Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gender diskurz'

As a part of international economic relations, development cooperation is a relatively new issue area of the Czech foreign policy. In spite of the strong Czechoslovak cooperation with the pro-socialist Third World countries during the Cold War, the country quickly abandoned delegitimized development activities only to restart them in the mid-1990s. This time, the policy was induced mostly externally by the international and EU commitments to provide aid to developing countries. Building on James Ferguson's concept of 'anti-politics machine' and the Bourdieusian concept of illusio, this dissertation argues that (i) the apparatus of the Czech development cooperation deals with development as a technical matter and leads to the depoliticization of the Czech relations with the South; and (ii) the low public awareness of the policy and the dependence of the civil society on government funding tones down their criticism and facilitates the use of the policy for the particular interests of the Czech implementers instead of contributing to poverty reduction in the South. The second chapter justifies the interdisciplinary approach adopted in the dissertation. It argues that in the same way as multidimensional poverty cannot be reduced to mere income, a holistic analysis of development cooperation must extend beyond the neoclassical economic approach and include social, cultural, political and environmental aspects of development. The third and fourth chapters analyze accordingly the discourses (historical and legal sources, political and social context, government strategies) and practices (content of bilateral cooperation, its effectiveness, actors and interrelations between them) of the Czech development cooperation. The following chapters extend from the narrow topic of development cooperation to gender as a cross-cutting issue and further to the problem of policy coherence. While gender has gained serious credit on the international development research and policy agenda, it is reflected in policy and operational documents only formally, making bilateral cooperation projects gender blind, and hence detrimental to women. Finally, the Czech discourses and practices of the formally institutionalized policy coherence for development are analyzed in cases studies on migration, trade and agriculture. The chapter argues that slight changes in other government policies may have greater impact on developing countries than any substantial reforms of development cooperation. Overall, the dissertation advocates for a repoliticization of the development agenda and its return to the public space. So far, it was mostly the European Union funding that incited the civil society to raise new policy issues and question the effectiveness of the Czech development cooperation in reducing global poverty, but it is crucial to involve political parties, civil society at large, media and academia in the process as well. An annex lists a range of detailed policy recommendations for development cooperation generally, in particular its gender dimension, and its coherence with the Czech migration, agriculture and trade policies.

Gegenstand der Analyse ist die mediale Auseinandersetzung um feministische de/konstruktivistische Theorie und Praxis, die 2006/2007 unter der Überschrift 'Gender Mainstreaming' stattfand. Dominiert wurde die Mediendebatte von einer Reihe antifeministischer Veröffentlichungen in überregionalen (Print- und Online-) Zeitungen und Magazinen; auf ihnen liegt das Hauptaugenmerk meiner Untersuchung. Im Zentrum stehen dabei die Einzelanalysen der Artikel "'Gender Mainstreaming' Politische Geschlechtsumwandlung" (FAZ; Volker Zastrow) und "Der neue Mensch" (Der Spiegel; René Pfister), die unter Hinzuziehung des Debattenkontextes (ca. 50 Artikel) untersucht werden. Die Analyse verfolgt die zentralen diskursiven Strategien, mit denen feministische de/konstruktivistische Theorie und Praxis sowie die Protagonist_innen derselben delegitimiert werden und fragt nach den impliziten wie expliziten Aussagen, den zugrundeliegenden gesellschaftlichen Wissensvorräten, Deutungsrahmen und Ausschlüssen. Theoretisch und methodisch wird eine Perspektive entwickelt, die die Mediendebatte einerseits als Kondensat gesellschaftlicher Wissensvorräte und als Spiegel gesellschaftlicher Machtverhältnisse, andererseits als Produzentin von Wissen und Macht analysierbar macht. Die Forschungsfragen und Analyseergebnisse tangieren entsprechend das gesellschaftlich vorhandene Alltags- und wissenschaftliche Wissen über Geschlecht(erverhältnisse) ebenso wie das ‚neue‘ Wissen, das in der Debatte generiert wird, indem Wissen neu kombiniert, akzentuiert, in neue Kontexte gestellt und den Rezipient_innen zugänglich gemacht wird. Mit welchen Bedeutungen wird der Begriff 'Gender' aufgeladen? Nach welchen Kriterien werden feministische Interventionen beurteilt? Welche Subjekte werden abgewertet oder ausgeschlossen (Homosexuelle, Transgender u.a.)? Welches wissenschaftliche und welches Alltagswissen liegt den (antifeministischen/ transphoben/ homophoben) Aussagen zugrunde? Inwiefern haben de/konstruktivistische Geschlechterkonzepte Eingang gefunden in die öffentliche Geschlechterdebatte? Und schließlich auch: Welche Strategien verfolgten jene medialen Artikulationen, die positiv auf feministische Theorie und Praxis und/oder Gender Mainstreaming Bezug nahmen? 'Gender Mainstreaming' fungierte im untersuchten antifeministischen Strang der Debatte als Aufhänger für einen modernisierten Antifeminismus, der sich gegen sämtliche feministische Politiken und Theorien richtete, die (in der Debatte) mit dem Begriff 'Gender' assoziiert wurden. 'Gender' wurde dabei als politisches Stigmawort mit vagem de/konstruktivistischem Gehalt etabliert. Die untersuchten Delegitimierungsstrategien betreffen den Wahrheitsgehalt feministischer Theorie, die Ziele und die Wirkungen feministischer Politik und die Frage nach den Interessen, die mit feministischen Politiken verfolgt werden. Diesen Strategien liegen (unter anderem) Vorannahmen bezüglich Geschlecht und Geschlechtsidentität, Abwertungen und Ausschlüsse bestimmter geschlechtlich oder sexuell markierter Subjekte, spezifische Deutungen feministischer Politiken und Theorien und die Dethematisierung von Machtverhältnissen zugrunde.
The subject matter of his analysis is the media debate on feminist de/constructivist theory and practice conducted in 2006-07, using the peg ‚gender mainstreaming‘ to hang itself on. The debate was dominated by a number of anti-feminist publications, which my analysis mainly focuses on. The core of the research consists of the analysis of the articles „‚Gender Mainstreaming‘ Politische Geschlechtsumwandlung“ (FAZ; Volker Zastrow) and „Der neue Mensch“ (Der Spiegel; René Pfister), which are being investigated by also looking at the context of the debate. The analysis aims at the central discursive strategies which are used to delegitimise feminist de/constructivist theory and practice as well as their protagonists and enquires about the implicit and explicit statements of the articles, the basic common knowledge, criterion and exclusions. I devise a theoretical and methodical perspective, which makes the debate analyzable in a double way: On the one hand the media debate can be seen as a ‚condensate‘ of common knowledge and as a mirror of social power structures and on the other hand it functions as a producer of knowledge and power itself. Consequently the research questions allude to the existing common and/or science-based knowledge as well as to the ‚new‘ knowledge which the media debate generates by (re-)combining, (re-)accentuating and (re-)contextualising knowledge. Which denotations/connotations are assigned to the term ‚gender‘? Which criterion is being mobilized to judge feminist politics? Which subjects (homosexuals, transgendered persons et al.) are degraded or excluded? Which scientific knowledge and which common knowledge form the basis of the (anti-feminist/ transphobic/ homophobic) statements being made? Is there any evidence that de/constructivist perceptions regarding gender found access to the public gender debate? And eventually: Which are the strategies being pursued by those articles that referred to feminist theory and practices affirmatively? Within the anti-feminist thread of the debate, ‚gender mainstreaming‘ served as a peg to hang an updated antifeminism on, that was directed against all feminist politics and theories associated with the term ‚gender‘. ‚Gender‘ itself was established as a stigmatized political term including a vague de/constructivist meaning. The discursive anti-feminist strategies affect the trueness of feminist thought, the aims and impacts of feminist politics and the question about the interests pursued by feminist politics. These strategies rest upon the specific interpretations of feminist politics and theories, upon the exclusion of existing power structures from the debate, upon underlying presumptions concerning gender and gender identity and upon the degradation and exclusion of persons due to their sex, their gender or their desire.

The aim of this study was to conduct a discourse analysis of how school and social services professionals talk about/explains honour-related violence and oppression. The analysis was complemented by an intersectional perspective. The study was conducted through semi-structured qualitative interviews with eight people working in schools and social services. The material from the interviews was analyzed through Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework and intersectional theory. We concluded that the discourse about honour-related violence should be understood as multi-faceted. The complexity of the discourse is exemplified by the different positions and the consequences these risk to lead to. We found a difference in how the school and social services staff explain and give content to honour-related violence and oppression. School staff had a tendency to explain honour-related violence and oppression as something which only occurs in certain cultures. Social services staff, on the other hand, wanted to explain honour-related violence as a universal oppression against women. Our study shows that honour-related violence and oppression are primarily understood as men as perpetrators of violence and women as victims. A view that renounces women as perpetrators and men as victims. Through this study it is possible to understand the problem of finding a definition of honour-related violence and oppression, and why it is so debated. We propose future studies concerning young people's experiences of living in a context characterized by honour-related violence and oppression. We also propose research concerning HBTQ issues related to honour-related violence and oppression.

The discourse of gender is a relevant and vital subject in the present culture and the space of the scientific research. Masculinity and femininity are defined by their differences, but the gender construct in a certain discourse is a social, cultural product. In an advertising, the act of cultural communication, the gender is determined by a dominant ideology and the stereotypes that are inveterated in the language, literature, society, and media. In this work, the televisual advertisements are analysed by the semiotical –communication research method. However, in the theoretical and practical parts of the work other aspects are also varied: gender, feminism, and men‘s studies, historical – cultural, social, psychological. Therefore, the work is basically of the interdisciplinary nature. The object and the goals of the analysis in the semiotical, televisual advertising are to distinguish a stereotypical femininity and masculinity in a public and private space, dominant in advertisements; to show how they are created, reflected and (or) modified; to compare their expression in a public and private spheres; to disclose their relationship with a public culture and its changes. The accomplished analysis allows to draw a conclusion that masculinity and femininity are diverse in the discourse of media advertising: varying from the stereotypical gender images to the unexpected roles, their modification, caricature. A modern media as if offers a variety of individual choices... [to full text]

Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att analysera hur rasism utformas och problematiseras inom de politiska partiprogrammen för att förstå hur problemet framställs och vilka underliggande antaganden som finns. Studien ämnar också visa på de makthierarkiska kopplingar som finns i samhället och hur det finns ett samband mellan förtryck mot icke-vita och andra förtryckta grupper i samhället.    Genom att undersöka begreppet hudfärg i relation till rasism analyseras vilka föreställningar inom problemformuleringen som ligger till grund för inkludering/exkludering av hudfärgsrasism. Genom att studera riksdagspartiernas partiprogram ämnar uppsatsen analysera hur de framställer och lyfter fram problematiken för den rasism som finns i samhället. Till hjälp används Carol Bacchis analysverktyg (What’s the problem represented to be) som gör att förståelse för underliggande och förgivettagna budskap kan framträda. Med hjälp av Bacchis policyanalytiska frågeställningar uppfylls studiens syfte och gör analysen möjlig. Då Bacchi har både teoretiska och metodologiska utgångspunkter ligger hennes synsätt till grund för båda dessa delar som kompletteras med andra forskare för att skapa ett bredare perspektiv på uppsatsen. Resultatet presenteras sedan utifrån tre identifierade teman: Utanförskap, Hudfärg och Strukturer. Med hjälp av tre teoretiker: Bacchi, Essed och Ahmed, drogs slutsatser kring analysen om att de föreställningar som ligger till grund för om partiet inkluderar eller exkluderar hudfärgsrasism är beroende på hur de ser på problematiken. Vissa partier (V & S) inkluderar hudfärg i de strukturella sammanhang som de anses ligga till grund för problematiken. Andra partier (C, L & M) lägger ett betydligt större fokus på invandring och nyanlända i relation till utanförskap skapat av strukturella problem inom arbets- och bostadsmarknaden som den största problematiken bakom rasism.

