Academic literature on the topic 'Gender Inequality Index'
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Journal articles on the topic "Gender Inequality Index"
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Amin, Elham, and Asma Sabermahani. "Gender Inequality Index Appropriateness for Measuring Inequality." Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2016.1264901.
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Branchi, Bruna A., and Talita Bozon Penteado. "Measuring Brazilian Inequality Using the Gender Inequality Index." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss8.2574.
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Gender inequality is a common feature shared by all countries, in different degrees. Its importance is evident in the United Nations 2030 Agenda. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 5 is mainly dedicated to it. However, for its multidimensional features, different SDGs include it among their targets, the third (health), fourth (education), and tenth (labor) goals in particular. A composite index better describes multiple disparities. In this paper, the Gender Inequality Index (GII), presented in the 2010 Human Development Report, is discussed and then calculated for the Brazilian Federation Units. Its dimensions, health, empowerment, and economic activity cover three crucial dimensions of gender inequality. The GII contributes to evaluate how inequality lowers human development among countries and within a country, as presented in this study. Even though its complex methodology, it is an important tool for policy guidance.
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Shoham, Amir, and Sang Mook Lee. "The Causal Impact of Grammatical Gender Marking on Gender Wage Inequality and Country Income Inequality." Business & Society 57, no. 6 (March 1, 2017): 1216–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650317696231.
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In this study, we investigate, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of language gender marking on gender wage inequality and country income inequality. We find that nations with a higher level of gender marking in their dominant language have a higher wage gap between genders. Using an instrumental variable approach, we also find that gender marking has an indirect impact on country income inequality via gender wage inequality. Furthermore, we find evidence that the income inequality of a society as a whole (Palma ratio and Gini index, interchangeably) is affected by gender wage inequality. Finally, we document that linguistic gender marking outperforms survey-based cultural gender dimensions as a predictor of both gender wage inequality and country income inequality.
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Kostiuk, Natalia, and Olena Antoniuk. "Gender inequality." Public administration aspects 8, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/152067.
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The article deals with gender inequality in the economic, political and social spheres of Ukraine and the key reasons for gender imbalance in the observation and realization of gender rights. The topicality of the article is predetermined by the necessity of the systemic solution to the problem of gender equality in Ukraine that is declared in the country’s constitution as the pivotal principle of safeguarding legal rights and freedoms of people in a democratic state.The authors have made an analysis of the Ukrainian norms and laws in force as well as some ratified international treaties in the sphere of gender equality insurance. The current state of realization of the main directions of social policy of Ukraine in the sphere of gender equality has been determined on the basis of the World Economic Forum and in particular the analysis of the index of gender discrepancy in certain spheres of human activity as well as the gender monitoring of the representation of candidates in the special election of people’s deputies of Ukraine in 2014 and 2019. The impact of gender discrimination against women on the social economic development of the world countries and their national wealth level has been considered.The study has allowed revealing a positive tendency in the realization of women’s right to participate and be represented in the economic and political spheres of Ukrainian activity and offering further necessary state measures in the social policy pertaining to the eradication of gender asymmetry in the Ukrainian society. The need of redirecting the government gender policy to more effective measures for overcoming gender inequality, gender segregation and multiple forms of discrimination against women under the conditions of the severe economic, political and social upheavals in Ukraine has been pointed to. The authors have come to the conclusion that the development of the political and juridical concept of eradication of gender discrimination against women in Ukraine is the pledge of sustainable development of the Ukrainian society which in its turn is a necessary condition for forming a competitive human capital of the country that has chosen the Eurointergation foreign policy course.
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Aktaria, Erma, and Budiono Sri Handoko. "KETIMPANGAN GENDER DALAM PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v13i2.168.
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The objective of this research is to analyze the gender inequality in 14 districts/ cities in Central Kalimantan Province by using the Gender Inequality Index (GII), which introduced by UNDP, to analyze the effect of gender inequality with economic growth and compare the use of the GII with the Gender Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) in relation to economic growth. This research uses panel data from 14 districts/cities during 2004-2007, the analytical methods used were descriptive statistics in analyzing gender inequality and statistical inference to explain the influence of gender inequality on economic growth. Descriptive analysis results showed that there are sharp gender inequality in every district/city. The results of regression analysis shows that there are negative and significant effect of gender inequality to economic growth. Gender inequality is statistically represented by a proxy of the GII is not as strong compared to a proxy of the two others.
