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Journal articles on the topic 'Gender Gap in Educational Attainment'
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Chaudhuri, Kausik, and Susmita Roy. "Gender gap in educational attainment: evidence from rural India." Education Economics 17, no. 2 (May 21, 2009): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09645290802472380.
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Oliveira, Jaqueline. "Birth order and the gender gap in educational attainment." Review of Economics of the Household 17, no. 3 (May 23, 2018): 775–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-018-9416-2.
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Cohen, Dale J., Sheida White, and Steffaney B. Cohen. "Closing the Gender Gap." Journal of Literacy Research 44, no. 4 (September 6, 2012): 343–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086296x12458911.
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This study analyzed the current state of the gender literacy gap and the change in the gender literacy gap between 1992 and 2003, using the 1992 National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) and the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL). The results revealed that although there were significant gender literacy gaps in 1992, virtually all male-paramount literacy gaps (males obtaining higher scores than females) disappeared in the 2003 survey. Much of this gain can be ascribed to more women participating in higher education. Variations in literacy gap changes by race (Black and White) and educational attainment were also investigated.
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McDaniel, Anne, Thomas A. DiPrete, Claudia Buchmann, and Uri Shwed. "The Black Gender Gap in Educational Attainment: Historical Trends and Racial Comparisons." Demography 48, no. 3 (June 3, 2011): 889–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0037-0.
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Wang, Weidong, Xiaohong Liu, Yongqing Dong, Yunli Bai, Shukun Wang, and Linxiu Zhang. "Son Preference, Eldest Son Preference, and Educational Attainment: Evidence From Chinese Families." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 5 (October 11, 2019): 636–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19874091.
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Gender inequality has long been an important topic of concern. This article empirically measures whether there exists son preference and eldest son preference in China, from the perspective of an individual’s educational attainment, by using the data set of China Family Panel Studies in 2010. We find that (a) sons receive more education than daughters, and that the gender education gap for rural residents is greater than that of residents from urban areas; (b) regardless of the eldest or noneldest sons, the education received by sons is significantly higher than that of daughters, and there is no significant difference between the eldest and noneldest son’s education; (c) the gender education gap narrows over time, and expands as the number of sibling increases. Finally, we explore the multiple effect mechanisms.
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Buchanan, Tom, Adian McFarlane, and Anupam Das. "Educational Attainment and the Gender Gap in Childcare in Canada: A Decomposition Analysis." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 12, no. 4 (September 4, 2018): 458–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801018786133.
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Using the 2010 General Social Survey in Time Use (Canadian Time Diary data set, N = 1782), we explore the relationship between the education level of couples and the time they spend on childcare. We find that fathers and mothers with higher levels of educational attainment spend more time parenting children. However, the education childcare gradient is stronger for mothers than fathers. Consequently, the gender gap in childcare is much greater for couples with more educational attainment. The Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition results of these gender gaps by education level suggest very little can be attributed to how mothers and fathers at different levels of education differ on demographic and workplace characteristics. We argue that the differences in parenting time accompanying socio-economic status are more likely attributed to differences in parenting values. JEL Classifications: I24, J13, J16, C10
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Gandhi Kingdon, G. "The Gender Gap in Educational Attainment in India: How Much Can Be Explained?" Journal of Development Studies 39, no. 2 (December 2002): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331322741.
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Dussaillant, Francisca. "The intergenerational transmission of maternal human capital and the gender gap in educational attainment." Economics Letters 111, no. 3 (June 2011): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.02.002.
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Mandel, Hadas, and Assaf Rotman. "Revealing the Concealed Effect of Top Earnings on the Gender Gap in the Economic Value of Higher Education in the United States, 1980–2017." Demography 58, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 551–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9009367.
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Abstract The expansion of women's educational attainment may seem to be a promising path toward achieving economic equality between men and women, given the consistent rise in the economic value of higher education. Using yearly data from 1980 to 2017, we provide an updated and comprehensive examination of the gender gap in education premiums, showing that it is not as promising as it could and should be. Women receive lower rewards to their higher education across the entire wage distribution, and this gender gap increases at the very top education premiums—the top quarter and, even more so, the top decile. Moreover, insufficient theoretical and methodological attention to this top premium effect has left gender inequality concealed in the extensive empirical studies on the topic. Specifically, when we artificially censor the top at the 80th wage percentile, the gender gaps in education premium reverse. Lastly, the growth in earnings inequality in the United States, which is greatly affected by the expansion of top earnings, is associated with the growing gender gap in education premiums over time. We discuss the meaning and implications of this structural disadvantage at a time when women's educational advantage keeps growing and higher education remains the most important factor for economic attainment.
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Sánchez-Vítores, Irene. "Different Governments, Different Interests: The Gender Gap in Political Interest." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 26, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 348–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxy038.
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Abstract In recent decades, differences between men and women have blurred in many social dimensions, including levels of educational attainment or access to the labor market. However, this increase in equality has not been reflected in a proportional reduction in the gender gap in political interest. This paper evaluates the extent of gender differences in political interest regarding different arenas, considering the moderating effect of marriage and caring for others using data from the Citizenship, Involvement, and Democracy Project. Although women generally find local politics more interesting than national politics, family, and caring responsibilities are still a source of disadvantage.
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Assari, Shervin, Pegah Khoshpouri, and Hamid Chalian. "Combined Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Beliefs, Cognitions, and Emotions." Healthcare 7, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010017.
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Aim: To determine whether socioeconomic status (SES; educational attainment and income) explains the racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in a national sample of American adults. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, data came from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017, which included a nationally representative sample of American adults. The study enrolled 2277 adults who were either non-Hispanic Black (n = 409) or non-Hispanic White (n = 1868). Race, demographic factors (age and gender), SES (i.e., educational attainment and income), health access (insurance status, usual source of care), family history of cancer, fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries were measured. We ran structural equation models (SEMs) for data analysis. Results: Race and SES were associated with perceived risk of cancer, cancer worries, and fatalistic cancer beliefs, suggesting that non-Hispanic Blacks, low educational attainment and low income were associated with higher fatalistic cancer beliefs, lower perceived risk of cancer, and less cancer worries. Educational attainment and income only partially mediated the effects of race on cancer beliefs, emotions, and cognitions. Race was directly associated with fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries, net of SES. Conclusions: Racial gap in SES is not the only reason behind racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions. Racial gap in cancer related beliefs, emotions, and cognitions is the result of race and SES rather than race or SES. Elimination of racial gap in socioeconomic status will not be enough for elimination of racial disparities in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in the United States.
