Journal articles on the topic 'Gender et gender relations'

Various research on sexual harassment and gender harassment confirms the adverse effects on a person's physical and emotional health (Shrier, 1990), but so far, little is known about the impact of sexual harassment and gender harassment on one's body objectification and links to disordered eating behavior. Sexual harassment and gender harassment are not only based on gender stereotypes but also play an essential role in supporting gender norms in society by regulating what is seen as acceptable and unacceptable behavior, and appearance for gender. According to the theory of body objectification (Fredrickson, Roberts, 1997), both forms of gender discrimination can induce attention to one's body and appearance, which ultimately can lead to reduced satisfaction of one's body (Szymanski et al. 2011). Since body dissatisfaction is one of the leading causes of eating disorders (Brechan, Kvalem, 2015; Cruz-Sáez et al. 2018), it is important to have a better understanding of sexual harassment and gender harassment relationship with body objectification and disordered eating behavior. The study aims to assess the relationships between sexual harassment and gender harassment experiences, body-objectification, and disordered eating behavior tendencies. 181 (23 males, 158 females) aged 18-38 (M=24.12) participated in this research. Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire (Fitzgerald et al. 1998) was used to measure both Unwanted Sexual Attention (Cronbach α – 0,893) and Quid Pro Quo sexual harassment (Cronbach α – 0,876), and Gender Harassment experience (Cronbach α – 0,868). Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (McKinley et al. 1996) was used to measure body objectification: Body Shame (Cronbach α – 0,825) and Body Surveillance (Cronbach α – 0,804). The Eating Attitudes Test (Garner et al. 1979) was used to evaluate disordered eating behavior tendencies: Dieting (Cronbach α – 0,924), Bulimia and Food Preoccupation (Cronbach α – 0,725) and Oral Control (Cronbach α – 0,714). The results revealed significant sexual harassment and gender harassment experience differences between genders showing that women report significantly higher results of all forms of sexual harassment and gender harassment than men. Data analysis also revealed a statistically significant relationship between higher results of sexual harassment, gender harassment experience, and more pronounced disordered eating tendencies and higher body objectification. Data analysis has shown that gender harassment experience is a significant prognostic factor for higher body surveillance and body shame results, more frequent dieting.

RÉSUMÉCette étude a examiné la relation réciproque entre les soins des parents et la participation au marché du travail, afin de déterminer si (1) la prestation de soins est liés à l’emploi subséquent; (2) un emploi est lié à la prestation de soins subséquente; (3) la participation de la prestation de soins et la population travaillant a montré une relation réciproque à travers le temps; et (4) s’il existe des différences entre les sexes dans ces relations. Pour l’analyse, nous avons utilisé la modélisation par équation structurelle. L’échantillon de l’étude comprenait les enfants adultes de 51 ans et plus, vivant avec des parents ou beaux-parents. Aucune relation de réciprocité a été trouvée entre la prestation de soins et la participation de la population active, mais des différences de sexe étaient évidentes. Femmes soignantes en 2006 étaient moins susceptibles de travailler en 2008, bien que le statut d’emploi n’ était pas liée à la prestation de soins subséquente. En revanche, les hommes qui travaillaient en 2008 étaient moins susceptibles d’être engagés dans la prestation de soins en 2010, bien que la prestation de soins n’était pas liée à l’état de l’emploi subséquent. Ces résultats suggèrent que le sexe joue un rôle important dans la relation entre la prestation de soins et la participation au marché du travail.

Findings from a meta-analysis on gender differences in self-esteem (Zuckerman et al., 2016) suggest that the relation between the degree to which societal conditions are favorable to women and gender difference in self-esteem might be quadratic; when conditions improve, women’s self-esteem (relative to that of men) trends downward but when conditions continue to improve, women’s self-esteem begins to trend upward. Testing whether these relations generalize to subjective well-being, the present study found a quadratic relation between improving societal conditions and the gender difference in life satisfaction and positive affect (women are lower than men when societal conditions are moderately favorable compared to when they are at their worst and at their best); the relation was linear for negative emotion (women report more negative emotions than men when societal conditions are better). Directions for future research that will address potential explanations for these results are proposed.

Now that human capital increases the propensity to be in union for both men and women, the gender differences in the patterns of entry and exit from relationships have decreased. However, there are still strong gender differences in living with children, with women at younger ages and women not in couples being more likely than men to be living with children. Women are more likely to be lone parents while men are more likely to be living as part of a couple. While the employment rate of women in unions is no longer suppressed if they are living with children, their average work hours remain lower, while men have the highest employment rate and highest average work hours if they are living with children. For both men and women, parents do more unpaid work than persons without children though parenthood increases women’s more than men’s unpaid work. In the context of diverse and less stable families, a more equal division of both earning and caring activities would benefit gender equality.Maintenant que le capital humain augmente la propension à être en union pour les hommes et les femmes, les différences entre les sexes dans les modèles d’entrée et de sortie de relations ont diminué. Cependant, il y a encore de fortes différences entre les sexes dans la propension à vivre avec les enfants : les plus jeunes femmes et les femmes qui ne sont pas en couple sont plus susceptibles que les hommes de vivre avec les enfants. Les femmes sont plus susceptibles d’être des parents seuls alors que les hommes sont plus susceptibles de vivre dans le cadre d’un couple. Alors que le taux d’emploi des femmes en union n’est plus réduit si elles vivent avec des enfants, leurs heures moyennes de travail restent inférieure, tandis que les hommes ont le taux d’emploi et les heures moyennes de travail les plus élevés si ils vivent avec des enfants. Pour les hommes et les femmes, les parents font plus de travail non-payé que les personnes sans enfants, mais la parentalité augmente plus le travail non-payé des femmes que des hommes. Dans le contexte des familles diverses et moins stables, une répartition plus égale dans la division des activités d’emploi et de soins serait bénéfique pour l’égalité des sexes.

"Vocative Nominal Address Forms and the Expression of Social Relations in Romanian, Portuguese, and French. In this paper we analyze the vocative, the grammatical case that speakers use to encode the interlocutor in discourse, based on several criteria: symmetrical or asymmetrical social relations, close or distant relations, written vs spoken communication, regional usages, etc. Our socio-pragmatic analysis based on vocatives used in the novel Wasted Morning by Gabriela Adameșteanu and the Portuguese and French translations identifies the values of these linguistic means according to the relational dynamics among characters, their social status, the level of education, and gender. Keywords: vocative, nominal address forms, Romanian, Portuguese, French."

Despite the popular representation of the masculine hero migrant (Ni Laoire, 2001), rural youth scholars have found that young men are more likely to stay on in their communities, while young women tend to be more mobile, leaving for education and better employment opportunities elsewhere (Corbett, 2007b; Lowe, 2015). Taking a spatialized approach (Farrugia, Smyth & Harrison, 2014), we contribute to and extend the rural youth studies scholarship on gender, mobilities and place by considering the case of young Newfoundlanders’ geographical mobilities in relation to male-dominated resource extraction industries. We draw on findings from two SSHRC-funded research projects, the Rural Youth and Recovery project, a subcomponent of the Community-University Research for Recovery Alliance (CURRA) and the Youth, Apprenticeship and Mobility project, a subcomponent of the On the Move Partnershi We argue that the spatial coding of gender relations in rural Newfoundland makes certain kinds of mobilities more intelligible and possible for young men, while constraining women’s. In other words, gender relations of rural places are “stretched out” (Farrugia et al., 2014) across space through the mobility practices of young men and women in relation to work in skilled trades and resource extraction industries. These “stretched out” gender relations are reproduced by the organisation of a sector that relies on a mobile workforce free from care and domestic work and familiar with manual work.

English The article considers the normative dimension of female gender stereotypes, underscoring the prescriptive and self-prescriptive power they contain. Particularly highlighted, from the social psychological point of view, is the recurring reproduction (even by women) of expectations of an intra-gender homogeneity based on a traditional female role. Emphasis is put on how this tendency to refuse to recognize intra-gender differences - often evident in job contexts - may contribute to conserving the power imbalances existing between men and women, and to sustaining women's systematic relegation to 'second place' in the workplace. As an example, the article contains some free quotations relating to the qualitative analysis made of women's discursive productions collected in a wider research project on the relation between gender and science. These aspects of stereotypic self- and other-perception - and the social expectations deriving from them - are also discussed in the light of the sociological approach to gender identity, and in their relations to practices and to ongoing social changes. French Cette contribution reprend la dimension normative des stéréotypes de genre féminin en soulignant le pouvoir normatif et auto-normatif qu'ils contiennent. D'un point de vue psychosocial, la reproduction constante d'attentes, même féminines, vers une homogénéité au sein des femmes, déclinée sur un rôle féminin traditionnel, est particulièrement mise en évidence. Il est souligné que cette tendance à méconnaître les différences au sein des femmes, souvent criante dans le contexte professionnel, peut contribuer à la conservation des déséquilibres de pouvoir existant entre hommes et femmes au travail en favorisant le classement continu des femmes à la 'deuxième place' dans les organisations. Quelques extraits de l'analyse qualitative effectuée sur les discours féminins relevés dans un projet de recherche plus ample sur la relation entre genre et science sont cités à titre d'exemple. Ces aspects d'auto- et hétéro-perception stéréotypique - et les attentes sociales qui en dérivent - sont également discutés à la lumière de l'approche sociologique de l'identité de genre, dans leur relation avec les pratiques et face aux changements sociaux en cours.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the predictive value of age, gender and work experience in relation to hospitality management (HM) academic success, as measured by year one leadership programme (LP) achievement and cumulative grade point average (CGPA). The association between LP and CGPA success and internship performance is also evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – The sample comprised 349 international undergraduate HM students. Secondary data were compiled and analysed using SPSS. Eight hypotheses, developed from the literature were tested using χ2, t-tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests as appropriate. Findings – Although age was not a predictor of success, males significantly outperformed females. Pre-programme work experience was not a predictor of LP performance but length of paid work experience and supervisory work experience were linked significantly to mean CGPA. LP achievement was positively associated with CGPA and with successful internship completion. Research limitations/implications – Although the student sample was international and spanned three cohorts, the data collection was limited to one institution. Practical implications – Pre-programme work experience, in particular supervisory experience, and the incorporation of management competency-linked LPs into first-year HM curricula are recommended. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the under-researched predictive value of age, gender and pre-programme work experience in relation to HM academic performance, in particular in an LP context. An additional innovative finding is the positive association between LP achievement and success in HM professional practice.