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Seong, Moonju. "A Study and Review of Gender Inequality Index." Journal of Digital Convergence 14, no. 6 (June 28, 2016): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14400/jdc.2016.14.6.43.
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Гостенина, Valentina Gostenina, Кейзик, and Anna Keyzik. "GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX: METHODS OF CALCULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18228.
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The article considers the methods of calculating of Gender Inequality Index proposed by the CET in 2009. The technology of calculation consists of eight phases. Detailed description of the methodology for the calculations allowed the authors to make the calculation of the Index in the Russian Federation for 15 years (from 2000 to 2014). The factors determining the value of the index are described. On the basis of the obtained results of this global problem of gender inequality the authors make conclusions about the situation in our country and offer the recommendations for achieving gender equality and the elimination of disparities between the sexes for equal rights and opportunities for men and women who are citizens of the Russian Federation. Based on these calculations, the schedule that reflects the dynamics of changes in the specified period is presented.
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Pacukaj, Sokol, Behxhet Brajshori, and Eriona Deda. "Gender Equality, a Priority for the Social, Economic, Political and Educational Development of a Country: The Case of Albania." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0122.
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In this paper we have focused on measuring the gender inequality index in relation to some important indicators that reflect gender inequality in social, economic, political, and educational terms. Our study aims to reflect the differences in gender inequality through the gender inequality index for 2013-2020 in relation to these important indicators such as reproductive health, which includes maternal mortality per 1000 live births and fertility rate of teenagers. Another indicator is the empowerment, which includes the percentage of seats in parliament on a comparative basis by gender and completion of secondary or higher education by gender. Another indicator is the labor market, which includes the degree of participation in the labor market. Precisely, in relation to these indicators and according to the annual periods taken into consideration in the study, we have analyzed the index of gender inequality between women and men. Measuring gender inequality is very important for the fact that it highlights many problems related to the social, economic, political, educational development of a country. The data is provided by INSTAT (Institute of Statistics, Albania), based on social surveys and administrative resources by gender. The paper is based on the descriptive method, from which comparative statistical analysis related to the gender inequality index are derived through data processing, by years and by important indicators obtained in the study. This study is also focused on recommending some important policies to be undertaken by the government to improve the gender inequality index in relation to the indicators we have taken into consideration in our study. Received: 13 July 2021 / Accepted: 26 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
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Larson, Paul D. "Corruption, gender inequality and logistics performance." International Journal of Logistics Management 31, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-02-2019-0062.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and test theory-driven hypotheses on the influence of corruption and gender inequality on logistics performance. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops hypotheses based on a review of the literature and theory linking corruption, gender inequality and logistics performance. Testing the hypotheses draws on the following secondary data sources: the World Bank Logistics Performance Index, Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and the United Nations Development Programme Gender Inequality Index. Regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses. Findings A significant direct effect is evident between corruption perceptions and perceived logistics performance. Corruption is detrimental to logistics. Further, there is evidence of an indirect effect, via gender inequality. Gender inequality is also linked directly to lower logistics performance. Gross domestic product/capita enters the analysis as a control variable. Research limitations/implications While the analysis uses secondary data, sources are credible and their methods – while not perfect – are logical and appear to be reasonable. It is possible that excluded variables could further explain the relationships under study. This implies future research opportunities, perhaps involving case studies of specific nations. Practical implications The results should inspire businesses, non-governmental organizations and governments to invest in, aid, advocate for and legislate toward greater gender equality – and against corruption. Logistics educators have an important role in disseminating this message. Social implications Gender inequality and corruption are current, global social issues. Moving forward toward equality and away from corruption are the right moves. Such moves appear to also yield better logistics. Originality/value This paper is among the first linking corruption and gender inequality to logistics performance. It shows how social issues impact logistics performance at a national level.
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Sangaji, Joko, Miyasto, and Akhmad Syakir Kurnia. "Macroeconomic Determinants of Gender Inequality Index in Eight ASEAN Countries." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187311002.
