Academic literature on the topic 'Gender attributes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Gender attributes"
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Mihálik, Jaroslav, and Alexandra Matejková. "Mainstreaming the Gender: Measuring the Job Attributes and Gender Differences across Selected EU Member States." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 4655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084655.
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In our research article, we expect that the job attitudes of men and women should converge, and their declared different preferences for job attributes should decrease. We also expect that the preference for job attributes aimed at comfortable working conditions should be closer between men and women due to the growing balance of men’s and women’s role distribution within the household. Therefore, the main goal of the research, using quantitative research methods and using data from the European Values Study (EVS), is to identify the gender differences, if any, in the preferences for external and internal job attributes across selected EU member states. In particular, we focus on the importance of work for men and women; gender differences in job attributes; the preference for external and internal job attributes; the inclination of gender stereotypes and attitudes toward gender roles division; and the comparison of gender equality and job attribute preference in the selected EU countries. Our conclusions confirmed parallels between gender stereotypes and equality among the Western, Eastern, and Southern EU member states.
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Tiberi, Severiano, and Jeremy Moody. "An Analysis of Desirable Attributes for Strength and Conditioning Coaches as Perceived by Male and Female Population of Collegiate Athletes." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 9, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijpefs2023.
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The present study aimed to suggest desirable attributes and characteristics for strength and conditioning coaches as perceived by the male and female population of collegiate athletes and statistically evaluate differences of perception between genders. Participants were 99 NCAA division I student-athletes (Male=56, Female=43) aged between 18-22 years of age, with a mean of 2.98 S&C sessions per week. Participants completed an electronic questionnaire to rank the importance of 17 research-based attributes through a 5-point Likert-type-scale. Descriptive statistics revealed that overall, “knowledgeable” and “communicative” were considered the most important attributes, whereas “overall size/muscularity” and “male gender” were the least desirable. With regards to perceived importance, attributes were ranked in the following order: knowledgeable, communicative, motivator, trustworthy, give positive feedback, approachable, organised, supportive, positive, honest, confident, role model, intense, physical fitness, sense of humour, overall size/muscularity, male gender. “Male gender” as an attribute was identified as the only significant difference in perception between genders (p = .017). The observed results are consistent with previous research that highlighted how several attributes and characteristics are important for strength and conditioning coaches. Thus, these results might foster reflection and guide personal and professional development of strength and conditioning coaches.
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Yeh, Marie A., Robert D. Jewell, and Cesar Zamudio. "An investigation of age and gender differences in children’s preferences underlying choice." Young Consumers 20, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-02-2018-00781.
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PurposeThis study aims to investigate age and gender differences in young consumers’ attribute preferences that underlie their choice decisions. This research proposes and finds that attribute preferences are moderated by age but not gender. Understanding how children at different ages evaluate a product’s attributes is essential to new children’s product development.Design/methodology/approachHierarchical Bayesian choice-based conjoint analysis was used to assess attribute importance via a series of choice tasks among children and adults. Adults completed the study by survey, whereas children were interviewed and led through the choice tasks.FindingsThis research finds that the preference structure for a product’s attributes differs systematically based on the age of children. Younger children chose based on perceptually salient attributes of a product, whereas older children chose based on cognitively salient attributes. When children’s attribute preferences are compared to adults, older children value attributes more similarly to adults than younger children. While gender differences were proposed and found, further analysis indicated that these differences were driven by adults in the sample and that no gender differences existed in the children’s age categories.Originality/valueThis study is the first to study children’s preference structure in complex choices with different ages preferring different attributes. By using conjoint analysis, this research is able to understand children’s underlying decision process, as utility scores are obtained providing a level of precision for understanding the underlying process of children’s choices that other studies have not used.
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Omotoye, Oluwatamilore, Kingsley Aderemi Adeyemo, Tumininu Omotoye, Faith Okeme, and Andrew Leigh. "Audit committee attributes, board attributes and market performance of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria." Banks and Bank Systems 16, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(1).2021.15.
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This paper aims to discover the association between various audit committee and board attributes and the market performance of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study intends to determine the influence of audit committee size, gender diversity, expertise, board size and board shareholding on market performance (measured by Tobin Q). Panel data was gathered from twelve (12) banks listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2017. The study used fixed and random regression analysis. The results concluded that the association between audit committee size, board size and Tobin Q was negatively significant. There was a positively significant impact of audit committee gender diversity and audit committee expertise on Tobin Q. The study showed a positive but insignificant influence of board shareholding on market performance. The results imply that weakness in governance structures might lead to lower market performance. This study recommends that firms ensure that appointment criteria prioritize knowledge and competence, and regulatory bodies are also encouraged to track the compliance of listed firms with corporate governance regulations. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to acknowledge Covenant University for its financial support during the course of this research paper.
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Campos, Alfredo. "Imagery, Concreteness, Emotionality, Meaningfulness, and Pleasantness of Words." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3 (June 1995): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3.867.
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This account of the literature on the relationships among imagery, concreteness, emotionality, meaningfulness, and pleasantness shows high test-retest reliability for all five attributes which are stable for subjects of both genders and of several nationalities. Gender differences and the influence of attributes on other attributes are also examined.
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Bekios-Calfa, Juan, José M. Buenaposada, and Luis Baumela. "Robust gender recognition by exploiting facial attributes dependencies." Pattern Recognition Letters 36 (January 2014): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2013.04.028.
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Avery, Lanice R., L. Monique Ward, Lolita Moss, and Dilara Üsküp. "Tuning Gender." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 159–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798415627917.
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Although analyses indicate that mainstream media are a prominent force in the gender socialization of Black youth, little is known about the nature of gender messages in contemporary music, especially in music by Black artists. To explore this issue, we conducted a systematic content analysis of 527 top songs by Black artists released from 1990 to 2010, coding each song for the presence of 23 attributes reflecting hegemonic masculinity and femininity. Analyses also examined differences in gender messages based on time period and genre. Findings indicated that representations of hegemonic masculinity were most likely to reflect hypermasculinity, characterizing Black men as competitive, dangerous, sex-focused, and materialistic. Portrayals of women were more likely to reflect hyperfeminine attributes, emphasizing the importance of women’s physical attractiveness, utility as sexual objects, and emotional expressiveness. Representations of men as hypermasculine and of women as hyperfeminine sexual objects increased over time, and were more frequent for rap/hip-hop music than for other genres. Results are discussed in terms of the potential links between music exposure and the gender development of Black youth.
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McLeod, Michelle. "Understanding knowledge flows within a tourism destination network." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights 3, no. 5 (July 1, 2020): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhti-02-2020-0017.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reveal those attributes of owners and managers that influence knowledge flows between owners and managers in a tourism destination network. The research question relates to whether homogeneity and/or heterogeneity attributes of the owners and managers are associated with the flow of information within a knowledge network.Design/methodology/approachOwners and managers of tourism and hospitality businesses in the Bournemouth, Poole and Christchurch conurbation were surveyed regarding their receipt of information from each other. Social network analysis (SNA) was applied to understand how job position, type of business, gender and education attributes influence the information flows within a knowledge network.FindingsIt was revealed that the ties or flows of information were influenced through the heterogeneity of the type of education attribute of a business owner or manager. Other attributes such as type of business, job position or gender were not associated with the receipt of information.Research limitations/implicationsThe contribution of the paper relates to increasing the understanding of an underlying attribute that influences information flows between owners and managers of tourism and hospitality businesses within a tourism destination.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the understanding of a heterogeneous attribute that influences the flow of information within a tourism destination network.
