Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gender attributes'

Imaginary audience scores for males and females have not demonstrated consistent differences in the literature. In this study, scores on the Imaginary Audience Scale (lAS) and on the Imaginary Audience subscale of the Adolescent Egocentrism-Sociocentrism scale (ABS) were compared to self-rating of gender attributes on the Personality Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). Results for 64 females and 32 males surveyed at a southeastern university indicate that one's self-rating of gender attributes correlates with imaginary audience scores while biological gender does not. As masculine attribute scores increase, lAS scores and Abiding Self subscale scores decrease. As masculine-feminine attribute scores (traits favored by both sexes) increase, imaginary audience scores increase on all measures.

Subjects rated 12 female body shapes with respect to their physical attractiveness, and the extent to which they would be expected to possess various personality characteristics. The shapes were varied using 3 levels of overall weight and 4 levels of body shapeliness. The sample was modified to control for socioeconomic factors and results are based on 297 undergraduates from Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic racial backgrounds. Loglinear analyses revealed that men and women, regardless of racial background, rated shapely underweight females as most physically attractive, sexy, and ideal for a woman, followed by normal weight figures of similar proportion. African Americans, women in particular, judged the shapely normal weight figures more favorably than the other subjects. Multidimensional scaling and subsequent frequency analyses showed that those figures judged as most attractive, sexy, and ideal were also expected to be fairly emotionally stable, and most successful and interpersonally competitive, but least faithful, kind, and family-oriented. Overweight female shapes, while rated as least physically attractive, sexy, and emotionally stable, were expected to be most family-oriented, kind, and faithful. Shapely normal weight figures were judged to be attractive and sexy, and were assumed to possess a moderate amount of the personality traits in question. The results suggest that Caucasian and Hispanic subjects prefer shapely underweight women, while African Americans, particularly women, find shapely underweight and shapely normal weight women to be physically appealing. African American women also rate shapely normal weight women favorably with respect to personality traits. This perceptual difference may help inoculate them from developing eating disturbances and account for the low prevalence rate of eating disorders in African Americans compared to women of other racial backgrounds. It is suggested that future research identify those beliefs, values or behaviors that seem to inoculate African American women from developing eating disorders. Once identified, mental health professionals may facilitate their development in those women who are likely to have eating problems.

Cette thèse propose d'étudier dans quelle mesure la diversité du genre au conseil d'administration influence la qualité des états financiers. Plus précisément, cette thèse explore la relation entre la diversité du genre au conseil d'administration et la qualité des états financiers en soulignant l'influence des attributs des femmes administrateurs sur la qualité des états financiers.Cette thèse repose sur un large échantillon d'entreprises françaises appartenant à l'indice CAC All-shares d'Euronext Paris entre 2001 et 2010. Après avoir contrôlé l'endogénéité et d'autres facteurs spécifiques au conseil d'administration, à l'entreprise et à l'industrie, nos résultats montrent que la diversité du genre au conseil d‟administration est positivement associée à la qualité des états financiers. De plus, nos résultats mettent en lumière une influence significative des attributs des femmes administrateurs sur la relation entre la diversité du genre dans les conseils d'administration et la qualité des états financiers. En ce qui concerne plus particulièrement les attributs, nous avons trouvé que l'appartenance au comité d‟audit, l'expertise comptable et financière et l'expérience des femmes ont un impact positif et significatif sur la qualité des états financiers. L'ensemble de ces résultats témoigne de l'importance des compétences dans les conseils d'administration diversifiés en termes de genre et révèlent la pertinence des attributs des femmes administrateurs pour assurer la qualité des états financiers
This thesis proposes to study to what extent board gender diversity influence the quality of financial statements. Specifically, this thesis explores the relation between gender-diverse boards and financial statements quality by highlighting the value relevance of female directors‟ attributes for enhancing the quality of financial statements.This thesis focuses on a large sample of French firms belonging to the CAC-All shares index listed on Euronext Paris over the period 2001 to 2010. We find, after controlling for endogeneity and other board, firm and industry specific factors, that board gender diversityis positively associated with the quality of financial statements. Further, our findings provide evidence of significant influence of female directors‟ attributes on the relation between gender-diverse boards and financial statements quality. With regard to female directors‟ attributes, we find concrete evidence to suggest that audit committee memberships, financial expertise and experience of women have substantial impact on the quality of financial statements. Taken together, these results testify the effective monitoring skills of gender-diverse boards and the value relevance of female directors‟ attributes for ensuring the quality of financial statements. Finally, an important implication of thesis is that the decision to appoint women on corporate boards should be more based on their statutory and demographic attributes than blind implementation of gender quotas

According to a growing body of research, gender stereotypes can have a profound effect on hiring decisions. However, it is unclear whether information confirming or contradicting gender stereotypes can bias recruiters’ memory and ultimately affect hiring decisions. This study examined whether gender stereotypes about job applicants can affect memory of recruiters to remember stereotype consistent information, specifically when hiring for a predominantly male gender-typed job position as Financial Advisor. In a true experiment, 158 participants screened CVs of fictitious applicants, containing either gender stereotype consistent or inconsistent information in an online hiring scenario conducted mainly through a professional social network site. Recognition of consistent and inconsistent information was measured, as well as the intent to hire and to invite the applicant for a job interview. The results revealed that stereotype consistent information on the CV was not remembered more than stereotype inconsistent information. Additionally, male applicants were not preferred over female applicants in regard to the intent to hire. Female applicants were more likely to be invited for an interview than male applicants, as opposed to our hypothesized presumption. Professional experience in personnel selection did not affect the results. Practical implications are discussed.

The topic of leadership has been present in the academic world for about 100 years. In science, this is considered a rather short period of time, during which the discipline has developed enormously. Initially formulated theories and approaches have now been revised for the most part or even in their entirety. Yet, of special interest for the purpose of this research is the extremely slow development of females in this context and the lack of attention that is given to gender biased perceptions. This academic paper reviews the earliest beginnings of the subject and, as the title suggests, covers not only the history of the subject, but also the latest trends and developments in the area of leadership and gender. As it’s been said by the townsman (c.f. Anecdote), the perceptions people have of their surroundings are as diverse as the people themselves. They depend upon an infinite amount of personal experiences, shaping each and every person’s character the way they are. Therefore, during the course of this thesis, special attention is given to the role of females and especially the cognitions towards female leaders in order to address the issue of potential gender biased perceptions. By means of an online survey - which was not directed towards the general public, but rather towards persons dedicated to the field of gender and leadership - numerical and qualitative data on questions about gender-specific perceptions of leadership was collected. In summary, it can be deduced from these results, that there is a difference in the perception of leadership qualities with respect to gender. However, it should be noted that the gender biases work in two ways: The perceived differences are dependent on both, the gender of the person who answered the questions, as well as the gender of the person in the leadership position. In our opinion as researcher, the findings reveal that there are, indeed, deeply anchored, probably subconscious perceptions that seem to be associated with the topic of gender and leadership. However, all in all it can be said that the commonly assumed stereotypes of clearly male and female leader attributes do not consistently exist anymore. According to the findings of our research, the awareness of females associated with hitherto mostly male perceived leader attributes is present and will probably further consolidate in the years to come. Hence, the findings of this thesis reinforce the general positive evolution of females in leader positions. Additionally, they nurture and further strengthen growing idea of females as being naturally perceived as leaders in order to ensure fair and equitable systems for women and men in leadership.

This study investigates individual perceptions of work related attributes during the employment search process. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to investigate: 1) the relationship of job seeker work experience to the importance placed on work-related attributes, and 2) the relationship of job seeker gender to the importance placed on work-related attributes. Six hundred and ninety-four graduating baccalaureate hospitality students from eleven nationwide universities with accredited hotel-restaurant programs participated in this study. Hypotheses proposed in this study were largely unsupported. Methodological difficulties associated with survey instrumentation and administration rendered the findings of this study inconclusive.
Ph. D.