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Wolfe, Joseph D. "Age, Cohort, and Social Change: Parental and Spousal Education and White Women’s Health Limitations From 1967 to 2012." Research on Aging 41, no. 2 (September 13, 2018): 186–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027518800486.
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A large body of research finds that the association between educational attainment and health is at historic highs for White women. Rapid changes in labor force participation, access to high-paying jobs, and gender attitudes have radically altered the meaning of education for women’s lives and their dependence on the socioeconomic attainments of their families. Drawing on three nationally representative longitudinal surveys conducted from 1967 to 2012, this study examines how personal, parental, and spousal attainments contribute to the widening education gap in health for successive cohorts of White women ( N = 8,405). Overall, the health of women did not change substantially across cohorts, but results did uncover cohort differences among low-educated women that were linked to parental and spousal educational attainments and personal earnings. These findings confirm growing educational inequalities in health and demonstrate the importance of historical context and family attainments when examining cohort variation in the education–health relationship.
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Christie, Pamela, and Michael Shannon. "Educational attainment and the gender wage gap: evidence from the 1986 and 1991 Canadian censuses." Economics of Education Review 20, no. 2 (April 2001): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7757(99)00058-8.
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Owens, Jayanti. "Early Childhood Behavior Problems and the Gender Gap in Educational Attainment in the United States." Sociology of Education 89, no. 3 (June 22, 2016): 236–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038040716650926.
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Why do men in the United States today complete less schooling than women? One reason may be gender differences in early self-regulation and prosocial behaviors. Scholars have found that boys’ early behavioral disadvantage predicts their lower average academic achievement during elementary school. In this study, I examine longer-term effects: Do these early behavioral differences predict boys’ lower rates of high school graduation, college enrollment and graduation, and fewer years of schooling completed in adulthood? If so, through what pathways are they linked? I leverage a nationally representative sample of children born in the 1980s to women in their early to mid-20s and followed into adulthood. I use decomposition and path analytic tools to show that boys’ higher average levels of behavior problems at age 4 to 5 years help explain the current gender gap in schooling by age 26 to 29, controlling for other observed early childhood factors. In addition, I find that early behavior problems predict outcomes more for boys than for girls. Early behavior problems matter for adult educational attainment because they tend to predict later behavior problems and lower achievement.
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Mukong, Alfred, Nikanor Shiwayu, and Teresia Kaulihowa. "A decomposition of the gender gap in financial inclusion : evidence from Namibia." African Journal of Business and Economic Research 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2020/v15n4a7.
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This paper investigated the determinants of the gender gap in financial inclusion in Namibia, a country where women are more financially included than men. We employed the probit model to identify the determinants of financial inclusion and the Fairlie decomposition to examine the contribution of these factors to the gender gap in financial inclusion. The results suggest that the observed gender gap in financially included is insignificant. We found that individual characteristics such as financial literacy, educational attainment and proximity to financial institutions, contribute positively and significantly to the observed gender gap. Thus, any policy action geared towards improving the level of financial inclusion of disadvantaged women should focus on enhancing their level of education, financial knowledge and access (proximity) to financial institutions. However, the contribution of other individual and household characteristics cannot be completely ignored.
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Sakamoto, Arthur, Ernesto F. L. Amaral, Sharron Xuanren Wang, and Courtney Nelson. "The Socioeconomic Attainments of Second-Generation Nigerian and Other Black Americans: Evidence from the Current Population Survey, 2009 to 2019." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312110019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211001971.
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Second-generation black Americans have been inadequately studied in prior quantitative research. The authors seek to ameliorate this research gap by using the Current Population Survey to investigate education and wages among second-generation black Americans with a focus on Nigerian Americans. The latter group has been identified in some qualitative studies as having particularly notable socioeconomic attainments. The results indicate that the educational attainment of second-generation Nigerian Americans exceeds other second-generation black Americans, third- and higher generation African Americans, third- and higher generation whites, second-generation whites, and second-generation Asian Americans. Controlling for age, education, and disability, the wages of second-generation Nigerian Americans have reached parity with those of third- and higher generation whites. The educational attainment of other second-generation black Americans exceeds that of third- and higher generation African Americans but has reached parity with that of third- and higher generation whites only among women. These results indicate significant socioeconomic variation within the African American/black category by gender, ethnicity, and generational status that merits further research.
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Neiman, Jayme L. "Jackie (and Jill) Robinson in the Statehouse: Gender and Educational Attainment Influences on Office-Holding and Leadership Positions in the U.S. States." International Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 6 (May 13, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v5i6.2290.
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While legislative gender disparity has declined over the past few decades, gender imbalance has continued to be a stubborn fact of representative democracy in the United States. This divide persists even though females have caught up in terms of the historical educational gap. These societal shifts have been significant, however little time has been devoted to analysis of legislator education levels and none to the relationship with gender in the extant literature. This paper seeks to fill that gap, looking at the intersection through the lens of one of the prevailing theories of the expectations of female candidates and legislators.
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Doren, Catherine, and Katherine Y. Lin. "Diverging Trajectories or Parallel Pathways? An Intersectional and Life Course Approach to the Gender Earnings Gap by Race and Education." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311987381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119873816.
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Integrating ideas about intersectionality with life course theories, we explore how trajectories of gender earnings inequality vary across race and education. Past research suggests that gender earnings gaps by race and education are narrower for more disadvantaged groups, yet it remains unknown whether these key differences amplify, decline, or remain constant over the life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we estimate growth curve models of annual earnings, examining differences between blacks and whites and by educational attainment in the levels and slopes of men and women’s earnings from ages 22 to 47. Findings show that holding multiple forms of gendered, racial, and/or educational advantage has an interactive effect that accumulates across life. Accordingly, the gender gap expands most with age for whites and the college-educated, where the male premium is compounded by racial and/or educational advantages.