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Bram, Barli, and Truly Almendo Pasaribu. "INDONESIAN GENDER-SPECIFIC NEOLOGISMS." Linguistik Indonesia 38, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v38i2.152.
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This paper aims at analyzing how gender-specific neologisms in Indonesian are formed and how they conceptualize gender in the community. Neologisms containing gender marked features from online media are extracted. They are classified based on the forms and the word formation processes. The researchers conduct a careful examination on how the semantic components in the neologisms conceptualize gender in the society. The researchers categorized the word formation processes of gender marked neologisms, consisting of 92 data samples, into seven word formation processes, starting from the least up to the most frequent processes, namely metaphor, reverse, acronym, diminutive, initialism, borrowing and blend/clipping compound. The results showed that blends or clipping compounds were formed from English, Indonesian and local languages, such as Javenese, as in the English-Indonesian bohay (‘body’ and aduhay ‘sexy’) to refer to a ‘sexy female body’. These new words semantically ground on social dimensions carrying several attributes, namely: emotional, financial, physical, sexual, and financial attributes. Instead of serving as an act of empowerment, some neologisms, as argued in the findings, reflect negative stigma to particular genders.
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Patterson, Meagan M. "Self-Perceived Gender Typicality, Gender-Typed Attributes, and Gender Stereotype Endorsement in Elementary-School-Aged Children." Sex Roles 67, no. 7-8 (July 27, 2012): 422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0184-9.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Gender attributes"
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Freeman, George M. "Defining Imaginary Audience Scores Via Gender Attributes Versus Biological Gender." UNF Digital Commons, 2002. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/173.
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Imaginary audience scores for males and females have not demonstrated consistent differences in the literature. In this study, scores on the Imaginary Audience Scale (lAS) and on the Imaginary Audience subscale of the Adolescent Egocentrism-Sociocentrism scale (ABS) were compared to self-rating of gender attributes on the Personality Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). Results for 64 females and 32 males surveyed at a southeastern university indicate that one's self-rating of gender attributes correlates with imaginary audience scores while biological gender does not. As masculine attribute scores increase, lAS scores and Abiding Self subscale scores decrease. As masculine-feminine attribute scores (traits favored by both sexes) increase, imaginary audience scores increase on all measures.
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Olby, Brian C. "Perceived Attractiveness and Personality Attributes: A Gender and Racial Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2509/.
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Subjects rated 12 female body shapes with respect to their physical attractiveness, and the extent to which they would be expected to possess various personality characteristics. The shapes were varied using 3 levels of overall weight and 4 levels of body shapeliness. The sample was modified to control for socioeconomic factors and results are based on 297 undergraduates from Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic racial backgrounds.
Loglinear analyses revealed that men and women, regardless of racial background, rated shapely underweight females as most physically attractive, sexy, and ideal for a woman, followed by normal weight figures of similar proportion. African Americans, women in particular, judged the shapely normal weight figures more favorably than the other subjects. Multidimensional scaling and subsequent frequency analyses showed that those figures judged as most attractive, sexy, and ideal were also expected to be fairly emotionally stable, and most successful and interpersonally competitive, but least faithful, kind, and family-oriented. Overweight female shapes, while rated as least physically attractive, sexy, and emotionally stable, were expected to be most family-oriented, kind, and faithful. Shapely normal weight figures were judged to be attractive and sexy, and were assumed to possess a moderate amount of the personality traits in question.
The results suggest that Caucasian and Hispanic subjects prefer shapely underweight women, while African Americans, particularly women, find shapely underweight and shapely normal weight women to be physically appealing. African American women also rate shapely normal weight women favorably with respect to personality traits. This perceptual difference may help inoculate them from developing eating disturbances and account for the low prevalence rate of eating disorders in African Americans compared to women of other racial backgrounds. It is suggested that future research identify those beliefs, values or behaviors that seem to inoculate African American women from developing eating disorders. Once identified, mental health professionals may facilitate their development in those women who are likely to have eating problems.
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Gull, Ammar Ali. "Gender-diverse boards and financial statements quality : the role of female directors’ attributes." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA2001/document.
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Cette thèse propose d'étudier dans quelle mesure la diversité du genre au conseil d'administration influence la qualité des états financiers. Plus précisément, cette thèse explore la relation entre la diversité du genre au conseil d'administration et la qualité des états financiers en soulignant l'influence des attributs des femmes administrateurs sur la qualité des états financiers.Cette thèse repose sur un large échantillon d'entreprises françaises appartenant à l'indice CAC All-shares d'Euronext Paris entre 2001 et 2010. Après avoir contrôlé l'endogénéité et d'autres facteurs spécifiques au conseil d'administration, à l'entreprise et à l'industrie, nos résultats montrent que la diversité du genre au conseil d‟administration est positivement associée à la qualité des états financiers. De plus, nos résultats mettent en lumière une influence significative des attributs des femmes administrateurs sur la relation entre la diversité du genre dans les conseils d'administration et la qualité des états financiers. En ce qui concerne plus particulièrement les attributs, nous avons trouvé que l'appartenance au comité d‟audit, l'expertise comptable et financière et l'expérience des femmes ont un impact positif et significatif sur la qualité des états financiers. L'ensemble de ces résultats témoigne de l'importance des compétences dans les conseils d'administration diversifiés en termes de genre et révèlent la pertinence des attributs des femmes administrateurs pour assurer la qualité des états financiersThis thesis proposes to study to what extent board gender diversity influence the quality of financial statements. Specifically, this thesis explores the relation between gender-diverse boards and financial statements quality by highlighting the value relevance of female directors‟ attributes for enhancing the quality of financial statements.This thesis focuses on a large sample of French firms belonging to the CAC-All shares index listed on Euronext Paris over the period 2001 to 2010. We find, after controlling for endogeneity and other board, firm and industry specific factors, that board gender diversityis positively associated with the quality of financial statements. Further, our findings provide evidence of significant influence of female directors‟ attributes on the relation between gender-diverse boards and financial statements quality. With regard to female directors‟ attributes, we find concrete evidence to suggest that audit committee memberships, financial expertise and experience of women have substantial impact on the quality of financial statements. Taken together, these results testify the effective monitoring skills of gender-diverse boards and the value relevance of female directors‟ attributes for ensuring the quality of financial statements. Finally, an important implication of thesis is that the decision to appoint women on corporate boards should be more based on their statutory and demographic attributes than blind implementation of gender quotas
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Herrmann, Annika, and Meike Petermann. "The Influence of Gender Stereotype Consistent and Inconsistent Attributes of Job Applicants on Recruiters’ Memory." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75025.
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According to a growing body of research, gender stereotypes can have a profound effect on hiring decisions. However, it is unclear whether information confirming or contradicting gender stereotypes can bias recruiters’ memory and ultimately affect hiring decisions. This study examined whether gender stereotypes about job applicants can affect memory of recruiters to remember stereotype consistent information, specifically when hiring for a predominantly male gender-typed job position as Financial Advisor. In a true experiment, 158 participants screened CVs of fictitious applicants, containing either gender stereotype consistent or inconsistent information in an online hiring scenario conducted mainly through a professional social network site. Recognition of consistent and inconsistent information was measured, as well as the intent to hire and to invite the applicant for a job interview. The results revealed that stereotype consistent information on the CV was not remembered more than stereotype inconsistent information. Additionally, male applicants were not preferred over female applicants in regard to the intent to hire. Female applicants were more likely to be invited for an interview than male applicants, as opposed to our hypothesized presumption. Professional experience in personnel selection did not affect the results. Practical implications are discussed.