This thesis is a study of gender and organisation in Sri Lanka, a society of diverse cultural identities. The research question addresses factors related to women and men's orientations to work and the extent to which institutional factors, located in the broader societal context of Sri Lankan organisations, add explanatory power in analysis of the degree of job satisfaction and work perceptions. The thesis also investigates the relationship between organisational level attributes and the understanding of managers' work perceptions, as well as seeking variation at the institutional level. The main research instrument was a questionnaire, and quantitative data was generated from field surveys of 382 Sri Lankan male and female managers. The data is stratified randomly, forming a sample of top, middle and junior level managers. These managers belong to diverse Sri Lankan organisations in terms of size, ownership, and line of business. The findings illustrate that organisational level attributes have greater explanatory power in interpreting the work perceptions of male and female managers in Sri Lanka than do the institutional factors. However, qualitative interviews that were conducted reveal the salience of institutional factors to explain aspects of work perceptions. Organisational policies and recommendations that can be derived from this finding are elaborated in the conclusions.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The aim has been to investigate and describe how gender-neutral design, concerning typefaces and colours, can be created. Based on my results I’ve designed a cover for a recipe-book to make it appealing to both women and men. I have been doing my research based on questions such as; Does feminine and masculine design, concerning typefaces and colours exist? And if so what characterizes it? Does gender-neutral design, concerning typefaces and colours exist? And if so what characterizes it? Is it possible to design a cover for a recipe-book in a gender-neutral way, concerning typefaces and colours?The first part of my research consists of a literature study based on keywords such as gender, graphic design, gender theory, typeface, androgynous, visual communication, colour, shape, feminine, masculine, and book design. The second part consists of a empirical study based upon a heterogeneous sample of 311 respondents. The respondents responded to a survey about how they perceived different colours and typefaces from a gender perspective. The result shows that, within the target group I have chosen to focus on, there are colours and typefaces that are perceived as more feminine, masculine or gender-neutral than others. My design of the recipe-book becomes part of showing the results since I have based my design-decisions on the results from the literature study and survey.

Advertising is constantly surrounding us in different shapes, meaning that companies need to stand out in order to invoke people's attention. Advertising reflects the society's current norms which means that the media and society's values affect each other (Fagerström & Nilsson, 2008). Women have for a long time been objectified and presented in stereotypical roles since sexism is a common component in advertising (Grau & Zotos, 2016). An industry that is frequently being accused of promoting an asymmetrical image of women's bodies is the fast fashion industry (Fay & Price, 1994). It is crucial in both a societal- and business perspective to take responsibility when it comes to sexism in advertising. This study aims to examine female consumers attitudes towards quality attributes in advertising within the female fast fashion industry. Given the research purpose of this thesis, the research questions are: 1) How can the quality attributes in the female fast fashion industry be used to satisfy women as customers? 2) How does quality attributes contribute to customer (dis-)satisfaction in the female fast fashion industry? A preliminary study was organized to state consumers’ different attributes of sexism to use in the questionnaire. Followed by this was the main study with Kano pair questions that included 201 respondents. The pair questions were formulated by the attributes identified in the preliminary study. This study shows how all the presented attributes (“Size zero”, “White people”, “CIS-person”, “Functional variation”, “Unrealistic ideals”, “High level of nudity”, “Erotic way”, “Sexual desire”, “Body focus”, “Behind or breasts” and “Lips or mouth”) were classified as “Reversed” which is an indication of dissatisfaction and an urge for the attribute to be the opposite. This thesis demonstrates the relationship between the quality attributes and theories regarding objectification and portrayal of women. The customers’ attitudes towards the quality attributes correlate with the consequences as results of advertising in a sexist way. Businesses within the female fast fashion industry can prioritise the customer requirements for their advertisements in all assistance measurement and estimation of customer satisfaction in order to rise above the current way of advertising and become more customer oriented and to take responsibility and participation in the development of a gender equal society.

A great number of female passengers appear to feel fear of crime in underground railways and appear to be affected by the problem in terms of their frequency of use of the underground service, compared to males. However, although it has been dealt with as a problem to be ameliorated in the underground by Transport for London (TFL), how the service is designed to affect their fear and what factors should be taken into account in underground service design to alleviate fear of crime have not been fully answered to date. This research, therefore, aims to identify the influential factors of service design of the underground on female users’ fear of crime by investigating the features and their configurations of the London Underground service, which mediate the user groups’ fear. In order to identify the influential design attributes of the London Underground, which mediate female users’ fear of crime in situations, first, literature on emotion and fear, gender and sex, and service design and the elements of service are reviewed to find the intersection among the research domains. Based on the theoretical foundation, two user studies are designed to identify the role of female users’ gender in the underground and the influential factors of the underground service on the groups’ fear. Thirty one female user interviews are accordingly conducted and analysed in an ‘abductive’ manner. As a result, the mechanisms of female users’ fear of crime in the underground are revealed and the service design attributes in the mechanism are identified. Consequently, a conceptual model of the influential factors of service design on female users’ fear of crime is developed.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Understand how loving relationships are configured has been one of major field of interest in Psychology, mainly under an evolutionary and social perspectives. In this sense, the main goal of this thesis was to know how gender differences, human values and personality traits could explain the choice of the ideal partner. Thus, three empirical studies were accomplished. The study 1 aimed to identify affective and cognitive characteristics between men and women. Participated 208 heterosexual people, 108 men and 100 women, with age ranging between 18 and 52 years (m = 24,3 years; sd = 6,08). They have answered a questionnaire that assessed affective and cognitive characteristics. Related to cognitive aspects, men obtained higher scores than women in the studied constructs. On the other hand, women had higher scores on affective aspects than men, except on cooperation. These results highlights that gender differences might play an important role to understand the way people choose an ideal partner. The study 2 intended to verify differences among gender, human values and personality traits regarding to partner preference. Participated 244 people, mostly women (62,7%), with a mean age of 20,9 years (sd = 4,06). They answered to Attributes of Ideal Partner Scale (AIPS), Basic Values Questionnaire (BVQ), The Big Five Inventory and demographic questions. Beyond the relationship among studied variables, the main result of this study showed that human values mediate the relationship among personality traits and partners attributes. Lastly, aiming to replicate study 2, the study 3 was carried out. On this purpose, was counted with 3.124 people from each of nine Northeast states, divided in 49,3% living in the country and 50,7% living in the city, with a mean age of 23,6 years (sd = 6,72) and mostly women (63,6%). Participants answered the same questionnaire applied on study 2. The relationship among variables was found once again in this study, nevertheless, no significant differences were found among northeast states. A hierarchical regression was accomplished and identified that values are better predictors to partner preference than personality traits and demographic variables. It is reinforced that mediation models among personality traits and partners attributes by values found in the previous study were corroborated in all states and between country and city residents. It is expected that studies like this one might contribute to strengthen the knowledge in the loving relationship field.
Compreender como se configuram os relacionamentos amorosos, tem sido uma das áreas de maior interesse dentro da Psicologia, sobretudo, com ênfase nas perspectivas evolucionista e sociais. Neste sentido, o objetivo principal desta tese foi conhecer em que medida diferenças entre gênero, valores humanos e traços de personalidade poderiam explicar a preferênca do (a) parceiro (a) ideal. Para tanto, foram realizados três estudos empíricos. O estudo 1 teve como objetivo principal conhecer características afetivas e cognitivas entre homens e mulheres. Participaram 208 pessoas, sendo 108 homens e 100 mulheres heterossexuais, com idades variando de 18 a 52 anos (m = 24,3 anos; dp = 6,08). Estes responderam instrumentos que avaliavam características afetivas e cognitivas. Em relação às características cognitivas, os homens pontuaram mais alto do que as mulheres nos construtos investigados. Quanto às características afetivas, as mulheres obtiveram maior média que os homens em relação a todos os construtos, com exceção de cooperação. Tais resultados evidenciam que diferenças entre gênero podem ser importantes para compreender como se configura a preferência do(a) parceiro(a). O estudo 2 objetivou conhecer diferenças entre gênero, valores humanos e traços de personalidade quanto à preferência pelo parceiro(a). Contou-se com 244 participantes, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (62,7%), com idade média de 20,9 anos (dp = 4,06). Estes responderam a Escala de Atributos do Parceiro Ideal (EAPI), o Questionário dos Valores Básicos (QVB), o Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores de Personalidade (Big Five) e questões demográficas. Foi possível verificar a relação entre os construtos estudados, verificando-se, sobretudo, que os valores medeiam a relação entre traços de personalidade e atributos do parceiro. Finalmente, com o objetivo de replicar o estudo 2, foi realizado o estudo 3 contando com a participação de 3.124 pessoas dos nove estados do Nordeste, sendo 49,3% residentes em cidades do interior e 50,7% das capitais, com idade média de 23,60 anos (dp = 6,72), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (63,6%). Foram usados os mesmos instrumentos do estudo 2. Quanto aos resultados, também foram verificadas correlações entre os construtos estudados, não observando-se diferenças expressivas entre dados dos diferentes estados nordestinos. Por meio de análises de regressão hierárquica foi possível identificar que os valores são melhores preditores da preferência do(a) parceiro(a) do que os traços de personalidade e variáveis demográficas. Ressalta-se ainda, a confirmação dos modelos de mediação dos valores entre traços de personalidade e atributos do parceiro nos diferentes estados nordestinos e entre capital e interior. Estima-se que estudos dessa natureza possam contribuir na construção do conhecimento na área dos relacionamentos amorosos.