RÉSUMÉAujourd’hui, des hommes, ainsi que des personnes immigrantes, travaillent dans le secteur des soins de longue durée. Cette nouvelle donne modifie profondément le stéréotype du travailleur de ce secteur, soit une femme d’un certain âge née au Canada. Bien que toujours minoritaires, on en sait peu sur les expériences de travail des hommes qui prodiguent des soins de longue durée, ainsi que sur les dilemmes et les opportunités auxquels ils font face en raison de leur genre. Cet article examine comment le personnel de deux centres d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée ontariens perçoit les travailleurs masculins de ce secteur. S’appuyant sur une méthode ethnographique rapide, qui comprend à la fois des entrevues et des observations, nous avons constaté que le style de gestion de ces établissements entraîne des répercussions significatives sur l’intégration et l’acceptation des travailleurs masculins. Dans un centre d’hébergement doté d’une organisation du travail rigide et laissant peu de place au pouvoir décisionnel des travailleurs, les travailleurs masculins sont perçus négativement. Au contraire, dans des centres d’hébergement dotés d’une organisation du travail plus flexible qui met l’emphase sur une approche relationnelle du care, les travailleurs masculins sont perçus plus positivement. Finalement, des processus de racialisation influencent également les relations de genre dans les centres d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée.

Arnaud Regnier-Loilier, EditorSpringer, 2017, INED Population Studies 7, (also available as an e-book)Translation of “Parcours de Familles, L’enquête Etude des relations familiales et intergénérationnelles «, Coll. Grandes enquêtes, by INED in 2016.ISBN 978i-3-319-56000-7

RÉSUMÉDans cette étude, nous avons effectué des recherches sur les relations entre le rôle sexuel et le fonctionnement physique autodéclaré, à partir d’un échantillon d’aînés vivant dans la communauté. Cent deux participants ont été recrutés (55 femmes, 47 hommes) dans les associations pour personnes âgées de Windsor, Ontario. Nous avons mené des analyses de variance pour chacun des sexes afin de comparer l’autoévaluation du fonctionnement physique, du bien-être et de la satisfaction de vivre des participants qui diffèrent dans la classification de leur rôle sexuel. Pour ce qui est des femmes âgées classées comme androgynes, le rôle sexuel avait des effets importants sur le bien-être général et la satisfaction de vivre, mais n’avait pas d’effet sur le fonctionnement physique autodéclaré. Venant à l’appui du modèle androgénique d’ajustement optimal de Bem, les analyses a posteriori ont révélé que les femmes qui se sont autodéclarées androgynes ont un meilleur niveau global de bien-être que les autres. L’autoévaluation du fonctionnement physique et du bien-être général chez les hommes âgés n’a pas démontré de différences importantes en fonction du rôle sexuel. Les limitations et les implications font l’objet de discussions.

Both human and natural environment are interlinked with each other dynamically and keep this relation stable within themselves and with each other. The existence of all living organism including human being depends on the interlinkages between the physical human environment and natural environment. Natural resources and physical environment form a basis for sustainable livelihood system, in which human needs are met in the short and long run [Dankelman (2001)]. Although economic growth is an explicit goal in nearly every nation, but a wide range of independent scientific research provides undeniable evidence that the growth of the global economy is not sustainable because it consumes many of the environmental services that strengthen the production of goods and services [e.g., Houghton, et al. (1996); Vitousek, et al. (1997)]. Environmental services refer to the various ways that the environment influences production- and indeed-supports most part of human existence [Costanza and Daly (1992)]. There is a growing understanding that the degradation of environment and growth of waste materials can reduce the productivity of natural resources, as when ozone accumulates in the troposphere and lowers crop yields. This increases the quantity of human capital required to produce a specified quantity of food. The addition of wastes also slows the rate at which natural capital can process the waste material, as when sewage reduces the ability of aquatic ecosystems to process organic materials [Ayres (1996)]. There is also an increasing understanding that “economic growth does not necessarily go hand-in-hand with growth in the well-being of people”. It reflects the rising discrepancy between rich and poor and between genders in most countries [Ayres (1996)].

Cet article porte sur le système de contraintes symboliques et matérielles, et notamment sur les représentations sexuées qui ordonnent l’accès des hommes et des femmes aux genres journalistiques dans la presse quotidienne entre 1836 et 1914. Cet essai se propose de confronter ces systèmes de représentations à la pratique concrète du journalisme, et notamment aux genres médiatiques pratiqués par les femmes. Séverine et plus largement les reporters-femmes du journal La fronde à la fin du XIXe siècle, sujets d’étude privilégiés ici, pratiquent un reportage neuf et transgressif même s’il ne rejette pas absolument la division conventionnelle des sexes. L’article met en relation certaines pratiques journalistiques d’aujourd’hui, comme le journalisme empathique, avec celles de ces femmes journalistes du XIXe siècle dont l’invention de postures, de procédés et de poétiques a sans doute été considérablement occultée. Le paradoxe est qu’une partie de l’invention du journalisme serait à mettre à l’actif des femmes alors même qu’elles ont été, dans la mesure du possible, tenues à l’écart du champ médiatique

Discourses of citizenship have increasingly featured in social policies aimed at young people, particularly in relation to the promotion and crafting of ‘active citizens’. The inclusion of citizenship education in school curricula, the Learning and Skills development agency post-16 citizenship development programme, and the recent Green Paper Youth Matters, all speak of instilling in young people the rights and responsibilities that come with citizenship. In this article we draw on empirical work on youth transitions to explore the ways in which citizenship is learnt and lived by young people themselves. The article draws on some of the models of citizenship identified by Lister et al. (2003) in their study on young people's perceptions of citizenship, particularly considering them in relation to the gendered experiences and realities of youth transitions to adulthoods.

This paper is abstracted from a larger study that was carried out among workers of Teza Tea Company in the Muramvya Province of Burundi. The main objective of the study was to assess the socio-economic push-factors that drove tea workers to seek employment at Teza, how they utilized their wages, and the way wages accrued impacted on intra-household gender relations. In this regard, the study assumed that income earned by workers was not utilized appropriately thereby impinging negatively on intra-household gender relations – the outcome of the study proving this assumption otherwise. Methods used for data collection included; structured and unstructured interviews in the Survey Method, Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant interviews, Informal Discussions, and Observations. A sample of 150 workers was drawn from the study population by means of disproportional stratified and simple random sampling. Data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study was guided by among others, the Bargaining Theory of Krishnaraj [1], the Division of Labour Theory of Arora et. al [2], and Agassi’s [3] Marxist orientation. The study found out that prudent use of wages by the workers had positive effects on intra-household gender relations. Specifically, this enhanced inter-spousal bonding and paved way for more or less symmetrical decision-making powers for both men and women within a marriage situation. Finally, the study also found out that as a result of depressed income for the workers, gender roles within families were not rigid and instead, they took an infinite variety form with no specific responsibilities set aside for either gender.

IntroductionSeveral epidemiological studies have been conducted to document the prevalence and correlates of insomnia. Most of them confirm their high prevalence in the general population, and a gender difference in the risk for insomnia.AimsTo study the role of gender in the relationship between personality (perfectionism and neuroticism) and insomnia ([IG] insomnia group, [ISG] insomnia symptoms group, and [GSG] good sleepers group).MethodsA total of 549 college students (80.1% females) filled in the MPS (Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt and Flett, 1991), EPI (Barton et al., 1992, 1995), and a self-reported questionnaire to assess insomnia symptoms.ResultsNo differences were found between female and male samples, concerning the dimension of perfectionism – doubts about actions. The IG and the ISG showed higher levels of doubts about actions than the GSG. However, only in female sample the IG and the ISG showed higher levels of concern over mistakes in comparison with the GSG. In males, no significant differences between the sleep groups were found, in which respects concern over mistakes. The level of extroversion was higher in the GSG, but only in male sample. In females, there were no significant differences between the sleep groups in relation to extroversion.ConclusionsNo gender differences were found for the role of doubts about actions in insomnia. Only in females, the dimension – concern over mistakes is important in insomnia, and only in males the dimension – extroversion is important to have a good sleep. These results warrant further research.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Young people are leaders of change in any society; therefore, studying their attitude towards gender roles in the family is of particular interest in predicting changes in their behaviour and identifying the policy measures needed to achieve sustainable progress in gender equality. The study aimed to research the attitude of youth towards gender roles in the family to determine the influence of the levels of education, gender and other characteristics on gender preferences in relations – traditional or egalitarian. It is based on data from a sociological survey of youth in Chisinau, conducted in 2019 on a representative sample (N = 506). The theoretical basis of the study was the multiple equilibrium theory (Esping-Andersen et al., 2013). The study results showed that the perception of young people regarding the essential qualities of men and women is still under the pressure of stereotypes and corresponds to the intermediate balance model characteristic of the transition from traditional roles based on the division of labour to modern egalitarian ones. This circumstance implies an equal division of responsibilities and family roles between women and men. On the one hand, youth tend to an egalitarian type of marriage and family relationships, and on the other, they adhere to traditional views of family roles. Although there are some differences in attitudes towards gender roles within the family between natives of Chisinau and young people from other localities, they are still not so pronounced. Youth with higher education are more likely to prefer an egalitarian distribution of gender roles than youth with a lower level of education. Girls more often than boys strive for gender equality in the family. However, in some aspects, such as the responsibility of men for the family’s financial support, the importance of the material situation of a partner, they more often express traditional views.