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Legewie, Joscha, and Thomas A. DiPrete. "Family Determinants of the Changing Gender Gap in Educational Attainment: A Comparison of the U.S. and Germany." Schmollers Jahrbuch 129, no. 2 (April 2009): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.129.2.169.
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Zveglich, Joseph E., Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, and William M. Rodgers. "The Persistence of Gender Earnings Inequality in Taiwan, 1978–1992." ILR Review 50, no. 4 (July 1997): 594–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705000403.
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During the 1980s, Taiwan's industry and export mixes shifted toward higher-skill, technology-intensive products, and lower-skill, labor-intensive industries began moving abroad. Despite improvements in women's skills and educational attainment relative to men's, the mean gender earnings ratio between 1978 and 1992 remained at 65%. The authors analyze household survey data from Taiwan's Manpower Utilization Survey to examine why rapid structural change was not accompanied by a narrowing of the gender gap. The results strongly suggest that large losses experienced by women in unmeasured gender-specific factors—which could reflect the effects of labor market intermittency, growing gender differences in unobserved skills, or an increase in wage discrimination against women—offset their relative gains in education and experience. Further evidence provides no support for a widening gender gap in labor force commitment or in unobserved skills, suggesting that wage discrimination against female workers increased over time.
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Green, Alan, and Danielle Sanderson. "The Roots of STEM Achievement: An Analysis of Persistence and Attainment in STEM Majors." American Economist 63, no. 1 (August 2, 2017): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0569434517721770.
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This article analyzes persistence and attainment in postsecondary science, engineering, technology, and math (STEM) education using data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study. Ability is shown to have a consistent impact on STEM performance. Self-efficacy has large estimated impacts, and there is evidence of strong bias against women. High school math preparation and attending small colleges increase the likelihood of noninterested students switching to STEM fields. Overall, there is little evidence that collegiate educational experiences affect persistence or attainment. The results indicate that policies to improve high school math preparation and address the gender gap would be most effective. JEL Classifications: I21, I28
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Pitts, Joshua D., and Charles Kroncke. "Educational Attainment and the Gender Wage Gap: A Comparison of Young Men and Women in 1984 and 2007." Forum for Social Economics 43, no. 2 (October 18, 2012): 123–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2012.736077.
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van Hek, Margriet, Gerbert Kraaykamp, and Maarten H. J. Wolbers. "Comparing the gender gap in educational attainment: the impact of emancipatory contexts in 33 cohorts across 33 countries." Educational Research and Evaluation 22, no. 5-6 (August 17, 2016): 260–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2016.1256222.
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Emerek, Ruth. "Intersectionality - an intercategorical empirical apporach." Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v26i1.109682.
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The aim of this article is to demonstrate how to empirically uncover intersectional complexity by simple methods. The article is based on three examples of intercategorical complexity. Firstly, by discussing gender mainstreaming, it is shown that a narrow focus on categories without their intersection may give misleading results. Secondly, the pitfalls of a narrow focus on a single section of categories are discussed by means of an example of educational attainment for categories of gender and ancestry. Finally, using the example of a study of the gender pay gap, it is shown how a breakdown of a study in partial analyses may reveal intersectionality. The examples show how interaction and interwoven categories can be included in intercategorical analyses of structural relationships.
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Willems, Barbara, Stéphane Cullati, Vincent De Prez, Vladimir Jolidon, Claudine Burton-Jeangros, and Piet Bracke. "Cancer Screening Participation and Gender Stratification in Europe." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 61, no. 3 (July 19, 2020): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146520938708.
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The current study examines whether the extent of macrolevel gender inequality affects the association between women’s educational attainment and their participation in cervical and breast cancer screening and how this relationship is moderated by a country’s cancer screening strategy (organized vs. opportunistic). A multilevel design with women (Ncervical = 99,794; Nbreast = 55,021) nested in 30 European countries was used to analyze data from the European Health Interview Survey (2013–2015). Results of multilevel logistic regression models demonstrate that higher macrolevel gender inequality is associated with (a) a lower overall likelihood that women have had a mammography and Pap smear and (b) a larger gap in participation between women with low and high levels of education, regardless of a country’s screening strategy (i.e., no moderation by a country’s screening strategy was found). We conclude that macrolevel gender stratification should not be neglected when designing cancer screening policy.
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Levasseur, Pierre. "‘Fat black sheep’: Educational penalties of childhood obesity in an emerging country." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 3394–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020002906.
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AbstractObjective:This article explores the relationship between childhood obesity and educational outcomes in Mexico, a country where excess weight is predominant.Design:Using complementary multivariate estimators, we empirically investigate the association between childhood excess weight, measured in 2002, and schooling attainment measured 10 years later. Non-linear specifications are tested, and heterogeneous effects according to gender, living area and economic backgrounds are investigated.Setting:To fill the literature gap, this study focuses on the understudied context of emerging countries such as Mexico.Participants:Panel data from the Mexican Family Life Survey (2002–2012) are used. We restricted the sample to adolescent individuals who had between 9 and 15 years old in 2002 (attended primary or secondary school in 2002). The survey provides an accurate follow-up information on weight, height and waist circumference for each individual.Results:Controlling for a comprehensive set of covariates, we find that the relationship is non-linear in Mexico. While weight-based childhood obesity and abdominal adiposity are significantly associated with lower school attainment, at least in urban settings, no schooling gap is found between overweight students and their normal-weight counterparts. Along with rural–urban heterogeneity, obesity-based educational penalties appear to be stronger for girls and students from privileged economic backgrounds.Conclusions:These results emphasise the co-occurrence of anti-fat and pro-fat social norms in Mexican schools: while anti-fat norms may particularly concern female, richer and urban students, pro-fat norms might persist among male, poorer and rural students. These findings have important implications for public policy, namely about awareness anti-obesity programmes.