Syftet med den här studien är att genom diskursanalys analysera hur genus konstrueras i två läseböcker avsedda för grundskolans tidigare åldrar. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka huruvida konstruktionerna av genus i läromedlen förstärker och/eller bryter mot rådande genusstereotyper. Utgångspunkten för uppsatsen är teorier som ser genus, och vad vi uppfattar som kvinnligt och manligt, som sociala, kulturella, historiska konstruktioner, snarare än som biologiskt nedärvda, beständiga och oföränderliga egenskaper. Uppsatsen har ett diskursanalytiskt angreppssätt. Analysen syftar därmed till att analysera läsebokstext och söka diskurser i dessa, diskurser som visar på hur genus konstrueras i texterna. De tre mest framträdande genusdiskurser jag funnit vid textanalysen är Den duktiga flickan/Flickan som biroll, Flickan som objekt för pojkars kärlek och Pojken som huvudperson. Det faktum att flickor och pojkar i läseböckerna ofta positioneras i dessa diskurser resulterar i att läsebokstexterna i hög grad bidrar till att befästa och tradera rådande genusstereotyper. I båda läseböckerna förekommer dock även brott mot dessa stereotyper.

Detta är ett arbete vilket syftar till att förstå hur ofrivillig barnlöshet kan betraktas som en sjukdom. Frågeställningen lyder således: ”Hur produceras förståelsen av ofrivillig barnlöshet som sjukdom i mitt material?” De teoretiska verktyg som används i denna analys hämtas från Michel Foucault, Sarah Franklin, Faye D. Ginsburg och Rayna Rapp, Susanne Lundin samt Nikolas Rose. Dessa verktyg visar på hur ofrivilligt barnlösa definieras som en grupp, hur den medicinska teknologin och den kliniska blicken samt dagens biopolitik formar vår förståelse av den mänskliga reproduktionen. Genom en diskursteoretisk förståelse och diskursanalys hämtad från Foucault analyseras texter från regeringen och riksdagen samt från Infertilas Riksförening i Sverige (IRIS). I själva undersökningen visas hur förståelsen av ofrivillig barnlöshet som sjukdom formas i en diskursiv miljö där en humanistisk människosyn, medicinska teknologiska framsteg, naturlighet och genetik sammankopplas och står som grund. Att den ofrivilliga barnlösheten uppfattas som en sjukdom är sålunda avhängigt den specifika syn på människan, teknologin och naturen som är rådande inom reproduktionens diskurs av idag.

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between gender, discourse and technology, and the resulting construction of bodily norms, in a contemporary environment dominated by info- and bio-technologies. The premise from which this study starts is that the ‘intra-action’ between gender, discourse and technology plays a central role in shaping contemporary identities. The study is based on close readings of material from three case studies: cyberpunk fiction, (in)fertility weblogs and the World Health Organisation guidelines on naming of biotechnologies. The distinctive combination of the three case studies provides a unique perspective on the relationship between gender, discourse and technology, showing how it shifts across different contexts, and demonstrating the socio-historical contingency of the bodily norms produced therein. This study is comprised of three empirical texts, one theoretical text and a kappa. The analysis shows how innovative cyberpunk narratives challenge not only human/non-human boundaries, but also genre and gender conventions. The specific format of the blog allows women’s experiences of infertility to be heard and produces hybrid discourses which challenge contemporary authoritative discourses about femininity. The third case study explores the assignment of International Nonproprietary Names to new biotechnologies, and the implications of this on the construction of patients’ bodies. Finally, the theoretical text contributes to existing feminist analyses of technoscience by proposing a new tool called abject/noise for examining disruptions to discursive and bodily coherence. This tool is then tested on a series of documents about the assignment of International Nonproprietary Names to new biotechnologies. Throughout, the importance of ‘situated knowledges’ is emphasised, both in how gender, discourse and technology are understood, but also in the norms produced and the position of the researcher.
Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka relationen mellan genus, diskurs och teknik och hur denna relation bidrar till att konstruera vissa typer av kroppsnormer, speciellt som vår samtid infärgas av informationsteknik och bioteknik. Utgångspunkten för denna studie är att ’intra-action’ mellan genus, diskurs och teknik spelar en central roll i utformningen av samtida identiteter. Studien bygger på närläsningar av material från tre fallstudier: cyberpunk-litteratur, in/fertilitetets-bloggar och Världs-hälsoorganisationens riktlinjer för namngivning av bioteknik. Kombinationen av de tre fallstudierna ger ett unikt perspektiv på relationen mellan genus, diskurs och teknik. Den visar hur relationen skiftar mellan olika sammanhang, och hur denna är kulturellt villkorad och därmed tillåter vissa kroppsliga normer att upstå och cirkulera. Denna undersökning består av tre empiriskt grundade texter, en mer teoretisk text och en kappa. Den försten analysen visar hur innovativa cyberpunk berättelser inte bara utmanar föreställningar kring det mänsklig / icke-mänskliga gränser, utan också själva genren i sig och dess kulturella konventionerna kring genus. Det specifika format webbloggen (eller blogg) i den andra fallstudien tillåter kvinnors upplevelser av infertilitet att höras och producerar genreöverlappningar och igen-kännanden som utmanar samtida normativ diskurser om reproduktiv kvinnlighet. Den tredje fallstudien undersöker tilldelningen av ett så kallat Internationellt generiskt namn till nya biotekniska produkter, och konsekvenserna detta får för konstruktionen av patienternas genusifierade kroppar. Slutligen bidrar den teoretiska texten till befintliga feministiska analyser av ’teknovetenskap’ genom att föreslå ett nytt verktyg som kallas ’abject/noise’ för att undersöka störningar i diskursiva och kroppsliga sammanhang. Detta verktyg testats sedan också analytiskt på dokumentar som rör tilldelningen av Internationellt generiskt namn till ny bioteknik. Genom hela avhandlingen läggs tonvikten på ’situerad kunskap’, både gäller hur genus, diskurs och teknik förstås kontextuellt, hur normer blir till och hur forskaren positionerar sig.

Syftet med uppsatsen är dels att undersöka om mediefenomenet Pär Ströms jämställdistiska diskurser går att förstå, genom att knyta an till maskulinitetskonstruktioner. Även hur dessa diskurser förhåller sig till könskategoriseringar och heteronormativitet. Delvis genom att undersöka hur subjektspositionen kön konstrueras i dessa diskurser. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av två böcker skrivna av Pär Ström. Det teoretiska ramverket som tillämpas i analysen är diskursteori, queerteori samt maskulinitetsteori. Främst används queerteoretiska och diskursteoretiska begrepp som verktyg i analysen för att kunna bedriva den diskursanalytiska metoden på empirin. Analysen av empirin visar att Ströms jämställdistiska diskurser innehar ett essentialistiskt, statiskt och binärt förhållningssätt till könskategorier. Även att det går att kontextualisera mediefenomenet Pär Ström i en nyliberal diskurs, där maskulinitet har en inverkan på de jämställdistiska diskursernas innehåll. Slutsatsen i uppsatsen är att det, i de jämställdistiska diskurserna, hävdas en essentialistisk och objektiv sanningssyn, där det framläggs en syn på subjektspositionen kön som dikotomi. Denna objektivitet är problematisk, då den i sin blindhet gentemot sociala strukturer inte kan frångå varken det ”naturgivna” könet eller ett heteronormativt seende.

Arbetsmarknaden är könssegregerad och ojämställd på grund av att den är beroende av föreställningar om manliga och kvinnliga egenskaper. Vård- och omsorgssektorn är en av de mest segregerade och lågavlönade delarna av arbetsmarknaden på grund av att yrkena är nära förknippade med egenskaper som ses som kvinnliga. I denna studie analyseras intervjuer med 8 hemtjänstarbetare för att undersöka sambandet mellan omsorgsarbete och genusarbetsdelning. För att undersöka sambandet mellan dessa analyseras möjliga subjektspositioner och egenskaper som tillskrivs hemtjänstarbetare. Den metod som använts är diskursanalys baserad på Laclau och Mouffes diskursteori. För att analysera har teorier om den heterosexuella matrisen, maskulinitet, heteronormativ genusarbetsdelning och emotionellt lönearbete använts. Studien visar att subjektspositionen hemtjänstarbetare är ambivalent. Studien visar att subjektspositionen hemtjänstarbetare har stark koppling till kvinnligt kodade egenskaper samtidigt visar studien att betydelsen bakom subjektspositionen förskjuts av jämställdhetsdiskursen och ökat manligt deltagande i yrket. Studien visar även att hemtjänstyrket påverkas av olika ekonomiska diskurser och heteronormativitet.