Ever since Goldin (1995) proposed the idea that there is a U-shaped female labor force participation rate function in economic development, empirical research is stunned by the question why the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are characterized by such low rates of female labor force participation. This gap in labor economics research is all the more perplexing since gender equality, particularly in education and employment, significantly contributes to economic growth. The research strategy of this paper is within a relatively new tradition in labor market research, initiated by Besamusca et al. (2015), which does not exclude the “religious factor” and what the authors call “gender ideology”. Our analysis of the “gender ideology” of Islamism and gender values is based on an empirical analysis of World Values Survey data. In recent economic theory, Carvalho (2013) maintained that Muslim veiling is a strategy for integration, enabling women to take up outside economic opportunities while preserving their reputation within the community. The empirical data clearly support a pessimistic view. We show that Muslim Feminism, which according to our analysis implies the rejection of Islamism and the veil, and the democracy movement in the Muslim world, are closely interrelated. Thus, it is imperative that Western Feminism develops solidarity with Muslim Feminism, and that labor economics stop excluding the religious factor from the analytical frameworks explaining low female labor force participation rates.

Abstract: Based on a survey carried out with middle-class, married, practicing and non-practicing Muslim women living in Istanbul, this work is focused on female relational networks, their link to cooking and gender relations. The article argues that the disruptions, modifications and accommodations put in place by women and men in their management of everyday life are reflected through daily food practices. The study emphasises the pivotal role of older women in the changes in male/female relationships. The disruptions do not seem to be based on one’s positional relation to religion, but rather on one’s belonging to age, class, or social status.Résumé : Fondé sur une enquête réalisée avec des femmes de la classe moyenne, mariées, musulmanes pratiquantes et non-pratiquantes et résidant à Istanbul, ce travail s’est intéressé aux réseaux relationnels féminins, à leur lien au culinaire et aux relations de genre. Par le biais des pratiques alimentaires sont ainsi abordés les ruptures, les évolutions et accommodements mis en place par les femmes et les hommes dans leur gestion du quotidien. L’article insiste sur le rôle pivot des aînées dans les changements des rapports homme / femme. Les fractures ne semblent pas fondées sur le positionnement vis-à-vis de la religion, mais bien plutôt sur l’appartenance à une classe d’âge, ou à une classe sociale.

PurposeWomen are starting businesses at unprecedented rates, yet little is known about the leadership of small business owners. Establishing new ventures may allow women to use their full abilities and benefit from a more level playing field. Business owners have the unique opportunity to lead and define their businesses based on their authentic selves, values and goals; therefore, they are more likely to be authentic leaders. Women in nontraditional industries may be challenged because the owner’s characteristics do not match those of the industry. When the enactment of one identity interferes with another identity, identity interference (II) occurs. Relational authenticity and role incongruity suggests that women founders must uniquely resolve II and find synergy among their gender and leader identities if they are to extend the boundaries of what it means to be a woman and an industry’s business leader. This research aims to determine whether gender and leader II was an antecedent or link to authentic leadership (AL). Design/methodology/approachStudy participants were from 63 businesses in the USA states of California, Ohio and Maryland. Three leader models were established to determine whether owner gender functioned as a moderator: all genders (n = 155), women only (n = 75) and men only (n = 65). The individual owners and their employees were the units of analysis and structural equation modeling was used. FindingsThe findings revealed that II was an antecedent to AL, owners were AL and owner gender moderated AL and II. Research limitations/implicationsThis study supports (Kernis, 2003; Gardner et al., 2005) the proposition that identity congruence is necessary for AL; the less interference found between gender and leader identities, the more authentic the leader. II functioned as an antecedent to AL. Moreover when the AL self’s subscales were examined relative to II, the components that were active varied dramatically based on leader gender. This suggests that addressing II and resolving the incongruence between what it mean to be a woman (or a man) and a leader contributes to the development of AL. Additionally, the AL boundary condition of relational authenticity was supported by this study; leader gender was related to the different amounts of AL (Eagly, 2005; Kernis, 2003). Support was found that AL was a dynamic process between leaders and employees. When authentic leadership questionnaire (ALQ) self (leader) and rater (employee) were compared, there was a significant amount of consistency between these ratings. For the all genders leader model, when ALQ self’s subscale was analyzed relative to the employees’ ratings, the leaders’ relational transparency was found to be active. The women only leader model revealed that AL was activated through internalized moral perspective suggesting they were able to tap into the hearts and minds of their employees. For the men only leaders, no relationship was revealed between ALQ self’s subcomponents and employee AL ratings. Relational authenticity suggests that this may be due to employees rating men owners more based on the experience and perceptions of men leaders in general and not these business owners in particular. Practical implicationsLeadership development professionals should address how II may help women examine who they are, how they work with others, and their values; decrease leader II by providing insight on how to manage potentially conflicting roles through examples of synergistic behaviors and benefits; and, build upon women owners’ ability to connect with their followers by sharing their goals and aspirations. Men owners may benefit by ensuring their employees know their business’ unique value proposition. Originality/valueThis research sought to link the identities of leader and gender to AL in the context of small businesses. It builds upon the AL theory of Avolio et al., (2004) and Jensen and Luthans (2006) who advocated using AL to study small businesses. This study determined whether business owners experienced interference between their gender and leader identities; II hindered the formation of AL and was an antecedent to AL; and the owner’s gender led to more or less AL and thus determined if leader gender moderated AL. The support for studying leader gender comes from role incongruity (Eagly and Diekman, 2005) and relational authenticity (Eagly, 2005; Kernis, 2003) which suggests that differences in how employees perceive AL may be a function of the owner’s gender. Added support comes from Jensen and Luthans (2006); they asked future studies to examine AL to determine the mechanisms behind gender differences in small businesses. Such research provides insight on the development of AL in theory and practice.

In this paper we argue for the utility of status characteristics theory (Berger et al. 1977) in accounting for research concerned with gender differences in interpersonal task situations. We state and defend a basic status argument that differences in stereotypical gender task behaviors are a direct function of status differences or of attempts to cope with status differences. We show support for this argument in several areas of research: the influence, participation and performer evaluations of group members; their relative performance-reactor profiles; the relation of these behavioral profiles to the assignment of personality traits; the correlation of status position with the gender typing of tasks (i.e., male-identified, female-identified, or neutral); the relationship between gender status and salient information about other statuses; the role of expectations for rewards; and the emergence of mechanisms for coping with the implication of a low gender status position. We conclude that status characteristics theory can provide a set of interrelated explanations of the relationship of gender to interpersonal task behaviors.

People's perceptions of hygiene and sanitation appear to differ by community. Often, these perceptions do not contribute to improving the living conditions of the populations concerned. The study aims to improve hygiene and sanitation intervention strategies by better controlling people's perceptions and behaviors. The aim is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of populations according to gender as well as the perceptions of urban and rural populations in terms of hygiene and sanitation. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. Direct observation, individual interviews, focus groups and household survey are the main techniques used. Six (6) towns and six (6) villages in Côte d'Ivoire have been selected. The results demonstrate the similarity of perceptions and behaviors related to hygiene and sanitation. However, there is a variety of designations of their material and immaterial components. It does not reflect a variation of perceptions and behaviors, which would be linked to their original cultural substratum, but the differential effort of local populations in the context of adaptation to an existential environment. If cultural references do not support the hypothesis that "the perceptions and behaviors that people have in terms of hygiene and sanitation are determined by their cultural values, their socio-economic status and space in which they evolve ", the relations of the gender (women, men, children, notability, etc.) play a preponderant role in the determination of the perceptions and the behaviors for the improvement of the frameworks of life.

The trigger for this article was the “Lévi-Straussian mythical formula” girls : boys = fashion : football, which came to the fore in the conversation with girls and boys aged 13 and 14 years. Amid the cacophony of ambivalent representations and meanings of modern masculinities and femininities which young people are facing, it schematically expresses traditional symbolic relations and gender differences. International studies at the crossroads of cultural, educational and gender studies, including critical studies of men and masculinities (Frosh et al., 2002; Zaslow, 2009; Haywood & Mac an Ghaill, 2007) show that teenagers use clothing practices to assert an imaginary boundary in relational and binary self-construction of masculine and feminine identity. The article analyses how teenagers deploy clothing practices, the strong attention they pay to their outfit and some other techniques of body self-regulation in order to negotiate social control and peer pressure related to the processes of the self-construction of masculine and feminine identity. The analysis looks at the peculiarities of these processes in doing hegemonic or marginalised masculinities and traditional or alternative femininities. Comparison of boys’ and girls’ (in intersections with classed and ethicised social locations) attitudes to clothing and outfit demonstrates that both experience the pressure of performing normative gender identity through their body, however the techniques of body self-regulation are different for boys and girls and for specific social locations. In the conclusion, the author reflects on the implications of teenagers’ doing gender through body and their outfit for the pedagogical situation.