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Ginn, Jay, and Sara Arber. "Degrees of Freedom: Do Graduate Women escape the Motherhood Gap in Pensions?" Sociological Research Online 7, no. 2 (May 2002): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.717.
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British women's increasing levels of educational attainment have led to expectations of gender convergence in employment patterns and hence in lifetime earnings and pension income. However, it is not clear how far losses due to motherhood vary with educational qualifications. A polarisation in mothers’ employment is evident, according to whether women have high levels of educational and occupational capital and some writers have suggested that a young graduate mother is likely to maintain almost continuous full time employment, with minimal loss of lifetime earnings and no loss of pension income. This paper uses data from the British General Household Surveys from 1994-1996 to examine how the impact of childrearing on women's full and part time employment, earnings and private pension coverage varies according to educational level. Less than half of women with dependent children were employed full time in all educational groups, including graduates. Even among women graduates, only a third of those with a pre- school child were in full time employment. Motherhood substantially reduced women's earnings and private pension coverage at all educational levels, indicating the scale of losses in lifetime earnings and hence in private pension entitlements. The motherhood gap in private pension coverage was least for graduates and greatest for mid-skilled women but in view of the amount of the motherhood gap among graduates it is concluded that the pension protective effect of a degree for mothers has been overstated.
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Brunn, Rachelle, and Grace Kao. "WHERE ARE ALL THE BOYS?" Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 5, no. 1 (2008): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x08080077.
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AbstractWe explore the gender gap in college completion among Blacks and Whites. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, we examine how early school achievement and educational expectations affect attainment by following a nationally representative sample of youths from 1988 (approximately age fourteen) to 2000 (approximately age twenty-six). The odds of attaining an associate's or a bachelor's degree among Black women are greater than the odds among White men after controlling for family socioeconomic status. However, the difference between Black men and White men is additionally dependent on differences in middle school and high school achievement and in high school sequencing.
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Anderson, Gordon, Teng Wah Leo, and Robert Muelhaupt. "Measuring Advances in Equality of Opportunity: The Changing Gender Gap in Educational Attainment in Canada in the Last Half Century." Social Indicators Research 119, no. 1 (November 7, 2013): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0490-9.
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Raudenbush, Stephen, and Rafa Kasim. "Cognitive Skill and Economic Inequality: Findings from the National Adult Literacy Survey." Harvard Educational Review 68, no. 1 (April 1, 1998): 33–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.68.1.1j47150021346123.
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Few would deny that the civil rights and women's movements have substantially changed U.S. society. Yet ethnic and gender inequality in employment and earnings remain large. Even when comparisons are confined to persons of similar educational attainment, African Americans and Hispanic Americans earn less than European Americans, women earn less than men, and African Americans suffer a substantially elevated risk of unemployment. One prominent explanation for ethnic differences in earnings and employment is that, holding constant access to schooling, differences in economic outcomes reflect differences in cognitive skills that have become decisive in the modern labor market. A prominent explanation for the gender gap emphasizes gender differences in occupational preference, with women choosing occupations that are lower paying. Based on an intensive analysis of data from the U.S. National Adult Literacy Survey, the authors find that these two explanations are only partly successful in illuminating ethnic and gender inequality in employment and earnings. Alternative explanations emphasizing labor market discrimination and residential segregation cannot be ignored. In this article, Stephen Raudenbush and Rafa Kasim consider the implications of this new evidence for current debates about affirmative action and educational reform.
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Chege, Fatuma N. "Phenomenological Underpinnings for Gender and Feminist Research in Education." Msingi Journal 1, no. 1 (February 8, 2019): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/mj.v1i1.90.
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This paper addresses the near-absence of feminist theorisation and methodological considerationsas a conceptual gap in the gender research in African contexts.Not only is this perceived gaprelevant toresearch onfamily and community but it also implicateseducational research that mainly focuses on schooling and its interactions with other social institutionstoperpetuate subordination of women. Arguably,addressing this conceptual gap effectively withincritical and scholarly analytical stanceshas the potential to enhance the unmasking of the subtle drivers of women’ssubordination, that are oftenelusive in gender analysis that is outside the feminist mission.The author usesthe analytic and critical methods of philosophyto elucidate and foreground phenomenological underpinningsthat influencethe construction of gender power relations in the context of feminist theoretical mission which advocates for the understanding of women’s subordination through their voices as well as embracing the political task of challenging and dismantling female subordination in society. The philosophical arguments advanced herein, yield recommendationsand conclusions based on critical analysis of selected examples that are derived from gender research in African contexts and which are relevant to the feminist agenda. The key objective of this paper ismake theoretical and methodological contribution to the field of gender and educational researchthat inform researchers working in 21st Century African settings in pursuance of the attainment of the United Nations SDG 5 on ensuring gender equality and not in the least, SDG 4 on quality education and lifelong learning for all.
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MacLean, Alair, and Meredith Kleykamp. "Income Inequality and the Veteran Experience." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 663, no. 1 (December 10, 2015): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215596964.
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Previous researchers have evaluated how the dramatic rise in income inequality has affected the members of various groups of workers, such as those defined by gender, union status, and educational attainment. Yet apparently no researchers have yet explored how this increase may have affected people grouped by previous military service. This chapter addresses this gap by assessing trends in wage inequality between male veterans and nonveterans, and among veterans between 1979 and 2010. The findings suggest that similar to other groups, veterans have experienced decreased between-group inequality and increased within-group inequality and that these changes may stem not just from period but also from cohort effects.
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Mahmood, Naushin. "Transition in Primary and Secondary Schooling in Pakistan: Gender and Age Cohort Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i1pp.53-71.