Välgörenhet är ett stort samtida fenomen och så även välgörenhetsgalor. Vissa har argumenterat för biståndsarbete och välgörenhet har två sidor, altruism och egenintresse (Öhman, 2000). Den här uppsatsen undersöker känslor och makthierarkier inom en välgörenhetsdiskurs genom att analysera två svenska välgörenhetsgalor som sändes i SVT och TV4 under 2017. De teoretiska utgångpunkterna har främst varit Sara Ahmeds (2011) teori om olustens politik, Olli Pyyhtinens (2014) tolkning och utveckling av Marcel Mauss (1924) teori om gåvor och utbyten, samt Jo Littler (2008) och Ilan Kapoors (2013) teorier om kändisars deltagande i välgörenhet. Genom att använda Ernest Laclau och Chantal Mouffes diskursteori som teoretisk ingång och metod för diskursanalysen undersöks välgörenhetsdiskursens möjligheter och krav, med fokus på sprickor och spänningar som uppstår inom dess ramar. Analysen visar att diskursen kräver vissa moment för att existera. Ett sådant moment är de, med användning av Kapoors begrepp, avpolitiserande effekter som framkommer när fokus riktas mot snabba lösningar på akuta problem snarare än att tala om social rättvisa och politiska åtgärder. Ytterligare ett moment som diskursen kräver är temat om medlidande för att kunna väcka känslor hos subjektet som uppmanas att skänka pengar. I förlängningen krävs också lyckliga slut, där detta givarsubjekt får se hur pengarna har hjälpt rädda liv på barn runt om i världen. Analysen visar hur välgörenhetsgalorna, trots goda intentioner, också bidrar till att konstruera en bild av Sverige som en ”god” nation vilket förstärker makthierarkier mellan Sverige och de länder som mottar pengar från välgörenheten. Bilden av Sverige som (re)produceras inom välgörenhetsdiskursen osynliggör också förståelser av Sverige som del i en global kapitalistisk ordning som tar från samma fattiga som välgörenhetsgalorna ämnar rädda.

I denna uppsats analyseras sju stycken framsidor på smoothieböcker publicerade mellan år 2007 och 2016. Syftet är att undersöka hur dessa riktar sig till en kvinnlig målgrupp genom sin formgivning. Uppsatsen grundar sig i ett genusvetenskapligt perspektiv som kompletteras med teorier kring semiotik, färg, typografi och bild. Analysen sker i två steg där en semiotisk analys följs av en diskursanalys. I denna kan tre stycken diskurser kring kvinnligheten och smoothietrenden urskiljas: 1) Nyttighet, 2) Lyx, avslappning och njutning och 3) Kvinnligheten. Dessa budskap förstärks även genom färg- och typografival samt titelformuleringar på framsidorna. Slutligen problematiseras dessa resultat genom en diskussion kring vad detta kan ha för konsekvenser på såväl samhälle som individen samt designerns ansvar i formgivningen.

Under åren 2015 till 2016 inträffade en stor flyktingkatastrof där miljontalsmänniskor flydde för sina liv runt om i världen. En del av dessa människor ansökte under dessa år om asyl i Sverige, närmare bestämt 162 877 år 2015. Denna stora ökning av asylsökande i Sverige och övriga Europa fick stor uppmärksamhet i media och det rapporterades dagligen om flyktingkatastrofen. Mitt syfte med den här studien är därför att undersöka de centrala diskurserna i medias framställning av flyktingkatastrofen från dess början 2015 till 2016 då den nya asyllagen trädde i kraft. Samt undersöka om och i så fall hur diskurserna förändrats över denna tidsperiod. För att besvara mitt syfte har jag genomfört en diskursanalys av totalt nio tidningsartiklar från tre olika dagstidningar och från olika delar av denna tidsperiod. Resultaten visar att de centrala diskurserna handlade om dels flyktingkatastrofen i sig som händelse och dels effekterna av flyktingkatastrofen, det vill säga det stora antalet asylsökande inom framförallt EU samt hur dessa skulle hanteras. Vidare visade också resultaten att det skett en förändring inom medias rapportering om flyktingkatastrofen. Denna förändring gestaltades genom en strängare migrationspolitik som kom att spela en central del i medias rapportering om flyktingkatastrofen.

Rasutost i postojanje malog broj podataka o doprinosu žena razvoju emancipacije u Boki Kotorskoj čini da se održava stereotipna slika o ženama kao pasivnim i gurnutim u privatnu sferu. Cilj istraživanja je prikupljanje, selekcija i klasifikacija podataka na jednom mjestu o institucijama obrazovanja za žene, udruženjima žena i doprinosu pojedinih žena emancipaciji i ravnopravnosti u Boki Kotorskoj tokom dva vijeka (1815-2015). U fokusu pažnje su identiteti žena u određenom vremenu i prostoru.1. Hipoteza: U Boki Kotorskoj postoje mnogobrojni podaci o dostignućima žena, za period 1815-2015. rasuti po različitim izvorima i otuda nedovoljno dostupni javnosti.Tri su metoda analize: metodu analize diskursa; intersekcionalnosti, metod životne priče.Uzorak čine tri tipa empirijskog materijala: 1. Biografije pojedinačnih žena (ukupno 21); 2. Biografije udruženja žena (ukupno 6); Biografije škola za žene (ukupno 5). Analiza biografija žena sadrži 6 komponenata identiteta (djetinjstvo, brak i porodica, profesionalni identitet, rodno senzitivni jezik (ROJ), devedesete godine 20.vijeka, članstvo u udruženjima).Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su pojedinke, udruženja žena i škole za žene, značajno doprinijele razvoju i emancipaciji ukupnog društva u Boki Kotorskoj, o čemu u društvenoj, obrazovnoj i akademskoj zajednici ima dovoljno podataka, a do sada neproučenih. Osnovni je rezultat da su žene tokom dva vijeka u prostoru Boke Kotorske oblikovale svoje indentitete shodno potrebama i na korist društva, a preko različitih kreativnih akcija.Zaključujem da će ovdje sistematizovani empirijski podaci poslužili za vrednovanje učinka žena tokom dva vijeka ne samo u prostoru Boke Kotorske. Zato se podaci mogu iskoristiti u nastavnom procesu u osnovnim i srednjim školama, posebno na interdisciplinarnim rodnim studijama na univerzitetima u Crnoj Gori i u regionu. Podaci su djelatni i za osnivanje Muzeja žena u Crnoj Gori.
It seems that dispersion and scarcity of information about women’s contribution to emancipation in Boka Kotorska may support the stereotypical image of women being passive and moved to a private sphere. The aim of the research is to collect, select and classify the information about the institutions for education of women, women’s associations and individual contributions of women to emancipation and equality in Boka Kotorska over the period of two centuries (1815-2015). Identities of women in certain time and space have been in focus of attentionHypotesis 1: There is plenty of information about women’s accomplishments in Boka Kotorska for the period between 1815 -2015, dispersed through various resources, hence insufficiently accessible to the public. Three methods of analysis are the method of discourse analysis; intersectional analysis and the method of life stories. The sample includes three types of empirical materials: 1. Biographies of individual women (21 in total); 2. Biographies of women’s associations ( 6 in total); 3. Biographies of schools for women (5 in total). The analysis of women’s biographies comprises 6 components of personal identity (childhood, marriage and family, professional identity, gender sensitive language (GSL), the decade of nineties in 20th century, membership in various associations). The results of the research show that the individuals, women’s associations and schools for women, have considerably contributed to the overall emancipation of society in Boka Kotorska , but the evidence of the same has not been fully disclosed to the general intellectual and academic public. The crucial result is the one about women formatting their identities in accordance with the needs and benefits of society through various creative activities in Boka Kotorska in the period of two centuries. Herefor, I conclude that these systematized empirical data will be valuable for the evaluation of women’s accomplishments in the period of two centuries in Boka Kotorska, but elsewhere too. All the pieces of information are relevant to be used in educational process at various levels, starting from the primary and secondary schools, and especially important for the interdisciplinary gender studies at the universities in Montenegro and in the region. It is possible to use them effectively in founding the Museum of Women in Montenegro.

The object of this essay is the Swedish author Agnes von Krusenstjerna's novels Ninas dagbok (The diary of Nina) and Helenas första kärlek (Helena's first love) as well as the cycle novel Fröknarna von Pahlen (The misses von Pahlen). The purpose is to explore her use of the discourse of girls' fiction, which I analyse by the depiciton of women's sexual awakening, and her depiction of sadomasochism. The theories of Elaine Showalter, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault and Judith Butler are used. Women's sexual awakening is depicted similarly in the novels but more explicitly in Fröknarna von Pahlen. In Ninas dagbok and Helenas första kärlek there is an eroticization of dominance and submission, which is not explicitly sadomasochistic. In Fröknarna von Pahlen, sadomasochism is explicitly described as a "perverted" sexuality and reveals the inequality in the violent sexuality, which is described as "normal". The sexuality that is included in Fröknarna von Pahlen's ending utopia is a female same-sex sexuality, which is a further development of the intimate friendships that are often depicted through the discourse of girls' fiction. Accordingly, Fröknarna von Pahlen and its ending utopia can be interpreted as a "city of girls", that is a further developement of subjects such as female same-sex sexuality and sadomasochism that can only be implied within the discourse of girls' fiction.

Detta är en genusvetenskaplig uppsats och syftet är att undersöka förutsättningarna för de kvinnliga ledarna i en kvinnodominerad ledningsgrupp. Undersökningen är kvalitativ och baseras på intervjustudier och fältanteckningar från företaget som gjorts under okt-dec-2006. Deltagandeobservation av ett gruppmöte samt företagets årsredovisningar och lönelistor har använts som kompletterande material. De teoretiska ramverken har varit Moss Kanters teori om organisationer och La Clau och Mouffes diskursanalys. Resultatet och analysen är indelade i tre avsnitt.

I första avsnittet behandlas chefsideal och normer för ledarskap, och dess könsmärkning problematiseras. Hårda krav på prestationer och bemötande gäller för de kvinnliga ledarna när de mäts mot idealchefen. Andra avsnittet handlar om hur ledningsgruppens förutsättningar formar gruppkulturen och fortplantar sig i organisationen. Tredje avsnittet behandlar motstånd och försvar mot diskursiva uppfattningar om kön och ledarskap. Ledningsgruppens situation kan beskrivas som att de befinner sig i ett konstant tillstånd av ifrågasättande, men de har de utvecklat en ledarstil som minskar trycket på de kvinnliga ledarna.