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Brockmann, Valerie, and Andreas Pfleger. "“Great Men” versus the “Female Leadership Advantage” : An analysis of gender-related perceptions of and attitudes towards selected leadership attributes." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-43615.
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The topic of leadership has been present in the academic world for about 100 years. In science, this is considered a rather short period of time, during which the discipline has developed enormously. Initially formulated theories and approaches have now been revised for the most part or even in their entirety. Yet, of special interest for the purpose of this research is the extremely slow development of females in this context and the lack of attention that is given to gender biased perceptions. This academic paper reviews the earliest beginnings of the subject and, as the title suggests, covers not only the history of the subject, but also the latest trends and developments in the area of leadership and gender. As it’s been said by the townsman (c.f. Anecdote), the perceptions people have of their surroundings are as diverse as the people themselves. They depend upon an infinite amount of personal experiences, shaping each and every person’s character the way they are. Therefore, during the course of this thesis, special attention is given to the role of females and especially the cognitions towards female leaders in order to address the issue of potential gender biased perceptions. By means of an online survey - which was not directed towards the general public, but rather towards persons dedicated to the field of gender and leadership - numerical and qualitative data on questions about gender-specific perceptions of leadership was collected. In summary, it can be deduced from these results, that there is a difference in the perception of leadership qualities with respect to gender. However, it should be noted that the gender biases work in two ways: The perceived differences are dependent on both, the gender of the person who answered the questions, as well as the gender of the person in the leadership position. In our opinion as researcher, the findings reveal that there are, indeed, deeply anchored, probably subconscious perceptions that seem to be associated with the topic of gender and leadership. However, all in all it can be said that the commonly assumed stereotypes of clearly male and female leader attributes do not consistently exist anymore. According to the findings of our research, the awareness of females associated with hitherto mostly male perceived leader attributes is present and will probably further consolidate in the years to come. Hence, the findings of this thesis reinforce the general positive evolution of females in leader positions. Additionally, they nurture and further strengthen growing idea of females as being naturally perceived as leaders in order to ensure fair and equitable systems for women and men in leadership.
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Hura, Geraldine M. "The Effects of Rater and Leader Gender on Ratings of Leader Effectiveness and Attributes in a Business Environment." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1134568571.
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Vest, Jusanne Meltzer. "The relationship of job seeker work experience and gender to the importance placed on work-related attributes." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54801.
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This study investigates individual perceptions of work related attributes during the employment search process. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to investigate: 1) the relationship of job seeker work experience to the importance placed on work-related attributes, and 2) the relationship of job seeker gender to the importance placed on work-related attributes.
Six hundred and ninety-four graduating baccalaureate hospitality students from eleven nationwide universities with accredited hotel-restaurant programs participated in this study. Hypotheses proposed in this study were largely unsupported. Methodological difficulties associated with survey instrumentation and administration rendered the findings of this study inconclusive.Ph. D.
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George, Ranjan Michael Jeyadas, of Western Sydney Nepean University, and Faculty of Business. "Job satisfaction, gendered work-lives and orientations to work." THESIS_FB_XXX_George_R.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/262.
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This thesis is a study of gender and organisation in Sri Lanka, a society of diverse cultural identities. The research question addresses factors related to women and men's orientations to work and the extent to which institutional factors, located in the broader societal context of Sri Lankan organisations, add explanatory power in analysis of the degree of job satisfaction and work perceptions. The thesis also investigates the relationship between organisational level attributes and the understanding of managers' work perceptions, as well as seeking variation at the institutional level. The main research instrument was a questionnaire, and quantitative data was generated from field surveys of 382 Sri Lankan male and female managers. The data is stratified randomly, forming a sample of top, middle and junior level managers. These managers belong to diverse Sri Lankan organisations in terms of size, ownership, and line of business. The findings illustrate that organisational level attributes have greater explanatory power in interpreting the work perceptions of male and female managers in Sri Lanka than do the institutional factors. However, qualitative interviews that were conducted reveal the salience of institutional factors to explain aspects of work perceptions. Organisational policies and recommendations that can be derived from this finding are elaborated in the conclusions.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Leufstadius, Rebecka. "Att formge en receptbok - är könsneutral design möjlig? / Designing a recipe book - is gender-neutral design possible?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21023.
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The aim has been to investigate and describe how gender-neutral design, concerning typefaces and colours, can be created. Based on my results I’ve designed a cover for a recipe-book to make it appealing to both women and men. I have been doing my research based on questions such as; Does feminine and masculine design, concerning typefaces and colours exist? And if so what characterizes it? Does gender-neutral design, concerning typefaces and colours exist? And if so what characterizes it? Is it possible to design a cover for a recipe-book in a gender-neutral way, concerning typefaces and colours?The first part of my research consists of a literature study based on keywords such as gender, graphic design, gender theory, typeface, androgynous, visual communication, colour, shape, feminine, masculine, and book design. The second part consists of a empirical study based upon a heterogeneous sample of 311 respondents. The respondents responded to a survey about how they perceived different colours and typefaces from a gender perspective. The result shows that, within the target group I have chosen to focus on, there are colours and typefaces that are perceived as more feminine, masculine or gender-neutral than others. My design of the recipe-book becomes part of showing the results since I have based my design-decisions on the results from the literature study and survey.
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Nyström, Frida, and Mimmi Forsberg. "Is Sexism in Advertising really Necessary? : A quantitative study about Women's Attitudes towards Quality Attributes within the Female Fast Fashion Industry." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-83739.
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Advertising is constantly surrounding us in different shapes, meaning that companies need to stand out in order to invoke people's attention. Advertising reflects the society's current norms which means that the media and society's values affect each other (Fagerström & Nilsson, 2008). Women have for a long time been objectified and presented in stereotypical roles since sexism is a common component in advertising (Grau & Zotos, 2016). An industry that is frequently being accused of promoting an asymmetrical image of women's bodies is the fast fashion industry (Fay & Price, 1994). It is crucial in both a societal- and business perspective to take responsibility when it comes to sexism in advertising. This study aims to examine female consumers attitudes towards quality attributes in advertising within the female fast fashion industry. Given the research purpose of this thesis, the research questions are: 1) How can the quality attributes in the female fast fashion industry be used to satisfy women as customers? 2) How does quality attributes contribute to customer (dis-)satisfaction in the female fast fashion industry? A preliminary study was organized to state consumers’ different attributes of sexism to use in the questionnaire. Followed by this was the main study with Kano pair questions that included 201 respondents. The pair questions were formulated by the attributes identified in the preliminary study. This study shows how all the presented attributes (“Size zero”, “White people”, “CIS-person”, “Functional variation”, “Unrealistic ideals”, “High level of nudity”, “Erotic way”, “Sexual desire”, “Body focus”, “Behind or breasts” and “Lips or mouth”) were classified as “Reversed” which is an indication of dissatisfaction and an urge for the attribute to be the opposite. This thesis demonstrates the relationship between the quality attributes and theories regarding objectification and portrayal of women. The customers’ attitudes towards the quality attributes correlate with the consequences as results of advertising in a sexist way. Businesses within the female fast fashion industry can prioritise the customer requirements for their advertisements in all assistance measurement and estimation of customer satisfaction in order to rise above the current way of advertising and become more customer oriented and to take responsibility and participation in the development of a gender equal society.
Books on the topic "Gender attributes"
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Ingram, Linda J., Klára Tarkó, and Susan L. Slocum, eds. Women, leisure and tourism: self-actualization and empowerment through the production and consumption of experience. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247985.0000.