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This study assesses the changing pattern of school attendance through age cohort analysis for both males and females in Pakistan. Based on the 1998 census data on educational attainment, the results indicate a profound rise in school attendance among younger age cohorts contributing to elimination of gender gap in primary-level schooling in urban areas only. The disadvantaged situation of rural females is reflected by a combination of low school entries/attendance to begin with, and high chance of discontinuing education before completing primary levels. The pattern of school transition reveals that among those few who have completed Class Five, the chances of staying through the secondary level are much higher—after which dropout accelerates rapidly. Two overall conclusions emerge from these results. First, the bulk of the deficit from universal primary education comes from females population, especially in rural areas. Second, the key to reducing dropouts and gender gap in school attendance lies in actions that raise the demand for schooling of girls, with equally matched availability of quality primary- and secondarylevel schools. It appears that achieving universal primary education by 2015, as mandated in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), remains a tall order for Pakistan.
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Tomala, Magdalena, and Michał Słowak. "Gender equality influence on the economic development in the Baltic Sea Region." Przegląd Europejski, no. 3.20 (September 1, 2020): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.20.9.
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One of the most exposed value in an Age of Neoliberalism is a gender equality, which is an essential condition to achieve goals of economic growth, employment and social cohesion. The Baltic Sea Region (BSR) is a non-homogeneous region. When examining the economic situation of the region, the BSR countries are traditionally divided into two groups: (1) the high-income countries Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Germany and Iceland, which are called “old market economy countries”, or “developed economies of the region”; (2) the middle- or low-income countries as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. The latter are classified as post-socialist or transitional economies. The aim of the article is to analyse similarities and differences between those two groups of countries from 2006 to 2016 (ten years). The article compared gender gap using special tools as an economic participation, educational attainment and political empowerment
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Demack, Sean, David Drew, and Mike Grimsley. "Minding the Gap: Ethnic, gender and social class differences in attainment at 16, 1988‐95." Race Ethnicity and Education 3, no. 2 (June 2000): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613320050074005.
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Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Gunnel Hensing, Simon Øverland, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Børge Sivertsen, Jussi Vahtera, Grethe S. Tell, and Inger Haukenes. "The gender gap in accrued pension rights – an indicator of women’s accumulated disadvantage over the course of working life. The Hordaland Health Study (HUSK)." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 3 (July 4, 2017): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817715845.
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Aims: Economic gender equality is one of the goals of the Nordic Welfare states. Despite this, there is a considerable gender gap in pensionable income in the European Union, and an unmet need for measures that absorb more of the complexity associated with accumulated (dis)advantages across gender and population groups. The aims of the present study were to examine the gender difference in association between average earned pension points and 1) education and 2) current occupational prestige, and to discuss pension points as a possible indicator of accumulated disadvantages. Methods: We linked a community-based survey, the Hordaland Health study (HUSK), to the national register of insurance benefits (FD-trygd). This made it possible to trace gendered patterns of economic (dis)advantages associated with educational level, career development and gainful work over the life course for 17,275 individuals. Results: We found profound differences in earned accrued pension rights between men and women across socioeconomic strata, and a significant interaction between pension rights and gender in the association with education and occupational prestige. Our findings indicate that men, as a group, may have lower educational attainment and occupational prestige than women, and still earn more pension points throughout their career. These differences place women at risk for future economic strain and deprivation over and above their similarly educated and positioned male counterparts. Conclusions: We suggest that accrued pension rights may be a relevant measure of accumulated (dis)advantages over the course of working life, and a useful indicator when gender equality is measured and discussed.
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Tverdostup, Maryna, and Tiiu Paas. "Gender-specific human capital: identification and quantifying its wage effects." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 6 (September 4, 2017): 854–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-05-2016-0111.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better understand the possible reasons behind gender pay disparities, focussing on the unique features of male and female human capital and their wage returns. Despite increasing convergence of male and female human capital attainments, substantial differences remain. Extraction of human capital components non-overlapping across genders provides more profound explanation of the unexplained wage gap of men and women. Design/methodology/approach Starting with the non-parametric matching-based decomposition technique, the authors extend the pay gap estimation framework and focus on males and females having no counterpart in a set of characteristics within the opposite gender. The authors identify gender-unique human capital in terms of differences in distribution of individual characteristics across men and women and gender-specific combination of human capital characteristics. Wage returns to gender-specific profiles are evaluated applying wage regression on both full distribution of earnings and wage quantiles. The research relies on the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) database for Estonia, which incorporates both formal education and cognitive skill records. Findings The study identifies sets of characteristics and competencies exclusive for both genders, proving that male and female profiles cannot be directly compared. The results suggest that men possess high individual and combined abilities in numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environment, not always reached by females. This potentiates men’s higher earnings in spite of their generally lower formal educational attainments. Wage gap analysis over the full distribution of earnings shows even larger “glass ceiling” effect for females, possessing woman-specific human capital. Originality/value The authors raise a research from a novel perspective towards a role of human capital in gender wage inequality. Instead of usual reference to observable gaps in male and female characteristics, the authors identify the gender-specific human capital profiles, to a large extent non-reached by the opposite gender. Analysed associations between gender-specific characteristics and earnings provide an insight to possible effects of gender-unique human capital on a male-female wage disparity.
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Pardal, Vaani, Madeliene Alger, and Ioana Latu. "Implicit and Explicit Gender Stereotypes at the Bargaining Table: Male Counterparts’ Stereotypes Predict Women’s Lower Performance in Dyadic Face-to-Face Negotiations." Sex Roles 83, no. 5-6 (January 8, 2020): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01112-1.
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AbstractIn every major occupational group and at every level of educational attainment, U.S. women earn less than men (Carnevale et al. 2018). Besides a component explained by objective factors (e.g., hours worked, occupation, experience), the gender wage gap includes a large component unexplained by objective factors. This latter component may be attributed, at least in part, to factors such as gender stereotyping and discrimination. In one study, we focus specifically on negotiation partners’ gender stereotypes by investigating mock face-to-face negotiations around salary and benefits mimicking real world job settings. We specifically investigated whether U.S. women’s (n = 83) negotiation performance was predicted by their negotiation counterparts’ implicit and explicit gender stereotypes and whether these effects depended on the gender of the negotiation counterpart and their randomly assigned power role in the negotiation (recruiter vs. candidate). Overall, our findings suggest that regardless of women’s power role in negotiations, women’s lower performance is predicted by their male counterparts’ higher implicit stereotypes. For female recruiters, this effect is further qualified by their male counterparts’ explicit stereotypes. Our discussion explores how temporary power roles contribute to the expression of implicit and explicit gender stereotypes in negotiations. We also discuss practice implications for reducing negative effects of stereotypes on women’s negotiation performance.
