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1
Ingram, Linda J., Klára Tarkó, and Susan L. Slocum, eds. Women, leisure and tourism: self-actualization and empowerment through the production and consumption of experience. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247985.0000.
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Abstract This book provides a comprehensive discussion of women, leisure, and tourism through the lens of leisure production and consumption, both by women and for women. Specifically, this text includes a multicultural perspective highlighting the unique attributes leisure brings to women, the role of women in leisure entrepreneurship, and the creation of supportive, inclusive environments to enhance female well-being through the examination of these activities in often overlooked populations. The diversity of women's leisure and tourism practices is best perceived through the links between various leisure practices (e.g., sport, outdoor recreation, travel and tourism, learning, crafts, events, and family leisure), as well as an understanding of leisure production and consumption across cultures and life stages. Chapters bring to the forefront many of the challenges inherent in providing and experiencing leisure and tourism that support the diverse needs of women, as well as a look at female innovation that is also often overlooked in leisure research. This multi-disciplinary book includes examples of both applied and conceptual chapters from global perspectives in academic studies, which will be useful for academics and graduate students of tourism, leisure and gender studies.
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Gendered attributes in ocupational stereotypes and self-images of university students entering gender-dominated occupations. 1989.
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George, Tracey E., and Taylor Grace Weaver. The Role of Personal Attributes and Social Backgrounds on Judging. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.3.
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Social background theory formalizes and tests the intuition that judges’ attributes and experiences will affect their rulings. Attributes can include race, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, religion, and socioeconomic background. Experience can include education, occupation, and political activism. Social background theory is a positive theory rather than a normative one: it treats these factors as an explanation for a judge’s actions. Social background theory has a history of intentional scholarly integration of ideas and methods in other fields. The theory can be seen as evolving through four stages tied to that integration: Legal Realism, behavioralism, new institutionalism, and computation. After briefly assessing the contributions and limitations of the theory, the chapter ends with a proposal for a relevancy threshold for social background research.
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Ballon, Paola, and Jorge Dávalos. Inequality and the changing nature of work in Peru. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/925-9.
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This paper identifies the socioeconomic drivers of earnings inequality in Peru in the period 2004–18. Using the ENAHO household surveys and data on routine task content of occupations, we apply inequality decomposition methods to the real earnings distribution, its quantiles, and the Gini index. We find that in this period inequality has reduced, with great improvement attributed to reductions in the gender wage gap and macroeconomic factors. However, we did not find strong evidence for factors related to changes in workers’ attributes or shifts in job characteristics, except for a slight enhancing effect of the task content of occupations, which increases in importance as we move from ‘poorer’ to ‘richer’ deciles.
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Shugart, Matthew S., Matthew E. Bergman, Cory L. Struthers, Ellis S. Krauss, and Robert J. Pekkanen. Party Personnel Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897053.001.0001.
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The book develops the notion of “party personnel strategies”, which are the ways in which political parties assign their elected members—their “personnel”—to serve collective organizational goals. Key party goals are to advance a policy brand and maximize seats in the legislature. We offer a theory of how assignments of members to specialized legislative committees contribute to these goals. Individual members vary in their personal attributes, such as prior occupation, gender, and local experience. Parties seek to harness the attributes of their members by assigning them to committees where members’ expertise is relevant; doing so may enhance the party’s policy brand. Under some electoral systems, parties may need to trade off the harnessing of expertise against the pursuit of seats, instead matching legislators according to electoral situation (e.g., marginality of seat) or characteristics of their constituency (e.g., population density). The book offers analysis of the extent to which parties trade of these goals by matching the attributes of their personnel and their electoral needs to the functions of the available committee seats. The analysis is based on a dataset of around 6,000 legislators across thirty-eight elections in six established parliamentary democracies with diverse electoral systems.
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Boucher, Anna. Female High-Skilled Migration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0004.
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States and employers are increasingly selecting highly skilled immigrants according to labour market qualifications and broad human capital attributes. This chapter considers the gender implications of the focus on skills through an examination of the different career trajectories of men and women. In particular, it considers the acknowledgement of part-time and non-continuous work in skilled immigration policy design as well as the potentially discriminatory effects of age limits. In doing so, it applies feminist theories from industrial relations and economics to the examination of skilled immigration policies in twelve countries, demonstrating variation across countries in their awareness to gender concerns.
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Thomas, Rebekah, and Veronica Magar. Mainstreaming Human Rights across WHO. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0007.
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This chapter describes the efforts undertaken since 2013 to mainstream gender, equity, and human rights into the programs, policies, and practices of the World Health Organization (WHO). With a largely medical and public health staff, for whom the language of rights remains unfamiliar, and an organization focused on providing technical and normative support, WHO is thought to be ill-equipped to make human rights a core part of its activities. However, there are signs that this is changing. Starting with the adoption of an integrated approach to gender, equity, and human rights in 2012, this chapter explores how these cross-cutting values are being mainstreamed into the Organization, and also how norms and principles of human rights and the core attributes of a right to health are finding resonance across a wide range of health programs.
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Richard, Orlando C., and Carliss D. Miller. Considering Diversity as a Source of Competitive Advantage in Organizations. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0014.