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Abstract This book provides a comprehensive discussion of women, leisure, and tourism through the lens of leisure production and consumption, both by women and for women. Specifically, this text includes a multicultural perspective highlighting the unique attributes leisure brings to women, the role of women in leisure entrepreneurship, and the creation of supportive, inclusive environments to enhance female well-being through the examination of these activities in often overlooked populations. The diversity of women's leisure and tourism practices is best perceived through the links between various leisure practices (e.g., sport, outdoor recreation, travel and tourism, learning, crafts, events, and family leisure), as well as an understanding of leisure production and consumption across cultures and life stages. Chapters bring to the forefront many of the challenges inherent in providing and experiencing leisure and tourism that support the diverse needs of women, as well as a look at female innovation that is also often overlooked in leisure research. This multi-disciplinary book includes examples of both applied and conceptual chapters from global perspectives in academic studies, which will be useful for academics and graduate students of tourism, leisure and gender studies.
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Gendered attributes in ocupational stereotypes and self-images of university students entering gender-dominated occupations. 1989.
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George, Tracey E., and Taylor Grace Weaver. The Role of Personal Attributes and Social Backgrounds on Judging. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.3.
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Social background theory formalizes and tests the intuition that judges’ attributes and experiences will affect their rulings. Attributes can include race, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, religion, and socioeconomic background. Experience can include education, occupation, and political activism. Social background theory is a positive theory rather than a normative one: it treats these factors as an explanation for a judge’s actions. Social background theory has a history of intentional scholarly integration of ideas and methods in other fields. The theory can be seen as evolving through four stages tied to that integration: Legal Realism, behavioralism, new institutionalism, and computation. After briefly assessing the contributions and limitations of the theory, the chapter ends with a proposal for a relevancy threshold for social background research.
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Ballon, Paola, and Jorge Dávalos. Inequality and the changing nature of work in Peru. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/925-9.
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This paper identifies the socioeconomic drivers of earnings inequality in Peru in the period 2004–18. Using the ENAHO household surveys and data on routine task content of occupations, we apply inequality decomposition methods to the real earnings distribution, its quantiles, and the Gini index. We find that in this period inequality has reduced, with great improvement attributed to reductions in the gender wage gap and macroeconomic factors. However, we did not find strong evidence for factors related to changes in workers’ attributes or shifts in job characteristics, except for a slight enhancing effect of the task content of occupations, which increases in importance as we move from ‘poorer’ to ‘richer’ deciles.
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Shugart, Matthew S., Matthew E. Bergman, Cory L. Struthers, Ellis S. Krauss, and Robert J. Pekkanen. Party Personnel Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897053.001.0001.
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The book develops the notion of “party personnel strategies”, which are the ways in which political parties assign their elected members—their “personnel”—to serve collective organizational goals. Key party goals are to advance a policy brand and maximize seats in the legislature. We offer a theory of how assignments of members to specialized legislative committees contribute to these goals. Individual members vary in their personal attributes, such as prior occupation, gender, and local experience. Parties seek to harness the attributes of their members by assigning them to committees where members’ expertise is relevant; doing so may enhance the party’s policy brand. Under some electoral systems, parties may need to trade off the harnessing of expertise against the pursuit of seats, instead matching legislators according to electoral situation (e.g., marginality of seat) or characteristics of their constituency (e.g., population density). The book offers analysis of the extent to which parties trade of these goals by matching the attributes of their personnel and their electoral needs to the functions of the available committee seats. The analysis is based on a dataset of around 6,000 legislators across thirty-eight elections in six established parliamentary democracies with diverse electoral systems.
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Boucher, Anna. Female High-Skilled Migration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0004.
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States and employers are increasingly selecting highly skilled immigrants according to labour market qualifications and broad human capital attributes. This chapter considers the gender implications of the focus on skills through an examination of the different career trajectories of men and women. In particular, it considers the acknowledgement of part-time and non-continuous work in skilled immigration policy design as well as the potentially discriminatory effects of age limits. In doing so, it applies feminist theories from industrial relations and economics to the examination of skilled immigration policies in twelve countries, demonstrating variation across countries in their awareness to gender concerns.
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Thomas, Rebekah, and Veronica Magar. Mainstreaming Human Rights across WHO. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0007.
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This chapter describes the efforts undertaken since 2013 to mainstream gender, equity, and human rights into the programs, policies, and practices of the World Health Organization (WHO). With a largely medical and public health staff, for whom the language of rights remains unfamiliar, and an organization focused on providing technical and normative support, WHO is thought to be ill-equipped to make human rights a core part of its activities. However, there are signs that this is changing. Starting with the adoption of an integrated approach to gender, equity, and human rights in 2012, this chapter explores how these cross-cutting values are being mainstreamed into the Organization, and also how norms and principles of human rights and the core attributes of a right to health are finding resonance across a wide range of health programs.
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Richard, Orlando C., and Carliss D. Miller. Considering Diversity as a Source of Competitive Advantage in Organizations. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0014.
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This chapter serves as a research framework for academics and practicing managers interested in understanding the conditions in which diversity, especially visible attributes such as race, gender, age, and nationality, positively or negatively affects organizational performance. This chapter differs from previous articles and books with a predominantly micro approach because the focus shifts from the individual, dyadic, and team diversity levels of analysis to diversity in large groups, subunits, and organizations. The key assumption throughout this chapter is that diversity represents a unique and valuable resource for organizations. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on other contextual factors that might aid in unleashing a “diversity advantage.”
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Wilson Kimber, Marian. The Odyssey of a Nice Girl. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040719.003.0001.
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Ruth Suckow’s novel, The Odyssey of a Nice Girl (1925), based on her elocution school experiences, demonstrates how gender shaped women’s artistic lives in the Progressive era. Elocution enhanced men’s careers, yet women’s voices were for education or domestic entertainment. However, changing social roles allowed for women to adopt elocutionary performance as a mode of expression. Women’s educations at elocution schools allowed them undertake careers as professional performers and teachers. Female elocutionists’ desire to embody acceptable feminine attributes and to separate themselves from morally suspect actresses influenced their performances, presented as highbrow interpretations of great literature. The decline of elocution was in part due to the backlash against the professionalization of women in the field.
Book chapters on the topic "Gender attributes"
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Savage, Ann E., Carla Barbieri, and Susan Jakes. "Cultivating success: personal, family and societal attributes affecting women in agritourism." In Gender and Tourism Sustainability, 248–68. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003329541-16.
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Filho, José Ahirton Batista Lopes, Rodrigo Pasti, and Leandro Nunes de Castro. "Gender Classification of Twitter Data Based on Textual Meta-Attributes Extraction." In New Advances in Information Systems and Technologies, 1025–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31232-3_97.
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Marsden, Nicola, and Maren Haag. "Evaluation of GenderMag Personas Based on Persona Attributes and Persona Gender." In HCI International 2016 – Posters' Extended Abstracts, 122–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40548-3_20.
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Kennedy, Tracy, Rabindra Ratan, Komal Kapoor, Nishith Pathak, Dmitri Williams, and Jaideep Srivastava. "Predicting MMO Player Gender from In-Game Attributes Using Machine Learning Models." In Predicting Real World Behaviors from Virtual World Data, 69–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07142-8_5.
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Rot, Peter, Peter Peer, and Vitomir Štruc. "Detecting Soft-Biometric Privacy Enhancement." In Handbook of Digital Face Manipulation and Detection, 391–411. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87664-7_18.