Democratization of gender regimes has been taken as one of societal causes of ?ongoing and universal? Second Demographic Transition (SDT), [Lesthaeghe 2010]. The question whether it is present in countries of ex-socialism or not is a frequent matter of debates and ?crisis argument? is referred to when assessing whether it has been delayed, postponed or running in a specific manner [H?hn, et ?l. 2008; Sobotka, 2008; Bobic 2014]. This paper, however, argues that this mainstream theory seems inadequate when it comes to demographic and social changes of Balkan countries, Serbia in particular. Thus it should be complemented or even replaced by more suitable paradigm of semi-periphery. After discussion of this novel approach and macro perspective, we will particularly focus onto micro level analysis, i.e. family relations through the lens of gender and individual agency [Blagojevic 2009, 2013; Bobic 2014], due to their profound effects on persistent low fertility and rising childlessness. Our goal was to trace ongoing and gradual transformation from so called ?traditional model? to greater gender empowerment and emancipation. Decline of and resistance to the women?s ?self-sacrificing micro-matriarchy?, observed and broadly investigated in state socialism [Blagojevic 1994, 1997] is taking place among younger generations, middle and upper educated groups being forerunners. This shift is reflected, inter alia, in increased males? participation in parenthood and care, though crisis of masculinity is also observed at the semi-periphery. Specific societal setting, although unfavourable when it comes to opportunities of expanding of personal and social resources (including strengthening of networks, increasing of quality of everyday life and broadening of choices), paradoxically encourages egalitarian practice in everyday life, through exchange and cooperation among men and women but as a part of ?survival economy?. This less visible and slow ?bottom up? social change awaited for ever since the end of 1980s is, seemingly irreversible, yet troublesome. We deem this practice of collaboration and mutual support in privacy as highly conducive for rising egalitarianism although there are still prominent asymmetrical attitudes in public discourse related to gender roles, paid work, care and career. Theoretical and policy implications of such developments will also be discussed in the paper.

Linda Lê’s is one of the most resonant voices of the Vietnamese diaspora in Francophone writing, and her works are frequently read through the lens of exile and encounter with the other. While not engaging with explicit representations of the diasporic experience, Lê’s fictional and non-fictional texts are profoundly marked by the dislocation and alienation associated with the experience. This article considers the ways in which Linda Lê’s fictional writing surpasses the author’s own particular experience of the Vietnamese diaspora to offer a literary universe in which the disruptions of diaspora are expressed through the depiction of resistant modes of being and belonging. Focusing on two recent novels, Les aubes (2000) and In memoriam (2007), this article analyses Lê’s resistant construction of femininity, arguing that it is prompted and even enabled by the necessary transitions and transpositions of the diasporic experience. Through an examination of the sisterly solidarity, gender alterity and (in)corporeality that are foregrounded in these novels, the analysis explores Lê’s intratextual disruption of inherited models of femininity and modes of participation in domestic and sexual relationships, and draws a link with Lê’s extratextual literary universe to reveal the feminist ethics that underpins her resistance to gendered hierarchies. La voix de Linda Lê est l’une des plus significatives de la diaspora vietnamienne dans la littérature francophone et ses œuvres sont fréquemment lues dans l’optique de l’exil et de la rencontre avec l’autre. En contournant la représentation explicite de l’expérience diasporique, ses textes autant fictionnels que non-fictionnels sont néanmoins profondément marqués par les ruptures et l’aliénation de cette expérience. Cet article examine la manière dont l’écriture fictionnelle de Linda Lê dépasse la propre expérience que l’auteure a fait de la diaspora vietnamienne, pour construire un univers littéraire dans lequel les heurts de l’expérience se traduisent par des modes d’être et d’appartenir contestataires. Tout en se concentrant sur la construction de la féminité résistante dans deux romans récents, Les aubes (2000) et In memoriam (2007), l’article avance l’idée que se sont les transitions et transpositions imposées par l’expérience diasporique qui l’ont rendue non seulement possible mais nécessaire. À travers l’étude de la solidarité sororale, l’altérité sexuelle et l’(in)corporéité au sein de ces deux romans, cet analyse explore d’une part la contestation des modèles hérités de la féminité, et de l’autre part, le refus de participer à des relations domestiques et sexuelles conventionnelles. En conclusion, il s’attache à démontrer comment ce lien entre les féminités contestataires de cette auteure singulière et son univers littéraire intertextuel participe d’une éthique féministe qui soustend la résistance aux hiérachies genrées.

Gender relations in Sub-Saharan Africa must be seen in the context of the positive and negative effects of social reconstruction on cultural principles. This is particularly true of the Iraqw of Tanzania, where economic precariousness affects social relationships that are based on domination and symbolism— especially family and interethnic relationships. Analysis of the complexity of these interactions is based on considerations of social structure, combined with a search for gaps or deficiencies in the system of regulation. In this field, the author shifts the emphasis to social reproduction, impregnated as it is by tradition and religious references.

En este ensayo se explica en qué consisten los conceptos género, adolescencia y violencia y cómo se vinculan entre sí. Resulta complejo estudiar la violencia de género durante el noviazgo y específicamente en esta etapa de la vida, motivo por el cual explicaré el enfoque de género y su finalidad, entendiendo esta categoría en su relación con el noviazgo entre los adolescentes, quienes evidencian las prácticas aprendidas, que “deben” llevar a cabo: como dejar de tener amigos del sexo opuesto porque la pareja se puede molestar, lo cual nos lleva a la violencia en el noviazgo, esto es, de acuerdo con Pereira (2012, pp. 55-56), cualquier acción o conducta basada en el género que cause muerte, daño o sufrimiento físico, sexual o psicológico a la mujer o el hombre a través de mecanismos de violencia, físicos y/o psicológicos.Palabras clave: Género, Noviazgo, Adolescencia, Violencia Adolescence, dating and gender violence: looks from the school space in Teocelo, VeracruzSummaryThis essay explains what the concepts of gender, adolescence and violence consist of and how they are linked together. It is complex to study gender violence during dating and specifically at this stage of life, which is why I will explain the gender approach and its purpose, understanding this category in its relationship with dating between adolescents, who evidence the practices learned, which they "must" carry out like stopping meeting friends of the opposite sex because the couple can get annoyed, which leads to violence in dating, that is, according to Pereira (2012, pp. 55-56 ), any gender-based action or conduct that causes death, harm or physical, sexual or psychological suffering to women or men through mechanisms of violence, physical and / or psychological.Keywords: Gender, Dating, Adolescence, Violence Adolescence, relation amoureuse et violence de genre : regards à partir l’espace scolaire à Teocelo, VeracruzRésuméDans cet essai on explique en quoi consistent les concepts genre, adolescence et violence et comment ils se lient parmi eux. Il résulte complexe d’étudier la violence de genre au cours de la relation amoureuse et spécifiquement dans cette étape de la vie, motif pour lequel j’expliquerai l’approche de genre et sa finalité en comprenant cette catégorie dans sa relation avec la relation amoureuse parmi les adolescents, qui mettent en évidence les pratiques apprises qui « doivent » mener à bien : ne plus avoir des amis du sexe opposé à cause de l’embarras du partenaire, ce qui nous mène à la violence dans la relation amoureuse, en d’autres mots, selon Pereira (2012, pp. 55-56), n’importe quelle action ou conduite basée dans le genre qui provoque mort, dégât ou souffrance physique, sexuelle ou psychologique envers la femme ou l’homme à travers des mécanismes de violence, physiques et/ou psychologiques.Mots clés: Genre, Relation amoureuse, Adolescence, Violence

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relation between gender diversity in employees and earnings quality. Specifically, how gender diversity among full-time and part-time employees is associated with discretionary accruals in Korea is examined. Design/methodology/approach The author analyzes the association between women ratio among full-time (part-time) employees and discretionary accruals by using 3,687 firm-years of Korean listed companies from 2010 to 2012. The regression model used in Barua et al. (2010) is adopted. The dependent variables, the absolute value of discretionary accruals, are proxied by the Modified Jones Model of Dechow et al. (1995) and the Performance Matched Model of Kothari et al. (2005). Findings First, a higher ratio of women among full-time workers is related to lower discretionary accruals, whereas that of part-time female employees is not related to discretionary accruals. Second, the effect of gender diversity in employees varies depending on the possibility of earnings management. Third, the results are robust with sample firm-years without female executives, thereby suggesting that the results are not driven by the existence of female executives, and robust to accounting standards and firm-year clustering. Originality/value This paper expands the understanding about the determination of discretionary accruals by demonstrating the impact of full-time female employees on earnings quality. Previous studies demonstrated that female workers are more ethical in the workplace, and the quality of accounting information disclosed by firms with female CFOs or directors, i.e. high ranking officers, is higher. It is observed that accounting information quality is higher when firms simply have more female workers, regardless of their relative position in the firm. This complements the results of previous studies and indicates gender diversity among employees is a sign of accounting information quality.

