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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gender Gap; Women; Science And Technology'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Liu, Helen. "Women in Computer Science: A Pseudo-Cohort Analysis of the Technology Industry's Gender Gap." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/781.

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Labor economists have persistently observed a gender gap in both wages and employment within the STEM fields. The prevalence of sexism and the lack of female representation within the technology industry, in particular, has recently been the subject of much media attention. This study seeks to determine the extent of the wage and employment gender gap in this field by examining the labor market outcomes of people who graduated college with a degree in computer science. Using data from the American Community Survey (2009-2011), I compare the aforementioned gender gaps among people with a comput

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2

Adams, Saira-Banu. "Gaming and computer science: Bridging the gender-gap." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6764.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc<br>According to the literature, women are still unrepresented in the field of information technology. Although many women study computer science at first year level, the dropout rate for women—before they graduate—is high, and if they graduate many decide neither to continue with their studies nor to work in the field of information technology. Research has shown that women who have been exposed to computing at some point during their school career or early in their lives, tend to be more open to choosing a career in computer science and are in many cases succe

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Ochwa-Echel, James R. "Gender gap in computer science education : experiences of women in Uganda /." View abstract, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3191711.

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4

Strong, Cynthia D. "Addressing the gender gap : teaching preadolescent girls computer networking concepts /." Online version of thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/12239.

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Bower, Nathan. "The Gender Gap in Technical Communication: How Women Challenge the Predominant Objectivist Paradigm." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5146.

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Women are currently underrepresented in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how this underrepresentation translates to a gender gap in the field of technical communication and how this gap causes women to challenge the predominant objectivist paradigm in the field. Through an investigation of peer-reviewed journal articles, periodicals, critical theory, and articles published in online magazines such as Slate, I identify the gendered nature of modern technology and discuss to what extent a shift in the predominant paradi

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Malmqvist, Amanda. "Glimpsing into the Gender Gap: : Perceptions of gender inequality among women in the tech startup industry." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264048.

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There is a massive gender gap in the tech startup industry. 1% of the CTOs at venture-backed companies in Europe are women and only 1% of the venture capital in Sweden is given to all-female founding teams. The author believes that gender equality should improve because of the fundamental right to have equal opportunities, but also because it could benefit the industry. Research indicates that gender equality, for example, can lead to increased profitability. This thesis is a qualitative study aiming to understand the effects of the industry gender gap by investigating how women in the industr

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Wurah-Norgbey, Enyonam. "Women in Science and Technology in Higher Education in Ghana: Policy Environments and Experiences." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39669.

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In the current era of globalization, knowledge-based innovations are critical for socio-economic development. In most African countries, however, the level of African-based research and development is minuscule. In addition, there continues to be a considerable gender gap in higher education throughout Africa, where male enrolments far outweigh female enrolments, particularly in the science and technology (S&T) fields. This gender discrepancy has raised concerns about the factors that underlie reduced female enrolment in S&T programs in African universities. Equally intriguing, in view of the

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Belichesky, Jennifer. "Living Learning Communities| An Intervention in Keeping Women Strong in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics." Thesis, Loyola Marymount University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3595015.

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<p>The purpose of this study was to expand on the current research pertaining to women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors, better understand the experiences of undergraduate women in the sciences, identify barriers to female persistence in their intended STEM majors, and understand the impact of the STEM co-educational Living Learning Community (LLC) model on female persistence. This study employed a mixed-methods approach that was grounded in standpoint methodology. The qualitative data were collected through focus groups and one-on-one interviews with the fema

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9

Leach, Owen S. "Parallel Hearts Mathematics Game: Using Educational Games To Address the STEM Field Gender Gap." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/292.

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Despite equal educational opportunities, a gender gap develops in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics field amongst American adults. This is caused by various societal factors including pressure for females to pursue more â€œfeminineâ€� careers, biased grading systems, and a vicious cycle of mathematics teaching. Even though females score as well as males on standardized tests, during their middle school years there is a steep drop off in females interested in pursuing STEM careers. This project attempts to close this gap by creating interest in mathematics during these stude

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10

Boitnott, Kitty J. "Comparisons of Attitudes Toward Computer Use and Computer Technology Based on Gender and Race/Ethnicity Among Eighth Graders." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1081.