Les différents chapitres de cette thèse ont eu pour objectif de présenter en différentes étapes la méthodologie nécessaire pour évaluer l'impact d'une politique publique égalisatrice. Le premier chapitre s'est intéressé à l'outil principal utilisé pour apprécier la distribution des revenus, c'est-à-dire aux indices d'inégalité. Le second chapitre a détaillé les différentes approches possibles pour décomposer un indice d'inégalité, que ce soit pour mettre en avant des effets de groupes, de sources et/ou encore d'attributs. Cet état de l'art a ensuite fait place à trois études originales. Ainsi, le troisième chapitre étudie les inégalités de salaire dans la fonction publique française, en mettant en lumière le fait que l'importance du genre dans l'inégalité est considérable mais disparate entre les régions administratives françaises. Le quatrième chapitre démontre théoriquement que l'importance d'un attribut peut se décomposer comme la somme de sa contribution marginale pure moins une somme d'interactions par paire avec les autres attributs. Le cinquième et dernier chapitre expose empiriquement l'effet de ces interactions sur l'impact d'une politique publique qui supprimerait l'écart de rémunération entre les hommes et les femmes
The different chapters in this thesis aim to present the methodology necessary to evaluate the impact of any equalizing public policies. The first chapter deals with the main tool used to appreciate an income distribution, that are the inequality indices. The second chapter details the different approaches possible to decompose an inequality index, whether to put forward group effects, income source effects and/or attribute effects. This state of the art is followed by three original studies. In that respect, the third chapter considers the income inequality in the French public administration, and it highlights the fact that the importance of gender to inequality is considerable but disparate across the different French administrative regions. The fourth chapter demonstrates theoretically that the importance of an attribute can be decomposed as a sum of its pure marginal contribution minus a sum of pairwise interactions with the others attributes considered. Finally, the fifth chapter exposes empirically the interactions effects on a public policy impact that aims to eliminate the gender wage gap

Inom detaljhandeln anses könsfördelningen av de anställda vara jämställd, men när ledningspositionerna granskas visar det sig att det är män som dominerar på positionerna. Trots lagstiftningar för att främja en jämställd arbetsmarknad och det faktum att en förändring av könsfördelningen skett de senaste tio åren visar det sig ändå att underrepresentation av kvinnor på ledningspositioner kvarstår. Det framkommer även att kvinnors arbetsvillkor innefattar könsstereotyper och fördomar gällande deras ledaregenskaper samt ambitionsnivå vilket på sikt kan försvåra deras karriärförutsättningar och möjligheter att nå ledningspositioner. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att förstå kvinnors upplevelser av att nå ledningspositioner som traditionellt besitts av män och de faktorer som påverkat kvinnornas karriärmöjligheter. I uppsatsen har fem intervjuer med kvinnor på VD-position i fem detaljhandelsföretag i Sverige har genomförts genom en kvalitativ studie. Materialet som samlats in visar att de här kvinnorna lyfter sina personligheter och egenskaper som de främsta anledningarna till att de nått sina ledningspositioner. Resultatet visar på glapp mellan teorin som belyser vikten av nätverk för att kvinnors karriärer ska möjliggöras, och empirin som talar för att de här kvinnorna inte anser att det är en viktig faktor. Teorin och empirin överensstämmer när det kommer till relationen mellan bristen på kvinnliga förebilder och underrepresentationen av kvinnor i ledningspositioner. Slutsatsen för uppsatsen är att de kvinnor som intervjuats inte har stött på några hinder på sin väg mot ledningspositioner inom detaljhandeln men att det finns en medvetenhet om att könsstereotyper och fördomar påverkar kvinnors karriärmöjligheter inom detaljhandeln.
In the retail sector is the gender balance of employees considered equal, but when management positions are examined, it appears that men dominate these positions. Despite legislation to support an equal labor market and the fact that a change in the gender balance has taken place over the past ten years, it still appears that an underrepresentation of women in management positions remains. It also shows that women's working conditions include gender stereotypes regarding their leadership skills and ambition level, which in the long term can obstruct their career prospects and opportunities to achieve management positions. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to understand women's experiences of reaching management positions that is traditionally occupied by men and the factors that affect women's career opportunities. Five interviews with women at the CEO's position in five retail companies in Sweden have been conducted in a qualitative study. The empirical data shows that these women raise their personalities and attributes as the main reasons for reaching their leadership positions. The result shows a gap between the theory that highlights the importance of networking to make women's careers possible, and empirical evidence that these women do not consider it an important factor. Theory and empirical evidence correspond when it comes to the relationship between the lack of female role models and the underrepresentation of women in management positions. The conclusion of this paper is that the women interviewed have not encountered any obstacles on their way to management positions in retail, but that there is awareness that gender stereotypes and prejudices affect women's career opportunities in retail.

The main purpose of this degree project has been to examine the effects of employer brand attributes and activities on social media to the employer attractiveness of the Swedish Armed Forces. We aimed to make theoretical contributions to the fields of employer branding and social media marketing, and test a unique conceptual model for the government authority. The conceptual model focuses on employer brand attributes that have previously been connected to employer attractiveness in this type of context, as well as social media constructs which were not applied to this research area before. We found several research gaps in the previous theories within the two main areas of research. Within the area of employer branding, there was limited research made on government authorities. There were only few studies which considered the effects of social media on employer attractiveness and assessed gender differences across relevant concepts applied in this research field. This lead to the research question:   “What kind of employer brand attributes will increase employer attractiveness of SwAF when using social media for communicating with potential applicants of different genders?”   This degree project was written on commission for the Swedish Armed Forces that conduct recruitment activities primarily for the basic military training (GMU). In this study, we used a quantitative data collection method and distributed a survey to high school students in the ages of 17 to 20 at three different schools in the city of Umeå. The data including 202 responses was analyzed by various tests including Cronbach’s alpha, regression analyses and independent samples t-tests with SPSS, a statistical analysis program. The findings of our study have partly supported the hypothesized effects including the impact of instrumental and symbolic attributes on employer attractiveness. The first part of the conceptual model was therefore partly supported as the instrumental attribute Educational opportunities and the symbolic, Cheerfulness, was proven to have significant effects. One social media construct, Word of mouth, also had a significant effect on employer attractiveness for our full sample. A part of our sample had seen the Swedish Armed Forces on one or more of social network sites, which founded the base for a sub sample where further social media constructs were analyzed. Here, Attitude towards site, Disposition to trust and Site reputation were found to have positive effects on employer attractiveness. Lastly, we compared the means across all constructs and 30 social media activities for gender differences. We found that Social/team activities, Pay and benefits, Sincerity and Employer attractiveness had a significance difference between genders. Of the 30 activities, 12 showed gender differences. In addition to making a theoretical contribution, we provided valuable practical recommendations for both government authorities and the Swedish Armed Forces. Our suggestions regarded what to communicate on their social network sites and how to raise their employer attractiveness for the different genders with their marketing efforts. The attributes associated with a strong employer attractiveness were suggested to be emphasized in external communication, however the messages must stay truthful to what the organization does. Also, the understanding of how the target segment acts on social network sites should be used in marketing strategies, to enhance word of mouth communication and to strengthen marketing efforts focusing on social media.