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Gender inequality is a situation where women and men are not equal and it leads to an unequal treatment or an individual perception as a whole. Gender inequality is still a major obstacle to human development. It will have a negative impact on the development of their ability and freedom of choice. This study is aimed to examine macroeconomic determinants, namely gross domestic product per capita, trade and foreign direct investment to gender inequality index in eight ASEAN countries. They are Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The research was taken from 2010 to 2015 by using the dynamic panel data. The results concluded that all independent variables were significant and had a negative direction. It means that the increase in gross domestic product per capita, trade, and foreign direct investment substantially lowered the gender inequality index in eight ASEAN countries. These results emphasize the importance of continuously improving all macroeconomic determinants because they will impact the decline of gender inequality in eight ASEAN countries.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gender Inequality Index"
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Gressard, Lindsay A. "Does the Gender Inequality Index Explain the Variation in State Prevalence Rates of Physical Teen Dating Violence Victimization?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/211.
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Purpose: When the prevalence of physical teen dating violence (TDV) victimization is examined at the state level, significant variation exists; the prevalence ranges from 7.4% in Oklahoma and Vermont to 17.8% in Louisiana. Using U.S. states as the unit of analysis, this study sought to determine whether gender inequality is a societal level risk factor for TDV victimization.
Method: Data measuring physical TDV victimization were obtained from the 2009 YRBS. To measure the level of gender inequality in each state, the Gender Inequality Index (GII) was calculated using the procedure described in the United Nations’ Human Development Report. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the association between TDV victimization, the GII, and the indicators of the GII.
Results: Of the 40 states included in analyses, the GII was significantly associated with the state prevalence of both total TDV victimization (r=.323, p=.042) and female TDV victimization (r=.353, p=.026). Subsequent to removal of the outlying case of Oklahoma, the GII was also significantly associated with male TDV victimization (r=.366, p=.022). Several individual GII indicators were significantly associated with TDV victimization after removing the outlying case. Ordinary least squares regression was used to create a model for TDV victimization and gender inequality.
Conclusion: This is the first study to examine societal level gender inequality as a risk factor for state level TDV victimization using nationally representative data on school youth. As policy-makers implement TDV prevention policy at the state level, further research understanding potential macro-level risk factors is particularly important.
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Šafaříková, Kristýna. "Analýza podobnosti hodnot Indexu lidského rozvoje mezi evropskými státy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201866.
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Main goal of this thesis is to analyze human development index for European countries and provide cluster analysis not only of human development index but even of another quality of life variables and to find similarities between particular countries by using hierarchical methods. The first part focuses on quality of life and definition of human development index. Human development index is one possibility how to measure quality of life, there are mentioned another possibilities, though how to analyze it. The second part of the thesis focuses on cluster analysis definition, which is used for searching for similarities between particular countries. Five hierarchical cluster methods is used for classify countries into clusters. Euclidean metric is used for express the distance between countries. Similar variables between countries is judged according to sorting into clusters by hierarchical methods. Diploma thesis enlightens similarity between European countries from quality of life overview and provides statistical evidence about this topic. Results of the thesis confirms similarities between geographical close states.
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Lindström, Oskar, and Hanna Möller-Nielsen. "Åldersskillnader i äktenskap och jämställdhet : En global analys." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-111653.
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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan länders genomsnittliga åldersskillnader i äktenskap och jämställdhet. Huvudhypotesen är därför att högre åldersskillnad i äktenskap kommer att vara förenad med lägre jämställdhet. Få studier finns att tillgå om det direkta sambandet mellan jämställdhet och åldersskillnader. Denna studie mäter jämställdhet med fyra olika parametrar, mödradödlighet, könsfördelning av parlamentsplatser, könsfördelning vad gäller utbildning samt könsfördelning vad gäller avlönat arbete. Studien använder sig av DBO-teorin som teoretiskt ramverk för att analysera förklaringsmekanismer som skulle kunna förtydliga uppkomsten av samvariationen. För att undersöka sambandet används linjär regressionsanalys. Resultaten visar att vissa undersökta jämställdhetsaspekter har ett samband med åldersskillnader kontrollerat för BNP och giftermålsålder. Mödradödlighet och jämställt arbetsmarknadsdeltagande är i detta sammanhang relevanta faktorer för åldersskillnader. Däremot samvarierar inte könsfördelning av parlamentariska platser och skillnader mellan män och kvinnor i utbildning med åldersskillnader. BNP tog hela effekten av utbildning och delar av effekten från mödradödlighet. Giftermålsålder påverkade inte sambandet mellan åldersskillnader och jämställdhet. Slutsatsen för denna studie är således att det globalt sett finns en samvariation mellan vissa faktorer som kan indikera ett jämställt samhälle och länders genomsnittliga åldersskillnader.