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AbstractWith the proliferation of facial analytics and automatic recognition technology that can automatically extract a broad range of attributes from facial images, so-called soft-biometric privacy-enhancing techniques have seen increased interest from the computer vision community recently. Such techniques aim to suppress information on certain soft-biometric attributes (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity) in facial images and make unsolicited processing of the facial data infeasible. However, because the level of privacy protection ensured by these methods depends to a significant extent on the fact that privacy-enhanced images are processed in the same way as non-tampered images (and not treated differently), it is critical to understand whether privacy-enhancing manipulations can be detected automatically. To explore this issue, we design a novel approach for the detection of privacy-enhanced images in this chapter and study its performance with facial images processed by three recent privacy models. The proposed detection approach is based on a dedicated attribute recovery procedure that first tries to restore suppressed soft-biometric information and based on the result of the restoration procedure then infers whether a given probe image is privacy enhanced or not. It exploits the fact that a selected attribute classifier generates different attribute predictions when applied to the privacy-enhanced and attribute-recovered facial images. This prediction mismatch (PREM) is, therefore, used as a measure of privacy enhancement. In extensive experiments with three popular face datasets we show that the proposed PREM model is able to accurately detect privacy enhancement in facial images despite the fact that the technique requires no supervision, i.e., no examples of privacy-enhanced images are needed for training.
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Stavrianea, Aikaterini, Irene Kamenidou, and Evangelia Zoi Bara. "Gender Differences in Satisfaction from Hotel Room Attributes and Characteristics: Insights from Generation Z." In Strategic Innovative Marketing and Tourism, 139–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36126-6_16.
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Quiñones-Ruiz, Xiomara F., and Tatiana Giraldo-Liévano. "Quality and Value Appropriation by Colombian Coffee Producers: Starting to Fill the Gap from a Gender Perspective." In Alpine Landgesellschaften zwischen Urbanisierung und Globalisierung, 173–92. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36562-2_10.
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AbstractGender – considered as an intersectional analysis unit – can bring further insights into global value chains from production and processing to retailing and final consumption. This article provides insights on gender-specific constructs from an intersectional research perspective to enrich the understanding of quality attributes and conventions along the global coffee value chain. The exploration uncovers the roles and positions as well as value appropriation of female and male Colombian producers – in particular rural female producers – as they enter the specialty coffee niche characterized by distinctive cup quality (taste of coffee). Recognizing and valuing the contribution of women in all social and economic fields is a fundamental right under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 to combat all forms of discrimination and enhance self-determination of women and girls as well as gender equality.
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Khellat-Kihel, Souad, Zhenan Sun, and Massimo Tistarelli. "An Hybrid Attention-Based System for the Prediction of Facial Attributes." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 116–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82427-3_9.
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AbstractRecent research on face analysis has demonstrated the richness of information embedded in feature vectors extracted from a deep convolutional neural network. Even though deep learning achieved a very high performance on several challenging visual tasks, such as determining the identity, age, gender and race, it still lacks a well grounded theory which allows to properly understand the processes taking place inside the network layers. Therefore, most of the underlying processes are unknown and not easy to control. On the other hand, the human visual system follows a well understood process in analyzing a scene or an object, such as a face. The direction of the eye gaze is repeatedly directed, through purposively planned saccadic movements, towards salient regions to capture several details. In this paper we propose to capitalize on the knowledge of the saccadic human visual processes to design a system to predict facial attributes embedding a biologically-inspired network architecture, the HMAX. The architecture is tailored to predict attributes with different textural information and conveying different semantic meaning, such as attributes related and unrelated to the subject’s identity. Salient points on the face are extracted from the outputs of the S2 layer of the HMAX architecture and fed to a local texture characterization module based on LBP (Local Binary Pattern). The resulting feature vector is used to perform a binary classification on a set of pre-defined visual attributes. The devised system allows to distill a very informative, yet robust, representation of the imaged faces, allowing to obtain high performance but with a much simpler architecture as compared to a deep convolutional neural network. Several experiments performed on publicly available, challenging, large datasets demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
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Musawi Maliki, Ahmad Bisyri Husin, Mohamad Razali Abdullah, Siti Musliha Mat-Rasid, Hafizan Juahir, Mohd Syaiful Nizam Abu Hassan, Nik Naleesa Nasuha Rusmadi, Muhammad Ziyad Yazid, et al. "The Effect of Zone, Gender, RAE and Fitness Variables Towards Fitness Status and Anthropometric Attributes of Children in Malaysia." In Enhancing Health and Sports Performance by Design, 257–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2_28.
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Gamper, Markus. "Social Network Theories: An Overview." In Social Networks and Health Inequalities, 35–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1_3.
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AbstractRegarding network theory, John Scott argues: “[...] [T]heoretical work has long been underdeveloped in social network analysis. While the methods themselves do not require or imply any particular sociological theory, they do require theoretical contextualisation in wider debates” (Scott,2011, p. 24). Although the theorization of networks has long been neglected, there has been intensive theoretical debate on the concept of social relations and their structures since the early twentieth century. It is generally assumed that people are embedded in relationships and cannot be viewed in isolation from their social environment. Individual dyads, relationships between two actors, are connected to larger units, so-called networks. Networks are located at the meso-level. They are thus a link between the micro-level, or the individual action (agency), and the macro-level, or the institutions (Weyer, 2012, p. 241). Accordingly, networks consist of actors who build relationships with one another and those relationships create overall social structures. The theoretical interest is not based on so-called classical attributes of individuals, like gender, race, or age, or characteristics of institutions, but on relationships and their structures and the embedding of the actors within a network. The starting point of research questions includes relations, the embeddedness of the individuals within a network, and the interaction between social structure and individual attributes.
Conference papers on the topic "Gender attributes"
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Wang, Jingjing, Shoushan Li, and Guodong Zhou. "Joint Learning on Relevant User Attributes in Micro-blog." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/577.
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User attribute classification aims to identify users’ attributes (e.g., gender, age and profession) by leveraging user generated content. However, conventional approaches to user attribute classification focus on single attribute classification involving only one user attribute, which completely ignores the relationship among various user attributes. In this paper, we confront a novel scenario in user attribute classification where relevant user attributes are jointly learned, attempting to make the relevant attribute classification tasks help each other. Specifically, we propose a joint learning approach, namely Aux-LSTM, which first learns a proper auxiliary representation between the related tasks and then leverages the auxiliary representation to integrate the learning process in both tasks. Empirical studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach to joint learning on relevant user attributes.
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Chhabra, Saheb, Richa Singh, Mayank Vatsa, and Gaurav Gupta. "Anonymizing k Facial Attributes via Adversarial Perturbations." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/91.
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A face image not only provides details about the identity of a subject but also reveals several attributes such as gender, race, sexual orientation, and age. Advancements in machine learning algorithms and popularity of sharing images on the World Wide Web, including social media websites, have increased the scope of data analytics and information profiling from photo collections. This poses a serious privacy threat for individuals who do not want to be profiled. This research presents a novel algorithm for anonymizing selective attributes which an individual does not want to share without affecting the visual quality of images. Using the proposed algorithm, a user can select single or multiple attributes to be surpassed while preserving identity information and visual content. The proposed adversarial perturbation based algorithm embeds imperceptible noise in an image such that attribute prediction algorithm for the selected attribute yields incorrect classification result, thereby preserving the information according to user's choice. Experiments on three popular databases i.e. MUCT, LFWcrop, and CelebA show that the proposed algorithm not only anonymizes \textit{k}-attributes, but also preserves image quality and identity information.
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Celis, L. Elisa, Lingxiao Huang, and Nisheeth K. Vishnoi. "Multiwinner Voting with Fairness Constraints." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/20.