This essay is written from a gender perspective and investigates the conditions of female leaders in a female dominated management group. The investigation is qualitative, and based on interviews, the annual report of the corporation and field notes from participant observations in the autumn 2006, when we frequently visited the corporation. The theoretical framework is Moss Kanters theory on corporations and La Clau and Mouffes discourse analysis. The result and the analysis are different in three sections. The first deals with gendered ideals and norms created around leadership and the image of the “boss”/ manager. Demands of performance and treatment are harder on the female leaders when measured against male norms, and expectations of female gender. The second part discusses how the conditions of the management group repeats through the organisation. The third part treats combating and defence of discourses on gender and leadership. The situation of the management group can be described as being under a constant pressure, but the leaders have constructed a form of leadership that facilitates the pressure on the female heads.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur influencers på Youtube gör sanningsanspråk om den ideala kvinnokroppen. Jag undersöker hur deras uttalanden om kroppsideal och ingreppet Brazilian Butt Lift (BBL) kan tolkas. BBL är ett kosmetiskt ingrepp där fett transporteras till höft och rumpa från andra delar av kroppen, exempelvis rygg, armar och mage. Målet med operationen är att uppnå en timglas-figur. Analysen görs genom att tolka influencernas uttalanden med hjälp av Ernesto Laclau och Chantal Muffes diskursteori. Materialet är samlat från tre YouTube-kanaler av kvinnliga influencers. Sammanlagt analyseras det åtta videos om deras erfarenheter av det kosmetiska ingreppet. Teorier om disciplinering, kroppsideal, självövervakning, trovärdighet och sanningsanspråk används för att analysera materialet. Analysen behandlar tre teman, hur influencerna porträtterar BBL, hur influencerna framför det samtida kroppsidealet och hur influencerna kan uppfattas som trovärdiga källor. I analysen framkom det att de porträtterar ingreppet som riskfullt, men inte tillräckligt riskfullt för att inte genomgå en BBL. De framställer även känslor av ånger inför operationen som normala och normaliserar därmed att inte lita på sina känslor. Det framkom även att influencerna menar att det är värt att genomgå ingreppet, trots följder av ömhet, obehag och smärta. Det kroppsideal som de framför är timglas-figuren, det vill säga en stor rumpa, breda höfter och en smal midja. De accepterar och reproducerar idéen om hur den ideala kvinnokroppen bör se ut och hur den bör disciplineras. Det framkom även att influencerna kan både ses som offer och bidragare av diskursen om den ideala kvinnokroppen. Till sist framkom det att influencerna kan uppfattas som trovärdiga källor (Ohanian 1990; McCroskey och Teven 1999) och därmed kan deras sanningsanspråk sägas delta i en fixering av ett specifikt kroppsideal för kvinnor.

Male perpetrators have long been over-represented in the criminal justice system. This seems to have resulted in a picture of perpetrators as generally being male. This study aims to investigate differences in the portrayal of perpetrators in relation to gender in the Swedish justice system, by performing a discourse analysis on twelve judgements with assault as the main crime classification. Previous research shows that female perpetrators more often are treated with leniency by the court, compared to male perpetrators. This usually leads to women receiving shorter sentences. There have also been studies that show that in media and literature, female perpetrators are portrayed as less, or in cases of severe violent crimes as more, responsible for the crime committed, than a male would be for the equivalent crime. This study shows that female perpetrators are portrayed as less responsible for their violent actions in regards to the crime committed, than male perpetrators. The discourse analysis of the judgments shows that there is a tendency to portray the women’s violence as depending on circumstances, and the men’s violence as depending on them as persons. This indicates that there are discourses in society that establish women as non-violent and men as violent.

Cilj istraživanja je da se dokumentuju različiti identiteti profesorki univerziteta koje su otišle iz Srbije u razne akademske sredine u svetu i ostvarile profesionalnu karijeru.Hipoteze su shodno cilju rada:H-1: Prva hipoteza je da su profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori otišle u inostranstvo kako bi uspešno izgradile profesionalnu karijeru u vreme kada u zemlji porekla za to nisu postojali dovoljni uslovi u onim naučnim disciplinama za koje su se one opredelile.H-2: Druga hipoteza je da sve profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori imaju promenljive, višestruke identitete.H-3: Treća hipoteza je da empirijski podaci o životu profesorki u akademskoj dijaspori pomažu da se izgradi strategija saradnje profesorki iz dijaspore sa univerzitetskim centrima ovde.Osnovni i kontrolni korpus za analizu čini 21 životna priča profesorki koje su obrazovanje za karijeru stekle na univerzitetima u Srbiji, a profesionalnu karijeru ostvarile u raznim zemljama Evrope i sveta. Audio zapisi snimljenog razgovora za ukupno 11 profesorki, zabeleženi tokom šest godina (2009-2015), audio zapisom (24 sata) na osnovu polustrukturiranog upitnika, transrkibovani u formu pisanog teksta (256 stranica). Kao kontrolni korpus empirijskih podatka su objavljenih 10 životnih priča profesorki sa Univerzitetu u Novom Sadu (Savić 2015). Osnovni kriterijumi za odbir žena su: da su rođene u Republici Srbiji (gde su provele detinjstvo, deo ili svo obrazovanje), a ostvarile akademsku karijeru u nekoj od zemalja sveta.Podaci pokazuju da su sve profesorke uskladile profesionalni i privatni život i da je jedan hranio drugi u njihovoj uspešnoj karijeri.Za profesionalni rad i za odlazak u zemlje destinacije (prijema) profesorke su imale podršku bračnih partnera, koja je bila neohodna, s obzirom na činjenicu da su sve profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori nailazile na brojne prepreke i izazove od momenta odlaska iz zemlje porekla i tokom građenja karijere (na primer, neke su visoko školovanje ponovile, ili su promenile profesiju ili oblast kojom se bave, a deo je nastavio usavršavanje).Obrazovanje je presudno i za vaspitanje potomstva - vrhunsko obrazovanje u skladu sa željama i afinitetima svoje dece.Jezički identitet profesorki u akademskoj dijaspori povezan je sa profesionalnom orijentacijom više nego sa nacionalnim identitetom.Profesorke su se trudile da njihova deca u dijaspori nauče maternji jezik (jezike) roditelja, iako su deca rođena, ili najveći deo svog života, provode u zemlji destinacije, pa se može govoriti o dva (ili više) maternjih jezika.Najupečatljivija sličnost profesorki UNS i profesorki u akademskoj dijaspori je njihova jednaka želja i volja za obrazovanjem, usavršavanjem i napredovanjem u struci i naučnom radu, bez obzira na cenu i prepreke sa kojima su suočene.Takođe, jednako važna sličnost jeste diskriminacija sa kojom se susreću u građenju svojih karijera, profesorke UNS prilikom napredovanja, a profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori prilikom zaposlenja, bavljenja svojom strukom i, takođe, eventualnog napredovanja.Sve profesorke u akademskoj dijaspori žele profesionalno da sarađuju sa univerzitetima i naučnim (i drugim) institucijama u Srbiji, ali ne postoji sistemsko rešenje za takvu saradnju u sadašnjem trenutku u Srbiji.Ženska iskustva ovde objedinjena svedoče o neiskorišćenim resursima, izostalim u saradnji i angažmanu profesorki iz akademske dijaspore u Srbiji danas. Ona mogu dobro poslužiti za sačinjavanje dugoročne strategije o implementaciji znanja i postignuća akademskih profesorki u domaćem okuženju.Značajno je što se u okviru interdisciplinarnih rodnim studija objedinjuje problematika migracija žena, naročito povezano sa profesijama, jer je izvesno da će migracije biti dugoročna tema u budućnosti cele civilizacije. Postoje programi i predmeti koji se bave visokim obrazovanjem žena u profesijama i na kojima se izvode istraživački projekti na kojima se sakuplja empirijski materijal.Mogućnost primene rezultata:1. Empirijski podaci o identitetu akademski obrazovanih žena iz dijaspore, od kojih je jedan i rodni, poslužiće u teorijskoj raspravi o odnosu elemenata identiteta u odnosu na rod.2. Empirijski podaci mogu dobro poslužiti u praksi za predlog strategije za saradnju, eventualni povratak, akademski usmerenih žena iz dijaspore u akademsku elitu u Republici Srbiji (i regionu bivše Jugoslavije).3. Bogaćenje postojeće baze podataka životnih priča žena u Republici Srbiji iz različitih nacionalnih zajednica koje su svoje živote ostvarile u 20. i 21. veku.Rezultati doktorske disertacije treba da posluže u razvijanju strategije o implementaciji postignuća akademskih žena u domaćem okuženju.
The goal of the research is to document different identities of female university professors who left Serbia and went to other academic communities throughout the world, in order to achieve their professional career.Hypothesis of the work:H-1: First hypothesis is that female professors of the academic diaspora have left their countries in order to be able to successfully build their professional careers elsewhere, during times when it was impossible for them to do so in their own countries, due to lack of sufficient conditions which would facilitate their domestic careers.H-2: Second hypothesis is that all professors in the academic diaspora have variable, multiple identities.H-3: Third hypothesis: empirical data on lives of professors within the academic diaspora are helpful in building of the cooperation strategy between the professors from diaspora and domestic university centres.The basic and control group of analysis consists of 21 life stories of female professors who have acquired their career education within Serbian universities, while their professional career was established in different countries in Europe and throughout the world. Audio recordings of 11 professors, made during a period of six years (2009-2015) in a form of conversations according to previously prepared semi-structured questionnaires (24h of audio material), were transcribed to a form of written text (256 pages in total). 10 life stories of University of Novi Sad's female professors were published as a control material (Savic 2015). The basic criteria for the selection of women: they were all born in the Republic of Serbia (where they have spent their childhood and finished some or all of their education), while achieving their career somewhere else in the world, outside Serbia.The data shows that all professors have managed to balance their professional and private life, and it turned out that "one" was facilitating the "other", during their successful career.All professors had support of their spouses for their professional work as well as for relocation to foreign countries. Such support proved to be necessary, since all of them encountered obstacles and challenges within the academic diaspora, from the moment they left their country as well as during their professional career (e.g.: some of them had to repeat/retake their higher education, or to change the profession or area/field of work, while some of them continued with their academic specialization).Education proved crucial for upbringing of their children, too. Top notch education according to desires and affinities of their children.Language identity of the professors within the academic diaspora is more connected to their professional orientation than to their national identities.Professors have tried to teach their children their mother tongue, even though they were born (or have spent the most of their lives) in foreign countries, so it wouold be safe to say that those children have two (or more) languages that they consider as their native.The most striking resemblance between the professors of the Novi Sad University (UNS) and professors in academic diaspora is their equal desire and thrive for education and advancement within their science and field of work, regardless of the cost and obstacles they have encountered, during that journey.Equaly important similarity is the discrimination they have faced during their careers. UNS professors have faced discrimination on their scientific path and advancement, while academic diaspora professors have faced it regarding their employment, their field of expertise and possible advancement, as well.All professors from academic diaspora are willing to cooperate with universities and other scientific institutions in Serbia, but the lack of systematic solutions for such cooperation in Serbia at this point is preventing them to do so.Female experiences encompassed here, are witnessing the unused resources, which are missing when it comes to cooperation and engagement of academic diaspora professors in Serbia today. They can serve as a starting point for making a longterm strategy on implementation of knowledge and achievements of female academic professors in domestic surroundings.It is significant that the issue of female migration, especially when it is connected to their work and profession, is intertwined within the interdisciplinary gender studies, since it is certain that migrations will be a longterm subject in the future of the whole civilisation. There are programs and courses dealing with higher education of women, collecting empirical material during research projects.Possibilities for application of results:1. Empirical data on identitiy of academically educated women from diaspora (gender being one of them) will serve during theoretical discussions on relationship of the elements of identity and gender.2.Empirical data have practical significance, as they may serve as a proposition and starting point of the cooperation strategy, as well as for the possible return of the female academic experts from the diaspora back to academic elite of Serbia (and the Ex-YU region).3. Enrichment of the existing data base of life stories of women from the Republic of Serbia, members of different national communities, who have accomplished their lives in the 20th and 21st century.The results of the PhD thesis should serve the development of a strategy on implementation of academic women's achievements, in domestic surroundings.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att testa tre hypoteser om transsexualism i Sverige, genom att studera lagen och debatten om lagen om könsbyte från 1972 som uttryck för den dominerande diskursen om transsexualism. Studien är gjord historiskt, där olika tidsmässiga nedslag i debatten om lagen studeras för att nå insikt om huruvida transsexualism skapas av den empiri jag studerar. Teorierna som hjälpt analysen av utvecklingen av lagen och rösterna i debatten är främst inspirerade av Michel Foucaults diskursteori, samt Judith Butlers teori om den heterosexuella matrisen. Metodologiskt söks svar på de frågor som utformats för att testa hypoteserna och genomgående står erkända kunskaper om transsexualism samt normerande av kön, genus och sexualitet i fokus för analysen. Vidare diskuteras vad den lagligt fastställda dominerande diskursen om transsexualism och diagnosen kräver för ett erkännande av det transsexuella subjektet. Studien av empirin kring lagen om könsbyte resulterar i tesen att transsexualism inte enbart kan förstås som ett naturligt förekommande fenomen utan att det styrs av olika diskursivt skapade sanningar om kön, genus och sexualitet, vilka även villkorar det transsexuella subjektet. Analysens resultat är att transsexualism, precis som normerna kring kön, genus och sexualitet, är diskursivt skapat och villkorat och således är föränderligt.