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The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not having a laptop computer for individual use 24-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week lessens differences between how eighth grade girls and eighth grade boys in 10 middle schools in HenricoCounty, Virginia perceive computer use and computer technology. Having a laptop computer to use at any time of the day or night eliminates the issue of competition between boys and girls for computer use. It also eliminates the need for either girls or boys to perform in front of other students while learning, thus lessening to some degree, feelings of comput

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Thomas, Michaelyn. "Exploring the Advancement of Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Executive Management Positions in the Aerospace Industry| Strategies Identified by Women That Enable Success." Thesis, University of La Verne, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10619430.

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<p> <b>Purpose.</b> The purpose of this qualitative case study was to identify barriers for women to advance into executive management positions in STEM professions, and to identify strategies deemed to be effective for women to advance into STEM executive management positions, by women currently in STEM executive management positions in the aerospace industry. </p><p> <b>Conceptual Framework.</b> The conceptual framework included 3 concepts: (a) cultural and societal factors; (b) mentorship, sponsorship, and networking; and (c) motivation and power levels. These concepts are connected to ba

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12

Mahrt-Washington, Catherine. "Gender, and other variables, affecting graduation outcomes and the future of science : male vs. female students 1995-2003, Rochester Institute of Technology's College of Science /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/7933.

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13

Singh, Ashima. "Beyond gender : taking a multi-status approach to understanding students' positioning in STEM /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2008. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3328730.

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14

Rhoades, Melinda J. "Addressing The Computing Gender Gap: A Case Study Using Feminist Pedagogy and Visual Culture Art Education." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1217107478.

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15

Holifield, Steven Lee. "Mathematics, technology, and gender: Closing gender differences with a high school web site." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1871.

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This project focuses on using technology to help motivate young females to make use of a high school web site to lesson anxieties and increase interest in mathematics and the use of technology. Additionally, it acts as a model to create an educational web site that brings about better communication within a community.

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Belichesky-Larson, Jennifer. "Living Learning Communities: An Intervention in Keeping Women Strong in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2013. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/221.

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The purpose of this study was to expand on the current research pertaining to women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors, better understand the experiences of undergraduate women in the sciences, identify barriers to female persistence in their intended STEM majors, and understand the impact of the STEM co-educational Living Learning Community (LLC) model on female persistence. This study employed a mixed-methods approach that was grounded in standpoint methodology. The qualitative data were collected through focus groups and one-on-one interviews with the female

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17

Granlöf, Sofia, and Idah Orebrand. "Bangladeshi women breaking societal norms : A field study of women who are attending engineering and science educations at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353887.

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Women and men are equal by law in Bangladesh, but the societal reality shows a different picture. By illuminating the obstacles women face when entering and choosing an engineering and science program and what enables women to overcome obstacles, this thesis aims to answer why there are fewer women than men at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). This thesis was a field study conducted at BUET. Questionnaires was handed out to get a broader perspective of women’s experiences within science and engineering while the interviews aimed to get an in-depth perspective of w

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18

Sparks, Lacey. "‘SOMETHING A LITTLE BIT TASTY’: WOMEN AND THE RISE OF NUTRITION SCIENCE IN INTERWAR BRITISH AFRICA." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/52.

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Widespread malnutrition after the Great Depression called into question the role of the British state in preserving the welfare of both its citizens and its subjects. International organizations such as the League of Nations, empire-wide projects such as nutrition surveys conducted by the Committee for Nutrition in the Colonial Empire (CNCE), sub-imperial networks of medical and teaching professionals, and individuals on-the-spot in different colonies wove a dense web of ideas on nutrition. African women quickly became the focus of efforts to end malnutrition due to Malthusian concerns of unde

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Yost, Elizabeth Allyne. "Where have all the women gone? exploring gender differences in STEM postdoctoral education /." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/yost.pdf.

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Pelaez, Bronwen Bares. "Examining the Relationships between Gender Role Congruity, Identity, and the Choice to Persist for Women in Undergraduate Physics Majors." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3509.