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This chapter serves as a research framework for academics and practicing managers interested in understanding the conditions in which diversity, especially visible attributes such as race, gender, age, and nationality, positively or negatively affects organizational performance. This chapter differs from previous articles and books with a predominantly micro approach because the focus shifts from the individual, dyadic, and team diversity levels of analysis to diversity in large groups, subunits, and organizations. The key assumption throughout this chapter is that diversity represents a unique and valuable resource for organizations. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on other contextual factors that might aid in unleashing a “diversity advantage.”
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Wilson Kimber, Marian. The Odyssey of a Nice Girl. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040719.003.0001.
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Ruth Suckow’s novel, The Odyssey of a Nice Girl (1925), based on her elocution school experiences, demonstrates how gender shaped women’s artistic lives in the Progressive era. Elocution enhanced men’s careers, yet women’s voices were for education or domestic entertainment. However, changing social roles allowed for women to adopt elocutionary performance as a mode of expression. Women’s educations at elocution schools allowed them undertake careers as professional performers and teachers. Female elocutionists’ desire to embody acceptable feminine attributes and to separate themselves from morally suspect actresses influenced their performances, presented as highbrow interpretations of great literature. The decline of elocution was in part due to the backlash against the professionalization of women in the field.
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Kartomi, Margaret. Sumatra’s Performing Arts, Groups, and Subgroups. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036712.003.0001.
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This book examines the traditional musical arts of Sumatra, with particular emphasis on the ethnographic, cultural, and historical contexts of the performing arts that contain music as well as some of the changes in their style, content, and reception from 1971 when the author began her field travels. The musical arts, or performing arts containing music, include the vocal, instrumental, and body percussive music, the dance and other body movement, the art of self-defense, the bardic arts, and the musical theater performed at domestic ceremonies. The book considers the musico-lingual groups and subgroups of Sumatra—population groups and subgroups that are primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of the lingual attributes of their vocal-musical genres (including songs, ritual/religious chanting, song-dances, and intoned theatrical monologues or exchanges). This chapter provides an overview of some of the major themes that recur throughout the book—identity, rituals and ceremonies, religion, the impact of foreign contact on the performing arts, the musical instruments and pitch variability, the dances and music-dance relationships, social class, gender issues, and arts education.
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Tarulevicz, Nicole. Jam Tarts, Spotted Dicks, and Curry. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038099.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses how Singaporean and Malayan cookbooks produced from 1880 to 2008 were intended to inculcate a racial and social hierarchy. A 1960s cookbook based on the Malayan school curriculum, for example, states that the text is intended to “foster and develop those natural attributes of good craftsmanship and artistry posed by all Malayans.” In the cooking of jam tarts, boiled potatoes, royal icing, coddled eggs, and scones, it seems that Malayan artistry had a clearly British framing. Through educational materials, the colonial authorities, followed by the Singaporean government, used the domestic sphere to establish specific gender and racial constructions; to make rules. Moreover, they sought to imagine, and thereby define, the nation in alignment with the agendas of the elites.
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Gilad-Gutnick, Sharon, and Pawan Sinha. The Presidential Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0090.
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The effectiveness of the presidential illusion underscores the important point that by excluding external facial features, such as the head and hair shape, we lose critical information about the way faces are represented in real life. This chapter considers the question of whether whole-head processing is a general principle that can be extended to all face processes or if it specifically reflects the nature of facial encoding used by the visual system for the identification of individuals. For example, would supplementing the internal features of one face with those of another affect the perception of other common facial attributes, such as gender, race, or age? The eyes, nose, and mouth are believed to be the primary purveyors of facial identity. The presidential illusion challenges this dogma and suggests that external head features (the hair and jawline) are also crucial constituents of facial representation and strongly influence identity judgments.
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O'Donnell, Ian. Classifying Clemency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.003.0002.
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‘Clemency’ refers to a reduction, by politicians, in the severity of punishments lawfully imposed by judges. It includes reprieve, commutation, remission, pardon, and amnesty. A considerable amount can be learned from the primary sources about the attributes of those to whom clemency was shown and how they differed from those who were executed in terms of age, gender, homicide method, and motivation. It is suggested that there were three routes to clemency—justice, mercy, and caprice—and these are set out after the pertinent case characteristics are reviewed and the various stages between the imposition of a death sentence and its implementation are outlined. Justice was about tailoring the punishment to the individual’s circumstances so that variations in culpability and harm were taken fully into account. Mercy was when deserved punishment was softened out of compassion for the offender’s plight. Caprice was when clemency resulted from an unexpected turn of events.
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Harrichurran, Priyanka, Claire Vermaak, and Colette Muller. The influence of household composition on leisure time in South Africa: A gender comparison. 29th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/967-9.
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This study considers how household composition influences the leisure time of men and women in South Africa, using the South African 2010 Time Use Survey. Studying leisure time is important since the allocation of time outside the market provides insights into market behaviour and physical and mental health. Household composition and leisure consumption are highly gendered, with women typically living in larger households and consuming less leisure than men. Regression analysis shows that leisure time allocations are highly dependent on who lives in the household and Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis finds that gender differences in mean leisure time can be attributed to household members, affecting the leisure time of male and female respondents differently. Overall, the results are consistent with traditional gender roles within the household and highlight the lack of intra-household bargaining power for women, providing evidence of gender inequality. Lower leisure consumption for women may have negative implications for their productivity in terms of paid and unpaid work, and for their well-being.
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Kennerley, David. Sounding Feminine. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190097561.001.0001.