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Multiwinner voting rules are used to select a small representative subset of candidates or items from a larger set given the preferences of voters. However, if candidates have sensitive attributes such as gender or ethnicity (when selecting a committee), or specified types such as political leaning (when selecting a subset of news items), an algorithm that chooses a subset by optimizing a multiwinner voting rule may be unbalanced in its selection -- it may under or over represent a particular gender or political orientation in the examples above. We introduce an algorithmic framework for multiwinner voting problems when there is an additional requirement that the selected subset should be ``fair'' with respect to a given set of attributes. Our framework provides the flexibility to (1) specify fairness with respect to multiple, non-disjoint attributes (e.g., ethnicity and gender) and (2) specify a score function. We study the computational complexity of this constrained multiwinner voting problem for monotone and submodular score functions and present several approximation algorithms and matching hardness of approximation results for various attribute group structure and types of score functions. We also present simulations that suggest that adding fairness constraints may not affect the scores significantly when compared to the unconstrained case.
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Ariq, Athallah Muhammad, Yunardi Denni Tri, Zharief Dhiya Uzh, and Herlina Napitupulu. "The Effect of Facial Attributes in Identifying Gender Using Facial Recognition." In 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics (ICAIBDA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaibda53487.2021.9689705.
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Tomkova, Anna, Dagmara Ratnayake Kascakova, and Ivana Ondrijova. "Analysis of Differences in the Manifestations of Manipulation among Traders in Terms of Gender and Education." In Fifth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2021.153.
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Manipulation occurs quite often in the work of a trader and is related to personal and socio-demographic characteristics. The term manipulation is included under the term Machiavellianism, which describes the abuse of other persons to achieve the manipulator’s own goals. The aim of the paper is to examine the differences in the manifestations of manipulation in traders in terms of their gender and education. The research sample consisted of 123 traders, of which 54 (44%) were men and 69 (56%) women. In terms of education, 47 (38%) respondents achieved secondary and vocational education and 76 respondents (62%) completed higher education. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey using two methodologies. For the purposes of detecting Machiavellian manifestations, it was the CASADI methodology (Calculativeness, Self-Assertion, Diplomacy) and for the determination of Machiavellian personality the MPS methodology (Machiavellian Personality Scale). The results of both used methods confirmed the expected differences. According to the CASADI methodology, from the point of view of gender, a statistically significant difference was found in the assessment of one of the attributes of Machiavellian manifestations, namely the attribute Diplomacy, where women scored higher. In terms of education, a statistically significant difference was found in the Self-Assertion attribute, where traders with a university degree scored higher. According to the MPS methodology, significant differences were recorded in the assessment of the attributes Amorality and Desire for status. In comparison, men scored higher on these two indicators. The results of the analysis in terms of education showed higher scores in all attributes for traders with a higher education. The obtained results are similar to the results of previous research and confirm the importance of socio-demographic characteristics in the manifestations of manipulative behavior.
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Tyler, Andrea. "Career Engagement Attributes: An Examination of Gender and Age Effects on Graduate Students." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1585101.
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Šimunović, Ljupko, Mario Ćosić, Dino Šojat, and Julijan Jurak. "Population synthesis in activity-based travel demand." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1150.
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A Synthetic Population is first part of creating travel demand model by using activity-based approach. Population synthesis is application of algorithms that expanded representative samples of people or household with characterises (such as gender, car ownership, age or ethnicity etc.) to entire area of researching. Because of complexity of people decisions before or during travel, one attribute is not enough to fully describe what factors have impact on them. Population synthesis iterate a set of attributes for each person in the sample and after expansion and assigning weights create simulated people or household with their characteristic. Basic components are marginal distribution targets of household and person attributes, household and person samples and algorithm for selecting the sample records into a synthetic population such that the attributes of that population match the marginal targets. Goal of this paper is to present population synthesis and her importance for activity-based approach in travel demand modelling. The paper will consist of introduction, literature overview, presenting benefits and complexity of population synthesis, discussion and conclusion.
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Wang, William W., Xun W. Xu, and Hsiang-Hung Hsiao. "ProEmotion: A Tool to Tell Mobile Phone’s Gender." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37199.
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Kansei engineering, also known as kansei ergonomics or emotional engineering, aims at analyzing and incorporating customer’s feeling and demands into product function and product design. The paper described a system called ProEmotion for the purpose of assessing the kansei aspects of a product by considering design attributes of a product. Neural network is used to process kansei words. The system has been successfully implemented to ascertain gender inclination of a mobile phone. Principal parameters of a mobile are considered, i.e. length, width, thickness and mass. The system can inform gender inclination of a mobile phone with accuracy up to 90%. This is based on a set of 92 mobile phone samples from the five major mobile phone manufacturers.
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Li, Jeng-Lin, Yi-Ming Weng, Chip-Jin Ng, and Chi-Chun Lee. "Learning Conditional Acoustic Latent Representation with Gender and Age Attributes for Automatic Pain Level Recognition." In Interspeech 2018. ISCA: ISCA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2018-1298.
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Fan, Yicheng, Qijun Zhao, and Daning Wang. "On 3d Face Attributes Analysis Using Deep Learning: A Preliminary Case Study on Gender and Ethnicity Recognition." In IPMV 2020: 2020 2nd International Conference on Image Processing and Machine Vision. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3421558.3421569.
Full textReports on the topic "Gender attributes"
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Huang, Ran, Sejin Ha, and Joohyung Park. Gender Differences in Consumer-Retailer Relationship Building via Retail Store Attributes. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-37.
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Bayudan-Dacuycuy, Connie, and Lawrence B. Dacuycuy. Harnessing the Potential of Online Marketplaces in the Philippines: Insights from the National Information and Communications Technology Household Survey. Asian Development Bank Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/wird8686.
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Using the Philippines’ first-ever nationally representative survey designed for characterizing digital commercial and noncommercial engagements, including ICT use, digital economy, and technology-enabled incidents, we investigate the presence of gendered disparities in online marketplaces. Doing this is consistent with the spirit of a gender and development approach that aims for equal and equitable outcomes between men and women. We verify whether the observed participation of women in online marketplaces results in higher online sales. To establish the determinants of participation and incomes in online marketplaces, we use a Heckman estimator in cognizance of the nonrandom choices people make when they enter online marketspaces. The negative selection indicates that those likely to sell have unobserved attributes negatively correlated with online income. Based on our model’s income predictions, men outperform women in online sales. Men still hold the advantage, replicating a trend observed in traditional marketplaces. Results also highlight the importance of skills, digital awareness and habits, selling platforms, and ICT infrastructures. The paper also identifies potential initiatives for online marketplaces.
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Handa, Avtar K., Yuval Eshdat, Avichai Perl, Bruce A. Watkins, Doron Holland, and David Levy. Enhancing Quality Attributes of Potato and Tomato by Modifying and Controlling their Oxidative Stress Outcome. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586532.bard.