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Gupta, Debasree Das. "The Effect of Gender on Women-led Small Enterprises: The Case of India." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 2, no. 1 (June 2013): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977913480654.
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The importance of women-led enterprises for any country’s economic growth and competitiveness is well established. According to a 2009 study, in India female-run enterprises in recent years have performed significantly better than other enterprises in terms of productivity and export percentages. However, gender gap in entrepreneurial initiatives in India is among the highest in the world. Although accepted as crucial, the role of public policy towards addressing these barriers is under-researched in the entrepreneurship literature. Further, the current evidence base on state-level predictors of female enterprises is scant. The aim of this study is to highlight these gaps. In doing so, the focus is on interpreting the role of gender correlates—fertility, female educational attainment and female economic activities—in facilitating or hindering women-led enterprises. Indeed, previous studies have identified gender-related factors to have the greatest impact on women’s choice in not taking up entrepreneurial activities. An empirical regression analysis and a qualitative review of the institutional environment are conducted. The findings presented in this study indicate the need for a realignment of policy focus towards addressing gender barriers and developing managerial skills, in addition to technical skills, of women entrepreneurs.
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Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Verena. "Gendering governance: the case of Mauritius." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 33, no. 6 (August 12, 2014): 535–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-02-2013-0003.
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Purpose – The relationship between gender and governance is often neglected in both conceptual and empirical work. However, gender equality in the decision-making fora is vital, for enabling far-reaching social change and for empowering people excluded from decision making. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the participation of women in governance institutions in a small island economy like Mauritius. Though, there has been some progress in Mauritius in redressing the gender imbalance in national and local governance processes, more is still to be achieved. This paper analyses women participation in governance by using gender-sensitive governance indicators. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from different sources namely from the Mauritian Electoral Commissioner's Office, Statistics Mauritius, Mauritius Household Budget Surveys and the Ministry of Education and Human Resources. Data were also made available from the Global Gender Gap Report, 2012; the Global Parliamentary Report, 2012 and the SADC Gender Protocol Barometer, 2012. These data were used in the computation of gender-sensitive governance indicators used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2006). The indicators are the Global Gender Gap Index, the percentage of seats reserved in parliament for women, voter turnout among registered females and prevalence of women in poor districts. Findings – The paper argues that the overall gender gap index for Mauritius has increased over the years but the scores for economic participation and political attainment remain very low. In the economic sphere, the author note a rising female unemployment rate, though girls perform better than boys at all educational levels. Mauritius has been adept at the politics of recognition of different ethnic groups but this approach has not addressed the issue of women. The findings reveal that women are often excluded from decision making, from the household up to the highest levels of policymaking. The “invisibility” of women in parliament, is a concern and is “a grave democratic deficit” for the country (Sachs, 2001). Originality/value – No study has taken a gender perspective of governance issues in Mauritius. The author assess the importance of gender in a democratic country like Mauritius which has performed well on the economic front but gender is still too often ignored in governance and other spheres. There is thus a growing need for greater gender equality and participation of women in governance institutions and processes.
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Minahan, Jacquelyn. "MULTIMORBIDITY IN OLDER ADULTS: CAN DISEASE CLUSTER PREDICT DEPRESSION SEVERITY?" Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S393—S394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1450.
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Abstract Multimorbidity, defined as the co-occurrence of two or more chronic conditions, is positively correlated with depression severity among older adults. However, few studies have compared depression outcomes by disease cluster. To address this gap, secondary data analyses were performed using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), Wave 2. For the purpose of this study, disease clusters are composed of conditions that implicate similar body systems (e.g., musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system). Participants reported an average of 2.69 (+/- 1.97) chronic conditions. Multimorbidity and depressive symptom severity, as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression, Iowa Form (CES-D) were positively associated (p<0.001). Individual disease clusters, age, self-identifying as female, and lower educational attainment were predictive of depressive symptom severity (p<0.001). Findings support the necessary inclusion of social determinants (health status, gender, education, age) in the conceptualization of health and health outcomes within an aging population.
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Rueda-Salazar, Sarahí, Jeroen Spijker, Daniel Devolder, and Cecilia Albala. "The contribution of social participation to differences in life expectancy and healthy years among the older population: A comparison between Chile, Costa Rica and Spain." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): e0248179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248179.
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We study the health trajectories of the population aged over 60, comparing between one European and two Latin American countries (Spain, Chile and Costa Rica) which have similar longevity patterns. Our focus is on functional limitation and mortality risks, considering differences by gender, education and social participation. Data come from national panel surveys (EPS, CRELES, SHARE). Multistate modelling is used to estimate transition probabilities between two health states: healthy to unhealthy, unhealthy to healthy as well as the transition to death from healthy or unhealthy states, to estimate the duration of stay in a specific state (computing healthy and unhealthy life expectancies) and the effect of the selected covariates. Results show that older Costa Ricans have the smallest gender gap in life expectancy but women have a lower healthy life expectancy compared to those in Chile and Spain. Participation in social activities leads to higher healthy life expectancy among the elderly in Costa Rica and Spain, whilst there were no relevant educational differences observed in longevity in the analysed countries. To conclude: despite the different patterns observed in health transitions and survival across the three countries, social participation is associated with greater health and longevity among people of old age, with little effect coming from educational attainment. Public policies should therefore be aimed at reducing unhealthy life years and dependency at advanced ages by promoting more engagement in social activities, especially among vulnerable groups who are more likely to experience impairment from a younger age.
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Lyulyov, Oleksii V., Oleksandra I. Karintseva, Andrii V. Yevdokymov, Hanna S. Ponomarova, and Oleksandr O. Ivanov. "Gender Impact on the Enterprise Performance." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 4 (2020): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2019.86.06.