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This book examines the uses and meanings of women’s voices in British society and musical culture between 1780 and 1850. As previous scholars have argued, during these decades patriarchal power increasingly came to rest upon a particular understanding of the essentially different nature of male and female physiology and psychology. As a result, this book contends, the female voice—believed to blend both physical and mental attributes—became central to maintaining, and challenging, gendered power structures. The book argues that the varying ways women used their voices—the sounds that they made, as much as the words they spoke or sang—were understood by contemporaries as aural markers of different kinds of femininity. Consequently, contemporary divisions over feminine ideals were both expressed and contested through women’s use of their voices and audiences’ responses to them. Following an introduction that lays out the book’s theoretical frameworks and main arguments, the first three chapters explore how contemporary responses to different styles of female vocality were shaped by class, religious, and national discourses, through an exploration of conduct literature, letters, diaries, life-writing, and music criticism and reportage in newspapers and periodicals. Two case studies then extend the argument further through detailed analysis of the use and meaning of women’s voices on the part of both amateur and professional female singers respectively. A closing epilogue draws together the book’s major themes and discusses their implications for the gender history of this period.
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Odds, Frank C. Pathogenesis of fungal disease. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0008.
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The pathogenesis of fungal disease involves an interplay between fungal virulence factors and host immune responses. Most fungal pathogens are opportunists that preferentially invade hosts with immune defects, but the fact that relative pathogenicity varies between fungal species (and even between different strains within a species) is evidence that fungi have evolved multiple, different molecular virulence factors. Experiments in which genes encoding putative virulence attributes are specifically disrupted and the resulting mutants are tested for virulence in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts have identified or confirmed many gene products as significant for the pathogenesis of various types of fungal disease. These include factors determining fungal shape in vivo, biofilm formation, and a plethora of surface components, including adhesins and hydrolytic enzymes. This chapter provides an overview of fungal virulence attributes.
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Shammas, Carole. Household Formation, Lineage, and Gender Relations in the Early Modern Atlantic World. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0021.
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Households did not figure prominently in the early Atlantic migration to the Americas. The opportunity for innovation in household structure, given the ethnicities, economies, and colonial regimes involved, was great. Large portions of the Americas diverged from the prescribed patterns of marriage in the Western European empires that had laid claim to the territory. The potential for differing versions of the early modern American family can be grasped best by looking at how the population had evolved towards the end of the colonial period. This article explores household formation, lineage, and gender relations in the early modern Atlantic world, as well as differences in the household organisation of Atlantic migrants and Native Americans, household and land, and whether creole women's advantage can be attributed to an African woman's later age at birth of first child or her higher probability of being a sugar-field worker.
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Doherty, David, Conor M. Dowling, and Michael G. Miller. Small Power. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197605004.001.0001.
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This book examines the role local party organizations play in the electoral process. It draws on dozens of in-person interviews with local party chairpersons, as well as findings from a national survey of these local elites. Part I of the book explores who leads local party organizations and what these organizations do. The findings demonstrate that these organizations play a critical role in converting citizens into politicians and supporting them as they navigate the campaign process. These efforts appear to pay dividends as candidates from a party tend to perform better in areas where the local party organization is active. Part II considers what local party chairpersons look for in a candidate, drawing on findings from an experiment included in the national survey of party chairs. The experiment asked chairs which of a pair of candidates they thought would be most likely to prevail in a primary in their area and varied an array of candidate characteristics, including their policy positions, family structures, and their purported ethno-racial identity and gender. The results offer novel insights into the attributes elites who play a critical role in candidate recruitment see as enhancing (or degrading) an individual’s electoral prospects. Throughout, the experimental evidence is bolstered by findings from the in-depth interviews with chairs.
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Aina, Titilopemi A. O., and Sharon Redd. Tonsillar Bleed. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0014.
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Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) is a very serious complication that can occur after a tonsillectomy. There are two broad categories of PTH, based on onset of bleeding: primary (less than 24 hours) or secondary (greater than 24 hours). Primary bleeding is often attributed to the surgical technique, and secondary bleeding is attributed to sloughing of healing surgical scar. Risk factors for PTH include male gender, age greater than 70 years (in adults), age greater than 5 years (in pediatrics), recurrent tonsillitis, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (particularly ketorolac), among others. Rapid-sequence induction and intubation is advised to reduce the risk of aspiration for patients presenting with PTH.
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Msuya, Elibariki E., Aida Cuthbert Isinika, and Fred Mawunyo Dzanku. Agricultural Intensification Response to Agricultural Input Subsidies in Tanzania: A Spatial-Temporal and Gender Perspective, 2002–15. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0006.
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In Tanzania, structural adjustment policies implemented during the 1980s removed all agricultural subsidies. However, declining productivity and production of maize and rice—the main food crops—forced the government to restore subsidies in 2003. This chapter examines the impact of the agricultural input subsidy programme, looking at farmers’ response to subsidized inorganic fertilizer and improved maize and rice seed—discerning gender and temporal impacts. Farmers in Iringa and Morogoro were highly responsive to the fertilizer and seed components of the input subsidy, and their response was sensitive to the magnitude of the subsidy. Farmers in Morogoro were less responsive to both technologies due to dominance of rice production. Adoption was lower for female-managed farms, with corresponding lower livelihood outcomes, attributed to lower resource endowment. It is therefore recommended that underperforming farmers, including female farm manages in lower wealth ranks, required initiative to improve their productivity and production.