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Fourrey, Kévin. "Décomposition des indices d'inégalité et impact des politiques publiques." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC019/document.
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Les différents chapitres de cette thèse ont eu pour objectif de présenter en différentes étapes la méthodologie nécessaire pour évaluer l'impact d'une politique publique égalisatrice. Le premier chapitre s'est intéressé à l'outil principal utilisé pour apprécier la distribution des revenus, c'est-à-dire aux indices d'inégalité. Le second chapitre a détaillé les différentes approches possibles pour décomposer un indice d'inégalité, que ce soit pour mettre en avant des effets de groupes, de sources et/ou encore d'attributs. Cet état de l'art a ensuite fait place à trois études originales. Ainsi, le troisième chapitre étudie les inégalités de salaire dans la fonction publique française, en mettant en lumière le fait que l'importance du genre dans l'inégalité est considérable mais disparate entre les régions administratives françaises. Le quatrième chapitre démontre théoriquement que l'importance d'un attribut peut se décomposer comme la somme de sa contribution marginale pure moins une somme d'interactions par paire avec les autres attributs. Le cinquième et dernier chapitre expose empiriquement l'effet de ces interactions sur l'impact d'une politique publique qui supprimerait l'écart de rémunération entre les hommes et les femmesThe different chapters in this thesis aim to present the methodology necessary to evaluate the impact of any equalizing public policies. The first chapter deals with the main tool used to appreciate an income distribution, that are the inequality indices. The second chapter details the different approaches possible to decompose an inequality index, whether to put forward group effects, income source effects and/or attribute effects. This state of the art is followed by three original studies. In that respect, the third chapter considers the income inequality in the French public administration, and it highlights the fact that the importance of gender to inequality is considerable but disparate across the different French administrative regions. The fourth chapter demonstrates theoretically that the importance of an attribute can be decomposed as a sum of its pure marginal contribution minus a sum of pairwise interactions with the others attributes considered. Finally, the fifth chapter exposes empirically the interactions effects on a public policy impact that aims to eliminate the gender wage gap
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Dimri, Aditi. "Essays on gender inequalities and poverty measurement with application to India." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E026.
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Cette thèse de doctorat contribue à la littérature sur l'économie des ménages, sur la mesure de la pauvreté et sur l'avortement sélectif. Lorsque les normes sociales et les préférences favorisent les hommes par rapport aux femmes, les inégalités entre les sexes peuvent se retrouver dans différentes dimensions. Dans le premier chapitre j'étudie la norme de patrilocalité et je me demande comment la structure du ménage affecte les prises de décision de la belle-fille et son autonomie. En utilisant des données de panel au niveau des ménages en Inde, j'estime un modèle de différences en différences qui compare entre 2005 et 2012 les groupes qui subissent un décès du beau-père ou de la belle-mère et ceux qui n’ont pas de décès. Je trouve que le statut de la belle-fille s'améliore après le décès du fait de la redistribution du pouvoir entre les membres du ménage. Cependant, les résultats ne sont pas compatibles avec le fait que le canal conventionnel de la belle-mère soit la seule autorité sur la belle-fille. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la mesure de l'avortement sélectif des femmes et demande s'il y a des avortements répétés entre deux naissances consécutives. Cette question ne pouvant être résolue en utilisant des méthodes existantes, l'article propose de nouveaux tests et une méthodologie pour estimer les fractions de la population subissant des avortements sélectifs. En appliquant cette méthodologie à des données indiennes, nous trouvons que les avortements sont pratiqués de manière répétée. Le troisième chapitre propose une nouvelle approche de la mesure de la pauvreté absolue. Cela se fait de deux manières, d'abord en suggérant une manière d’individualiser les prix de référence, et deuxièmement en définissant des lignes de pauvreté propres à chaque groupe/région. En comparant notre approche les uns aux autres, pour l'Inde, nous constatons que les différentes approches conduisent à différentes conclusions sur la pauvreté. Ne pas prendre en compte les préférences des individus surestime la part des personnes rurales (jeunes et âgées) dans la population pauvreThis PhD dissertation contributes to the literature on household economics and the measurement of poverty & sex-selective abortion. When social norms and preferences favour males over females, outcomes can reflect gender inequalities across various dimensions. I study the norm of patrilocality in the first chapter and ask how the household structure of four adult members affects the daughter-in-law's decision-making-say and autonomy outcomes. Using household level panel data from India, I estimate a difference-in-difference model comparing groups between 2005 and 2012 that experience a death of the father-in-law or mother-in-law and those that do not. I find that the status of the daughter-in-law improves after death as power is redistributed among the members. However, the findings are not consistent with the conventional channel of the mother-in-law being the sole and strongest authority over the daughter-in-law. The second chapter studies the measurement of female sex-selective abortion and asks if there are repeated abortions between two consecutive births. As this question cannot be answered using existing methods, the paper proposes novel tests and methodology to estimate the fractions of the populations undergoing sex-selective abortions. Applying our methods to Indian data we find first quantitative evidence of repeated abortions. The third chapter proposes a new approach of absolute income poverty measurement that takes preference into account when agents differ in preferences and face different prices. This is done in two ways, first by suggesting a way to use individualised reference prices, and second by defining group/region specific poverty lines.Comparing our approach with conventional ones, for India, we find that the different approaches lead to different poverty conclusions. Not taking preferences into account overestimates the share of Old-Rural and Young-Rural in the poor population
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Yoon, Jisu. "Partial Least Squares and Principal Component Analysis with Non-metric Variables for Composite Indices." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-608B-D.
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Ein zusammengesetzter Index ist eine aggregierte Variable, die aus individuellen Indikatoren und Gewichten besteht, wobei die Gewichte die relative Wichtigkeit jedes Indikators darstellen. Zusammengesetzte Indizes werden oft benutzt um latente Phänomene zu schreiben oder komplexe Informationen zu einer geringen Anzahl an Variablen zusammenzufassen. Es ist von großer Bedeutung richtige Gewichte für die Variablen, die einen zusammengesetzten Index bilden, zu wählen. Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) ist ein populärer Ansatz um Gewichte abzuleiten, aber es ist ungeeignet, wenn informative Variationen nur kleine Varianzen der Variablen in einem zusammengesetzten Index haben. Deshalb schlägt diese Studie vor, Partial Least Squares (PLS) anzuwenden, welches die Beziehung zwischen Zielvariablen and den Variablen in einem zusammengesetzten Index ausnutzt. Unsere Simulationsstudie zeigt, dass PLS so gut wie PCA funktioniert oder erheblich es übertrifft. Zusätzlich sind in der Praxis die Variablen in einem zusammengesetzten Index häufig nicht-metrisch. Solche Variablen benötigen spezielle Verfahren, um PCA oder PLS anzuwenden. Diese Studie untersucht mehrere PCA und PLS Algorithmen für nicht-metrische Variablen in der vorliegenden Literatur und vergleicht sie durch umfangreiche Simulationsstudien, um Empfehlungen für die Praxis abzugeben. Dummy coding zeigt häufig zufriedenstellende Leistung im Vergleich zu komplizierteren Methoden. Als unsere Anwendungen betrachten wir Vermögen, Globalisierung, Geschlechtergleichheit und Korruption, indem PCA- und PLS-basierte zusammengesetzte Indizes angewendet werden. PLS erzeugt für die jeweiligen Zielvariablen massgeschnittene zusammengesetzte Indizes, die häufig bessere Leistung als PCA zeigten. Ein Vergleich zwischen PCA und PLS Gewichten und Koeffizienten zeigt, welche Variablen für die jeweiligen Zielvariablen besonders relevant sind.