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The article describes the situation of gender equality in Ukraine and in the world during the last 5 years, identifies the leading countries in moving towards gender equality in various fields of life by analyzing the indicators of the Global Gender Gap Report of the World Economic Forum. These indicators include: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, Political Empowerment, which are the part of a single index that determines the position of countries in the overall ranking. Based on the results of this analysis, Ukraine has improved value of gender equality index, although in the overall ranking of countries Ukraine has lost its position and dropped 11 ranks lower than in 2014. This means that, among all the countries surveyed by the World Economic Forum, there are countries that are moving much faster towards gender equality than Ukraine. In addition, the article includes the investigation of the gender representation among the board members of 5 enterprises of Ukraine for 2014-2017, which represent the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The dynamics of changes in the level of performance of these enterprises using the return on assets (ROA) indicator is analyzed, the relationship between the leadership of the enterprises and the value of the ROA indicator is graphically presented. The obtained results do not give a clear answer about the gender impact on the enterprise performance. The reason for this is a number of factors, such as: insufficient statistical sampling of enterprises; the selected performance indicator of enterprise activities does not fully reflect the impact of the gender factor on enterprise activities; the methodology used in the work needs improvements, or it is necessary to choose a totally new approach to the analysis of the investigated issue under study. Gender representation among board members and its impact on enterprise performance should be investigated further. Key words: gender, gender equality, enterprise board members, return on assets.
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Benito, Shandra G., Thomas S. Glassman, and Bridget G. Hiedemann. "Disability and Labor Market Earnings." Journal of Disability Policy Studies 27, no. 3 (July 13, 2016): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044207316658752.
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Over one million Americans aged 15 years and older are deaf or hard of hearing. These individuals may face barriers to and within the labor market, leading to lower employment rates and reduced earnings compared with their counterparts without a hearing disability. Our study contributes to the sparse literature on the relationship between hearing disability and labor market outcomes by examining “hearing earnings gaps,” namely, earnings gaps between individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing and their counterparts without a hearing disability. Using a sample of 25- to 40-year-old full-time year-round workers from the 2011 American Community Survey, we estimate separate earnings equations by hearing ability and gender using generalized estimating equations. For both men and women, Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions indicate that roughly 40% of the overall hearing earnings gap is attributable to differences in educational attainment, potential experience, race/ethnicity, and marital status. The remaining 60% may reflect differences in communication skills and other unobservable characteristics, occupational segregation, labor market discrimination, and stigma.
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Zimmermann, Calvin Rashaud, and Grace Kao. "UNEQUAL RETURNS TO CHILDREN’S EFFORTS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 16, no. 2 (2019): 417–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x20000016.
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AbstractResearch demonstrates the importance of noncognitive skills for educational achievement and attainment. Scholars argue that gender differences in noncognitive skills contribute to the gender gap in education. However, the intersection of student race/ethnicity and gender remains underexplored. Studies that examine how noncognitive skills affect gender or racial disparities in teachers’ perceptions of academic skills often assume that children’s noncognitive skills have the same benefit for all children. This is questionable given that research suggests that racial biases affect teachers’ perceptions of children’s noncognitive skills. Using national data, our paper examines how first-grade teachers’ ratings of approaches to learning affect their ratings of children’s academic skills. We also test if teachers’ ratings of children’s noncognitive skills have similar benefits across racial/ethnic and gender categories. We use two unidimensional approaches and an intersectional approach to gauge whether an intersectional approach gives us additional leverage that the unidimensional approaches obscure. The two unidimensional approaches reveal important results that suggest that children are differentially penalized by race/ethnicity or gender. Our race/ethnicity findings suggest that, in comparison to White children with identical noncognitive skills and test scores, teachers penalize Black children in math and advantage Asian children in literacy. Findings from our gender analyses suggest that teachers penalize girls in both math and literacy. Our intersectional findings indicate that an intersectional approach gives us additional leverage obscured by both unidimensional approaches. First, we find that Black girls and Black boys are differentially penalized in math. Secondly, for teachers’ ratings of literacy, our results suggest that teachers penalize Asian girls but not Asian boys in comparison to White boys. We discuss the implications of our study for understanding the complex relationship between noncognitive skills and social stratification.
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Maji, Krishnendu, and Sumana Sarkar. "Intra-District Disparities in Primary Education: A Case Study of Bankura District, West Bengal." Space and Culture, India 4, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v4i3.214.
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The level of education and its response to different educational opportunities vary from one spatial unit to another depending on various factors like social, economic, cultural, and institutional. It is understood that certain regions acquire relative advancements over others in terms of human resource development and human capital formation. The key purpose of this research is to examine the intra-district disparities in primary education in Bankura District one of the districts of West Bengal. It ranks 11thamong the 19 districts of West Bengal (Human Development Report, 2007). Overall literacy rate of the district stands at 70.26% but the district scores low in terms of female literacy rates, which is 60.05%,whereas the male literacy rate is 80.05%, which is a huge gender literacy gap of 20%. There are also regional inequalities existing at block level. Kotulpur ranks first with a literacy rate of 78.01% while Saltora occupies the bottom position with literacy rate of just 61.45% (Census of India, 2011). The level of educational development is dependent on several factors—enrolment ratio, dropout and repetition rates, pupil-teacher ratio, habitations covered by educational institutions, space-student ratio, drinking water and sanitation facilities in school, etc. In this context, the present study aims at examining the issues of intra-district disparities in educational attainment with regard to various educational amenities of Bankura district, West Bengal. Ten attributes have been selected to examine the level of development in primary education. It is clear from the study that the level of development in eastern part of the district is relatively better in comparison to other regions. Economic backwardness and physical bottlenecks continue to be major issues in western blocks.
