyst of this illegal practice. In this article an attempt has been made to find out different nomenclatures of the gharkhia system, its characteristics and community’s response towards this practice in different parts of western Odisha through the gender lens. Since the subject is believed to be a non-studied area and very little work has been done earlier, the author mainly relies on primary sources of information. The article describes about 13 different forms of gharkhia practices, out of which Halia Pila (Boy) and Gouden Tukel (Girl) are the two most popular ones. Launching of national child labour project, stringent action against employers of child labour pronounced by the apex court and rapid industrialisation in the area are the main reasons for disappearance of this prohibited practice.
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Hannah, Jo-Ann, and Jack Quarter. "Sharing Household Labour: “Could You do the Bedtime Story While I do the Dishes?”." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 11, no. 2 (September 1, 1992): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1992-0019.
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The Canadian Mental Health Association (1987) identified the double workday as a major source of stress for women. Drawing on a socialist-feminist analysis, we examined the inequalities in the workloads of men and women in different stages of family life. The data from 223 service sector workers in the Canadian airlines industry were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance techniques. Results indicated gender inequalities in total workloads as well as types of work. Men and women did equal amounts of child care but women did significantly more housework.
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Jiang, Jinqi, Wanzhen Huang, Zhenhua Wang, and Guangsheng Zhang. "The Effect of Health on Labour Supply of Rural Elderly People in China—An Empirical Analysis Using CHARLS Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 3, 2019): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071195.
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In China, due to decades of the ‘one-child policy’ and continuous rural-urban labour migration, real population aging in rural areas is increasing more quickly than in urban areas, and the labour inputs in agricultural production are becoming ever more dependent on the elderly. Using CHARLS data, we examine the effect of health on the labour supply of rural elderly people. We construct a latent health stock index (LHSI) to eliminate measurement bias and then use this one-period lagged LHSI and the Heckman two-stage and the Bourguignon-Fournier-Gurand two-stage method to deal with the simultaneous causality of health and labour decisions and sample selectivity in model estimation. The results show that, in the overall level, the labour force participation and work time of rural elderly people increase significantly with the improvement of health. These effects on the males are sharply greater than on the females and are enhanced with age. In the subdivided agricultural and non-agricultural labour supply, health improvement is positively related with labour force participation of rural elderly and brings an employment allocation from agricultural section to non-agricultural section, especially on the males. However, as the work time, these relations are insignificant and invariant with gender and age.
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Kharisma, Bayu. "Idiosyncratic Shocks and Child Labor: Does Gender Matter? Evidence from Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 18, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v18i1.2907.
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This paper aims to analyze the effect of various idiosyncratic shocks against child labor, working hours of children and school participation based on gender. Also, the role of the assets held by households as one of the coping strategies to mitigate the effects of such shocks. The results of random effect probit technique show that girls are more vulnerable and unprotected in the event of idiosyncratic shocks, especially those shocks caused by crop loss and the decline in household income due to price and quantity. Meanwhile, idiosyncratic shock that drives the existence of boys child labor is the death of the head or members of the household.. Additionally, household assets play an important role in reducing the number of child labor and increase school participation but do not affect the working hours of children during a variety of idiosyncratic shocks
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Dommermuth, Lars, Bryndl Hohmann-Marriott, and Trude Lappegård. "Gender Equality in the Family and Childbearing." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 13 (June 15, 2015): 1803–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15590686.
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Gender equality and equity in the division of household labor may be associated with couples’ transitions to first, second, and third births. Our comprehensive analysis includes the division of housework and child care as well as the perception of whether this division is fair and satisfactory. We use a unique data set combining the Norwegian Generations and Gender Survey (2007) with information on childbirths within 3 years after the interview from the population register. We found that an unequal division of housework is associated with a decreased chance of first and subsequent births. Child care is most relevant when the respondent is satisfied with the division, as one-child couples where the respondent is less satisfied with the division of child care are less likely to have a second child. Our findings suggest that, even in a high-equity context such as Norway, equality and equity in the household are also important for childbearing.
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Kleven, Henrik, Camille Landais, and Jakob Egholt Søgaard. "Children and Gender Inequality: Evidence from Denmark." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 181–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180010.
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Using Danish administrative data, we study the impacts of children on gender inequality in the labor market. The arrival of children creates a long-run gender gap in earnings of around 20 percent driven by hours worked, participation, and wage rates. We identify mechanisms driving these “child penalties” in terms of occupation, sector, and firm choices. We find that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has featured a dramatic increase over the last three to four decades. Finally, we show that child penalties are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters, suggesting an influence of childhood environment on gender identity. (JEL D63, J13, J16, J22, J31, J71)
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GOODIN, ROBERT E., ANTTI PARPO, and OLLI KANGAS. "The Temporal Welfare State: The Case of Finland." Journal of Social Policy 33, no. 4 (October 2004): 531–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279404007986.