La présente étude vise à examiner les facteurs qui déterminent la nomination de femmes au conseil d'administration et à explorer le lien entre la diversité du genre dans le conseil et la performance de l’entreprise. En utilisant des données sur la composition du conseil d'administration et la performance financière des sociétés appartenant à l'indice boursier SBF120 entre 2007 et 2012, nous trouvons que la nomination de femmes administrateurs est fortement associée aux caractéristiques du conseil et à la structure de propriété. En effet, la propriété managériale, la propriété institutionnelle, la propriété familiale, la taille du conseil, et l'indépendance du conseil sont tous fortement corrélés avec la représentation des femmes au sein du conseil d'administration d'une entreprise. En outre, nos résultats montrent que l’impact de la diversité du genre se manifeste dans deux directions contradictoires : elle affecte positivement la performance comptable et influence négativement la performance du marché. Apparemment, les administratrices sont l’objet d’une évaluation biaisée par le marché qui sous-estime leur présence dans les conseils d’administration. Ce qui est encore plus intéressant, c’est que nos analyses montrent une double nature de la représentation des femmes au sein des conseils d’administration des entreprises françaises cotées. Autrement dit, l'effet de la présence de femmes dans le conseil d’administration sur la performance de l’entreprise varie en fonction de l'affiliation des administratrices avec l’actionnaire majoritaire
The current study aims at examining the factors that determine the appointment of women to the board of directors and at exploring the link between board gender diversity and financial performance. Using data on the board composition and the firm performance of companies belonging to the SBF120 stock market index between 2007 and 2012, we find evidence that the appointment of women directors is strongly associated with ownership structure and board characteristics. Indeed, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, family ownership, board size, and board independence are all strongly correlated with the representation of women directors on a firm's board. Furthermore, our results show that the impact of gender diversity manifests in conflicting directions, positively affecting accounting performance and negatively influencing market performance. Apparently, female directors are subject to a biased evaluation by the market, which undervalues their presence on boards. More surprisingly, our analyses show a twofold nature of female representation in the French market. That is, the effect of female directorship on firm performance varies with the affiliation of women on the board

Many studies have been completed on factors affecting judicial decisions. Studies have focused on civil rights cases, economic cases, criminal cases, sexual discrimination and obscenity cases, but no work has specifically looked at religious liberty cases. This work examines the factors affecting United States Courts of Appeals judges' decision-making in religious liberty cases. I hypothesize that gender, race, religious background, prior judicial experience, circuit, region and litigant status will all influence the way judges vote in religious liberty cases. The explanatory power of this study is relatively low, but the results indicate that judges follow the law when making decisions in religious liberty cases.

Den här studien undersöker om det kan utrönas skillnader, och om så är fallet, i vad dessa skillnader består i, mellan manligt och kvinnligt skriftspråk i katastrofjournalistik med avseende på diskoteksbranden i Göteborg 1998 och tsunamikatastrofen 2004.    Dessa händelser valdes med utgångspunkt av att de liknar varandra, inte bara i att de faller under katastrofjournalistik, utan för att de båda krävde ett stort antal svenska dödsoffer och genom detta haft djupgående påverkan på det svenska samhället. Studiens empiri består av 78 nyhetsartiklar från Dagens Nyheteroch Svenska Dagbladet, vilka genererats med hjälp av databasen Retriever. Dessa har sedan undersökt noga genom text- och innehållsanalys med både kvantitativa och kvalitativa inslag.    Resultatet av studien visade att det i materialet fanns språkmässiga skillnader mellan könen. De kvinnliga journalisterna tenderade att använda fler pronomen i sina texter och att beskriva händelserna mer detaljrikt än männen. Dessutom tenderade nyhetstexterna som författats av kvinnor att vara mer emotionella och innehålla fler ord än de som författats av män, samtidigt som meningslängden i deras artiklar var kortare än männens.
This study is aiming to investigate if there is a detectable difference, and if so, what characterizes that difference, between female and male written language in news reports from two catastrophic events that have had great impact on the Swedish society, namely the disco fire in Gothenburg in 1998 and the tsunami that hit the Bay of Bengal in 2004.   For the purpose of the investigation, 78 articles were pulled from the Swedish newspapers Dagens Nyheterand Svenska Dagbladet, with help by the newspaper search engine Retriever. Those articles were then closely examined through the use of both qualitative and quantitative content analysis.    The study showed that there were some differences to be found in the language use of female and male journalists concerning the two news events. Some of these differences being that the female reporters both tended to use more pronouns in their texts, and too describe events in more detail than their male colleagues. Other features that set female and male articles apart, were that female texts tended to contain more words than male texts at the same time as being more emotionally orientated. Articles by female writers also tended to be divided into shorter sentences than articles by male writers.

Thesis advisor: James Russell
Adults' gender stereotypes of emotion have been investigated with a variety of methods, but those methods do not provide a strong test of the stereotype: The participants were presented only with cues to the gender or to the emotion; or when both cues were available, gender was confounded with poser. This study examined the effects of attributed gender on adults' perception of emotion in facial expressions and stories when presented with clear versus ambiguous cues to both emotion and gender. College students (n = 90) were first asked to label the emotion of either a man (Timothy) or a woman (Sophia) with identical prototypical and “mixed” facial expressions and, separately, to Free Label stories about emotions. The same students were then to choose from a list of ten emotion labels the one that best described the protagonist's emotion for the same stimuli. Results showed that, for ambiguous cues to emotion, participants labeled facial expressions according to gender stereotypes. However, for the stimuli with clear cues to both emotion and gender of the poser, a reverse effect of gender stereotypes was observed for anger, fear, shame, and compassion due to an expectancy violation
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Psychology
Discipline: College Honors Program

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With the growth of social media in recent years, there has been an increase on the interest in the automatic characterization of users based on the informal content they generate. In this context, the labeling of users in demographic categories, such as age, ethnicity, origin and race,and the investigation of other attributes inherent to users, such as political preferences, personality and gender expression, has received a great deal of attention, especially based on Twitter data. The present work focuses on the task of gender classification by using 65 textual meta-attributes, commonly used in text attribution tasks, for the extraction of gender expression linguistic cues in tweets written in Portuguese.The work takes into account characters, syntax, words, structure and morphology, as well as selected psycolinguistic cues of short length, multi-genre, content free texts posted on Twitter to classify author's gender via four different machine-learning algorithms. The proposed meta-attributes in this process are also evaluated.
Com o crescimento das mídias sociais nos últimos anos tem havido um aumento de interesse na caracterização automática dos usuários com base no conteúdo informal que eles geram. Neste contexto, a rotulação dos usuários em categorias demográficas tais como idade, etnia, origem e raça, bem como a investigação de outros atributos inerentes aos usuários, como preferências políticas, personalidade e expressão de gênero, tem recebido grande atenção, especialmente com base em dados do Twitter. O presente trabalho é centrado na tarefa de classificação de gênero, propondo 65 meta-atributos textuais, comumente usados em tarefas de atribuição de texto, para a extração de características linguísticas quanto à expressão de gênero em tweets escritos em Português. São considerados caracteres, sintaxe, palavras, estrutura e morfologia, além de determinados atributos psicolinguísticos, dos textos de comprimento curto, multi-gênero e de livre conteúdo postados no Twitter para a classificação de gênero do autor por meio de quatro algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina diferentes. Também é avaliada a influência dos meta-atributos propostos para este processo.