This study is aimed at the Swedish 1972 law on transsexualism and the debate on this subject before and since then. The purpose is to test three hypotheses through three questions focused on trying to find out whether it is possible to state that transsexualism is discursively created. The theories which underlay the analysis are mainly derived from Michel Foucault’s theory on reality and truth as constructed through discourse and Judith Butler’s theory on the force of the heterosexual matrix. By analyzing historical texts in this debate I examine how acknowledged truths together discursively construct certain truths about transsexualism in relation to truths on the subject of sex, gender and desire created through the heterosexual matrix. In relation to these theories I also examine in what ways the recognized transsexual subject is constructed through the conditions in the law and diagnosis. My thesis is that the studied materials, seen as representing the Swedish dominating discourse on transsexualism, together sets the terms for and constructs both transsexualism and the transsexual subject through a set of norms on sex, gender and desire. As these norms are subject to change, so is transsexualism, and therefore transsexualism can not be understood as merely a natural condition.

The aim of this study was to examine the existing discourse of assault in Aftonbladet from the years 2012 and 2013. We have studied news articles and analysed them by using discourse analysis as theory and method.The study shows that the portrayal of perpetrators and victims in assault cases tend to differ depending on gender. The women is portrayed as weak and part of a homogeneous group while the man is portrayed as dominant and offered a more individual role. The study also shows that the normative group is separated from the deviate groups in society. The analyze show that media, through this representation, maintains the normative power in society. A power where the normative group and men are superior to women and the deviate society groups.

When discussing the gender imbalance of the labour market it is usually women in maledominated jobsthat end up in the center of attention, while less interest is centred upon men who choose a femaledominated occupation. In the name of gender equality it is however important that also these men arenoticed and that resources are provided for countermeasures that will influence more men to choose thesekinds of professions. In this study such a measure is in the limelight, a measure that aims to encouragemen to break traditional gender structures and to increase the gender equality on the labour market. Thefocus of attention in this study is upon the project ”Fler män till läraryrket” and its preparational year. Themajority of this study is based upon statements from a selection of students as well as the projectmanager. Especielly the ways in which the students and the manager talk about and look upon gender andgender equality, particularly in relation to the teaching profession, has been of utmost importance to thisstudy. There is no doubt that people in general support the thought of gender equality, the questionhowever is if it is possible to completely disregard the differential gender structures that mould andinfluence our identity and our minds from birth? Could it even be that these structures keep their firm gripinspite of new gender awareness and the strive for gender equality? This study is an investigation of how afew students look upon their future roles as male teachers in a female dominated occupation and how thetraditional gender structures quite often is reproduced in their statements inspite of the critical genderawareness that they have developed.

As teacher students, we have on many occasions come across and studied different textbooks for religion. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to research how sex and gender are presented in the textbooks for the course “religion 1” in the Swedish upper secondary school. The two thesis questions are: How are sex and gender presented in two different teaching materials in the Abrahamic religions? How does school law's demands for equality manifest in the analysed textbooks? When limiting the scope of the research to get a manageable amount of data we chose two textbooks written after the new guidelines for the Swedish upper secondary school which took effect in the year 2011 and are used in the public schools in Gävle. Further limiting the amount of data we decided to only go into detail on the Abrahamic religions, which had dedicated chapters in each book. For the method we decided discourse analysis would be fitting as what we are researching is how sex and gender are represented in the text. As both textbooks contain images on almost every page we also use some methods for analysing images from the book Reading Images (Kress & Van Leeuwen 2006). The results showed a heteronormative discourse which is present in both textbooks and is especially noticeable when describing the relationship between God and man. God is usually described with the pronoun He while humans present in the books are referred to as she. The discourse also changes depending on the topic. In the topic of describing the history of the religions men are more present, and in the rare cases when women are present the text doesn’t treat them as individuals. When discussing the present questions about feminism and changing the religions to fit the modern society are more frequent, but even here God is referred to as a man and it’s described that mankind - she - is supposed to follow and obey.

The purpose of this study has been to investigate the possible formation of a new leftdiscourse on the consept of equality regarding the context of "equal conditions between sexes". To find answers to this, a discourse analysis was carried out based on the theoretical framework of discourse theory and the linguistic tropics metonymy and metaphor. Vänsterpartiet has stood as a representative of the leftdiscourse and their pronounced opposite, the "right" has been used to define the leftdiscourse. The analysismaterial has above all consisted of partyleader debates, partyleaders speeches in Almedalen, parliamentary motions and election manifesto from the election movements in 2014 and 2018. The result shows a change from 2014 to 2018 in the leftdiscourse. The left-wing exchange rate failed to articulate a class analysis through the concept of gender equality and 2018 now including the majority of political demands for "equal terms between sexes" during the left equalitydiscourse. The result shows that the left-hand scale appears to create a new equalitydiscourse that includes more requirements regarding the context of "equal conditions between sexes" and as collections as described as an increased class distinctions community in Sweden. The conclution is that within the leftdiscourse gender equality, requires equality.

The fact that technological revolutions have a large impact on the way we conduct war is a commonly accepted fact, but is it the technological innovations themselves? Or is the way we perceive them? One aspect not commonly considered is the impact of gendered preconceptions. This study aims to explore the theory of underestimation of military technology considered feminine presented by Lauren Wilcox, by studying discursive presentations of the UAVs and their pilots in three articles. The results of this study are twofold. Firstly, UAVs and their crews are associated with masculine attributes to a low degree, although there seem to be a difference between the crew and the UAV itself. Secondly, the discursive approach to UAVs share similar traits with the early opinions of the machine gun and airplane described by Wilcox. Conclusively, this study indicates that there may be a connection between gendered attributes and discursive approaches to new military technology, although more research on the discursive discrepancy between craft and crew is required.

I denna uppsats analyseras nio stycken förpackningar för bindor från tre olika varumärken; Always, Ica och Libresse. Detta för att se hur de visuella attributen påverkar föreställningen om menstruation och den menstruerande personen. Förpackningar har olika roller men i denna uppsats är det rollen som kommunikatör som står i fokus, alltså den envägskommunikation som förpackningarna står för. Analysen har skett i två steg med en visuell analys samt en diskursanalys och grundar sig i ett genusvetenskapligt perspektiv med teorier som till största del följer den inriktningen. Att det ligger vissa förväntningar i vad en kvinna förväntas föredra för visuella attribut har påverkat designen av dessa förpackningar och därmed föreställningen om menstruationen. De visuella attributen som identifierades på förpackningarna uttrycker att menstruation är något som bör hanteras. Det är helst något som man inte vill bli påmind om och därför distanseras sig från. Förpackningarna visar tydliga indikationer på att de riktar sig till kvinnor och den menstruerande kvinnokroppen anses som något problematiskt. Att den biologiska kroppen samt dess funktioner inte är det som avgör hur man själv upplever sin könsidentitet samt hur den ska definieras, är något som genomsyrar hela denna uppsats.