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Persistent gender disparity limits the available contributors to advancing some science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. While higher education can be an influential time-point for ensuring adequate participation, many physics programs across the U.S. have few women in classroom or lab settings. Prior research indicates that these women face considerable barriers. For university students, faculty, and administration to appropriately address these issues, it is important to understand the experiences of women as they navigate male-dominated STEM fields. This explanatory sequent

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Walsh, Thomas Broderick. "An Investigation of the Impact Gender-Specific Course Grouping Has on Female Middle-School Students' Concept of and Interests Toward Technology and Engineering." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9229.

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Attempts to improve retention, interest, and enrollment of females in Technology & Engineering Education courses have included a variety of approaches including female-only classes. However, the implications of such courses have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, an investigation of female-only classes was undertaken; the findings revealed that the overall enrollment of females went up in the course and in subsequent classes, these students maintained their interests and attitudes towards Technology and Engineering, their perceptions of an engineer's gender changed from that of mos

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Figueiredo, Luiz Carlos de. "O genero na educação tecnologica : uma analise de relações de genero na socialização de conhecimentos da Area de Construção Civil do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnologica de Mato Grosso." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287002.

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Orientador: Maria Conceição da Costa<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:57:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Figueiredo_LuizCarlosde_M.pdf: 6757098 bytes, checksum: 55e4b45abd1d127b38d2e5e8a8606503 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: Os estudos de gênero e tecnologia apontam que a engenharia é um reduto da masculinidade. Considerando a engenharia como o cerne da tecnologia e que esta é um processo de construção social com significativa participação das mulheres, este trabalho analisa o proc

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23

Ruben, Jennifer Lynn. "Illusionary Strength; An Analysis of Female Empowerment in Science Fiction and Horror Films in Fatal Attraction, Aliens, and The Stepford Wives." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1355753729.

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24

Harrington, Erin Jean. "Gynaehorror: Women, theory and horror film." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Cultural Studies, School of Humanities and Creative Arts, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9586.

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This thesis offers an analysis of women in horror film through an in depth exploration of what I term ‘gynaehorror’ – horror films that are concerned with female sex, sexuality and reproduction. While this is a broad and fruitful area of study, work in it has been shaped by a pronounced emphasis upon psychoanalytic theory, which I argue has limited the field of inquiry. To challenge this, this thesis achieves three things. Firstly, I interrogate a subgenre of horror that has not been studied in depth for twenty years, but that is experiencing renewed interest. Secondly, I analyse aspects of th

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Li, Yun Ling. "Professional Immigrant Women's Experiences of Managing Work and Family Conflicts: The Case of Chinese and Taiwanese Faculty in Research Intensive Universities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77919.

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This study investigates first-generation Chinese and Taiwanese immigrant women faculty's workplace experiences and their strategies for managing work and family demands. By looking at how immigration, ethnicity, gender, and work processes shape these women's ideology and practices, this study addresses the following questions: How do married Chinese and Taiwanese immigrant women in research-intensive universities handle work and family conflicts? How do they negotiate their gender-role expectations and actual practices at work and home? And, finally, do their practices vary by academic discipl

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Gomes, Marcia Cristina. "Ciência e tecnologia: desequilíbrios de gênero na docência da educação superior." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2546.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cristina Gomes.pdf: 3463277 bytes, checksum: 604fe56499e9a3262e601845fc6b7138 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-11<br>The study presented herein examines the inclusion of women in academic teaching in the fields of science and technology and it attempts to understand their educationand working conditions. Furthermore, it aims to analyze social values developed in the academic environment and its implications on the (re)production of gender prejudice; and observe how these elements are being debated

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Fuchs, Grace Frances. "How Community Concerns about Hydraulic Fracturing and Injection Wells can be Addressed Through the Application of Environmental Monitoring Technology." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1556136264849063.

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Gondek, Abby S. "Jewish Women’s Transracial Epistemological Networks: Representations of Black Women in the African Diaspora, 1930-1980." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3575.