La identitat és, segurament, un dels conceptes més controvertits en l'àmbit de la psicoanàlisi i de la filosofia. No obstant, en el camp psicoanalític hi ha un consens raonable respecte a l'existència d'una íntima relació entre el desenvolupament psicosexual, contribució original de Freud, i el naixement del sentiment d'identitat. Aquesta recerca es basa en una revisió extensa de les contribucions teòriques (des dels autors més clàssics als més recents) que constaten que les nocions de cos i d'identitat resulten indissociables. D'acord amb aquesta idea, i donat que el cos és sexuat, passem posteriorment a una revisió dels conceptes de gèneres i els estereotips de gènere, així com a l'anàlisi de les relacions entre la identitat de rol de gènere a través d'estereotipies socials, l'estima corporal individual i la possibilitat de psicopatologia associada. Participen en el present estudi 480 alumnes de diferents centres universitaris del nord de Portugal, dels quals un 60% són dones i el 40% restant son de sexe masculí. Els tres instruments d'avaluació emprats van ser el “Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ)”, la “Body-Esteem Scale” i la “Symptom Distress Check-List (SCL-90-R)”. A partir dels principals resultats obtinguts a la recerca podem concloure que les mostres de cada un dels sexes no van perdre els comportaments i característiques estereotipadament associades a elles. Comparant aquests resultats amb els d'aquells estudis obtinguts pels autors del PAQ ( i per la majoria d'estudis posteriors), s'ha donat una adquisició de comportaments i característiques estereotipadament associades al sexe oposat, particularment en el cas dels homes. La masculinitat i l'estima corporal dels homes es troben vinculades positivament a la condició física. En canvi, la feminitat i l'estima corporal de les dones si bé s'associa de forma negativa a la preocupació pel pes es vincula de forma positiva a l'atractiu sexual. Els comportaments i característiques estereotipadament identificats amb la masculinitat (tant en la mostra masculina com en la femenina) estan associats a una estima corporal superior i a nivells inferiors de simptomatologia psicopatològica en general i, específicament, a la de tipus depressiu. Alhora, els comportaments i característiques identificats amb la feminitat estan associats a una pitjor estima corporal i a nivells més elevats de simptomatologia psicopatològica.
La identidad es, seguramente, una de las nociones más controvertidas en los dominios del psicoanálisis y de la filosofía. En el campo psicoanalítico, sin embargo, hay un consenso razonable respecto a la existencia de una estrecha relación entre el desarrollo psicosexual, contribución original de Freud, y el nacimiento del sentimiento de identidad. Esta investigación parte de una extensa revisión de las contribuciones teóricas (de los autores más clásicos a los más recientes) que constatan que las nociones de cuerpo e identidad son indisociables. De acuerdo con esta idea, y porque el cuerpo es sexuado, pasamos, posteriormente a una revisión de los conceptos de género y de estereotipos de género, así como al análisis de las relaciones entre la identidad de rol de género, a través de estereotipias sociales, la estima corporal individual y la posibilidad de existencia de psicopatología asociada. Participan en este estudio 480 alumnos de diferentes centros universitarios del norte de Portugal, de los que el 60,00% son mujeres y el 40,00% de sexo masculino. Los tres instrumentos de autoevaluación utilizados fueron el “Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ)”, la “Body-Esteem Scale” y la “Symptom Distress Check-List (SCL-90-R)”. A partir de los principales resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación, concluimos que las muestras de cada uno de los sexos no perdieron los comportamientos y características estereotipadamente asociados a ellas. Comparando los resultados de estos estudios con aquellos obtenidos por los autores originales del PAQ (y por la mayoría de los estudios posteriores), hubo una adquisición de comportamientos y características estereotipadamente asociados al sexo opuesto, particularmente en el caso de los hombres. La masculinidad y la estima corporal de los hombres están vinculadas positivamente a la condición física. En cambio, la feminidad y la estima corporal de las mujeres por un lado se asocian de forma negativa a la preocupación por el peso y por otro, de forma positiva al atractivo sexual. Los comportamientos y características estereotipadamente identificados con la masculinidad (tanto en la muestra masculina como en la femenina) están asociados a una estima corporal superior y a niveles inferiores de sintomatología psicopatológica, en general, y depresiva, en particular. A su vez, los comportamientos y características identificados con la feminidad están asociados a una peor estima corporal y a niveles más elevados de sintomatología psicopatológica.
Identity is without doubt one of the most controversial notions in the domains of psychoanalysis and philosophy. In psychoanalysis, however, the existence of a close relationship between Freud’s original contribution of psychosexual development and the birth of a sense of identity is fairly consensual. This research is part of a wide-ranging review of the theoretical contributions (from the more classical to the most recent) that suggest that the notions of body and identity cannot be separated from one another. In line with this idea, and because the body is sexual, we shall review the concepts of gender and gender stereotypes and analyse the relations between identity and the role of gender in terms of social stereotypes, the individual’s body esteem and the possibility of associated psychopathology. This study involved the participation of 480 students from various higher education establishments and polytechnic institutes in the north of Portugal; 60.00% (288) were female and the other 40.00% (192) were male. The three self-assessment tools used were the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), the Body-Esteem Scale and the Symptom Distress Check-List (SCL-90-R). Our main findings indicate that the populations of each sex studied have not lost the behaviour and characteristics stereotypically associated with them. When these results are compared with those reported by the authors of the PAQ (and by most of the subsequent studies), however, the acquisition of behaviours and characteristics stereotypically associated with the opposite sex was found in both sexes, particularly in the male population. Masculinity and body esteem in men are predominantly associated (positively) with physical condition, whereas femininity and body esteem in women are negatively associated with weight concern and positively with sexual attractiveness. The behaviours and characteristics identified stereotypically with masculinity (in the male and female populations) are associated with higher body esteem and lower levels of psychopathological symptomatology in general, and depressive symptoms, in particular. The behaviours and characteristics identified with femininity, meanwhile, are associated with lower body esteem and higher levels of psychopathological symptomatology.
A identidade é, seguramente, uma das noções mais controversas nos domínios da psicanálise e da filosofia. No campo psicanalítico, todavia, é razoavelmente consensual a existência de uma estreita relação entre o desenvolvimento psicossexual, original contribuição de Freud, e o nascimento do sentimento de identidade. Este trabalho de investigação parte de uma extensa revisão dos contributos teóricos (dos mais clássicos aos mais recentes nesta área) que apontam para que as noções de corpo e de identidade sejam indissociáveis. Em conformidade com esta ideia, e porque o corpo é sexuado, referimo-nos, então, à revisão dos conceitos de género e de estereótipos de género, bem como à análise das relações entre a identidade de papel de género, em termos de estereotipias sociais, a estima corporal individual e a possibilidade de existência de psicopatologia associada. Participam neste estudo 480 estudantes de diferentes estabelecimentos do Ensino Superior e Politécnico, no Norte de Portugal, sendo que 60,00% (288 indivíduos) são do sexo feminino e os restantes 40,00% (192 indivíduos) são do sexo masculino. Os três instrumentos de auto-avaliação utilizados foram o “Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ)”, a “Body-Esteem Scale” e a “Symptom Distress Check-List (SCL-90-R)”. Os principais resultados, por nós obtidos, indicam que as populações estudadas de cada um dos sexos mantêm os comportamentos e características estereotipadamente a elas associados. Houve, contudo, e quando se comparam estes resultados com aqueles obtidos pelos autores originais da PAQ (e pela maioria dos estudos posteriores), uma aquisição de comportamentos e características estereotipadamente associados ao sexo oposto, particularmente no caso dos homens. A masculinidade e a estima corporal dos homens estão particular e significativamente associadas (positivamente) à condição física, enquanto que a feminilidade e a estima corporal das mulheres se associam, significa e negativamente, à preocupação com o peso e, significa e positivamente, à atractividade sexual. Os comportamentos e características estereotipadamente identificados com a masculinidade (quer na população masculina quer na população feminina) estão associados a uma estima corporal superior e a menores níveis de sintomatologia psicopatológica, em geral, e depressiva, em particular. Por seu lado, os comportamentos e características identificados com a feminilidade estão associados a uma estima corporal menor e a níveis de sintomatologia psicopatológica superiores.