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Ross, Melanie D. "Fractured families: pathways to sex work in Nairobi, Kenya." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1085.
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The reasons why African women become engaged in sex work have received little attention in academic research. While it is largely acknowledged that there exists a connection between entering the sex trade and poverty, not all women who are poor enter sex work. Through the use of life histories with 21 women between the ages of 18 and 42, this thesis explores the combination of factors that lead women and girls to become commercial sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. This method provides a detailed look at initiation into sex work as it occurs over the life course for women and girls in this context. Additionally, this thesis examines how structural violence impinges on their lives, thereby increasing vulnerability to engagement in sex work. Examining the larger socio-political and economic contexts illustrates how issues such as HIV/AIDS, migrant labour, changing gender roles, the erosion of existing familial structures and gender inequities structure risk for suffering for women. These issues result in many girls losing caregiver support by being orphaned, while additionally, women are burdened with providing total economic and social support for the family in a society that has gendered economic opportunities. Both girls and women are left with few options other than the sex trade to survive.
Books on the topic "Gender Inequality Index"
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United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. African women's report 2009: Measuring gender inequality in Africa : experiences and lessons from the African Gender and Development Index. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2009.
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Ballon, Paola, and Jorge Dávalos. Inequality and the changing nature of work in Peru. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/925-9.
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This paper identifies the socioeconomic drivers of earnings inequality in Peru in the period 2004–18. Using the ENAHO household surveys and data on routine task content of occupations, we apply inequality decomposition methods to the real earnings distribution, its quantiles, and the Gini index. We find that in this period inequality has reduced, with great improvement attributed to reductions in the gender wage gap and macroeconomic factors. However, we did not find strong evidence for factors related to changes in workers’ attributes or shifts in job characteristics, except for a slight enhancing effect of the task content of occupations, which increases in importance as we move from ‘poorer’ to ‘richer’ deciles.
Book chapters on the topic "Gender Inequality Index"
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Larraz, Beatriz, Encarnacion Moyano-Avila, and Jose M. Pavia. "The Decomposition of the Gini Index Between and Within Groups: A Key Factor in Gender Studies An Application in the Context of Salary Distribution in Spain." In Gini Inequality Index, 33–52. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003143642-2.
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Pfister, Ulrich. "Economic inequality in Germany, 1500-1800." In Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect, 301–24. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.20.
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The chapter reviews existing evidence regarding four aspects of economic inequality: relative factor rents, which relate to the factorial distribution of income and also underlie the so-called Williamson index (y/wus), which is correlated with the Gini index of household income; real inequality in terms of opposite movements of the price of consumer baskets consumed by different strata of society; the inequality of pay according to gender and skill, as well as between town and countryside; and wealth inequality, particularly with respect to the access to land. The main result is that, with given technology and agrarian institutions, there is a positive correlation between population and inequality.
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"Gender Inequality Index." In Human Development Report 2013, 156–59. UN, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/c791776a-en.
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"Gender Inequality Index." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 2451. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_101541.
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"INDEX." In Gender and Racial Inequality at Work, 207–13. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501717505-014.
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Gutiérrez-Martínez, Isis, Samina M. Saifuddin, and Rana Haq. "The United Nations Gender Inequality Index." In Handbook on Diversity and Inclusion Indices, 83–100. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788975728.00013.
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"Gender Inequality and Sustainable Development." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 132–45. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0969-2.ch007.
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The chapter argues that inequality between men and women has led to the gap in income and poverty for women. Gender inequality and women's empowerment have, therefore, become one of the 17 pillars of the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. This chapter, therefore, examines the global performances on gender inequality index (GII) and the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030, regional performance and the Sustainable Development Goals, the top best performers on gender gap parity versus the worst performers on gender gap parity, and sub-national performances and global rankings. Also, this chapter examines the challenges of achieving gender equality by 2030 along with policy options for achieving gender equality in the year 2030.
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"Gender Income and Wealth Inequality in Developed and Developing Countries." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 146–69. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0969-2.ch008.