The lungs are now recognized as an active metabolic organ that is a major determinant of the plasma concentrations of the vasoconstrictors endothelin (ET) and ANG II. Several studies have suggested a complex interaction between ET and ANG II in the systemic and coronary vascular beds that is different at rest and during exercise. To date, the interaction between these vasoconstrictor peptides has barely been investigated in relation to the pulmonary vascular bed. Consequently, we investigated the integrated control of pulmonary vasomotor tone by ET and ANG II in 24 chronically instrumented swine (15 female and 9 male) at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. In the systemic circulation, ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockade with irbesartan and mixed ETA/ETB blockade with tezosentan each produced vasodilation. The systemic vasodilator effect of ETA/ETB blockade was enhanced after AT1 blockade in female swine, whereas a trend toward an increase was observed in male swine. In the pulmonary circulation, AT1 receptor blockade had no effect on pulmonary vascular tone in male swine, whereas it resulted in an unexpected increase in pulmonary vasomotor tone in female swine. ETA/ETB receptor blockade did not result in a decrease in pulmonary vasomotor tone at rest but produced a decrease in vasomotor tone during exercise in both genders. This pulmonary vasodilation by ETA/ETB receptor blockade was enhanced after prior AT1 blockade in female swine but not in male swine. In conclusion, in both the systemic and pulmonary circulation of female swine, ANG II inhibits the vasoconstrictor influence of ET. This interaction is gender specific. The observation that plasma ET levels were not altered by AT1 blockade in either gender suggests that the interaction between these vasoconstrictors occurs locally in the vasculature.

The study is a part of the dissertation about the influence of environmental variables on public relations in companies in Russia. This paper is focused on the relationship between public relations strategies and societal culture as defined in the GLOBE theoretical framework (House et al. 2004) with nine dimensions: uncertainty avoidance, power distance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance and humane orientation. Quantitative research was conducted on the sample of 225 public relations specialists. According to our findings, the societal culture significantly influences two-way, symmetrical, asymmetrical, ethical, unethical, interpersonal, mediated communication and conservation strategies. The study did not confirm same influence on one-way communication and cultural interpretation.

Abstract This article presents the Networked Pantheon, a relational database of biographies of globally famous people spanning the last 5,500 years of human history. This information source is intended to complement Pantheon 1.0 (Yu et al., 2016), a dataset that includes temporal, spatial, gender, and occupational information on 11,341 world-renowned people – defined as those who have biographies available in more than 25 languages on Wikipedia. The Networked Pantheon adds information about the biographical links between these historical figures, compiled from hyperlinks between the biographies in the English Wikipedia. This digital method enables techniques from network analysis to be used in studying the biographical relationships between globally famous people. Thus, distinct measures of historical centrality can be calculated for individuals, cities, countries, genders, and occupations. The Networked Pantheon includes indicators of figure centrality in the network of biographical references and provides an approximation of the information flows between various territories, genders, and occupations of famous people over time.

Abstract While institutional support is growing for women in leadership positions across the Arab world, little is known about how rising numbers of women in roles of authority and expertise are being perceived. We examine how general theories of gender bias fit new data from a survey experiment spanning nationally representative samples in five Arab countries. The experiment captured how citizens judge women who adopt the stereotypically masculine role of a “hard-news” journalist. Results challenge conventional wisdom about the prevalence of classic sexism—a generalized antipathy toward women consistent with traditional definitions of prejudice. Instead, we find considerable support for ambivalent sexism, a more nuanced theory positing pro-male (hostile) as well as pro-female (benevolent) biases both detrimental to gender equality and requiring distinctive strategies to address. Although tentative, the findings also make a theoretical contribution suggesting that modernization processes may reverse gender biases, replacing classic patriarchy with so-called benevolent sexism rather than true gender-egalitarianism. Si bien el apoyo institucional a las mujeres en puestos de liderazgo está creciendo en el mundo árabe, poco se conoce acerca de cómo se perciben los números crecientes de mujeres en posiciones de autoridad y experiencia. Examinamos la manera en que las teorías generales de prejuicios de género se adaptan a los nuevos datos de una encuesta que abarca muestras representativas a nivel nacional en cinco países árabes. El experimento captó cómo los ciudadanos juzgan a las mujeres que adoptan el rol estereotípicamente masculino de periodistas de noticias duras. Los resultados desafían al conocimiento convencional acerca de la prevalencia del sexismo clásico, una antipatía generalizada hacia las mujeres que coincide con las definiciones tradicionales de prejuicio. En cambio, encontramos un apoyo considerable al sexismo ambivalente, una teoría más matizada que supone que los sesgos tanto en favor de los valores (hostiles) como en favor de las mujeres (benevolentes) son perjudiciales para la igualdad de género y requieren estrategias distintivas que abordar. A pesar de ser tentativos, los descubrimientos también hacen una contribución teórica que sugiere que los procesos de modernización pueden revertir los prejuicios de género, reemplazando el patriarcado clásico por el sexismo denominado “benevolente” en lugar de un verdadero igualitarismo de género. Bien que les institutions soutiennent de plus en plus les femmes pour qu'elles occupent des postes de direction dans le monde arabe, nous ne savons que peu de choses sur la manière dont les nombres croissants de femmes endossant des rôles de pouvoir et d'expertise sont perçus. Nous examinons la mesure dans laquelle les théories générales sur les préjugés de genre conviennent pour les nouvelles données d'une enquête expérimentale portant sur des échantillons nationalement représentatifs issus de cinq pays arabes. Cette enquête expérimentale a permis de saisir la manière dont les citoyens jugeaient les femmes adoptant un rôle stéréotypiquement masculin de journaliste traitant « d'informations sérieuses ». Les résultats remettent en question les idées reçues sur la prévalence du sexisme classique, une antipathie généralisée envers les femmes conforme aux définitions traditionnelles des préjugés. Au lieu de cela, nous avons constaté un soutien considérable d'un sexisme ambivalent, une théorie plus nuancée émettant le postulat que les partis pris pro-masculins (hostiles) ainsi que les partis pris pro-féminins (bienveillants) allaient tous deux au détriment de l’égalité des genres et qu'ils exigeaient des stratégies distinctives de traitement. Bien que ces résultats n'offrent qu'un début de réponse, ils apportent une contribution théorique suggérant que les processus de modernisation pouvaient inverser les préjugés de genre en remplaçant le patriarcat classique par un sexisme prétendument « bienveillant » plutôt que par un véritable égalitarisme des genres.

RÉSUMÉLe vieillissement de la population est un phénomène dont l’importance croît à travers les pays industrialisés. Les inquiétudes liées à la pénurie de main-d’œuvre ont encouragé le développement de politiques pour le prolongement de la vie active. En rapport avec ces développements, le contexte contemporain est marqué par une grande variabilité dans la participation de la main-d’œuvre plus âgée. Cette étude, basée sur les données de l’Enquête sociale générale de l’an 2007, était centrée sur des facteurs associés au travail rémunéré après la retraite, et en particulier sur l’interaction entre le sexe et le statut relationnel chez des Canadiens de 50 à 74 ans qui avaient pris leur retraites autrefois. Nous avons observé que, pour les hommes, le fait d’être dans une relation était associé à une plus forte probabilité de travail rémunéré après le départ à la retraite, comparativement aux femmes, chez qui l’inverse a été observé. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’influence du sexe sur l’association entre le statut relationnel et le travail après la retraite est en partie due à l’influence du sexe sur l’association entre le statut relationnel et la motivation des individus à apprendre, à s’engager dans leur communauté, à orienter leur carrière, et à leur sentiment d’indépendance. Une influence du sexe sur le statut relationnel peut donc être mise en lumière par une analyse du travail rémunéré suivant la prise de la retraite.