The beginning of the twenty-first century found American society sharply divided and American culture in the midst of tumult; the driving forces behind these changes being individualism, multiculturalism and the politics of gender and sexual orientation. As a result, social structure and what were once traditional values have been abandoned for political correctness. With reports of personal crimes committed on juveniles on school property on the rise, clearly, these shifts away from tradition have trickled down from society at large to the sphere of the public school. Students no longer are using traditional socially accepted norms and values as viable guides to their behavior (Hudak, Ander & Allen, 1980), but violence, which has become a way of attaining respect and self worth as well as material possessions. Some of the most disturbing reports that have been brought to the public's attention are those of students assaulting and robbing one another at knife and gunpoint for clothing. The conceptual framework was that of appearance perception. Clothing and appearance are extremely important to children in their efforts to compete as well as to successfully fit in with their peers. Many school reform efforts have implemented school uniform policies as a way of building a sense of unity and belonging among students, as well as a way of controlling behavior. However, despite the numerous studies that have attempted to show that nonverbal communication may form impressions of personality, character traits, and intelligence, none have focused on school uniforms and their reflection of the personal values of the wearers. This study determined the uniform preferences of uniform-wearing students for middle school children, and described the five terminal values that these students attributed to uniformed students. This research also determined whether there were significant differences between the probabilities of males and females having the same perceptions of the terminal values attributed to uniformed students, because research has shown that these perceptions have a direct effect on style preferences. The sample was comprised of 85 students between 18 and 21 years, who attended a military institute of higher education in which they were required to wear uniforms on a daily basis. Respondents completed a three-part questionnaire, which consisted of: (1) Rokeach Value Survey, (2) demographics questions, and (3) wearer preference measure. The instrument was pilot tested for content validity before it was administered to the sample. Data were analyzed using Pearson Chi-squares and frequencies. The chi-square tests revealed no significant differences in the probability of males and the probability of females selecting the same terminal values for uniformed students. Examination of frequencies determined design criteria for males and females uniform design as well as the five core terminal values attributed to uniformed students.
Master of Science

Denna uppsats är en narrativ studie om hiphopkulturen som ungdomskultur. Målet med undersökningen har varit att förstå hur hiphoparna blir en del av den egna kulturen och hur de ser sig själva som medlemmar av hiphopkulturen. Som insamlingsmetod har jag använt mig av tre fokusgrupper samt en enskild intervju. Informanterna har varit 20-26 år och kommer från två mellanstora städer i Sverige.

Det resultat som framkommit är att hiphoparen gör en slags karriär inom kulturen. För att kunna göra denna karriär är hiphoparen beroende av mer erfarna personer. Det finns även ett beroende av det övriga samhället för att kunna lyckas. Tankarna kring den egna kulturen kan sammanfattas i fyra olika huvudteman: Genus, Attribut, Äkthet och Battle.

This is a narrative study of the hiphop culture as a youth culture. The aim has been to understand how and why young people in middle-sized Swedish towns become hiphopers and also how they look at themselves as members of the hiphop culture.

The research methods applied are three focus group interviews and one single person interview. The participants are between 20 and 26 years. The hiphoper makes a kind of a career in the culture. To be able to make the career, the hiphoper is dependent of other people with better skills as well as of the society. The thoughts of the hiphopers in question can be summarized in four main themes: gender, attribute, genuine and battle.

Das Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzept, das sich im Laufe der Sozialisation in Auseinandersetzung mit den vorherrschenden Vorstellungen der umgebenden Kultur entwickelt, steht in Beziehung zu Affekten, Kognitionen und Verhaltensweisen in einer Vielzahl von Bereichen. Bisherige GSK-Instrumente messen jedoch nahezu ausschließlich den positiven Aspekt von Maskulinität und Femininität. Die Definition des allgemeinen Selbstkonzepts gibt diese Limitierung auf positive Valenz nicht vor, und aus gesundheitspsychologischer Sicht sowie der Gruppenforschung ist die Bedeutung negativer Eigenschaften zur Selbstbeschreibung bekannt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden sieben aufeinander aufbauende Studien durchgeführt mit dem Ziel ein neues Instrument zu entwickeln, deren Items zum einen kulturell aktuellen Eigenschaften zur Selbstbeschreibung entsprechen und zum anderen die Valenzunterschiede dieser Merkmalsbeschreibungen berücksichtigen. Nach einer kritischen empirischen Überprüfung des deutschen BSRI, um Schwächen der Items ausschließlich positiver Valenz aufzudecken, wurde eine neue Skala entwickelt, die von Beginn an auch negative Selbstbeschreibungen berücksichtigte um der Komplexität des geschlechtlichen Selbst gerecht zu werden. Aufgrund der Einschätzungen zur Typizität und sozialen Erwünschtheit sowie mit ersten Resultaten aus der Selbstbeschreibung wurde die Auswahl der Items für die Teilskalen vorgenommen. In zwei weiteren Studien wurden schließlich die vier neu entwickelten Teilskalen des neuen GSK-Inventars einer Validierung unterzogen. Jeder der Teilskalen wurden theoriegeleitet spezifische Konstrukte zugeordnet und es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass alle Teilskalen ihren eigenen Beitrag zur Vorhersage psychologischer Konzepte leisten können. So standen beispielsweise die negativen maskulinen Eigenschaften in engerer Beziehung zu Aggressivität und machtbezogenen Werten als die positiven Aspekte der Maskulinität. Als Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung stehen am Ende vier kurze, unabhängige, reliable Teilskalen, die positive als auch negative Aspekte von Maskulinität und Femininität abbilden und mittels sehr unterschiedlicher psychologischer Erlebens- und Verhaltenskonstrukte validiert wurden, die die Unabhängigkeit der Skalen belegen und diese für einen Einsatz in der Forschung empfehlen. Die Einführung einer individuellen Wertkomponente im Zuge der Selbstbeschreibung, angelehnt an das bekannte Erwartungs-mal-Wert Modell der Motivations- und Einstellungsforschung, und die daraus mögliche multiplikative Verknüpfung von Selbsteinschätzung und persönlicher Wichtigkeit der Eigenschaften konnten den Aufklärungswert in Bezug auf unterschiedliche Validierungskonstrukte dagegen nicht verbessern und wurden daher nicht ins das Instrument integriert.
The gender role self concept - developed throughout one’s socialisation - has strong relations to a number of affects, cognitions and behaviours. Instruments to asses that part of the self have yet only relied on mostly positive aspects of masculinity and femininity. However, the definition of the self concept is not limited to that kind of merely positive valence, and from health psychology as well as group research the relevance of negative traits for self description is known and proven. Hence, in a series of seven studies, new items were developed that reflect actual cultural descriptions of masculinity and femininity including both, traits of positive and negative valence. Following a critical reflection of the German BSRI, to once more identify its weaknesses of positive scales only, four new scales are introduced, based on evaluations of typicality and social desirability. In two studies those four scales were allocated to specific psychological constructs of emotions and behaviours. It was shown that each single scale has its own relevance regarding the gendered self in prediction of validation constructs: negative masculine traits e.g. had a stronger relationship to aggression and power compared to positive aspects of masculinity. The result of that development and validation process are four short, independent, and reliable scales, that reflect positive as well as negative aspects of masculinity and femininity. The introduction of an individual importance measure as part of the self description - comparable to the expectation-value-model in motivation and attitude research - could not add any predictive power in the validation process and therefore will not be included in the final instrument.

I denna uppsats analyseras nio stycken förpackningar för bindor från tre olika varumärken; Always, Ica och Libresse. Detta för att se hur de visuella attributen påverkar föreställningen om menstruation och den menstruerande personen. Förpackningar har olika roller men i denna uppsats är det rollen som kommunikatör som står i fokus, alltså den envägskommunikation som förpackningarna står för. Analysen har skett i två steg med en visuell analys samt en diskursanalys och grundar sig i ett genusvetenskapligt perspektiv med teorier som till största del följer den inriktningen. Att det ligger vissa förväntningar i vad en kvinna förväntas föredra för visuella attribut har påverkat designen av dessa förpackningar och därmed föreställningen om menstruationen. De visuella attributen som identifierades på förpackningarna uttrycker att menstruation är något som bör hanteras. Det är helst något som man inte vill bli påmind om och därför distanseras sig från. Förpackningarna visar tydliga indikationer på att de riktar sig till kvinnor och den menstruerande kvinnokroppen anses som något problematiskt. Att den biologiska kroppen samt dess funktioner inte är det som avgör hur man själv upplever sin könsidentitet samt hur den ska definieras, är något som genomsyrar hela denna uppsats.