Background: Since Sweden was the first country to adopt a legislation on prostitution criminalizing the buyer but not the seller, the Swedish prostitution politics has been internationally disseminated. The legislation has been motivated by a gender equality discourse with the goal to protect women from gender-based abuse by sex buying men. In 2015 some of the well-known civil rights organizations started to question the legislation and promoted a decriminalization. Through the different discursive interpretations of prostitution my purpose is to investigate how prostitution is presented and understood in the work between politics and practice. This thesis investigates the County Administrative Boards' work by looking into the following questions: How is prostitution understood as a political problem? Which approaches are excluded by the presented understanding? How do the employees position their work in relation to this understanding? Have there been discursive changes that can be deduced from the employees' experiences and perceptions? By using the method semi-structured focus groups interviews with seven employees working with prostitution and human trafficking, I have analyzed the interviews through the What’s-the-problem-approach, basing on theories concerning intersectionality, the charmed circle and discourse theory and came to the conclusions that the employees mainly understand prostitution as based on unequal gender relations and a part of gender-based violence. Although the employees argues that the professional way of working on the matter differs, they all more or less commit to what is constructed as the hegemonic discourse and relates to the more liberal discourse as part of the periphery. They also recognize several difficulties concerning their position as an authority, between the government and the civil society. The study shows that the prevailing political discourse and governmental work excludes criticism from other possible positions, but also results in stigmatization of women in prostitution in general.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie som genom applicerandet av ett genusperspektiv och ett diskursanalytiskt analyssätt ämnat belysa olika diskurser som finns i sjuksköterskors tal om anorexi. Bakgrund: Anorexia Nervosa utgör en av de vanligaste formerna av ätstörningar. Bakomliggande orsaksförklaringar saknas dock fortfarande och inga säkra svar finns heller på varför kvinnor är så överrepresenterade bland de som drabbas. Teoretiserandet ur ett genusperspektiv erbjuder nya förståelsemodeller men är eftersatt inom omvårdnadsforskningen. Syfte: Att belysa och identifiera hur anorexi konstrueras med hjälp av olika diskurser i sjuksköterskors tal om anorexi. Metod: En diskursanalys genomfördes på materialet som bestod av intervjuer med fyra legitimerade sjuksköterskor arbetande i primärvården. Resultat: Tre olika diskurser identifierades och kallades för Individualitetsdiskursen, Samhällsdiskursen och Genusdiskursen. I den första identifierade diskursen diskuterades anorexi som ett problem vars orsaksförklaring står att finna hos den enskilda individen, i den andra som ett tillstånd konstruerad i relation till samhällelig påverkan och i den tredje som ett uttryck för ett ojämställt samhälle. Diskurserna visade hur förståelsen av anorexi kan både skilja sig åt och förstås på olika sätt samtidigt beroende på tolkningen. Slutsats: Anorexi kan förstås som såväl en individuell sjukdom såväl som ett tillstånd orsakat av samhälleliga och mediala krav på kvinnor samt även som en strukturell problematik där den egentliga sjukdomsbilden står att finna hos samhället.
This is a qualitative study, which through the application of a gender perspective as well a discursive approach has aimed to highlight different discourses in nurses’ talk of anorexia. Background: Anorexia Nervosa is one of the most common forms of eating disorders. Despite this, explanations regarding underlying causes are still lacking and no definite answers exist concerning the overrepresentation of women carrying the disease. Theorizing from a gender perspective offers new models of understanding but is neglected within nursing science. Purpose: This study aims to highlight and identify how anorexia is constructed within different discourses in nurses’ talk of anorexia. Method: A discourse analytic approach was applied to the material, which consisted of interviews with four registered nurses working in primary health care. Results: Three different discourses were identified and labeled The Individuality Discourse, The Societal Discourse and The Gender Discourse. This showed how the understanding of anorexia can both differ and be understood in different ways simultaneously depending on one’s reading. The first identified discourse discussed anorexia as an individual disease with individual underlying causes, the second as a condition constructed in relation to societal influence and the third as an expression of an unequal society. Conclusion: Anorexia can be understood as an individual disease as well as a condition caused by society and media pressure and also as a problem on a structural level where the real sickness is to be found within society itself.

In Stockholm there are currently five women, out of a total of 102 employees, working in public sports arenas. In sports arenas men are numerically superior amongst the workers as well as the visitors. These arenas are in many ways male dominated, masculinized environments. In this essay I investigate the reasons behind the uneven distribution, in terms of gender, among sports arena workers. I do this by interviewing seven female sports arena workers (the five current and two former), and by observing their workplaces. Through discourse analysis of their narratives, I seek to use these women’s experiences, as being part of a minority, as a way to render sports arenas more available for a larger public. In the study I have a feminist, post-structural standpoint, and I relate my results to theories on gender and organization as well as research on gender and sports. From a doing gender perspective I focus on how the women that I have interviewed talk about themselves, their workplaces and their choices of profession, as well as how they talk about gender and gender equality.

The aim of this study is to present these women’s perspectives on sports arenas as organizations, and to draw links between these particular workplaces and larger social discursive patterns. Another aim with the study is to problematize the very effort to achieve (numerical) equality between the sexes, and to uncover underlying biases. Except for gender biases I also consider intersections between gender and age, social class and sexuality. One of my main findings is that there are quite specific discourses surrounding this profession, reproducing it as masculine. An equalization of the distribution in terms of gender among the employees is not necessarily the entire solution to the inequality problem. A more qualitative effort is needed, for instance a redistribution of power resources within the organization. In the essay I present a list of concrete proposals on how to diversify the personnel in the future, based on the interviews. The main goal with this work is to destabilize the gender based gap in the Swedish labor market, and to increase the availability to all spheres in society, for everyone, on equal terms.

Lifestyle magazines portray women in different manners and have an influence on how media consumers create self-images. The importance of knowing how different visual representation of the female acts out in magazines with large target audiences is therefore of weight for the magazines’ readers to understand. This thesis analyze how the two lifestyle magazines ELLE and LOVE portrays women in images and how they in turn create ideal images of women. The thesis has been conducted through a qualitative analysis of 5 images from each magazine that represents the magazines artistic styles. The theories used in this study are semiotic image analysis and visual text analysis viewed from a gender- and discourse perspective. The conclusion of this thesis is that ELLE portrays women as strong, happy and feminine, with at tendency towards androgyny, while LOVE describes women as inferior and sexual objects constructed for the male gaze. The magazines, which belong to a classic- respectively a post-modern genre within lifestyle magazines, thereby switch places with each other and becomes each other’s counterparts.

Izrada osnovnih principa za rodno osetljiv pristup u enciklopedijskom tekstu važan je korak ka sveobuhvatnijoj slici naše stvarnosti u procesima demokratizacije društva danas.
Važno je i iz istorijske perspektive obratiti posebnu pažnju na sve one žene iz prethodnih vekova koje su značajne u različitim domenima naše istorijske prakse, a nisu do sada o njima iznošeni valjani podaci (Tomin, 2011). Cilj istraživanja je provera postojanja implicitne diskriminacije prema ženama iz različitih grupa u postojećim enciklopedijskim projektima i predlog za prezentaciju žena u enciklopedijskom tekstu kojim se uvažavaju rodne i druge razlike i specifičnosti kako iz istorijske tako i iz savremene perspektive. Pretpostavka je da je u postojećim enciklopedijama nedovoljno odrednica o zaslužnim ženama, što je rezultat implicitne rodne diskriminacije onih koji uređuju enciklopedijski tekst, ali i spor proces sazrevanja enciklopedijskog teksta kao posebnog žanra. Odabrana je teorija drugosti za osnovu analize enciklopedijskih odrednica o ličnostima; metod kritičke analize teksta za formiranje institucionalnog žanra.
Korpus čini ukupno 106 enciklopedijskih jedinica, sačinjen na osnovu literature dostupne u poslednjih petnaest godina, iz različitih disciplina, pre svega interdisciplinarnih i onih koje su nove, a karakteristične su za oblasti delovanja žena danas.
Korpus od 106 enciklopedijskih odrednica prati Uputstvo za pisanje enciklopedijske odrednice, spisak literature koji sadrži sve bibliografske jedinice koje su korišćene u formiranju korpusa i spisak skraćenica.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je u postojećim enciklopedijama nedovoljan broj žena; u odrednicama odsustvuje rodno osetljiv pristup koji je (delimično) posledica uređivačke koncepcije. Osnovni rezultat je autorov predlog 106 enciklopedijskih odrednica o zaslužnim ženama iz svih oblasti života i rada (sa 95 fotografija), odabran u skladu sa uspostavljenim kriterijumima za izbor odrednica i napisane prema uputstvu za pisanje rodno osetljivim jezikom. U zaključku se konstatuje da je žanr enciklopedijskog teksta sazrevao u srpskom jeziku tokom gotovo jednog veka i da danas u njemu odsustvuje rodno osetljiva dimenzija. Zato rezultati u ovom radu mogu biti od koristi u neposrednom radu timova okupljenih oko enciklopedijskih i leksikonskih projekata u zemlji u daljem radu za pokolenja koja dolaze.

The choice of studying motherhood was born out of our own self- perceived experiences as mothers, and in the sense of having a “book of rules” constantly present in the motherly role. Throughout times the motherly discourses surrounding motherhood have included aspects such as caring for and nurturing children, to take care of the household chores and to overall have an all seeing eye over the logistics of the home. In contrast, the men´s primary task is to provide the family with economic capital. ”The good mother”- this pure madonna figure, is often linked to a naturalness discourse which points towards women as created to bear children, giving birth and then finding themselves instinctively knowing how to take care of the newborn. This idea of motherhood as the women´s primary task is traditional in the sense of being rooted in historical contexts. Through a qualitative study, we wish to contribute to a wider understanding of the complex ways in which discourses work and affect the individual lives of women adulging in motherhood, focusing on their own experiences of motherhood. We have chosen to interview nine women from three different families, in each family three generations. Previous research points at two big discourses in western society- the naturalness discourse and the discourse surrounding gender equality. With a focus on these two discourses the study also is carried out with a lifecourse perspective as a way of capture the very important aspect of time. Time is a central part in our attempt to understand the ways in which discourses work, travels and modifies over time. Our findings, watching three generations of mothers reinforces the picture of the work towards equality is both complex and far from done. The motherly discourses are, even today, often characterized by a traditional thinking motivated by and linked to a perception of the natural when it comes to the different roles men and women are attributed. This, in turn, causes a collision with a “modern” discourse surrounding equality. Nowadays the roles embedded in the gender contract is overall more equal than before. Thus you could expect women to, in greater occurence, be freed of the discursive fetters. Despite this, this study points at the opposite direction, leaving us with a feeling of failure when it comes to gender equality. A traditional discourse of “the good mother” is still present in a modified “modern” version. Women in western society therefor are free when it comes to a lot of aspects, but not fully free in the sense of being themselves in the motherly role.

Lilla Aktuellt is the only news show in Sweden that is directed toward children and is supposed to be at their service - producing news for them in a way that they can relate to and understand.  The aim of this study is to investigate how people that participate in interviews in Lilla Aktuellt are represented depending on their sex, age and ethnicity with the help of intersectionality, social representation and framing theories. We have tried to answer if there are any patterns in how people who participate in the news reports of Lilla Aktuellt are portrayed depending on what sex, age or ethnicity they could belong to. We also investigate what differences and similiarities that can be distinguished from the content of the show over time depending on these social categories.   We have done a critical discourse analysis on 52 news reports from the program, with half from 2004 and half from 2014. During this process we found several discourses which suggests that there is a difference in how people are portrayed dependning on the social categories mentioned above, and what subjects they get to represent in the news reports. There is also a change in what kind of news that are brought up in the programs in 2014 compared to 2004, which have lead to a difference in who gets to participate the most in the program. Our study shows that children gets a greater representation in 2014 than in 2004.