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Kugler, Tadeusz, and Jacek Kugler. Political Demography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.412.
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Political demography is a disciplinary field devoted to the study of population size, composition, and distribution in relation to both government and politics. The focus is on the political consequences of population change, especially the effects of population change on the demands made upon governments, on the performance of governments, on the distribution of political power within states, and on the distribution of national power among states. Political demography is concerned not only with the facts and figures of population—that is, fertility, mortality, and migration rates—but also with the knowledge and attitudes that people and their governments have toward population issues. Unfortunately, these issues have not generated adequate interest among both demographers and political scientists, not to mention economists and researchers in general. This is because political demography lies uncomfortably at the boundary between demography and political science. Political demography deserves serious and thoughtful scholarly attention because many, if not most, of the central policy concerns can be approached directly from the population perspective, including the key dimensions of population dynamics such as politics of size, fertility rates, life expectancy and the outcomes of success, race, war, migration and migration impact on the size and structure of populations, and population density. These core population characteristics can be related to many other attributes ranging from urbanization and mortality to gender, religion, education, productivity, health, and conflict. These characteristics are, in turn, essential for the analysis of themes like elections, social security, economic convergence, political development, and environmental degradation.
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L’adjectif qualificatif et son accord Dans les langues senoufo. Abidjan - Côte d'Ivoire: L3DL-CI, 2020.
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Rybnikova, Irma, Anna Soulsby, and Susanne Blazejewski, eds. Women in Management in Central and Eastern European Countries. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748907190.
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It seems that Central and Eastern European countries are doing quite well with regard to gender equality in management, a fact that has often been attributed to the socialist heritage of these countries. In the meantime, it has become well known that this does not hold true, as gender equality and inequality not only coexisted in the socialist era, but have also continued to do so since. Unfortunately, research on women in management in post-socialist Central and Eastern European countries remains rare. This volume presents seven studies and a research report on women in management in CEE countries. The research included is based on quantitative as well as qualitative empirical material and provides country-based case studies as well as comparisons between countries. The book includes contributions on topics such as The existence of gender stereotypes The effects of women on corporate boards Reasons for and consequences of female entrepreneurship Time practices of women in leading positions Women in local politics and government. <b>With contributions by</b> Anastassiya Lipovka, Zoltan Buzady; Danel Havran; Henriett Primecz, Zsolt Lakatos; Monika Wieczorek-Kosmala; Ingrida Frankienė; Virginija Šidlauskienė; Vita Juknevičienė; Sigitas Balčiūnas, Oksana Mejerė; Mare Ainsaar; Kadri Soo, Rein Toomla; Oana Mara Stan; Lela Griessbach, Kerstin Ettl; Dinara Tokbaeva
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Flood, Dawn Rae. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036897.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter examines the scope of sexual violence, rape trials, and criminal jurisprudence in an Anglo context through the familiar adage that rape is “an accusation easily to be made and hard to be proved and harder to be defended against by the party accused, tho [sic] never so innocent.” This statement, attributed to seventeenth-century British jurist Matthew Hale, speaks to the prevailing conceptions of rape in the United States today, at the same time that it captures myriad assumptions about sex and gender relations in modern society. This chapter is thus a brief exploration of what it means to be victimized or accused of rape, albeit updated to include more recent social justice concerns such as racism and feminism.
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Sagiv, Noam, Monika Sobczak-Edmans, and Adrian L. Williams. Personification, Synaesthesia, and Social Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0015.
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Defining synaesthesia has proven to be a challenging task as the number of synaesthesia variants and associated phenomena reported by synaesthetes has increased over the past decade or so. This chapter discusses the inclusion of non-sensory concurrents in the category of synaesthesia. For example, many grapheme-colour synaesthetes also attribute gender and personality to letters and numbers consistently and involuntarily. Here we assess the question of including synaesthetic personification as a type of synaesthesia. We also discuss the relationship between synaesthetic personification and other instances of personification and mentalizing. We hope to convince readers that whether or not they embrace atypical forms of personification as a synaesthesia variant, studying the phenomenon is a worthwhile effort that could yield novel insights into human cognition and brain function.
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Howard, Yetta. Ugly Differences. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041884.001.0001.
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Ugly Differences explores queer female sexuality’s symbiotic relationship with ugliness and offers a way to see worth in ugliness as a generative category for reimagining the inhabitation of gender, sexual, and ethnic differences. Ugliness, in this book, is a multipronged concept: it equates with the disagreeable and pejorative traits that are attributed to queerness; it aligns itself with nonwhite, nonmale, and nonheterosexual physicality and experience; and it refers to anti-aesthetic textual practices, which are located in/as underground culture. This study shows how late-twentieth- and twenty-first-century contexts of ugliness register discontent with culturally normative models of queerness and why the underground is necessary for articulating difference. Locating ugliness at the intersections of the physical, experiential, and textual, the book’s central claim is that queer female sexuality needs to be understood as ugliness and the repertoire of underground cultural practices becomes its obligatory archive. In Ugly Differences, accounting for a minoritarian queerness associated with gender, sexual, and ethnic differences requires turning to marginal forms and, as reflecting ugliness, these forms provide options outside heteronormative modes of being that open up possibilities for envisioning deeply counterintuitive domains of queer world-making.