This study assesses the loyalty behaviour of consumers in fast-food restaurants in Saudi Arabia by studying the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. The sample consisted of 231 Saudis and non-Saudis living in Saudi Arabia. They were approached using the “snowball” technique. Participants were all over the age of eighteen, and they were customers of Al-Baik restaurants. Data was collected through a face-to-face questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS software. Specifically, Cronbach’s Alpha test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were used. Results show that significant relationships exist between the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. It is also indicated that participants’ personalities and values were significantly related to the loyalty behaviour of consumers in Saudi Arabia. The major limitation of this study is that it was conducted in only one city, Jeddah. Therefore, additional research should be carried out in other cities with larger samples. The research results offer compelling evidence that Saudi loyalty behaviour differs from Western behaviour. Therefore, it suggests that international fast-food operators in Saudi Arabia should take local factors into account when formulating marketing strategies, such as the role of women and youth in Saudi society. This thesis makes a novel contribution to the literature, as it is the first to model the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour of consumers in a single study. It is also the first to study contributed to the literature to examine the relation between the Six Dimensional Achievement Motivation Scale (Jackson, Ahmed, and Heapy, 1976), Rokeach Value System (1973), and loyalty behaviour of consumers.

У центрі уваги дослідження постає прагматична сторона перекладу звертань і завершальних формул ділових листів з урахуванням фактора адресата і внутрішньостильових зміщень німецької та української мов. На матеріалі зіставного аналізу паралельних текстів німецькомовних та україномовних ділових листів відзначено їх характерні особливості функціонування і відтворення у відповідній мовній культурі.
The research focuses on pragmatic aspects of translation of introduction and conclusion phrases in business letters inclusive of the factor of an addressee and inner stylistic shifts of German and Ukrainian languages. Based on the material of parallel texts analysis of German and Ukrainian business letters their typical peculiarities of functioning and rendering in appropriate language culture are pointed out.

碩士
世新大學
資訊管理學研究所(含碩專班)
103
For websites at present requiring registering members, the truth of the data gotten from the registration is unknown for fear of users' privacy on the internet. Hence, it is difficult for enterprise to take advantage of personal information captured on the registration websites to make it be the basis of programming personal marketing. Therefore, the essay will use different kinds of data mining techniques to explore the users’ demographic attributes, such as Gender and Age, from the web browsing logs. The essay takes the users’ web browsing logs gathered by InsightXplorer Ltd. as the study object. Using the techniques used to on the text mining on the web browsing logs, the dissertation will put forward several estimated models to predict the users’ demographic attributes, and evaluating the models separately in the end.

碩士
清雲科技大學
企業管理系暨經營管理研究所
97
The study target was the digital camera market and how gender roles, premium attributes and product class knowledge factors can affect a premium promotion. The study used a hardcopy questionnaire and an internet questionnaire to survey consumers aged from 15 to 50. Finally 207 questionnaires were retrieved and analyzed through discriminate analysis using t test, one way ANOVA and Scheffe Multiple Test. The results show: 1. Different gender roles have different premium attributes. 2. Different premium attributes will affect different gender roles. 3. Different gender roles impact product class knowledge. 4. Different product class knowledge groups with the same premium attribute prefer. 5. Different premium attributes will affect different product class knowledge groups.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業系碩士在職專班
101
“A sense of happiness” is an abstract emotion that is difficult to be quantified, and consumers may have different feelings under different situations. Consumers are more likely to re-purchase if their previous purchasing experience is pleasant. In other words, pleasant purchasing experiences may lead to customer loyalty and satisfaction, which are essential elements of consumer happiness. One of the most common ways for businesses to promote sales is to give free gifts to consumers. The promotion types could be “free gifts with purchase”, “point-collecting” or “buy A and get B free.” No matter what type of promotional strategies is used, all of them need to choose a product as free gift. That is, choosing the appropriate gifts is beneficial for the enhancement of consumer happiness. In addition to discussing the influence of gift category on consumer happiness, the present study examines the moderating roles of gender traits and complementarity of free gifts. The study adopts a 2 (gift categories: utilitarian vs. hedonic) x 2 (gender traits: male vs. female) x 2 (complementarity: complementary vs. non-complementary) experimental design. Since gender trait is measured, we finally conduct a 2x2 experimental design. Results of the study indicate that hedonic goods generate more sense of happiness for consumers than utilitarian goods do. Further analysis also indicates that compared to utilitarian gifts, consumers with female trait tend to have higher levels of happiness when receiving hedonic gifts than those with male trait. Furthermore, in terms of hedonic gifts, non-complementary gifts produce more sense of happiness than complementary gifts. Based on the findings, we suggest marketers to consider different gift categories and the complementarity of free gifts under different gender traits when designing promotional campaigns in order to maximize consumers’ sense of happiness.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
企業管理研究所
101
ABSTRACT Accompanying with the advancement in technology, life is more convenience, especially the emergence of smartphone has greatly changed people''s way of life. Now just own a smartphone, such as a personal portable computer can solve a lot of problems. For example, use e-mail to receive and mail, GPS navigation, go on internet anytime and anywhere. As more and more popularity of smartphone, now it can be said that almost everyone will have a smartphone and the speed of its development people can’t imagine. This study is based on the smart phone as the main research subject and through literature to understand the key factors affecting the purchase intention, analysis of consumer smartphone’s product attributes, brand awareness, brand image and purchase intention relationship, in addition to use gender as moderator among them. Further study on the factors of gender, whether between each variable of gender affect the smartphone of consumer’s purchase intention? This study focuses on smartphone users and use to convenience sampling , the survey methods of internet questionnaires and physical questionnaire in two ways. Adopting SPSS 20.0 statistical software to examine the impact of smartphone''s product attributes, brand awareness and brand image on purchase intention. The empirical results show: 1. Smartphone’s product attribute has a significant positive effect on purchase intention. 2. Smartphone’s utilitarian attributes on purchase intention, the man have a significant positive effect than women. 3. Smartphone’s hedonic attributes on purchase intention, the women have a significant positive effect than men. 4. Smartphone’s brand awareness has a significant positive effect on purchase intention. 5. Smartphone’s brand image has significant positive effect on purchase intention. 6. Smartphone’s brand image on purchase intention, the women have a significant positive effect than men. Key words: Smartphone, Product attribute, Brand awareness, Brand image, Gender, Purchase intention

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
95
According to affect-as-information framework, it refers that mood effects on people’s judgments. Prior researches have showed different statements about the influence of mood. The findings have pointed the same opinion about the influence of positive mood; positive mood would result in positive impact. However, there are different outcomes from negative mood on people’s judgments, even behaviors. Some researches present bad mood would bring about bad effects, but some ones state that people would try to change the unfavorable condition which resulted from negative mood. Due to the inconsistent findings, we propose that positive and negative moods affect evaluations of brand extensions, moderating effects of brand extension, product attributes, gender, and age. The results indicate that positive mood enhances evaluations of extensions, especially for utilitarian product. Female get more positive influence under positive mood. Male have much better significant evaluations for utilitarian attribute than female do under positive mood. Adults increase evaluations for moderate and far extension, but children only have positive evaluations for far extension. People under negative mood would lower evaluation of brand extension, especially for utilitarian products. Besides, men have more negative impact than women do. Male have much less evaluations for utilitarian attribute than female do under bad mood. Both adults and children have no significant influence on evaluations of brand extensions.

"This thesis ... examines colour as the hues we perceive in everyday activities and their social significance when used deliberately in representation ... investigations have led into psychological, anthropological, philosophical and cultural realms to uncover colour 'knowledge' and from there to semiology, representation and feminism in search of the tools with which to expose colour to a sociological analysis. What follows in this thesis is that journey, colour use examined in respect of its marking of gender attributes in a major social reproducer of these concepts, popular narrative film"--Abstract.

碩士
逢甲大學
企業管理學系
103
This study aims to reveal the change of impulse buying in the generation of mobile commerce. Based on the structure of S-O-R theory, we explore the relationship among attributes of mobile commerce (i.e., ubiquity, mobility, localization, personalization, convenience, informativeness push technology), and internal evaluation (positive emotion), which inspires consumers to bring out impulse buying behavior. Especially, the moderate effect of gender and time pressure on the relationship between internal evaluation and impulse buying behavior are also investigated. There are 427 samples were collected from the users who have experience on mobile shopping, then the structure equation model was used to analysis. The result shows that personalization, convenience, and push technology are major factors that create consumers’ positive emotion. In addition, the behavior of impulse buying in mobile commerce is still influenced by positive emotion. Furthermore, gender and time pressure are adapted as moderators to measure the moderate effect. In this study, we found that the attribute of mobility is more important to man, while the attribute of convenience is more important to female. The result also that consumer with high time pressure would drive more impulse buying behavior. We conclude with implications and suggestions for future research.