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The chapter examines gender income and wealth inequality in developed and developing countries and its consequences and implications to social policy. The chapter argues that many government and non-governmental efforts to reduce inequality globally have failed because income and wealth inequality have been found to be concentrated at 1% of the population, while 99% of the population still concentrate at the bottom of the income household distribution. This chapter, therefore, examines regional gender inequality index and rankings, gender inequality in developed countries with case study of seven selected Sub-Saharan African countries, and the gender wage inequality in developed countries. Further, it explores the trends of income inequality in developed countries, using Gini-coefficient metrics between 2007 and 2016, the trends of share of income in total income distribution in 2014 (using 10 selected OECD countries), the income and wealth inequalities nexus, and the implications for social policy reforms.
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"Gender Inequality Index values and rankings by sub-region." In Africa Human Development Report, 170. UN, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/6cd2e815-en.
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Gody, Ahmed El. "ICT and Gender Inequality in the Middle East." In Global Information Technologies, 3260–73. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch231.
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Information communication technologies (ICT) have become an effective force for accelerating political, economic, and social development, decreasing poverty, and fostering trade and knowledge; however the uneven distribution, usage, and implementation of ICT resulted in what is known as the “digital divide” between those who have access to and utilization of information resources and those who do not (Internet.com, 2004). The Middle East, with the exception of Israel, is the least ICT connected area worldwide with only 1.4% of the global share (less than half of the world average of 5.2%). ICT adoption and access in the Arab world are far from adequate; only 6% of the Arab world population uses the Internet, while the penetration rate of personal computers is 2.4%, and less than 4 % of the Arab population has access to a ground telephone line (Ajeeb, 2006; NUA, 2005). The trend of globalization forced Arab countries to realize the power of ICT as one of the most important factors in achieving sustainable growth. During the past decade, genuine efforts have been implemented by Arab governments to utilize ICT; as of May 2005, every country in the Arab world (as seen in Table 1)—except Iraq and Libya—has a clear strategy or at least a plan for promoting ICT (Dutta & Coury, 2003). In her book, Technology Strategies for Putting Arab Countries on the Cyber Map, Reem Hunaidi (2002) stated that despite Arab world efforts to utilize ICT, Arabs are still far from bridging the digital divide. Hunaidi stated that the Arab world is still scoring low on the Digital Access Index (as seen in Table 2), adding that bridging the digital divide requires commitment from all development stakeholders, not only Arab governments. The Hunaidi study concluded that development should start within the Arab society through liberating Arab human capabilities, especially those of women questioning how a society can compete in an increasingly globalized world if half of its people remain marginalized (Hunaidi, 2002). The UNDP 2004 report on human development in the Arab world added to Hunaidi’s question stating that the first step in human ICT development is to bridge the gender divide within the Arab world and make use of the latent 50% of the Arab population. The Arab world has the lowest Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) worldwide next to Sub-Saharan Africa. Nancy Hafkin and Nancy Tagger (2001), in their study “Gender, Information Technology, and Developing Countries”, stated that the degree of gender bias can be vividly seen across the Arab region. Figures indicate that Arab users constitute 4% of Internet users in comparison to 22% of users in Asia, 25% in Europe, 38% in Latin America, and 50% in the United States. Hafkin and Tagger (2001) concluded that several challenges of socio-cultural, political, economic, and education disparities need to be addressed towards advancing Arab women’s active participation in the new networked information society.
Conference papers on the topic "Gender Inequality Index"
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Rioboo, Irene, and Jose Maria Rioboo. "Towards An Optimal Synthetic Index On The Gender Inequality Measurement." In 23rd European Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2009-0463-0469.
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Hacıoğlu Deniz, Müjgan, and Elif Haykır Hobikoğlu. "Economic Evaluation of Women Employment in the Context of Development Index According to Gender: Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00546.
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In this study which aims to analyse the current situation of women employment in Turkey and its future perspective in the context of measurement of development index, an evalution of Turkey’s position at the range of global gender inequality and improvement policies considering future have been discussed. For this purpose in the context of development index based on gender, some important parameters such as wage differentials according to gender, employment participation rate according to gender, rate of women professionals at managerial position and income distributions according to gender were tried to be measured by means of basic indicators such as rate of literacy, rate of people getting higher education, representation rate at parliaments according to gender and life expectancy.