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Totelin, Laurence, Laurence Totelin, Iona McCleery, Elaine Leong, Lisa Wynne Smith, Jonathan Reinarz, Todd Meyers, and Claudia Stein, eds. A Cultural History of Medicine in Antiquity. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474206693.
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Patient, disease and physician were the three corners of the ‘medical triangle’ according to one of the texts attributed to Hippocrates, a famous ancient Greek doctor. This volume, covering a period from roughly 800 BCE to 800 CE, examines and deconstructs these three aspects of ancient medicine in the Mediterranean world. It shows that, while physicians sought to assert themselves as experts in the medical art, they had to contend with numerous other healers whose methods, remedies and tools patients often favoured. It explores the ways in which civic entities, cities, kingdoms and empires, and their officials directly and indirectly shaped medical encounters and discoveries. It examines the interaction between medicine and the environment, non-human animals and plants. To attempt a cultural history of medicine in antiquity requires bringing together a wealth of sources: the texts attributed to Hippocrates, Galen and other medical authors are not neglected, but they are studied alongside other literary and historical works, letters on papyri, funerary inscriptions celebrating healers, surgical tools and bioarchaeological remains. While discussing the enduring cultural impact of classical Greek and Roman medicine in the West, through texts such as the Hippocratic Oath or names of diseases and types of medicines, this volume reveals the various ways in which health, disease and medical treatments were experienced diversely in the ancient world, according to gender, socio-economic class and ethnicity.
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Platte, Nathan. Gone with the Wind, Part IIThe Music of “Max Steiner and Co.”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199371112.003.0008.
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References to the music of Gone with the Wind usually acknowledge two facets: the use of Civil War melodies and the reliance upon recurring themes, particularly the inevitably “swelling” Tara theme. Drawing upon original analysis, this chapter addresses the history behind the Tara theme—which was neither entirely new nor entirely the work of one composer—and the score’s gendered and racialized attributes (as well as the triumph of Mammy’s theme over both). In addition, the collaborative (and sometimes rejected) efforts of Max Steiner, Hugo Friedhofer, Adolph Deutsch, Heinz Roemheld, and Lou Forbes are assessed to revise our understanding of the score’s function within the film.
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Cerón-Anaya, Hugo. Privilege at Play. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931605.001.0001.
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Privilege at Play is a book about inequalities, social hierarchies, and privilege in contemporary Mexico. Based on ethnographic research conducted in exclusive golf clubs and in-depth interviews with upper-middle-class and upper-class golfers, as well as working-class employees, the book focuses on the class, racial, and gender dynamics that underpin privilege. This study makes use of rich qualitative data to demonstrate how social hierarchies are relations reproduced through a multitude of everyday practices. The vast disparities between club members and workers, for example, are built on traditional class indicators, such as wealth, and on more subtle expressions of class, such as notions of fashion, sense of humor, perceptions about competition, and everyday oral interactions. The book incorporates race and gender perspectives into the study of inequalities, illustrating the multilayer condition of privilege. Although Mexicans commonly attributed racial relations a marginal role in the continuation of inequities, the book explains how affluent individuals frequently express racialized ideas to describe and justify the impoverished condition of workers. In doing so, Privilege at Play demonstrates the necessity of considering the role of racialized dynamics when studying social inequalities in Mexico. An analysis of gender relations shows how men maintain a dominant position over their fellow female golfers despite the similar upper-class origins of both male and female golf club members. This book pays particular attention to the spatial dynamics that reinforce social inequalities, arguing that the apparent triviality of space makes it a highly effective way to mark social inequalities and, hence, emphasize privilege.
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De Ste Croix, Mark BA. Muscle strength. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0007.
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Strength increases in boys and girls until about the age of 14 years where it begins to plateau in girls and a spurt is evident in boys. By 18 years there are few overlaps in strength between boys and girls. The exact age in which gender differences become apparent is both muscle group- and muscle action-specific. There are few well controlled longitudinal studies that have concurrently examined the influence of known variables using appropriate statistical techniques. Most studies have shown that maturation does not exert an independent effect when other factors, such as stature and body mass, are accounted for. Additionally, the assumption that muscle cross-sectional area is the most important parameter in strength production does not hold when examined with other known variables. Consistently, stature appears to play a key role in strength development and this may be attributed to changes in the muscle moment arm.
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Schröter, Susanne. Islamic Feminism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788553.003.0006.
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The aims of Islamic feminism are at once theological and socially reformist. Its proponents are often activists, as well as authors and scholars. It is linked to democratic reform movements within the Islamic world as well as to civil rights movements in Europe and the USA, and is supported by actors who resist the advances of patriarchal religious positions as well as Western secular definitions of modernity. Unlike secular feminists, proponents of Islamic feminism see the justification for their fight for women’s rights and gender equality in their own interpretation of Islam’s sacred text, the statements attributed to the Prophet, and his supposed life circumstances. In addition, they draw on approaches taken from new Islamic historiography. This chapter deals with the foundations of Islamic feminism and its transnational political dimension, and asks in what national and local transformation processes its proponents were able to have an impact.
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Kühn, Wolfgang, and Gerd Walz. The molecular basis of ciliopathies and cyst formation. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0303.