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This dissertation investigates how Jewish women social scientists relationally established their gendered-racialized subjectivities and theories about race-gender-sexuality-class through their portrayals of black women’s sexuality and family structures in the African Diaspora: the U.S., Brazil, South Africa, Swaziland, and the U.K. The central women in this study: Ellen Hellmann, Ruth Landes, Hilda Kuper, and Ruth Glass, were part of the same “political generation,” born in 1908-1912, coming of age when Jews of European descent experienced an ambivalent and conditional assimilation into whiten

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Glover, Victoria E. C. ""To Conceive With Child is the Earnest Desire if Not of All, Yet of Most Women": The Advancement of Prenatal Care and Childbirth in Early Modern England: 1500-1770." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5694.

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This thesis analyzes medical manuals published in England between 1500 and 1770 to trace developing medical understandings and prescriptive approaches to conception, pregnancy, and childbirth. While there have been plenty of books written regarding social and religious changes in the reproductive process during the early modern era, there is a dearth of scholarly work focusing on the medical changes which took place in obstetrics over this period. Early modern England was a time of great change in the field of obstetrics as physicians incorporated newly-discovered knowledge about the male and

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Myers, Ron Y. "The Effects of the Use of Technology In Mathematics Instruction on Student Achievement." FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/136.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the use of technology on students’ mathematics achievement, particularly the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) mathematics results. Eleven schools within the Miami-Dade County Public School System participated in a pilot program on the use of Geometers Sketchpad (GSP). Three of these schools were randomly selected for this study. Each school sent a teacher to a summer in-service training program on how to use GSP to teach geometry. In each school, the GSP class and a traditional geometry class taught by the same teacher were th

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Kim, Hyung Hoon. "The influence of entrepreneurial activities on teaching at Universities in the United States." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24821.

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This study is to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial activities on teaching at universities. Specifically, the study focuses on entrepreneurial activities' effect on professors' time allocation. The dataset analyzed was constructed from the survey conducted by University of Illinois at Chicago in 1998. The sample was drawn from American academic professional associations' members of the four fields: experimental biology, physics, mathematics, and sociology. Based on the data of 133 professors, the study shows that professors with paid consulting work tend to spend less time in teachi

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ARAUJO, Milena Sales. "Diferenças comportamentais entre gêneros em comunidades de perguntas e respostas." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/591.

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Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-07T14:58:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MILENA SALES ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2015..pdf: 2915607 bytes, checksum: ae3e37b001051a5fd440be9134f6e832 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T14:58:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MILENA SALES ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2015..pdf: 2915607 bytes, checksum: ae3e37b001051a5fd440be9134f6e832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-15<br>Sites de perguntas e respostas são conhecidos por serem uma fonte de conhecimento simples e confiável. Os sites do StackExchange se destacam por

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Sosnowski, Nancy H. "Women of color staking a claim for cyber domain: Unpacking the racial /gender gap in science, mathematics, engineering and technology (SMET)." 2002. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3056282.

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Women and girls of color are severely under-represented in the fields of Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology (SMET). Research indicates that SMET will continue to be dominated by men unless we address the needs of women of color to gain entry and sustain a career in these fields. Women of color issues and concerns are often combined with those of white middle class women, thereby making it difficult to tease out what is important to them in relationship to SMET. This qualitative research project was conducted at a large public university over a three month period with a group of w

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Tranquada, Sara Patrícia Fernandes. "Confronting the Numbers of Women in Computer Science & Engineering (CSE): Making the Gender Gap Visible." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/123962.

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In a story we can find a beginning, a middle and an end, but in this thesis, you will only find a beginning and a middle - the end is up to you to make it. We hope that this thesis will enable you to come to terms with the reality of things as they are. When you think of an engineer, who do you see: a man or a woman? In this thesis we will show you that, even today, people still see a man as an engineer. But it was not always the case; there was a time during World War II when women started to be seen as engineers, but as the war ended, that association also ended. The war ended but not the

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Gibson, Emily K. ""Flying is Changing Women!": Women Popularizers of Commercial Aviation and the Renegotiation of Traditional Gender and Technological Boundaries in the 1920s-30s." 2010. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/508.