In her recent book published after the election of Donald Trump as the US President in 2016, Cynthia Enloe argues that the patriarchy, similar to our smart phones, has updated itself as a reaction against the achievements of the second and third wave feminisms. The updated patriarchy has this time renewed itself through the beliefs and values about the ways the world works (2017). The competing foreign policies representing the hypermasculine hegemonic masculinity of the current world politics and its authoritarian leaders are the outputs of this new updated version of patriarchy. Enloe doubts that having gained sustainability with its updates, the patriarchy could be fought against simply with street demonstrations, as it was before. The patriarchy could be forced to retreat only by incessantly asking “curious” feminist questions that would expose all masculine patterns of life (2017). Continuously asking questions without giving up or giving in would make the patriarchy transparent and vulnerable. In the face of curious, non-stop questions from a gender perspective and the conscious use of the terms supporting gender equality, the patriarchy, albeit updated and sustained, does not stand a chance. Enloe explains the reason why incorporating gender in International Relations has been considered irrelevant by the power- and security dominated character of the discipline. Also, because the heavy majority of the academics associated with International Relations are male, it is them who choose what is important and worthy of ‘serious’ investigation (Enloe, 2004, 96). This masculine attitude, however, has been clearly excluding multiple human experiences and hindering their capacity to create new possibilities for peaceful co-existence in international relations (Youngs, 2004). As a matter of fact, when we look at the emergence of International Relations as a separate discipline, and the political theories that it takes as its first point of reference, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen) – the human rights document at the time of the French Revolution – Machiavelli’s The Prince; and Man, the State and War, written in 1959 by Kenneth Waltz, the founder of neo-realism, were the mainstream writings that brought liberal (libertarian) and realist perspectives to the discipline of International Relations, respectively. The fundamental aim of these texts was, in fact, to make an analysis based on history and ‘his’ problems. Although these texts put forward a desire for rights and freedoms, as well as the achievement of peace, these values are mostly targeted towards men. Thus, over time, the prominent concepts of International Relations, such as security and hegemony, were defined from a masculine and patriarchal perspective. For instance, from the theoretical view of realists, hegemony is attributed to the order established and led by the most powerful state of the international system– both militarily and economically– while sovereignty evokes the Hobbesian Leviathan (the Devil), with its masculine nature and might. Raewyn Connell responds to these masculine conceptualizations by pointing out that hegemony includes organized social domination in all spheres of life, from religious doctrines to mundane practice, from mass media to taxation (1998: 246). As Connell reminds us, “hegemonic masculinity” expresses the domination of men over women intellectually, culturally, socially, or even politically, thus establishing an unequivocal linkage between gender and power (Connell, 1998). Just as the Western approach to reading and identifying the East and its fiction found an answer in Edward Said’s critique of Orientalism, the theory of political realism put forth by Hans Morgenthau was criticized by Ann Tickner for conceptualizing international politics through the lens of an assumed masculine subject (Tür & Koyuncu, 2010: 9). Critical theory and postmodernism, as alternative approaches in International Relations, drew attention to the otherization of different geographies, civilizations and identities. Yet, on the issue of gender equality, the otherization of women has not been sufficiently recognized; the superiority of man and patriarchy is made possible through the othering of women. From this point of view, it would be beneficial to make a holistic reading of the International Relations literature, and to dismantle these masculine concepts by asking “curious” questions of the discipline. In Terrell Carver’s words, “Gendering IR” is...a project; “gendered” IR is an outcome” (Carver, 2003: 289). In order to achieve such outcome, it bears utmost importance for the gender-equality advocates to insist on, institutionally and practically, gender-based approaches and to not agree with the priority list of the masculine agenda. Security, order, control and retaliation increasingly dominate the discourse shaping the world politics. The gender perspective in International Relations develops to create alternative paradigms that would break this vicious circle of (in)security. Feminist theory in International Relations has demonstrated significant progress since the 1990s and opened pathways in an uncharted territory. Cynthia Enloe, Ann Tickner, Spike V. Peterson and Christine Sylvester, among others, are the most prominent forerunners of this field. Through their works, feminist theory has adopted a perspective critical of the masculinity and the masculine values of international politics by taking not only ‘women’ but a wider category of gender into its centre. These feminist scholars have deconstructed International Relations theories by posing gender-related questions and displayed the masculine prejudice embedded in the definitions of security, power and sovereignty. The feminist theories of International Relations have thus distinguished themselves from the other theories of the discipline by paying a ‘curious’ attention to the power hierarchies and relation structures through inclusiveness and self-reflexivity (True, 2017: 3). As Cynthia Enloe puts it, the gender perspective in International Relations must first be guided by a feminist consciousness (2004: 97). The feminist International Relations, however, although more than a quarter of century has passed since its emergence, are still struggling with the masculine theories to be considered as an equally legitimate way of understanding how the world works. Various epistemological, ontological and ethical debates may have enriched the field (True, 2017: 1), but at the same time, too many as they are, such debates may paradoxically be accusing the spreading-thin of the gender coalition. The capacity of the feminist International Relations’ ethical principles to participate in the global politics has been limited to the United Nations Security Council’s decision number 1325 and the Swedish feminist foreign policy. The feminist attempt to facilitate substantial change and interaction by creating a normative agenda has been called ‘normative feminism’ by Jacqui True (2013: 242). Normative feminism is a project of institutionalising gender in foreign policy by focusing on socio-economic and political changes. The special issue here is our attempt to partake in this project of change in international relations. We have aimed to enhance the visibility of the gender norms of behavior and decision-making with the presupposition that they would pose an alternative to the masculine norms in International Relations by better supporting the human priorities of peace and co-existence. Adopting Judith Butler’s notion of performativity, the feminist existence in international politics has an undeniable connection to engaging in continuous activities. As Rihannan Bury suggests, “what gives a community its substance is the consistent repetition of these ‘various acts’ by a majority of members.” “Being a member of community,” therefore, “is not something one is but something one does” (2005: 14). In Turkey, too, in order to challenge the recognition of the ‘hyper’ version of the hegemonic masculinity as the only viable world view, gender-charged normative discourses, interactions and agendas must be continuously created and multiplied. We hope that the Turkish literature-review and the articles published here will serve this purpose. As is the situation in all disciplines, the feminist International Relations has nurtured many onto-epistemologies, some in competition with one another. Such multitude, though definitely a richness, has been challenging the feminist stance’s capacity to stand united against the hypermasculine hegemonic masculinity. In her latest book, Enloe calls for a continuous struggle of a new and wider feminist coalition against the updated authoritarianism of the patriarchy –inspiring our title “Don’t Give Up! Don’t Give In!.” Such expanded coalition could rise on the common purpose of fighting male dominance and ignore the differences of discourse created by the debate on identity. The gender-guided change and transformation desired in international politics could be achieved more easily in this way (Hemmings, 2012: 148, 155). On this account, in parallel with Enloe’s proposal of establishing a wider consensus simply on peace and co-existence (2017), a new era, in which questions of identity will, for some time, not be asked, may be dawning. A grand coalition of consensus has better chance of resisting the authoritarian leaders of hyper hegemonic masculinity. Our special issue of Gender and International Relations opens with a Turkish literature review with the aim of introducing the topic to Turkish readers. Çiçek Coşkun, against a historical background, presents some of the prominent feminist scholars who have left their footprints in this very masculine area with their fresh gender perspectives. In doing that she offers us a comparative framework in which works by the Turkish and international scholars could be assessed simultaneously. Nezahat Doğan’s article seeks to establish the relation between global peace and gender by using the data obtained from the Global Peace Index, Gender Inequality Index and Social Institutions and Gender Index. In this way, adopting a currently trendy approach, Doğan investigates the interaction between gender and International Relations through a quantitative method. Zehra Yılmaz’s article discusses the temporary position of Syrian women asylum seekers in Turkey from the perspective of the post-colonial feminist concept of subaltern. The article aims to combine feminist migration studies and post-colonial feminist literature within the context of International Relations. Sinem Bal’s article questions whether the EU has designed its gender policies as an aspect of the human-right norms of the European integration or as a way to regulate market economy. Bal pursues such questioning through the reading of the official documents of the EU that prescribes what Europeanization is for Turkey. Thus, all articles constitute a well-rounded understanding of what gendered approaches can achieve in the current practice of international studies. The co-authored article written by Bezen Balamir-Coşkun and Selin Akyüz examined how the images of women leaders in international politics were presented in the international media. The selected images the three most powerful women political leaders list of Forbes in 2017 –Angela Merkel, Theresa May and Federica Mogherini were analysed in the light of the political masculinities literature from a social visual semiotics perspective. It is believed that such an analysis will contribute to the debates about gendered aspect of international relations as well as the current debates on political masculinities. Gizem Bilgin-Aytaç points out that the global policy that emerged after the Cold War and the emergence of the new way of approaching the IR from a feminist perspective have improved the scope of conceptual analysis in peace theories as well. Bilgin-Aytaç discusses global peace conditions with a gender perspective - in particular, referring to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, with a focus on exemplary contemporary issues. Fulden İbrahimhakkıoğlu, in her article, discusses the debate between Ukraine-based feminist group FEMEN staged several protests in support of Amina Tyler, a Tunisian FEMEN activist receiving death threats for posting nude photographs of herself online with social messages written on her body and the Muslim Women Against FEMEN who released an open letter criticizing the discourse FEMEN used in these protests, which they found to be white colonialist and Islamophobic. Thus, İbrahimhakkıoğlu aimes to examines the discursive strategies put forth by the two sides of the very debate, and unveiling the shortcomings of liberalism as drawn on by both positions, the author attempts to rethink what “freedom” might mean for international feminist alliances across differences.

La représentation scénique d’Albertine, en cinq temps de Michel Tremblay (le titre polonais : Pięć razy Albertyna) a vu le jour au Theâtre de Silésie (Teatr Śląski) à Katowice, où le metteur en scène, Gabriel Gietzky, a monté la pièce traduite vers le polonais par Jacek Mulczyk-Skarżyński. Le spectacle a poussé les auteures de l’étude à réfléchir sur des enjeux intéressants entre les genres : féminin – masculin, que ce soit au niveau de l’auteur et son personnage, l’auteur et le traducteur, le traducteur et sa langue d’arrivée, soit sa langue MATERNELLE. Dans le cas d’Albertine, en cinq temps, c’est l’homme qui se prend pour tâche de transmettre le langage de femmes. Par la suite, le texte tremblayen est soumis à la traduction du traducteur-homme qui fait paraître la version polonaise d’Albertine dans sa langue maternelle. Ainsi surgit une question, à savoir si l’on peut parler dans ce cas d’un langage masculin dévoilé en un costume féminin. Pour répondre à cette question, les auteures de l’article proposent de centrer leur réflexion sur la notion de fidélité qui dans la conception gender de la traduction met en jeu des relations fort complexes entre l’original et la traduction ainsi que parmi les acteurs qui participent à l’opération traduisante, et ceci dans le cadre de la métaphore renvoyant à des enjeux entre féminin et masculin. Suivant la conception de Lori Chamberlain décrite dans son essai « Gender and the Metaphorics of Translation » (1988), on tente de vérifier une relation entre l’auteur de la traduction (dans ce cas : un homme) et la langue vers laquelle il traduit (sa langue maternelle). Cette perspective permet d’étudier le degré de « masculinisation » du langage des personnages féminins chez M. Tremblay dans la traduction polonaise.