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Welfare states contribute to people's well-being in many different ways. One way of bringing those contributions under a common metric is in terms of ‘temporal autonomy’: the freedom to spend one's time as one will, outside the necessities of daily life. Using the 1999–2000 Finnish Time Use Survey, we propose ways of operationalising the time that is ‘strictly necessary’ to spend in paid labour, unpaid household labour and personal care; the residual, ‘discretionary time’, represents people's temporal autonomy. We measure the impact on that of Finnish taxes, transfers and child care subsidies. In so doing, we calibrate the contributions of Finland's Nordic welfare regime and of its female-friendly gender regime, in ways that correspond to the lived reality of people's daily lives.
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Emerson, Patrick M., and André Portela Souza. "Child Labor, School Attendance, and Intrahousehold Gender Bias in Brazil." World Bank Economic Review 21, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhm001.
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Mohammed, Ibrahim, Priscilla Twumasi Baffour, and Wassiuw Abdul Rahaman. "Gender Differences in Earnings Rewards to Personality Traits in Wage-employment and Self-employment Labour Markets." Management and Labour Studies 46, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 204–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x21989944.
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In an extensive review of wage determination papers, it is concluded that the standard demographic and human capital factors explain little of earning differentials. Consequently, there is a growing interest among economists to include non-cognitive skills measured by personality traits in recent empirical literature to explain variations in earnings. In a bid to contribute empirical evidence to this strand of literature, this study examines the associations between the Big-Five personality traits (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, extraversion and neuroticism) and earnings, using the World Bank’s Skills towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) data on Ghana. The study employed regression techniques to estimate a series of semi-logarithmic wage equations that include demographic and human capital factors and the Big-Five personality traits to determine how important these factors are in explaining wage and self-employment earnings. Furthermore, the estimations of the wage equations are done separately for males and females to highlight any gender differences in the way personality traits contribute to earnings. Findings are largely consistent with the literature but uniquely demonstrate that in a power-distant culture like Ghana, where, traditionally, girl-child education has been relegated to the background, agreeable females, and not males, are rewarded in the formal wage employment labour market. However, in the informal self-employment labour market, conscientious males, and not females, are positively rewarded with higher earnings. These unique findings contribute to our understanding of the gender differences in the relative importance of non-cognitive skills in the formal and informal labour markets. JEL Codes: J31, J24
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RENDE TAYLOR, LISA. "PATTERNS OF CHILD FOSTERAGE IN RURAL NORTHERN THAILAND." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 3 (June 18, 2004): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006790.
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Evolutionary theory guides an investigation of foster parent selection in two northern Thai villages with different biosocial environments: one village has high levels of labour migration and divorce, and growing numbers of parental death due to HIV/AIDS, while the other village has lower migration, divorce and parental mortality levels. Focus groups examine mothers’ and fathers’ motivations and ideals regarding foster caretaker selection, and quantitative family surveys examine real fostering outcomes: specifically, the laterality (matrilateral versus patrilateral) and genetic distance of the foster caretakers of all ever-fostered children in these two villages. As predicted, in environments of high marital stability and paternity certainty, parents seem to prefer close genetic kin from either side as foster parents for their children. In low marital stability and paternity certainty environments, parents trust their own lateral kin, regardless of genetic distance, over close genetic kin from the other side. The striking exception to this pattern, however, occurs in the case of parental death, in which case children are fostered to the deceased parent’s kin, regardless of the child’s sex or other factors. In general, the foster parents for girls are selected with more care, reflecting the daughter/female preference expected in traditionally matrilineal, matrilocal societies. An ordered decision-making pathway for foster parent selection is proposed, taking into consideration the key factors of (a) the circumstances driving the fostering decision, (b) the gender of the child, (c) the gender of the key decision-making parent, and (d) the degree of marital and population fluidity (and subsequent paternity certainty) in the village.
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Martín-Gamboa, Mario, Paula Quinteiro, Ana Cláudia Dias, and Diego Iribarren. "Comparative Social Life Cycle Assessment of Two Biomass-to-Electricity Systems." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 4918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094918.
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Biomass plays a fundamental role in numerous decarbonisation strategies that seek to mitigate the short- and long-term effects of climate change. Within this context, decision-makers’ choices need to comprehensively consider potential sustainability effects associated with bioenergy systems. In particular, due to the lack of studies addressing the social sustainability of bioelectricity, the present work applies the Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) methodology to compare the social performance of two biomass-to-electricity systems located in Portugal based on either fluidised-bed or grate furnace technology. S-LCA involves a comprehensive approach for holistic evaluation and data interpretation of social aspects. Six social indicators were benchmarked: child labour, forced labour, gender wage gap, women in the sectoral labour force, health expenditure, and contribution to economic development. The results show that the implementation of fluidised-bed furnaces as a more efficient conversion technology could reduce by 15–19% the selected negative social impacts, except women in the sectoral labour force. When enlarging the interpretation to a sustainability perspective, the general suitability of the fluidised-bed furnace system would be further emphasised under environmental aspects while jointly providing valuable insights for informed decision-making and sustainability reporting.