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This thesis explores how the complex interplay between gender and technology significantly shaped the popularization of commercial aviation in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. As technological innovations improved both the safety and efficiency of airplanes during the early part of the twentieth century, commercial aviation industries increasingly worked to position flight as a viable means of mass transportation. In order to win the trust and money of potential passengers, however, industry proponents recognized the need to separate flight from its initial association with danger

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Romano, Gina Gabriele. "Not Small Technicalities: Gender's Impact on Choosing Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2274.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>This exploratory study looks at the underrepresentation of certain groups, especially women, in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) occupations. Using longitudinal data, it investigates the impact of math and technical abilities as well as social status measures such as sex, race/ethnicity and household income on STEM career choice, arguing that social status variables have an important influence apart from abilities, with an emphasis on gender. Results show significant impacts of sex, race/ethnicity, income and both mat

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Sturman, Susan Michele. "'Women in Computing' as Problematic: Gender, Ethics and Identity in University Computer Science Education." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18333.

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My study is focused on women in graduate Computer Science programs at two universities in Ontario, Canada. My research problem emerges from earlier feminist research addressing the low numbers of women in university Computer Science programs, particularly at the graduate level. After over twenty years of active feminist representation of this problem, mostly through large survey-based studies, there has been little change. I argue that rather than continuing to focus on the rising and falling numbers of women studying Computer Science, it is critical to analyze the specific socio-economic and

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Makam, Zanele Nancy. "A gender based micro analysis of information technology skills development among undergraduate students." 2014. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001600.

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M. Tech. Busines Administration<br>While the use of computers and information technology (IT) is becoming ubiquitous in everyday life, IT is also an integral part of a successful economy. The South African government, in its National Policy Framework for Women's Empowerment and Gender Equality, stipulates that science and technology are fundamental components of development, and that the government must devise mechanisms to engage women with these skills. The objective of this study was to evaluate, using the theory of planned behaviour, the difference between female and male students' percept

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SCIANNAMBLO, MARIACRISTINA. "Troubling binary codes. Studying information technology at the intersection of science and technology studies and feminist technoscience studies." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/926386.

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This dissertation provides a study of Information Technology (IT) as professional and technical culture by drawing together the theoretical lenses of Feminist Technoscience Studies (FTS) and Science and Technology Studies (STS). This central topic has been investigated through an empirical research that focuses on two distinct issues: the gender gap and underrepresentation of women in IT educational and professional paths (computer science, computer engineering, computing); the role of digital artifacts and materiality in the process of organizing within an Italian telecommunication company.

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Boyce, Kelly K. "War on-land versus war on-line : how technologies of war affect gender in the military." 1996. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2543.

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Hicks, Marie. "Compiling Inequalities: Computerization in the British Civil Service and Nationalized Industries, 1940-1979." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/1228.

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<p>In the 1950s and early 1960s, Great Britain's computing industry led the world in the development and application of computers for business and administrative work. The British government and civil service, paragons of meritocracy in a country stratified by class, committed themselves to implementing computerized data processing techniques throughout the sprawling public sector, in order to modernize their economy, maintain the competitiveness of British high-technology industries, and reconsolidate the nation's strength and reputation worldwide. To succeed in this project, the British gove

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Swim, Jamie Lynnora. "Female IT professionals in Brazil." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3488.

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São Paulo is considered to be the hub of technology in Brazil and many Brazilian women are finding jobs in the growing technology industry there. While questions about women‟s low involvement in technical careers in the United States are being researched by organizations such as the National Center for Women & Information Technology, the American Association of University Women, and the Anita Borg Institute, research on this topic in Brazil is considerably more limited. In January 2011, 10 interviews were conducted with women in São Paulo, Brazil working in information technology (IT) careers.

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Nhanenge, Jytte. "Ecofeminism: towards integrating the concerns of women, poor people and nature into development." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/570.

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Ecofeminism perceives an interconnection between the domination of women and poor people, and the domination of nature. This domination is founded on modern, Western, patriarchal, dualised structures, which subordinate all considered as "the other" compared to the superior masculine archetype. Hence, all feminine is seen as inferior and may therefore be exploited. This is presently manifested in the neo-liberal economic development ideal. Its global penetration generates huge economic profits, which are reaped by Northern and Southern elites, while its devastating crises of poverty, violen

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