Föreliggande studie har som syfte att undersöka hur musiklärare samtalar om skolans genusuppdrag i relation till undervisning i musik. Studiens teoretiska ram utgörs av genusteorier och ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv. Datamaterialet har insamlats genom två fokusgruppsintervjuer där kvinnliga och manliga musiklärare från olika utbildningsnivåer och inriktningar diskuterat genus och musikundervisning. Den data som har genererats ur gruppintervjuerna har bearbetats och analyserats med hjälp av diskursanalytiska redskap med fokus på lärarnas syn på genus och musikundervisning. I resultatet presenteras flera små diskurser som belyser de förhållningssätt som lärarna har på sig själva, sitt uppdrag och sina elever. Resultatet visar att lärarna strävar efter genusmedvetenhet och individfokus, men upplever sig tillbakahållna av fasta biologiska faktorer samt känner en uppgivenhet kring historiska strukturer som lever kvar, en rädsla över maktförhållanden och en uppfattning om genus som ett svårt och komplicerat ämne. Sammanfattningsvis förstås genus som någonting abstrakt och paradoxalt. I praktiska sammanhang brottas lärarna med uppfattningar och idéer kring genus som är svåra att konkretisera. I diskussionen lyfts två sammanfattande och kontrasterande diskurser fram som det eftersträvansvärda och det biologiskt fastställda samt kampen mellan diskurserna
This study explores how music teachers converse about the school´s gender mission in relation to music education. The theoretical frame of the study is gender theories and a social constructionism. The data for the study has been collected through two focus group interviews where female and male music teachers from different educational levels and specializations discuss gender and music education. The data generated from the focus group interviews has been processed and analysed with discourse analytical tools with a focus on the teachers’ views on gender and music education. The result show several smaller discourses that show the views the teachers have on themselves, their mission and their students. The result shows that the teachers strive for gender awareness and a focus on individuals, but that they also feel held back by fixed biological elements and that they feel resigned towards historical structures that remain strong, a fear of power relations and a perception of gender as a difficult and complicated subject. In conclusion gender is understood as something abstract and contradictory. In practical arrangements the teachers struggle with perceptions and ideas about gender that are difficult to concretize. In the discussion two contradicting discourses are highlighted as the aspirational and the biologically fixed, and the struggle between the discourses.

Uppsatsen undersöker hur genus produceras i utvalda artiklar ur 14 nummer av tidningen Veckorevyn från 1999. Med utgångspunkt i den kritiska diskursanalysen studeras hur genus produceras och upprätthålls i Veckorevyn. De diskurser som analyseras inbegriper hur Veckorevyn betraktar, beskriver och tilltalar kvinnan. Diskurserna som analyseras samt resultaten av analysen presenteras i sex kapitel: Ta kontroll över ditt liv som handlar om hur Veckorevyn uppmanar sina läsare att ta kontroll över sina liv. Förändra dig! som behandlar förändringsdiskursen som är en av de tydligast framträdande i Veckorevyn. Var dig själv / tro på dig själv handlar om att Veckorevyn uppmanar sina läsare att stå upp för sig själva. Kropp/Utseende behandlar kroppsdiskurser och hur de kan påverka läsaren. Killar – så funkar de behandlar de tips om killar som ges till Veckorevyns läsare. Sista kapitlet kallat Relationer handlar om kärleksrelationer och sexuella relationer. Diskurserna analyseras med hjälp av genusteorier som problematiserar Veckorevyns förhållningssätt till kvinnan. Kort sagt kan slutresultatet sägas vara att Veckorevyn ger sina läsare dubbla budskap.

Equality between the sexes has been discussed in Sweden for more than 50 years. In the 60´s and during the 70´s the discourse that dominated the debate was based on the assumption that both men and women needed to liberate themselves from their traditional gender roles. In this approach information and education was perceived as the key to equality. During the 80´s however, power and subordination became the main focal point of concern within this debate, and focus upon changing the patriarchal power structures dominating society were perceived as the principal key for establishing equality between the sexes. Today, the latter discourse still dominates both the scientific and the political perspective upon equality. By examining the debate on equality from two different fields of occupation this paper tries to analyse the fact that the Swedish equality discourse looks very different on male - versus female domination. Although the proportion of male teachers in Swedish preschools is about 3 % and the amount of women serving as public company directors is about 20 %, the current discourse views male dominance within the business sector as problematic, whilst, the dominance of women in the preschool childcare sector as less problematic. In respect of the theory supported by Bourdieu (1999), Hirdman (1990 & 2003) and Foucault (1998 & 2002) this paper advocates that the discourse is biased and simplified and that a perspective that only focuses on areas of male domination sets the wrong priorities. With regards to equality ideals prevalent throughout Norway this paper concludes that the Swedish equality discourse needs a broader and more open approach to assure that Swedish institutions promote equality between men and women in the best possible way.

Denna studie syftar till att studera hur genuspedagogik framställs i den svenska dags- och kvällspressen under åren 2012-2013.  Jag har använt mig av kvalitativ textanalytisk metod och har utifrån en diskursanalytisk ansats analyserat tio artiklar som på olika sätt förhåller sig till genuspedagogik i förskolan. Artiklarna är publicerade av de fyra upplagemässigt största dags-och kväll tidningarna i Sverige dvs. Aftonbladet, Expressen, Svenska Dagbladet och Dagens Nyheter. I resultatet framträder två distinkta diskurser om genuspedagogik i förskolorna: I artiklarna skrivs det om genuspedagogik som att pedagogiken ”går emot” biologi/natur men även att genuspedagogiken är en demokratisk rättighet. De hinder som lyfts fram om genuspedagogik är att pedagogiken är en könsneutralisering av barnet, att genuspedagogiken endast är uppbyggd av en ”ideologi” och att det är ett experimenterande med barnet i förskolan som vissa genuspedagoger ägnar sig åt. De kritiska rösterna menar att genuspedagogik sägs syfta till att ge barn fler möjligheter men den handlar enligt kritikerna om det motsatta - att ta ifrån barnet möjligheter i verksamheten och behandla alla barnen i förskolan lika. I motsatts till denna beskrivning av genuspedagogiken som hindrande för barn så har positiva beskrivningar i termer av möjligheter också framkommit i denna studie. Dessa skriver om att genuspedagogiken syftar till att behandla alla barn utifrån den unika individ som hen är. Genuspedagogiken lyfts fram som en demokratisk rättighet och som en del av förskolans men också samhällets jämställdhetsarbete.
This study aims to examine how gender education is written about and presented in Swedish newspapers and tabloids during the period 2012-2013. In my study I use a qualitative text analysis method and take on a discourse analysis approach to analyse ten articles that in different ways relate to gender education in Swedish preschools. The articles were published in the top four, by circulation largest Swedish daily and evening newspapers: Aftonbladet, Expressen, Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter. The result of my study show two distinct discourses about gender education as the articles presents gender education both as it goes against biology /nature but also that gender education is a democratic right. The discourse were gender education is talked about in terms of being an obstacle describes it i.e. as a process of “gender neutralizing” of the child, as being made up of an "ideology" and that it is based on gender educations experimenting with the child. The critical voices suggest that even though gender education purports to give children more opportunities it acts according to the critics to the contrary, by taking away the child’s opportunities all in the of treating all children in preschool equal. In contrast to this description of gender education as an obstacle  for children the other identified discourse include positive descriptions in terms of possibilities and write about how gender education aims to treat all children on the basis of the unique individual that every child is. Gender education is described as a democratic right and as a part of the preschools’ as well as the entire society's gender equality work.

This thesis examines young people's thoughts about their presence on social media. With a social constructive approach the study focused on how young people think and act on social media in relation to constructions of gender and normality. The analysis is based on four group interviews with 13-year old boys and girls. The theoretical approach is based partly on social constructionism where discourses and ideas of normality are identified and analyzed. Erving Goffman's theory of social interaction was central to illustrate how young people presents themselves based on the prevailing discourses. It is clear that they adjust their representations of themselves depending on the context. Theories of new media and young people as digital natives were relevant for the study to understand how and why young people act as they do in their use of social media. The study also highlights the ignorance of adults perceptions about young peoples presence on social media. This is related to Stanley Cohen's theory of moral panic. In conclusion, one can say that the interviewees are well established in the digital media landscape and social media is a natural part of their everyday lives. They see risks but also opportunities where they can share across social networks and be a part of an interactive platform in constant change. The young people relate to norms and gender constructions that are historically and culturally imprinted. On social media they perceive themselves according to ruling discourses that makes them fit in, in the situation.
Denna uppsats undersöker ungdomars tankar om deras varande på sociala medier. Med utgångspunkt från en socialkonstruktionistiskt teoriansats inriktades uppsatsen till att undersöka hur ungdomarna förhåller sig till genuskonstruktioner och olika normsystem. Genom fyra gruppintervjuer med både tjejer och killar i sjunde klass insamlades materialet som ligger till grund för den genomförda analysen. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna bygger dels på socialkonstruktionism där diskurser och normer identifierats och undersökts. Erving Goffmans teori om social interaktion var central för att belysa hur ungdomarna presenterar sig själva utifrån rådande diskurser. För förståelse för hur och varför ungdomarna agerar som de gör vid deras användande av sociala medier var teorier om nya medier och de unga som den digitala generationen relevanta. Uppsatsen belyser också vuxnas okunskap om ungas varande på sociala medier vilket relateras till Stanley Cohens teori om moralpanik. Avslutningsvis går att konstatera att ungdomarna är väl etablerade i det digitala medielandskapet och sociala medier är en stor och naturlig del av deras vardag. De ser risker men också möjligheter med att kunna dela med sig över sociala medier och vara en del av en interaktiv plattform i ständig förändring. Ungdomarna förhåller sig till normer och genuskonstruktioner som bygger på socialt konstruerade föreställningar som upplevs vara starkt historiskt och kulturellt präglade. Den manliga blicken identifieras som en social konstruktion vilken alla de intervjuade agerar utifrån.

The purpose of this study was to examine female Twitch streamers and compare the gaming- discourse in Swedish and English language environments from a gender perspective. Twitch as a platform for gamers and streamers has grown to be one of the largest online gaming communities in the world. Earlier studies focused on gender and sexual harassment have shown that sexism is a regular phenomenon in the world of gaming, although little research has been done comparing gaming discourses based on the language. The empirics are based on three Swedish-speaking female streamers and three English-speaking, who all stream full time, meaning that they get their income from their streaming activities. Methods used in the study were a multimodal analysis combined with a critical discourse analysis. The results of the study show that women tend to be dominated by men in the gaming discourse’s power relations. Sexism also occurred frequently both in the Swedish-speaking gaming discourse as well as in the English-speaking, although the sexism in the Swedish-speaking discourse was milder than in the English-speaking one.

This thesis is based on a conversation about gender identity and the pronoun hen in an episode of the radio programme Tendens on Swedish public radio, P1. The participants of the conversation are a scholar and a journalist/show-host. The goal of the research has been to analyse how the conversation is constructed from its context and which topics that occur. The goal of the research has also been to analyse how the participants of the conversation position themselves and how the conversation composes and re-composes norms and values regarding gender identity in society. Critical discourse analysis, completed by Conversation analysis has been the theoretical and methodological approach. The result shows that the conversation functions well within its context and that the host Söderqvist and scholar Milles undertakedifferent parts and contributions in the interaction. The host undertakes the part as the presenter and questioner of problems and topics, which Milles then refute in her role as an expert. The result also shows that Söderqvist and Milles give voice to a diversity of topical and interactional positionings in the conversation, but that Söderqvist mainly positions himself as the audience’s representative. Furthermore the result shows that the participants recreate gender identity norms in the conversation. Milles dictums also carry tendencies to create and broaden norms.