[Full article is in Spanish]English: Presently, international development organizations have adopted gender perspectives in all policy spheres as a transversal approach as a result of a process that has transited through different foci since the 1950s. Nonetheless, different studies have highlighted the fact that implementation is limited beyond the recurring discourses of governments, non-governmental organizations and funding agencies. We can speak of a discrepancy between rhetoric and practice around gender in development policies, a subject that lies on the edges of power. Furthermore, there is another discrepancy between policy analysis and a gender perspective, where we find little research that achieves a theoretical articulation between two traditions that somehow seem irreconcilable. This article aims to initiate a reflection on that which it identifies as a double discrepancy between gender and policies focused on the edges of power: the failure to integrate gender in development policies and the difficult theoretical articulation of gender within policy. Faced with this double discrepancy, the article proposes some points of convergence around an inclusion of power relations both as a goal of development policies and a policy analysis.Spanish: En la actualidad, las instituciones internacionales de desarrollo han adoptado la perspectiva de género en las políticas públicas en todos los ámbitos a través de la noción de transversalización y como resultado de un proceso que transitó por diversos enfoques desde los años 1950. Sin embargo, diversos estudios han puesto en evidencia que su concreción es poco real más allá del discurso recurrente de gobiernos, organizaciones no gubernamentales y agencias de financiamiento. Podemos hablar de 34 Regions & Cohesion • Summer 2016 una discrepancia entre el discurso y la práctica del género en las políticas de desarrollo cuya problemática radica en las aristas del poder. Además, existe otra discrepancia entre el análisis de políticas públicas y la perspectiva de género, donde encontramos pocos trabajos que logran una articulación teórica entre dos tradiciones que parecen en cierto modos irreconciliables. Este artículo pretende iniciar una refl exión acerca de lo que se propone identifi car como un doble discrepancia entre género y políticas públicas centrada en las aristas del poder: el fracaso de la inserción del género en las políticas de desarrollo y la difícil articulación teórica entre género y políticas públicas. Ante esta doble discrepancia, propone algunos puntos de convergencia en torno a una inclusión de las relaciones de poder a la vez como objetivo de las políticas de desarrollo y en el análisis de las políticas públicas.French: Les institutions internationales ont adopté à l’heure actuelle la perspective de genre dans tous les domaines des politiques publiques via la notion de transversalisation du genre qui est le résultat d’un processus qui a transité par diverses approches depuis les années 1950. Cependant, diverses études ont mis en évidence que sa concrétisation n’est guère réelle au-delà des discours récurrents des gouvernements, des organisations non gouvernementales et des agences de financement. Nous pouvons dès lors parler d’une divergence entre le discours et la pratique du genre dans les politiques de développement dont le choeur du problème réside dans les barbelés du pouvoir. De plus, il existe une autre divergence entre l’analyse des politiques publiques et la perspective de genre dans la mesure où nous trouvons peu de travaux qui proposent une articulation théorique entre deux traditions apparemment irréconciliables. Cet article prétend ouvrir une réfl exion sur cett e double divergence entre genre et politiques publiques centrée sur les barbelés du pouvoir et qui s’exprime par l’échec de l’insertion du genre dans les politiques de développement et par l’articulation diffi cile entre genre et politiques publiques. Face à cett e double divergence, la contribution propose quelques points de convergence autour d’une inclusion des relations de pouvoir en tant qu’objectifs des politiques de développement et dans l’analyse des politiques publiques.

Research shows that HIV prevalence in transgender and non-binary persons is extremely high, with prevalence rates ranging up to 52.4% (Edwards et al., 2007). This high risk is associated with a number of (trans-specific) factors, such as stigma, discrimination, normative gender roles, involvement in sex work, a lack of knowledge about safe sex and an inaccurate perception of risk. This article critically reviews the last 10 years of research on transgender and non-binary persons and sexual risk from a feminist intersectional perspective that focuses on gender identity, class, ethnicity and other axes of difference that contribute to the high risk for HIV for (some) transgender and non-binary persons. There appears to be an interweaving of different factors in which the discrimination and stigmatisation of transgender and non-binary persons is central. The limitations and pitfalls of current research are pointed out, and suggestions for policy and further research are made.

Résumé La question du * genre " à Samoa De l'illusion dualiste à la hiérarchie des niveaux Le modèle anthropologique d'une " société " est une hiérarchie de relations. Une fois mis au jour, on peut lui soumettre des questions importées, comme celle de l'organisation-représen-tation de la différence des sexes ou gender, laissant ainsi ouverte la possibilité que la question elle-même soit interprétée à différents niveaux. La méthode classique se contente au contraire d'empiler par analogie les éléments " masculins " contre les éléments " féminins ", oblitérant la variation possible des modes de représentation d'une opposition, aussi universelle soit-elle. La méthode " hiérarchique " révèle que, à Samoa, la femme représente un fait social total à un niveau, celui du monde social intérieur, et qu'elle peut ainsi englober le gender masculin. Mais, à un autre niveau, la femme court le risque d'être placée parforce à " l'extérieur " et de subir une loi masculine exprimée en termes d'inégalité " fort/faible ". La frontière entre les deux niveaux est définie par la sexualité. Ceci explique incidemment une partie des malentendus qui concernent le débat autour de l'analyse ancienne de Margaret Mead.

Mange af de kvinder, der tog aktiv del i det kvindeorganisatoriske arbejde fra Nyordningen i 1950 og frem til Hjemmestyrets indførelse i 1979, sidder i dag på indflydelsesrige poster i Grønland, og har på forskellig måde været med til at præge den politiske og erhvervsmæssige udvikling. I dag synes det kvindeorganisatoriske arbejde at køre med noget lavere profil og er i høj grad koncentreret omkring bevarelse og videregivelse af de traditionelle kvinde-kvalifikationer i fangerkulturen. Kønsdiskussionen er delvist forstummet, selvom der er en række presserende problemer: Vold mod kvinder, kvinder tjener i gennemsnit en tredjedel mindre end mændene (Grønlands Statistik 2014), den sociale og økonomiske ulighed imellem kvinder er voksende. Artiklen samler op på de erfaringer og de styrkepositioner, kvinderne historisk har erhvervet sig i det kvinde-organisatoriske arbejde, og kommer ud fra et køns- og postkolonialt perspektiv, med nogle bud på, hvorfor kvindespørgsmålet og kvindeorganisering ikke står så højt på dagsordenen længere. I artiklen forfølges en forforståelse af, at der med den danske kolonialisering af Grønland igangsattes en moderniserings- og patriarkaliseringsproces, som gradvist skabte en radikal ny social organisering af samfundet, både på struktur- og hverdagslivsniveau, som ikke blot forandrede de sociale relationer imellem kønnene og imellem kvinder (og mænd) indbyrdes, men også fik naturaliseret den vestlige (patriarkalske) kønsdiskurs i en sådan grad, at mulige potentialer i en prækolonial kønsforståelse blev usynlige i den grønlandske udviklingsproces. Vi konkluderer, at der i det postkoloniale feministiske tankeunivers findes potentialer til igen at italesætte kønsrelationerne i Grønland og kommer med bud på, hvorledes indsigt i de præ- og postkoloniale grønlandske kønskonstruktioner kan bidrage til skabelse af nye fremtidsbilleder. ENGELSK ABSTRACT: Kirsten Bransholm Pedersen and Najaaraq Paniula: The Role of the Greenlandic Women’s Organization in the Process of Political Development – From a Post-Colonial Perspective Today, many of the Greenlandic women who took an active part in the women’s movement from 1950, when it was new, until the introduction of Home Rule in 1979, occupy influential positions in Greenland. They have, in various ways, influenced political developments within the country. Today the women’s movement is running but has a somewhat lower profile, and is largely concentrated on the preservation of the traditional female skills in the former hunting culture. The gender discussion is partially silenced, although there are a number of urgent problems: violence against women, women earn on average a third less than men (Statistics Greenland 2014), and the social and economic inequality between women is growing. Employing a gender and postcolonial perspective, this article provides an overview of the experience and strengths women historically have gained through their participation in the women’s movement. Furthermore it puts forward some suggestions as to why women’s issues and women’s organization is almost absent on today’s agenda. The article is based on the preconception that the Danish colonization of Greenland initiated a process of modernization and patriarchalization which gradually created a radical new structural and social organization of society. The process not only changed the social relations between the sexes and among women (and men), but also got naturalized Western (patriarchal) gender discourse to such an extent that the potentials that could be found in a pre-colonial understanding of the relation between women and men became invisible in the Greenlandic development process. We conclude that the postcolonial feminist theories have the potential to re-articulate the discussion on gender in Greenland, and make suggestions concerning how insight into the pre- and post-colonial Greenlandic gender constructions can contribute to the creation of new possible gender images. Keywords: Greenland, women’s movement, post-colonial feminist theories, ”genderlessness”.