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General The final goal and overall objective of the current research has been to modify lipid hydroperoxidation in order to create desirable phenotypes in two important crops, potato and tomato, which normally are exposed to abiotic stress associated with such oxidation. The specific original objectives were: (i) the roles of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipids hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in regulating endogenous levels of lipid peroxidation in plant tissues; (ii) the effect of modified lipid peroxidation on fruit ripening, tuber quality, crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance; (iii) the effect of simultaneous reduction of LOX and increase of PHGPx activities on fruit ripening and tuber quality; and (iv) the role of lipid peroxidation on expression of specific genes. We proposed to accomplish the research goal by genetic engineering of the metabolic activities of LOX and PHGPx using regulatable and tissue specific promoters, and study of the relationships between these two consecutive enzymes in the metabolism and catabolism of phospholipids hydroperoxides. USA Significant progress was made in accomplishing all objectives of proposed research. Due to inability to regenerate tomato plants after transforming with 35S-PHGPx chimeric gene construct, the role of low catalase induced oxidative stress instead of PHGPx was evaluated on agronomical performance of tomato plant and fruit quality attributes. Effects of polyamine, that protects DNA from oxidative stress, were also evaluated. The transgenic plants under expressing lipoxygenase (LOX-sup) were crossed with catalase antisense (CAT-anti) plants or polyamine over producing plants (SAM-over) and the lines homozygous for the two transgenes were selected. Agronomical performance of these line showed that low catalase induced oxidative stress negatively affected growth and development of tomato plants and resulted in a massive change in fruit gene expression. These effects of low catalase activity induced oxidative stress, including the massive shift in gene expression, were greatly overcome by the low lipoxygenase activity. Collectively results show that oxidative stress plays significant role in plant growth including the fruit growth. These results also for the first time indicated that a crosstalk between oxidative stress and lipoxygenase regulated processes determine the outcome during plant growth and development. Israel Regarding PHGPx, most of the study has concentrated on the first and the last specific objectives, since it became evident that plant transformation with this gene is not obvious. Following inability to achieve efficient transformation of potato and tomato using a variety of promoters, model plant systems (tobacco and potato cell cultures, tobacco calli and plantlets, and Arabidopsis) were used to establish the factors and to study the obstacles which prohibited the regeneration of plants carrying the genetic machinery for overproduction of PHGPx. Our results clearly demonstrate that while genetic transformation and over-expression of PHGPx occurs in pre-developmental tissue stage (cell culture, calli clusters) or in completed plant (Arabidopsis), it is likely that over-expression of this enzyme before tissue differentiation is leading to a halt of the regeneration process. To support this assumption, experiments, in which genetic engineering of a point-mutated PHGPx gene enable transformation and over-expression in plants of PhSPY modified in its catalytic site and thus inactive enzymatically, were successfully carried out. These combined results strongly suggest, that if in fact, like in animals and as we established in vitro, the plant PHGPx exhibits PH peroxidase activity, these peroxides are vital for the organisms developmental process.
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Gaugler, Randy, Itamar Glazer, Daniel Segal, and Sarwar Hashmi. Molecular Approach for Improving the Stability of Insecticidal Nematodes. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580680.bard.
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Our overall goal is to improve insecticidal nematodes by genetically engineering strains capable of entering an enhanced state of dormancy that provides improved stability. Objectives: 1. Clone and sequence tps-l homologue from Steinernema carpocapsae. (Revised: A failure to isolate the tps gene group from Steinernema precipitated a redirection to identifying other genes involved in insecticidal nematode desiccation process.) 2. Incorporate cloned tps-l gene into S. carpocapsae to obtain overexpression, thereby, enhancing desiccation tolerance. (Revised: Other stress genes in addition to tps-l genes were cloned and efforts at expression in S. carpocapsae were conducted) 3. Characterize the transgenic strains. No other biological control agent offers more impressive attributes than insecticidal nematodes. However, their potential is limited by the bane of nearly all biological control agents: poor stability. This leads to inadequate shelf-life and ultimately reduced field efficacy. Nematode storage is based on desiccation, yet insecticidal species are only capable of partial desiccation termed quiescent anhydrobiosis. Overwhelming evidence has shown that when the disaccharide compound trehalose is elevated in anhydrobiotic organisms such as yeast, plants, and nematodes it enables these organisms the ability to survive environmental stresses i.e., desiccation. Armed with this information our goal was to improve insecticidal nematodes stability by engineering trehalose overexpression.
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Friedmann, Michael, Charles J. Arntzen, and Hugh S. Mason. Expression of ETEC Enterotoxin in Tomato Fruit and Development of a Prototype Transgenic Tomato for Dissemination as an Oral Vaccine in Developing Countries. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585203.bard.
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The broad objective of the project was to develop a feasible approach to combat diarrheal disease caused by ETEC through the development of a low-cost oral immunogen in tomato fruit, expressed in the context of a prototype tomato that would answer the shortcomings of plant oral vaccines, especially in terms of produce handling and control of gene escape. Specifically, the goals for Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) on this project were to develop transgenic tomato lines that express the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) subunits A and/or B for use in oral edible vaccines, and to optimize expression and assembly of these antigens in tomato fruits.LT-B is a useful vaccine antigen against ETEC disease, since antibodies against LT-B can prevent binding and delivery of the holotoxinLT. Mutant forms of the toxic LT-A subunit that have reduced toxicity can be co-expressed and assembled with LT-Bpentamers to form mutant LT (mLT) complexes that could be used as mucosaladjuvants for other oral vaccines. Work on the project is continuing at Arizona State University, after Dr. Mason moved there in August 2002. A number of approaches were taken to ensure the expression of both subunits and bring about their assembly inside the transgenic fruits. Initially, expression was driven by the fruit-specific E-8 promoter for LT-B and the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter for LT-A(K63). While LT-B accumulated up to 7 µg per gram ripe fruit, assembled LT-K63 was only 1 µg per gram. Since promoter activities for the two genes likely differed in cell type and developmental stage specificity, the ratios of A and B subunits was not optimal for efficient assembly in all cells. In order to maximize the chance of assembly of mLT in fruit, we focused on constructs in which both genes are driven by the same promoter. These included co-expression plasmids using the 35S promoter for both, while switching to attenuated mLTs (LT-R72 and LT-G192) that have shown greater potential for oral adjuvanticity than the initial LT-K63, and thus are better candidates for a plant-derived adjuvant. Other, more novel approaches were then attempted, including several new vectors using the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter driving expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A, as well as a dicistronic construct for co-expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A genes from a single promoter, and a geminivirusreplicon construct. We describe in the Appendix the results obtained in transgenic tomato lines transformed with these constructs. Overall, each contributed to enhanced expression levels, but the assembly itself of the holotoxin to high levels was not observed in the fruit tissues. The Israeli lab’s specific objective was to develop transgenic tomato lines expressing the LTholotoxin antigen bearing attributes to prevent gene escape (male sterility and orange fruit color) and to improve the dissemination of the oral vaccine (long shelf-life tomato cherry fruit or tomato processing background). Breeding lines bearing a number of attributes to prevent gene escape were developed by combining material and backcrossing either to a tomato cherry background, or two different processing backgrounds. Concomitantly, (these lines can be utilized for the creation of any future oral vaccine or other therapeutic-expressing tomato, either by crosses or transformation), the lines were crossed to the holotoxin-expressing tomatoes received from the United States, and this transgenic material was also incorporated into the backcrossing programs. To date, we have finalized the preparation of the cherry tomato material, both non-transgenic (bearing all the desired attributes), and transgenic, expressing the holotoxin. The level of expression of LT-B in the cherry fruits was comparable to the original transgenic tomatoes. Since it was not higher, this would necessitate the consumption of more fruits to reach a desired dose. A final backcross has been made for both the non-transgenic and the transgenic material in the processing lines. Auxin sprays resulted in high percentages of fruit set, but the processing genotypes gave many puffed fruits.
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Spindelman, Deborah. Investing in Foundational Skills First: A Case from South Korea. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/052.