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Abnormalities of the cilium, termed ‘ciliopathies’, are the prime suspect in the pathogenesis of renal cyst formation because the gene products of cystic disease-causing genes localize to them, or near them. However, we only partially understand how cilia maintain the geometry of kidney tubules, and how abnormal cilia lead to renal cysts, and the diverse range of diseases attributed to them. Some non-cystic diseases share pathology of the same structures. Although still incompletely understood, cilia appear to orient cells in response to extracellular cues to maintain the overall geometry of a tissue, thereby intersecting with the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the actin cytoskeleton. The PCP pathway controls two morphogenetic programmes, oriented cell division (OCD) and convergent extension (CE) through cell intercalation that both seem to play a critical role in cyst formation. The two-hit theory of cystogenesis, by which loss of the second normal allele causes tubular epithelial cells to form kidney cysts, has been largely borne out. Additional hits and influences may better explain the rate of cyst formation and inter-individual differences in disease progression. Ciliary defects appear to converge on overlapping signalling modules, including mammalian target of rapamycin and cAMP pathways, which can be targeted to treat human cystic kidney disease irrespective of the underlying gene mutation.
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Baker, Darren T., and Elisabeth Kelan. Integrating Talent and Diversity Management. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.17.
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In globalized economies, organizations invest significant resources in managing talent in their diverse workforce. Presumably, talent and diversity management are complementary and interrelated, sharing the similar aim to nurture the skills, attributes, and career progression of the workforce. However, the two practices are also at odds. Talent management has been defined by an exclusionary paradigm focused on developing an elite segment of the workforce. We explore the problematic effect of talent management on equality. Talent management could foreclose how perceptions of “talent” are deeply inflected in gendered, classist, and racialized ways. The complex experiences of minority groups in gaining access to and progression within organizations should be considered. We discuss how talent management could be used to catalyze equality in organizations and suggest future research on the intersection between equality, diversity, and talent management.
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Manuel, Peter. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038815.003.0001.
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This chapter provides background data on Indo-Caribbean history and situates that culture's development in the context of diasporic studies as a whole. It provides an overview of North Indian Bhojpuri music culture and of Indo-Caribbean music culture, with reference to traditional Bhojpuri aspects, creolized entities like chutney-soca, and the ramifications of exposure to North Indian “great tradition” musics—both pop and classical—since the 1940s. It argues that the various trajectories and the form of Bhojpuri diasporic music in general must be attributed primarily not to inherent features of particular genres or to the activities of particular artists but rather to intricate dynamics of diaspora culture—in this case, Bhojpuri Caribbean diasporic culture.
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Maitra, Keya, and Jennifer McWeeny, eds. Feminist Philosophy of Mind. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867614.001.0001.
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Abstract This collection is the first book to focus on the emerging field of study called feminist philosophy of mind. Each of the twenty chapters of Feminist Philosophy of Mind employs theories and methodologies from feminist philosophy to offer fresh insights into issues raised in the contemporary literature in philosophy of mind and/or uses those from the philosophy of mind to advance feminist theory. The book delineates the content and aims of the field and demonstrates the fecundity of its approach, which is centered on the collective consideration of three questions: What is the mind? Whose mind is the model for the theory? To whom is mind attributed? Topics considered with this lens include mental content, artificial intelligence, the first-person perspective, personal identity, other minds, mental attribution, mental illness, perception, memory, attention, desire, trauma, agency, empathy, grief, love, gender, race, sexual orientation, materialism, panpsychism, and enactivism. In addition to engaging analytic and feminist philosophical traditions, chapters draw from resources in phenomenology, philosophy of race, decolonial studies, disability studies, embodied cognition theory, comparative philosophy, neuroscience, and psychology.
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Peponi, Anastasia-Erasmia. Lyric Atmospheres. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794462.003.0008.
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Lyric genres have often been associated with a particular type of aesthetic experience in which semantic concreteness may give way to more diffused modes of perception and feeling, creating vague yet all-pervasive moods or atmospheres. This phenomenon has been largely attributed to lyric poetry’s heightened musicality, which in antiquity was further enhanced by actual singing and instrumental accompaniment. This chapter contends that in some of Plato’s dialogues interesting versions of this broader issue are either openly addressed or treated as an implicit struggle that results sometimes in negative, while at other times in remarkably creative, responses. In either case, Plato’s awareness and handling of this issue illuminates neglected but exciting aspects of his encounter with mousikē, mimesis, and the verbal arts.
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Fox, Alistair. New Zealand Coming-of-age Films: Distinctive Characteristics and Thematic Preoccupations. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429443.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of New Zealand coming-of-age films from the first feature film to be made on this theme, The God Boy (Murray Reece, 1976) to the most recent examples, Mahana (Lee Tamahori, 2016) and Hunt for the Wilderpeople (Taika Waititi, 2016), identifying trends and patterns in the evolution of this genre. Characteristic attributes are explored, such as the dialogue with national literature (of the 15 films examined in the book, all but four are adaptations); the universal tendency of filmmakers to update the setting to the time of their own childhood; the presence of personal projections and identifications in the films; the importance of the New Zealand landscape as a thematic element. Finally, the main thematic preoccupations are outlined, with a demonstration of how they shift over time in response to changing cultural and political circumstances.
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Denham, Tim. The “Austronesian” Dispersal in Island Southeast Asia. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.008.