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Nwosu, Belinda. "Hospitality education: sustainable empowerment opportunities for Nigerian women." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-10-2013-0039.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to explore sustainable tourism initiatives, particularly by identifying the extent to which hospitality education has empowered Nigerian female graduates in their professional and economic circumstances. Design/methodology/approach – The scope is limited to graduates from an all-female institution offering tertiary-level programmes in hospitality, using the survey method. Findings – The paper shows significant relationships between level of educational attainment, type of employment engaged in, and the range of income of hospitality graduates. Research limitations/implications – A limitation to this study is the relatively small size of the sample (300) and subsequent number of respondents (80). Practical implications – The implications follow through from the potential strategies identified in the study that may be adopted by the tourism industry for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the principles of the UN Global Compact particularly in the promotion of sustainable initiatives for women through hospitality education. Originality/value – Gender and empowerment in tourism has been researched extensively from a commercial standpoint. However, this paper address the gap in the literature as it relates to specialised hospitality education as a contributory factor in the empowerment of women.
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Tivaringe, Tafadzwa. "The social unemployment gap in South Africa: Limits of enabling socio-economic redress through expanding access to higher education." education policy analysis archives 27 (December 9, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.4461.
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The South African government recently adopted an education policy that attempts to achieve socio-economic redress through expanding free university education to first-year students from low-income backgrounds. However, in a country in which structural factors such as race, gender, and age continue to shape labor market outcomes, to what extent can attainment of university education significantly improve the labor market outcomes of historically marginalized groups? To evaluate the limits and possible unintended consequences of this policy intervention, I use nationally representative data from 1994 through 2017 to explore the correlation between a bachelor’s degree and the likelihood of unemployment. Using a logistic regression and predicted probabilities, I show that, despite the existence of a race-based affirmative action policy designed to alleviate structural barriers in South Africa’s labor market, structural factors still significantly attenuate the role of university education in enabling labor force participation among historically marginalized groups. I term the effect of these multi-dimensional structural barriers: the social unemployment gap. These findings suggest that the use of university education as a strategy for socio-economic redress in labor markets characterized by structural asymmetries extending beyond race necessitates the existence of intersectional labor market affirmative action policies.
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Assari, Shervin. "Combined Effects of Ethnicity and Education on Burden of Depressive Symptoms over 24 Years in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States." Brain Sciences 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10040209.
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Ethnicity and educational attainment are among the major social determinants of depression in the general population. While high education credentials protect individuals against depressive symptoms, this protection may be weaker for ethnic minority groups such as Hispanic Whites compared to the majority group (non-Hispanic Whites). Built on marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs), the current study used 24-year follow-up data from a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older adults to explore ethnic variation in the protective effect of education levels against the burden of depressive symptoms over time. Data for this analysis were borrowed from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS 1992–ongoing), a nationally representative longitudinal study. HRS followed 8314 middle-aged and older adults (50+ years old) for up to 24 years. From this number, 763 (9.2%) were Hispanic White, and 7551 (90.8%) were non-Hispanic White Americans. Education level was the independent variable. We had two outcomes. Firstly, using cluster analysis, individuals were categorized to low- and high-risk groups (regarding the burden of depressive symptoms over 24 years); secondly, average depressive symptoms were observed over the 24 years of follow up. Age and gender were the covariates. Ethnicity was the moderator. Linear and logistic regression were used for analysis. Logistic regression showed that, overall, high educational credentials reduced the odds of chronic depressive symptoms over the 24 years of follow-up. Linear regression also showed that higher years of education were associated with lower average depressive symptoms over time. Both models showed statistically significant interactions between ethnicity and graduation, indicating a smaller protective effect of high education against depressive symptoms over the 24 years of follow-up time among Hispanic with respect to non-Hispanic White people. In line with the MDRs, highly educated Hispanic White Americans remain at high risk for depressive symptoms, a risk that is unexpected given their education. The burden of depressive symptoms, however, is lowest for highly educated non-Hispanic White Americans. Policies that exclusively focus on equalizing educational gaps across ethnic groups may fail to eliminate the ethnic gap in the burden of chronic depressive symptoms, given the diminished marginal health return of education for ethnic minorities. Public policies must equalize not only education but also educational quality across ethnic groups. This aim would require addressing structural and environmental barriers that are disproportionately more common in the lives of ethnic minorities across education levels. Future research should test how contextual factors, residential segregation, school segregation, labor market practices, childhood poverty, and education quality in urban schools reduce the health return of educational attainment for highly educated ethnic minorities such as Hispanics.
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Thomson, Rachel M., Claire L. Niedzwiedz, and Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi. "Trends in gender and socioeconomic inequalities in mental health following the Great Recession and subsequent austerity policies: a repeat cross-sectional analysis of the Health Surveys for England." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (August 2018): e022924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022924.
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ObjectiveIt is known that mental health deteriorated following the 2008 global financial crisis, and that subsequent UK austerity policies post-2010 disproportionately impacted women and those in deprived areas. We aimed to assess whether gender and socioeconomic inequalities in poor mental health have changed since the onset of austerity policies.DesignRepeat cross-sectional analysis of survey data.SettingEngland.ParticipantsNationally and regionally representative samples of the working-age population (25–64 years) from the Health Survey for England (1991–2014).Outcome measuresPopulation-level poor mental health was measured by General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ) caseness, stratified by gender and socioeconomic position (area-level deprivation and highest educational attainment).ResultsThe prevalence of age-adjusted male GHQ caseness increased by 5.9% (95% CI 3.2% to 8.5%, p<0.001) from 2008 to 2009 in the immediate postrecession period, but recovered to prerecession levels after 2010. In women, there was little change in 2009 or 2010, but an increase of 3.0% (95% CI 1.0% to 5.1%, p=0.004) in 2012 compared with 2008 following the onset of austerity. Estimates were largely unchanged after further adjustment for socioeconomic position, employment status and household income as potential mediators. Relative socioeconomic inequalities in GHQ caseness narrowed from 2008 to 2010 immediately following the recession, with Relative Index of Inequality falling from 2.28 (95% CI 1.89 to 2.76, p<0.001) to 1.85 (95% CI 1.43 to 2.38, p<0.001), but returned to prerecession levels during austerity.ConclusionsGender inequalities in poor mental health narrowed following the Great Recession but widened during austerity, creating the widest gender gap since 1994. Socioeconomic inequalities in poor mental health narrowed immediately postrecession, but this trend may now be reversing. Austerity policies could contribute to widening mental health inequalities.