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In the aftermath of Japanese occupation and the Korean war, South Korea built a schooling system that today is consistently ranked among the top five countries worldwide for reading and mathematics, and in the top ten for science in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) (OECD, 2014). Its consistent high ranking against wealthier countries, as well as the role of education in transforming Korea’s economy while retaining a relatively low (4.3 percent) level of spending as a portion of GDP (World Bank, 2022), has cemented its reputation among low- and middle-income countries as a model to emulate. As a result, South Korea has transformed itself in a few decades from one of the world’s poorest countries at independence, to the world’s fifteenth largest economy (Ministry of Education, 2015) with much of this attributed to an educational system which first prioritised a consistent, quality foundation of reading and basic maths for students regardless of gender, wealth, or region.
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Cao, Xianling, Xuanyou Zhou, Naixin Xu, Songchang Chang, and Chenming Xu. Association of IL-4 and IL-10 Polymorphisms with Preterm Birth Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0044.
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Review question / Objective: The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of IL-4 and IL-10 gene polymorphism and clarify their possible association with PTB. Condition being studied: World Health Organization (WHO) defines preterm birth (PTB) as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. The new estimates show that the prevalence of PTB during 2014 ranged from 8.7% to13.4% of all live births, about 15 million preterm babies born each year. Besides, PTB is the leading cause of death worldwide for children below 5 years of age. Babies born preterm are at an increased risk of short-term and long-term complications attributed to immaturity of multiple organ systems, such as cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, vision and hearing impairments, and impaired cognitive development. PTB has become a worldwide public health problem, but its etiology remains unclear. Accumulating evidence shows that PTB is a syndrome that can be attributed to a variety of pathological processes(5). Inflammatory diseases and genetic background are known risk factors for PTB, many studies had shown that genetic variations in proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 α (IL-1 α) are associated with increased risk of PTB, but the relationship between genetic polymorphism in anti-inflammatory cytokines and risk of PTB remains controversial.
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Lichter, Amnon, Gopi K. Podila, and Maria R. Davis. Identification of Genetic Determinants that Facilitate Development of B. cinerea at Low Temperature and its Postharvest Pathogenicity. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592641.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Botrytis cinerea is the postharvest pathogen of many agricultural produce with table grapes, strawberries and tomatoes as major targets. The high efficiency with which B. cinerea causes disease on these produce during storage is attributed in part due to its exceptional ability to develop at very low temperature. Our major goal was to understand the genetic determinants which enable it to develop at low temperature. The specific research objectives were: 1. Identify expression pattern of genes in a coldenriched cDNA library. 2. Identify B. cinerea orthologs of cold-induced genes 3. Profile protein expression and secretion at low temperature on strawberry and grape supplemented media. 4. Test novel methods for the functional analysis of coldresponsive genes. Objective 1 was modified during the research because a microarray platform became available and it allowed us to probe the whole set of candidate genes according to the sequence of 2 strains of the fungus, BO5.10 and T4. The results of this experiment allowed us to validate some of our earlier observations which referred to genes which were the product of a SSH suppression-subtraction library. Before the microarray became available during 2008 we also analyzed the expression of 15 orthologs of cold-induced genes and some of these results were also validated by the microarray experiment. One of our goals was also to perform functional analysis of cold-induced genes. This goal was hampered for 3 years because current methodology for transformation with ‘protoplasts’ failed to deliver knockouts of bacteriordopsin-like (bR) gene which was our primary target for functional analysis. Consequently, we developed 2 alternative transformation platforms, one which involves an air-gun based technique and another which involves DNA injection into sclerotia. Both techniques show great promise and have been validated using different constructs. This contribution is likely to serve the scientific community in the near future. Using these technologies we generated gene knockout constructs of 2 genes and have tested there effect on survival of the fungus at low temperature. With reference to the bR genes our results show that it has a significant effect on mycelial growth of the B. cinerea and the mutants have retarded development at extreme conditions of ionic stress, osmotic stress and low temperature. Another gene of unknown function, HP1 is still under analysis. An ortholog of the yeast cold-induced gene, CCH1 which encodes a calcium tunnel and was shown to be cold-induced in B. cinerea was recently cloned and used to complement yeast mutants and rescue them from cold-sensitivity. One of the significant findings of the microarray study involves a T2 ribonuclease which was validated to be cold-induced by qPCR analysis. This and other genes will serve for future studies. In the frame of the study we also screened a population of 631 natural B. cinerea isolates for development at low temperature and have identified several strains with much higher and lower capacity to develop at low temperature. These strains are likely to be used in the future as candidates for further functional analysis. The major conclusions from the above research point to specific targets of cold-induced genes which are likely to play a role in cold tolerance. One of the most significant observations from the microarray study is that low temperature does not induce ‘general stress response in B. cinerea, which is in agreement to its exceptional capacity to develop at low temperature. Due to the tragic murder of the Co-PI Maria R. Davis and GopiPodila on Feb. 2010 it is impossible to deliver their contribution to the research. The information of the PI is that they failed to deliver objective 4 and none of the information which relates to objective 3 has been delivered to the PI before the murder or in a visit to U. Alabama during June, 2010. Therefore, this report is based solely on the IS data.
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St. John, Haley, and Juliette Scantlebury. A 10-Year Review of Opioid-Related Deaths at West Tennessee Regional Forensic Center: 2007-2017. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2019.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Prescription opioid deaths have tripled since 1999, and currently opioid overdose kills 115 Americans per day on average (1). Prior to 2014, prescription opioids have been the primary driver of opioid-related mortality. In recent years, the United States has seen a steady decline in the rate of opioid prescription. At the same time, there has been a significant increase in the number of deaths attributed to non-prescription opioids such as heroin, illicitly manufactured fentanyl, and fentanyl analogues. In 2017, among 70,237 drug overdose deaths nationally, 47,600 (67.8%) involved opioids, with increases across age groups, racial/ethnic groups, and county urbanization levels in multiple states (2). The opioid epidemic is especially profound in Tennessee, which had the 3rd highest opioid prescription rate in the country in 2017 and an opioid-related death rate of 19.3 deaths per 100,000 persons, compared to the national average of 14.6 (3). This retrospective study analyzes autopsy data from West Tennessee Regional Forensic Center (WTRFC) from 2007 to 2017 to gain a better understanding of the effects of the opioid epidemic on West Tennessee and the surrounding areas. Data from opioid-related accidents and suicides were analyzed in order to identify trends in race, age, gender, location, types of opioids, and drug combinations involved in opioid-related deaths.
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Price, Roz. Access to Climate Finance by Women and Marginalised Groups in the Global South. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.083.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the issue of management of climate finance in the Global South. It acknowledges the efforts made by the various stakeholders so far but seeks to advance a clarion call for a more inclusive and targeted approach in dealing with climate change. The authors highlight the limited role played by least developed countries and small island developing states in contributing to the conversation on climate change. The authors emphasize the need for enhancing the role of the most vulnerable countries, marginalized groups, and indigenous peoples in the management of climate change. This rapid review focusses on the access to the Green Climate Fund by local civil society organisations (CSOs), indigenous peoples, and women organizations within the Global South. The authors observe that there still exist barriers to climate finance by local actors in the Global South. The authors note the need for more significant engagement of all local actors and the need to devolve climate finance to the lowest level possible to the most vulnerable groups. Particularly, climate finance should take into consideration gender equality in any mitigation measures. The paper also highlights the benefits of engaging CSOs in the engagement of climate finance. The paper argues that local actors have the potential to deliver more targeted, context-relevant, and appropriate climate adaptation outcomes. This can be attributed to the growing movement for locally-led adaptation, a new paradigm where decisions over how, when, and where to adapt are led by communities and local actors. There is also a need to build capacities and strengthen institutions and organisations. Further, it is important to ensure transparency and equitable use and allocation of climate finance by all players.