Introduction: Host modifiers contribute to variation in disease pathogenesis and clinical features in the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), essentialthrombocytosis (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF).Gender modifies the JAK2 V617F allele burden (women had lower levels and lower annual increases), influences PV gene expression (men had twice as many differentially-regulated genes as women) and influences thrombotic events (a predominance of abdominal vein thrombosis in women). The MPN symptom burden also appears to differ by gender. In this analysis, we describe gender differences in disease presentation and outcome in relation tomutational status. Methods: We analyzed a prospective cohort of 612 PV, ET and MF patients enrolled between 2005 and 2013 to study genomic modifiers of the MPN and disease outcomes. We stratified disease evolution and survival by both gender and mutational status. Results: In this cohort, 26% were newly diagnosed, and 61% were female. The current median follow-up is 8 years (> 4800 patient-years) and 110 have died. Prevalence of Molecular lesions JAK2 V617F was identified in 468/612 MPN patients (76%; 61% female), and comprised the majority of ET (62%; 70% female), PV (99.5%; 59% female), MF (62%; 39% female) and post MPN AML (80.7%; 38% female) patients. CALR mutations were identified in 81/612 MPN patients (13%; 58% female), representing 23% of all ET (59% female), and 21 % of all MF (52% female) and 3.8% of post MPN AML. MPL mutations were identified in 9 MPN patients (1.5%): 7 females with ET, and 2 males with MF. Disease presentation Among JAK2 V617F positive patients, more females presented with ET compared to males (43% vs 29%; p=0.002) and more males presented with MF (21% vs 9%; p=0.001). Gender differences in presentation were less apparent in those with CALR -mutated ET (59% women) and MF (53% women). Disease transformation By gender, among 197 women with an original diagnosis of ET, 62% retained their phenotype, whereas 20%, 17%, and 1.5% evolved to PV, MF, and AML, respectively. Among men with ET, 63% retained their phenotype, while 16%, 20%, and 1.1% evolved to PV, MF, and AML. Among MF patients, regardless of mutational status, 1 (3%) women and 5 (10%) men evolved to AML (p=0.39). With regard to transformations by gender, rates of MF (16% in both) and AML (2.6% and 5.5%p=0.083) were similar between women and men. Among 123 JAK2V617F- positive ET women, during the follow-up period, 66 (54%) retained an ET phenotype, while 32%, 14%, and 0.8% evolved to PV, MF, and AML, respectively. Among 53 JAK2V617F-positive ET men, 54% retained an ET phenotype; 25%, 17%, and 4% evolved to PV, MF, and AML, respectively. Among 141 JAK2V617F-positive PV females, 109 (77%) retained PV, 26 (18%) evolved to MF, and 6 (4%) evolved to AML (1 via MF, 5 PV to AML); among 100 JAK2V617F-positive males, 73% retained a PV phenotype, 20% evolved to MF, and 7% to AML (3 PV to AML, 4 via MF phase). Among JAK2V617F -positive patients with an original MF diagnosis, 1/20 (5%) and 3/31 (10%) women and men evolved to AML (p=NS); 22% vs. 18% of JAK2V617F -positive men versus women evolved to MF or AML (p=0.28). No CALR -mutated ET patient evolved to PV. Of 38 CALR- ET women, 27 (71%) retained their phenotype, 10 evolved to MF (26%), and 1 to AML (3%). Among the 26 CALR -mutated ET men, 81% retained their phenotype, while 19% evolved to MF (no AML transformations). Survival The proportion of deaths differed by gender; of the 612 patients, despite the predominance of females in the cohort, at the time of last follow-up, there were 110 deaths (18%): 50/375 women died, compared to 60/237 men (13% vs. 25%; p value=0.0002). A larger proportion of male deaths were due to MF and MF to AML, but this was not statistically different (male deaths in MF/AML phase: 54/60; (90%); women 38/50 (75%); p=0.0692)). Conclusion: We identified a gender influence on disease distribution at presentation, particularly in the JAK2V617F-positive subset with females presenting more commonly with ET and males more commonly with MF. Despite the predominance of females in this MPN cohort, the distribution of females at presentation and evolution into more indolent phenotypes compared to males and a trend toward lower rates of AML evolution may have accounted for longer disease duration and fewer deaths in females compared to males. This trend in MPN evolution complements a theme of gender differences in symptom burden, clinical consequences, and genomic changes. Disclosures Stein: Incyte Corporation: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Spivak:Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Moliterno:Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Abstract Children’s self-concept and theory of mind are both important factors in children’s social, cognitive and emotional development. Research on gender differences in children’s theory of mind understanding reveals contradictory findings such as higher degree of social understanding or theory of mind in girls (Villaneuva Badenes, Clemente Estevan, & Garcia Bacete 2000), boys score higher than girls (Russell et al., 2007), or no gender differences at all (Villaneuva Badenes, Clemente Estevan, & Garcia Bacete, 2000). This research study is part of a larger 3-year longitudinal study, investigating children’s social and emotional development during middle childhood. This study explores the gendered relations between self-concept and social understanding (including psychological language) in middle school aged children (n = 49, ages 11-13). Results suggest a negative correlation between boys’ sense of self-worth and psychological language. Implications for curriculum development that promotes socio-emotional literacy within middle school are discussed

This study aimed at exploring any significant relationships among field dependence/independence, impulsivity/reflectivity, and cloze test performance of Iranian EFL learners, and attempted to seek any significant differences between males and females regarding their field dependence/independence, impulsivity/reflectivity, and cloze test performance. Participants were 72 (47 females and 25 males) Iranian EFL university students in ShahidBahonar University of Kerman. Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) by Witkin et al. (1971), Impulsivity subscale of Impulsiveness, Venturesomeness, and Empathy (IVE) scale by Eysenck and Eysenck(1978), and a cloze test consisting of two cloze passages (Oller& Perkins, 1980) were utilized to obtain the required data.To statistically analyzethe data, the statistical procedures of Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Independent Samples T-test were utilized using SPSS version 21. The findings of this study indicated that field independence had a significant positive correlation with reflectivity, and field dependence also had a significant positive correlation with impulsivity. However, the findings revealed no significant relationship between cloze test performance and any of other variables. It was also found that females are more reflective and males tend to be more impulsive.

Abstract.This paper considers why gender mainstreaming (GM), a strategy that many have claimed holds promise for transforming public policy and working towards social justice, is inherently limited and flawed. The paper begins with a brief overview of GM, specifically focusing on the Canadian context, and highlights current discussions in the literature regarding issues of implementation and best practices. It then moves on to reveal that a critical but overlooked dimension of GM is its theoretical foundation. In contextualizing GM within a contemporary feminist theory framework, the paper seeks to illuminate the problematic relationship that currently exists between GM and feminist theory and, moreover, demonstrates why the theoretical premises of GM need significant reworking. The argument put forward is that if insights of recent feminist theorizing are taken seriously, it becomes clear that GM should be replaced by an alternative and broader strategy of diversity mainstreaming. Through the use of practical examples, the paper illustrates how diversity mainstreaming is able to better capture, articulate and make visible the relationship between simultaneously interlocking forms of oppressions that include but are not limited to gender.Résumé.Cet article étudie pourquoi l'intégration d'une perspective de genre (IPG), une stratégie dans laquelle beaucoup ont vu la promesse d'une transformation de la politique publique et d'un progrès vers la justice sociale, est en soi limitée et défectueuse. L'article débute par un bref exposé sur l'IPG, s'intéressant principalement au contexte canadien, et il met en évidence les discussions actuelles dans la littérature au sujet de problèmes de mise en oeuvre et de pratiques exemplaires. Il révèle ensuite qu'une dimension critique mais négligée de l'IPG est son fondement théorique. En contextualisant l'IPG dans un cadre de théorie féministe contemporaine, l'article cherche à éclairer la relation problématique qui existe actuellement entre l'IPG et la théorie féministe et, de surcroît, démontre pourquoi les prémisses théoriques de l'IPG nécessitent une révision significative. L'argument avancé est que, si l'on prend au sérieux les conclusions des théories féministes récentes, il semble évident que l'IPG devrait être remplacée par une stratégie plus vaste d'intégration d'une perspective de diversité. S'appuyant sur des exemples pratiques, l'article montre que l'intégration d'une perspective de diversité réussit à mieux capturer, mettre en rapport et rendre visible la relation entre des formes d'oppression qui s'entrecroisent simultanément et qui incluent mais ne se limitent pas au genre.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the quality of the relationship between a supervisor and their subordinate, conceptualised as leader member exchange (LMX), and the mediating influence of subordinate’s job embeddedness on job satisfaction. The LMX model considered the four-gender dominant leadership style facets, female – affect and loyalty (communal), and male – contribution and professional respect (agentic). Social role theory was applied to explain societies influence on leadership style. The moderating influence of supervisor gender on the relationship of LMX facets and subordinate embeddedness is investigated. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional survey study of 213 self-selected employed participants investigated the mediation of job embeddedness LMX and job embeddedness and the moderation impact of supervisor gender on this mediation. Findings Job embeddedness mediated the relationship between all four facets of LMX and job satisfaction. Supervisor gender did not moderate the relationships of the four LMX facets and job embeddedness. These findings highlight the potential impact of a homogeniuos sample in relation to industry type and culture as this may impact on the findings. That is, participants in this study were predominantly females working in female dominant industries. Originality/value This study builds on the work of Collins et al. (2014) who examined the moderating impact of subordinate gender on the mediating relationship of job embeddedness on the relationship between LMX facets and job satisfaction. Previously, the gender role of supervisors on this relationship was not explored.

A year after the French success scandal that Rachilde had with her decadent novel Monsieur Vénus, a novel by the Swedish writer Victoria Benedictsson, Money [Pengar], is published in Sweden in 1885. The two novels focus on young women having to find their identities within society's new possibilities, as well as the new gender roles; developed by the new society. In their relations with both conventional and non-conventional male characters, the two female characters transgress society's former established and given norms. In this article, the aim is to present how two female protagonists, the French Raoule and the Swedish Selma, are given different background conditions and qualities that finally can contribute to picture and explain their outstanding independence. Moreover, the new gender roles and their impact on the two female characters are discussed within themes and terms such as the "new woman", androgynity, sexuality and other explicite ingredients and symbols often discussed in a decadent context. Through the comparisons, this article shows how the two female portraits express the decadent transgressivity, in several aspects similarly, with individual voices, despite their two separate literary milieux.