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The dispersal of Austronesian-speaking farmer-voyagers from Taiwan into Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and out into the Pacific is one of the great metanarratives of global history. In this chapter, the major lines of multidisciplinary evidence for the “Austronesian” dispersal into ISEA are critically evaluated. Several key points emerge: usage of the term “Austronesian” should be restricted to languages and not be applied to genetic attributes or material culture; the dispersals of genes and Austronesian languages do not correspond within ISEA; and, there is limited evidence for the dispersal of farming across ISEA together with the spread of Austronesian languages from Taiwan. An alternative, multidirectional, distance-decay scenario is advanced for the spread of domesticated animals and plants, cultivation practices, and other material cultural items, in which the inhabitants of ISEA are active participants in the creation of their own history.
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Jamieson, Patrick E., and Dan Romer. Cultivation Theory and the Construction of Political Reality. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.83.
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Cultivation theory hypothesizes that over time, heavy television viewers will see the world through TV’s lens. A review of nearly 1,000 media effects articles from sixteen major journals (1993–2005) identified cultivation theory as the most frequently cited communication theory. Despite the controversies it has elicited, a meta-analysis found small but consistent effects in line with the theory. This chapter identifies six broad political effects cultivation theorists attribute to heavy viewing of television or specific genres of television content: increased fear of crime and identification of crime as a significant problem, activation of racialized perceptions, support for punitive policies and embrace of protective behaviors, identification as a political moderate, reduction in social trust and capital in adolescents, and activation of cynicism and depressed learning in political campaigns.
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Fischer, Ronald. Human Essences and Cultural Embeddedness. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.20.
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This chapter examines biology and culture as interactive influences in shaping the human essence, arguing that “culture is biological.” In particular, it considers the idea that cultural embeddedness might be a distinct human attribute from an evolutionary perspective. It then shows how biological processes shaped over millennia have culminated in a species that has the ability to read and write, play computer games, and fly airplanes. It also explores the genes-physiology-neuroscience side of human behavior and the social-cultural-economic environment in which the behavior takes place, along with the basic building blocks of values. Finally, it discusses some characteristics that make humans unique: their ability to build on previous innovations; their differentiation into social roles and the assignment of consensually agreed social status; and their belief in supernatural agents.
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Turner, Neil, Teena Tandon, and Rajiv Agarwal. APOL1 and renal disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0341_update_001.
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Although apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) is not known to be a direct cause of renal disease, it has emerged as a powerful cofactor in several important conditions. APOL1 gene polymorphisms account for the restriction of HIV-associated collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) to those with African ancestry. In Africa, the disease-predisposing alleles seem to have been selected for because they convey resistance to some strains of trypanosomiasis. The same alleles are associated with increased susceptibility to primary FSGS, and are probably able to fully account for the excess of FSGS in black races. Two high-risk alleles have been labelled G1 and G2. To have increased susceptibility, individuals must usually have two copies, that is, it is recessive, but the gene frequency is high in West and Southern Africa and in those descended from those regions. The same alleles convey susceptibility to other more common renal diseases. Numerically the most significant association is with nephropathy previously attributed to hypertension. Recent evidence suggests that the gene may increase rate of progression in renal disease of various types, including diabetes. The mechanism is not known.
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Ferrarese, Estelle. The Fragility of Concern for Others. Translated by Steven Corcoran. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474467391.001.0001.
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The book’s underlying project is to renew and sharpen Critical Theory through feminism. It aims to develop our thinking about the social conditions of caring for others, while arguing for an understanding of morality that is materialist and political – always-already political. Offering the first systematic study of the idea of “coldness” in Adorno’s philosophy, Ferrarese’s book is the first to stage a dialogue between Adornian Critical Theory and the ethics of care. It thereby endeavours to think through the mechanisms of the social fragility of caring for others, the moral gesture it enjoins, as well as its political stakes. In so doing, it is able to approach old question in a new light in a bid to give dignity to the singular, to make heard its specific claims, its moral pertinence. It explains how the capitalist form of life produces certain moral attitudes and it shows that the capitalist form of life, strained by a generalised indifference, nevertheless produces a compartmentalised attention to others, one limited to very particular tasks and domains and attributed to women. Finally, it shows that even though caring for others has historically burgeoned in specific conditions of subordination (those of gender notably), this by no means permits us to conclude as to the vacuity of its normative content.
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Selim, Samah. Translations and Adaptations from the European Novel, 1835–1925. Edited by Waïl S. Hassan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.6.
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This chapter examines translations and adaptations of the European novel into Arabic during the period 1835–1925. More specifically, it considers the ways in which the novel and its translation into Arabic drew on and transformed much older forms of local, popular narrative knowledge that previously had been beyond the reach of authorizing discourses and structures. The chapter begins with a discussion of works of translated fiction that were published serially in journals and periodicals as part of the flowering of the periodical press. It then looks at the emergence of unattributed and falsely attributed translations, or what scholars of translation studies call pseudo-translations, before turning to Arabic novels that show how adaptations of the mysteries genre spoke directly to a local and contemporary social imaginary. The chapter also explores the relationship between fiction adaptation and the medieval Arab storytelling tradition.
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Winchester, Robert, Darren D. O’Rielly, and Proton Rahman. Genetics of psoriatic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0006.