碩士
國立交通大學
管理學院經營管理學程
104
The fourth-generation mobile communication technology (4G) is the emerging wireless communication technology. As its popularity and convenience, this technology of Telecom 4G has become a public and an indispensable communication tool in the world-wide. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of gender and age on the difference among attributes of service quality and customer satisfaction in the case of a Telecom 4G Service. Results from this study indicate that the users’ priority of Telecom 4G service is vary from the quality and satisfaction. Gender and age can significantly modulate the priority on six attributes of service quality and customer satisfaction. Telecom 4G users in different gender have different priorities in service quality and service satisfaction attributes. However, Telecom 4G users in different age have different priorities on service quality attributes, but not on service satisfaction attributes. It is expected that these study results can provide useful recommendations to first-line service personnel of Telecom company for improving customer service quality and satisfaction of their 4G service users in response to different gender and age’s request.

Due to the changing demographics of South African organisations after the 1994 elections and the subsequent sub-cultural diversification, the working environment is becoming the primary place where the different South African sub-cultural groups, with their different value systems, are in interaction with each other. The consequent lifting of sanctions exposed South African organisations to globalisation and international competition. This forced managers to improve organisational processes and operations, not only to protect their own domestic markets, but also to become internationally competitive. At the same time, they had to adhere to newly created labour legislation, which dramatically changed the face of the South African labour market. The complex combination of several sub-cultures in the South African work environment can adversely affect organisational effectiveness if not properly understood and managed by effective transformational leaders. The concept of cultural values was used to explore the differences, as well as the similarities, between the various sub-cultural groups in the South African environment. This study examined cultural differences and similarities between 477 junior and middle managers in the financial services sector, who belonged to the four South African sub-cultural groups (Black, Coloured, White, and Indian), and between South African male and female managers. It also investigated whether cultural values change indiscriminately during the acculturation process, or whether certain cultural values, labelled peripheral values, change easier or before other cultural values, labelled core values. Due to the importance of transformational leadership in the work environment, this study also explored the differences and similarities of South African managers on Bass and Avolio’s Full Range Model of Leadership. (Avolio&Bass, 1999; Bass, 1985, 1997). A moderate social constructionist theory was used as a framework for this study, to analyse and describe quantitative results obtained with the various measuring instruments. Firstly, it was found that although there were statistically significant differences between most of the cultural value dimensions of the various sub-cultural groups, not all of these differences were practically significant. Results indicated that these groups could often be clustered together on specific cultural value dimensions, sometimes consisting of a Black, White, and Coloured cluster, sometimes as a Black, Coloured, and Indian cluster, and so forth. Secondly, independent variables other than sub-cultural group, gender, and age also showed practically significant relationships with some of the cultural value dimensions. Thirdly, the results indicated that the cultural values are very stable, even in the dynamic and multi-cultural South African environment, and as such, no core or peripheral values could be identified. Finally, the results also indicated that the transformational-transactional leadership model is cross-culturally endorsed within the South African financial services sector. It pointed out that irrespective of gender, junior or middle management level, age, educational level, number of years full-time work experience, number of years as manager, or having been exposed to formal Western management training, all managers evaluated themselves as more transformational than transactional.
Thesis (PhD (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Psychology
unrestricted

碩士
元智大學
國際企業學系
94
This research wants to discuss the main effects of package attribute gender on product gender perception and product value perception, and product category, gender of brand name and gender of characters as moderators The main research conclusion is as follows: 1. Each packaging attribute can make consumer''s sex perception to product produce really with to the consciousness, and consumers will have higher product value perception to feminine packaging color and shape, and the female shape has higher practicability value consciousness than to the masculine shape, when each attribute gender are inconsistently, consumers incline to regard color as and judge the basis mainly. 2. As gender of brand name/character is consistent/inconsistent with packaging attributes, the perception of product gender strengthens (weakens) in the same direction. However, product value perception does not. 3. When analyzing packaging attributes by visual perception of Gestalt, it is found that the effect of product gender perception is stronger, and when all packaging attributes were viewed as feminine (masculine), the product gender perceived as more feminine (masculine). On the other hand, the interaction among the gender of brand name/ characters, product category and packaging attributes have significant impact on product value perception, especially on utilitarian value perception.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
自動化及控制研究所
106
Gender recognition has many applications in modern people’s lives. In the general image processing methods, gender recognition is mainly based on face image recognition. However, in the actual shooting situation, due to complex background environment, light source illumination, shadowing, and poor resolution, face detection often fails, and then the effect of gender recognition is greatly reduced. Therefore, this study proposes a multiple attribute-based (MA) identification method for gender recognition. In addition to facial image recognition, it also uses various clothing attributes, being able to highlight the gender, as the basis for recognition. Moreover, according to the part where the wearing attribute is located, the automatic segmentation algorithm for each part is developed. In the recognition methods, histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) algorithm is used to extract the features, and the features are identified by support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Finally, the corresponding weights are given to the results of the clothing attribute identification, the male score and the female score are calculated, respectively, and then the gender can be determined according to the scores. Literature survey indicates that this study is the first to propose the concept of multiple attributes of the whole body to recognize gender. In different attribute identification blocks, the automatic segmentation algorithms are developed according to the block suitable for the attribute identification, and a set of scoring theories with attribute weights for men and women is proposed. In order to prove the effect of gender recognition after adding multiple attributes, in the experiment, the self-established whole body image database is used. Fisherface gender identification method and our proposed method are compared. Experimental results show that the accuracy of gender recognition after adding clothing attributes is higher than that of single face recognition. This study has established a robust intelligent gender recognition system.

碩士
臺中技術學院
事業經營研究所
97
Due to the life insurance industry in Taiwan develops vigorously and competitively, it is not easy for the proprietors to establish the long-term relationship with customers. Therefore, life insurance should emphasize on how to satisfy with customers'' request as to enhance the satisfaction and build the long-term relationship with customers in Taiwan. Life insurance is a service-intensive industry which the service providers are the main force of offering insurance service. For this reason, the quality of the service provides'' attributes of the life insurance will influence the quality of the customers'' relationship. And what are the priorities of the service providers'' attributes for customers? Which attributes will affect the customer relationship quality significantly? However, these issues haven''t been studied empirically in the past. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between service providers'' attributes of the life insurance and customer relationship quality. And it also examines the effects of the customer gender (moderating variable) between service providers'' attributes and relationship quality. The targets of this research are policy holders of life insurance companies in Taiwan. This research adopts a purposive sample survey of questionnaires. And there were 300 questionnaires issued. After removing the 24 invalid ones, 276 copies turned out to be of valid ones, at 92%. The main results indicated as following： (1)Service providers'' attributes are positively and significantly related to the relationship quality. (2)All the sub-aspects of the service providers'' attribute which including expertise, experience and appearance are positively related to the whole aspects of the relationship quality which including trust, satisfaction and commitment. And expertise has the most powerful impact on the relationship quality. The second powerful factor is appearance, and the final powerful factor is experience. (3)Customer gender has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between service providers'' attributes and relationship quality which the female has the stronger moderating effect. Finally, according to the results of this empirical study, the research proposes some suggestions for practical management and offers the future research issues for insurance companies in terms of human resource management and customer relationship management.

碩士
明新科技大學
企業管理研究所
95
Previous studies have illustrated that the odor can elicit various emotions and feelings. The odor may present specific meaning for each consumer due to consumer has different experience in the odors. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore the influence of the sex-role, life style and perfume’s gender label on the odor recognition, odor evaluation and wearing intention. The single perfume stimulus was adopted in this study. And, applies gender labels to be used as a hint by perfume, carrying on odor to measure valuation and questionnaire actually to the one who be subjected to measure in order to examine is measured whether meeting as a result is led to lead, then distort its recognition to the perfume's sample attribute evaluation and to wearing the influence of intention. Aim at the research category involved, carry on a domestic and international cultural heritage study, study basic idea structure originally by establishment, and will be analyzed by the program SPSS after the questionnaire and the perfume sample designing. The finding indicated that participants who have feminity, and ‘art-lover’ and ‘pragmatist’ life style performed stronger odor experience than others. Moreover, marriage status and habit of perfume use affected odor evaluation on sample perfume. The future research suggestion and management implications were included in the following.