This study aims to describe norms around sexual violence and its victims and perpetrators, as constructed discursively in Swedish court cases and how these are altered since the sexual consent legal reform of 2018. Through ideology critical discourse eight rape cases in the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court, before and after the reform, are analysed. Social constructivism and feminist theory, such as gender dualism, gender order and the heterosexual matrix, provide tools for analysing the discourses surrounding the cases. The study identifies nine discourses: Consent, Violence, Emotions, Sexually available, Attraction, Nice Guy, (Threat of) violence, Resistance, and Not a big deal. It is shown that the emerging Consent discourse has altered foremost the discourses concerning the rape crime itself. The results reveal a tendency to renegotiate the victim ́s sexual boundaries and consent prior to the rape crimes. The study also shows absence of significant change in the discourses surrounding the victim and perpetrator, indicating that gender norms are not easily affected by legislation, which has broad implications for society and social work. It is concluded that the legal reform so far has limited reach and that complementary strategies are needed to make sexual consent a principal social norm.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka svenska kvinnors kritik av det industriella nattarbetsförbud som infördes 1909. Hur argumenterade kvinnor ur arbetarrörelsens respektive den borgerliga kvinnorörelsen, och hur skilde sig kritiken åt i fråga om argumentation och huvudsakliga motiv? Hur svarade man på diskursen om kvinnors särskilda skyddsbehov? Det teoretiska ramverk som fått informera analysen har varit marxistisk feminism, arbetskritik och Butlers teoretisering av sårbarhet. Med hjälp av ett diskurskritiskt angreppssätt studeras och jämförs artiklar publicerade i tidskrifterna Morgonbris och Dagny. Den metodologiska utgångspunkten är att studera problemframställningar av förbudet i fråga, och studien visar att de båda tidskrifterna skilde sig radikalt åt beträffande argumentation och motiv, även om de huvudsakligen tyckte lika i sak. I analysen presenteras några centrala argumentationslinjer inom respektive riktning. De särskilda aspekter som tas upp är synen på arbete och på den arbetandes skyddsbehov under den tidiga industrialismen, och vad dessa skilda förståelser får för betydelse för emancipatorisk praktik.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att identifiera vilka diskurser som är aktuella kring våldtäkt samt att undersöka om Thordis Elva genom sin biografi På andra sidan förlåtelsen En sann historia synliggör tendenser till en förändrad diskurs och vad den i så fall skulle kunna innebära. Arbetet med studien har utgått från boken som kom ut under våren 2017 och genom ett diskursanalytiskt angreppssätt har frågor ställts till materialet för att hitta lämpliga teorier och metoder för analysen. Ur ett språkvetenskapligt, performativt och genusteoretiskt tvärvetenskapligt perspektiv har en kvalitativ analys utförts i tre nivåer enligt den modell Fairclough tagit fram inom den kritiska diskursanalysen. På mellannivån har den diskursiva praktiken analyserats genom begreppssamling där flytande signifikanter identifierats med hjälp av konstruktion av möjliga och omöjliga ekvivalenskedjor. På textnivå har två systemisk-funktionella analyser utförts. I den första av dessa har processtyper och deltagare analyserats ur den del av texten där författaren talar med sin våldtäktsman om det han gjorde mot henne sexton år tidigare. Den andra textuella analysen räknar hennes respektive hans repliker och ord i direkta anföringar i samma del av texten. Den tredje nivån – sociala praktiker – har undersökts genom sammankoppling av diskursiv praktik och bakomliggande teori med tidigare forskning. Resultatet visar en svag tendens till förändring av den diskursiva praktiken kring våldtäkt. Genom biografin dekonstrueras hegemoniska begrepp som offer–förövare-dikotomin, skam och skuld samt ansvar. Här erbjuds nya sätt att tala kring våldtäkt och personer som utsatts eller som utsatt. Problematisering, dekonstruktion och adderande av perspektiv synliggör och ifrågasätter en bakomliggande social diskurs med hög interdiskursivitet till patriarkala strukturer som hegemoniskt genomsyrar juridiska diskurser, mediadiskurser och andra diskurser kring våldtäkt.

The purpose of the essay is to examine how issues concerning gender equality are perceived and to show what areas are defined as problematic in different discourses. It also raises the question of who is defined as responsible for dealing with issues concerning gender equality in these different contexts. Theories used are the gender system and intersectionality. The study builds on a mapping of a company that is active nationally and internationally, with emphasis on the problems that can arise when these two social contexts meet, with a special focus on cathegories such as gender and “Swedishness”. The material was first gathered through the use of questionnaires and interviews, then analysed through discourse analysis. The analysis shows that discourses of gender equality can be seen as constructed and dependent on the context, problems concerning equality are defined in one way nationally and in another way internationally. In cases of sexual harassment internationally the informants often choose to look the other way and feel like it is difficult to bring the “Swedish” values concerning equality abroad. It is more common to adapt to the ways of international colleagues but the informants also find it important to point out that they don’t necessarily agree with these.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att ur ett genusperspektiv undersöka hur frågor om jämställdhet uppfattas och visa vilka områden man väljer att peka ut som problemområden i olika diskurser. Uppsatsen utreder även vem som anses ha ansvaret för frågor som rör jämställdhet i olika sammanhang. Det teorier som används är genussystemet och intersektionalitet. Analysen utgår från en kartläggning av ett företag som är internationellt aktiva och den problematik som kan uppstå i möten mellan olika sociala kontexter, med fokus på föreställningar av genus och ”svenskhet”. Arbetsmetoden består av enkät- och intervjustudier och analysen har gjorts genom diskursanalys. Denna visar att jämställdhetsdiskurser kan ses som konstruerade och kontextbundna. Jämställdhetsproblematik definieras på olika sätt beroende på om man befinner sig på arbetsplatsen eller utomlands. Om man utsätts för könskränkningar i det internationella arbetet väljer informanterna många gånger att se mellan fingrarna och tycker att det är svårt att tillämpa ett ”svenskt” synsätt internationellt. Det är vanligt att anpassa sig mycket efter sina utländska kollegor, men poängterar samtidigt att man egentligen inte håller med om deras synsätt.

Detta är en diskursanalytisk studie med ett antaget genusteoretiskt perspektiv, som undersöker hur kvinnor inom de abrahamitiska religionerna framställs i tre utvalda läromedel för gymnasiekursen religion 1. Samtliga av läromedlen är anpassade för lgy11. Vidare undersöks vilka egenskaper kvinnan tillskrivs, samt var hon synliggörs och marginaliseras i läromedlen. Genom det genusteoretiska perspektivet, vilket nyttjats för analysen av det empiriska resultatet kan vi både visa vad synliggörandet och marginaliseringen beror på, samt se vad det bidrar till. Studiens resultat visar att läromedlen genom ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv framställer kvinnan och mannen utifrån dikotoma föreställningar om vad som är kvinnligt respektive manligt. Kvinnan framställs således som passiv medan mannen framställs som aktiv. Resultatet visar även att kvinnan marginaliseras när det skrivs om religionens historia, medan hon synliggörs i de textsammanhang som berör hennes villkor, samt hem-och familjeliv. Nyckelord: Kvinnan, abrahamitiska religionerna, diskurs, genusteori, genus, läroboksanalys, marginalisering
This is a discourse-analytic study with an adopted gender theoretical perspective regarding how women within the Abrahamic religions are described in three selected teaching materials for upper secondary school (Religion 1). All books are adapted to Lgy11. Furthermore, an analysis is made of what way women are characterized in the material, as well as where they are visible and marginalized. With help from the gender theoretical perspective, which has been utilized to analyze the results of the empirical study, it is possible to understand the reasons for the visibility as well as the marginalization, and see what is contributes to. The result of this study shows that the teaching materials, through a gender theoretical perspective, depict men and women based on the dichotomy of what is considered female or male. Hence, women are described as passive, whereas men are described as active. The result also shows that women are marginalized when the history of religions is being described while they are visible in the textual contexts of home and family life, as well as their conditions. Key words: Women, Abrahamic religions, discourse, gender theory, gender, textbook analysis, marginalization

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the Swedish municipal welfare system, in their capacity as discourse makers, construct Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in the relationships of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) people. A discourse analysis of their official plans of action regarding IPV and the information directed towards their citizens through their webpages showed that the discourse surrounding IPV revealed a gender dichotomy, where the victim was mainly constructed as being female and the perpetrator as male. As a consequence of this, gay and bisexual men were rendered invisible from the discourse surrounding victims of IPV, although they could be included in the construction of perpetrators of it. Lesbian and bisexual women were often included in the understanding of victims of IPV, but in the discourse surrounding perpetrators of it they were made invisible. The discourse about IPV also excluded the experiences and vulnerability of people who identify as being transgendered. Additionally, the discourse surrounding IPV was characterized by heteronormative assumptions regarding the relationships in which violence is possible. The help defined in the documents included in this study also showed a gender dichotomy in the construction of help directed towards victims and perpetrators of IPV. The relationship between them was also once more understood through heteronormative assumptions.
Denna studie syftar till att undersöka huruvida våld inom hbt-personers nära relationer, samt vem som är utsatt och förövare, synliggörs i kommuners diskurser om partnervåld. En diskursanalys har gjorts av kommuners handlingsplaner mot våld i nära relationer samt av information riktad till utsatta och förövare via deras hemsidor. Resultaten visar på att kommunernas diskurser kring våld i nära relationer karaktäriseras av en dikotom syn på kön hos utsatt och förövare, där våldsutsatt ofta förstods som att vara kvinna och förövare som man. Det gör att det våld som drabbar homo- och bisexuella män till stor del osynliggörs i diskursen. Dessa män kunde dock inkluderas i förståelsen av förövare. Homo- och bisexuella kvinnor kunde ibland inkluderas i förståelsen av våldsutsatt, men dessa kvinnor inkluderades sällan i diskursen kring förövare. Transpersoners utsatthet och upplevelser av våld i nära relationer framkom nästan aldrig i diskursen. Diskursen kring våld i nära relationer dominerandes också av heteronormativa antaganden om vilken slags relation som våld kan förekomma i. Den hjälp som definierades i kommunernas dokument utgick även från en dikotomisk förståelse av genus hos utsatt och förövare, samt heteronormativa antaganden om relationen dem emellan.