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The psoriatic phenotype is clinically heterogeneous with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) itself being heterogeneous. Studies have consistently demonstrated that PsA has a strong genetic component and disease pathogenesis encompasses a complex interplay between genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. In this chapter, we will review the genetics of PsA including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region and non-MHC loci. We will detail how susceptibility genes can be grouped into barrier integrity, innate immune response, and adaptive immune response (particularly Th-17 lymphocyte signalling). We will articulate how these studies strongly support PsA as genetically different from PsV and that the genetic heterogeneity is likely attributed to different HLA susceptibility alleles within the MHC region that an individual carries. Furthermore, we will highlight new emerging technologies, in particular, next-generation sequencing, which may lead to new genetic discoveries in PsA.
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Kan, Carol, and Ma-Li Wong. Genetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0004.
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An association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression has been reported in epidemiological studies. Finding a genetic overlap between T2DM and depression will provide evidence to support a common biological pathway to both disorders. Genetic correlations observed from twin studies indicate that a small magnitude of the variance in liability can be attributed to genetic factors. However, no genetic overlap has been observed between T2DM and depression in genome-wide association studies using both the polygenic score and the linkage disequilibrium score regression approaches. Clarifying the shared heritability between these two complex traits is an important next step towards better therapy and treatment. Another area that needs to be explored is gene–environment interaction, since genotypes can affect an individual’s responses to the environment and environment can differentially affect genotypes expression.
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Milam, Erika Lorraine. Creatures of Cain. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181882.001.0001.
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After World War II, the question of how to define a universal human nature took on new urgency. This book charts the rise and precipitous fall in Cold War America of a theory that attributed man's evolutionary success to his unique capacity for murder. The book reveals how the scientists who advanced this “killer ape” theory capitalized on an expanding postwar market in intellectual paperbacks and widespread faith in the power of science to solve humanity's problems, even to answer the most fundamental questions of human identity. The killer ape theory spread quickly from colloquial science publications to late-night television, classrooms, political debates, and Hollywood films. Behind the scenes, however, scientists were sharply divided, their disagreements centering squarely on questions of race and gender. Then, in the 1970s, the theory unraveled altogether when primatologists discovered that chimpanzees also kill members of their own species. While the discovery brought an end to definitions of human exceptionalism delineated by violence, the book shows how some evolutionists began to argue for a shared chimpanzee–human history of aggression even as other scientists discredited such theories as sloppy popularizations. A wide-ranging account of a compelling episode in American science, the book argues that the legacy of the killer ape persists today in the conviction that science can resolve the essential dilemmas of human nature.
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Noam, Vered. John Hyrcanus and a Heavenly Voice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811381.003.0003.
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This chapter treats the second-generation Hasmonean figure John Hyrcanus to whom the virtues of leadership, priesthood, and prophecy are attributed. This ascription is reflected not only in Josephus and rabbinic literature but also receives a hostile twist in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Based on an earlier stratum from a lost Aramaic chronicle, the legend recounts an announcement of military victory by a heavenly voice in the temple. In essence this tale belongs to a genre identified as priestly temple legends. This priestly legend was in turn integrated into both the Josephan and the rabbinic contexts. The new rabbinic setting in effect “rabbinized” the image of John Hyrcanus and inverted the message of the story, using it to announce the end of the era of prophecy. In contrast, Josephus underscored the merit of prophecy and retained the full image of John as a political and military leader. For both corpora, Hyrcanus represents the acme of the Hasmonean rulership.
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Herman, David. Life Narratives beyond the Human. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850401.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 turns from issues of medium specificity to the question of how genre bears on narrative engagements with animal experiences in more-than-human worlds. Laying groundwork for chapter 6’s investigation of the way norms for mental-state attributions cut across the fiction-nonfiction divide, the chapter examines forms of generic hybridity, as well as broader questions about generic status, in post-Darwinian life writing centering on nonhuman subjects. In doing so, the chapter explores not only life narratives written about animals, i.e., animal biographies, but also life narratives attributed to animals, i.e., animal autobiographies. The first part of the chapter considers how modernist explorations in the theory and practice of life writing opened up new pathways for interpreting and engaging with animal lives. The second part discusses problems and possibilities raised by classic as well as contemporary animal autobiographies, disputing the assumption that all animal autobiographies are, by their nature, fictional.
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Aghacy, Samira. Ageing in the Modern Arabic Novel. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474466752.001.0001.
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There are more than 15 million people over age 65 currently living in the Arab world, yet little attention has been paid to the cultural significance of growing old. The book recognizes the widespread silence by countering the critical corpus that reads the modern Arabic novel as a political discourse with an emphasis on youth achievement. By offering close readings of 16 fictional works from different parts of the Arab world such as novels by Alia Mamdouh, Sahar Khalifah, Iman Kachachi, Rashid al-Daif and Alaa al-Aswany, the study utilizes biological and cultural theories of ageing- particularly from the perspective of gender and feminism- that shed light on the representation of ageing in the Arabic novel. The study makes use of feminist theories of ageing and gerontology that focus on sexism and ageism, including works by Simone de Beauvoir and Margaret Marganroth Gullette to present aging as a relational formation between men and women, and their idiosyncratic experiences of the process of ageing, revealing that there is no prototype of oldness in the Arabic novel and that older men and women manifest a multiplicity of identities, concerns and experiences. The study challenges the ungendered image generally attributed to older persons and examines how they navigate old age and subvert it. As they grow older men and women manifest a multiplicity of identities, concerns, and experiences revealing that the ageing process is an ongoing inherently unstable project.