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1
Amin, Elham, and Asma Sabermahani. "Gender Inequality Index Appropriateness for Measuring Inequality." Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2016.1264901.
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Branchi, Bruna A., and Talita Bozon Penteado. "Measuring Brazilian Inequality Using the Gender Inequality Index." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss8.2574.
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Gender inequality is a common feature shared by all countries, in different degrees. Its importance is evident in the United Nations 2030 Agenda. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 5 is mainly dedicated to it. However, for its multidimensional features, different SDGs include it among their targets, the third (health), fourth (education), and tenth (labor) goals in particular. A composite index better describes multiple disparities. In this paper, the Gender Inequality Index (GII), presented in the 2010 Human Development Report, is discussed and then calculated for the Brazilian Federation Units. Its dimensions, health, empowerment, and economic activity cover three crucial dimensions of gender inequality. The GII contributes to evaluate how inequality lowers human development among countries and within a country, as presented in this study. Even though its complex methodology, it is an important tool for policy guidance.
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Shoham, Amir, and Sang Mook Lee. "The Causal Impact of Grammatical Gender Marking on Gender Wage Inequality and Country Income Inequality." Business & Society 57, no. 6 (March 1, 2017): 1216–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650317696231.
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In this study, we investigate, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of language gender marking on gender wage inequality and country income inequality. We find that nations with a higher level of gender marking in their dominant language have a higher wage gap between genders. Using an instrumental variable approach, we also find that gender marking has an indirect impact on country income inequality via gender wage inequality. Furthermore, we find evidence that the income inequality of a society as a whole (Palma ratio and Gini index, interchangeably) is affected by gender wage inequality. Finally, we document that linguistic gender marking outperforms survey-based cultural gender dimensions as a predictor of both gender wage inequality and country income inequality.
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Kostiuk, Natalia, and Olena Antoniuk. "Gender inequality." Public administration aspects 8, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/152067.
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The article deals with gender inequality in the economic, political and social spheres of Ukraine and the key reasons for gender imbalance in the observation and realization of gender rights. The topicality of the article is predetermined by the necessity of the systemic solution to the problem of gender equality in Ukraine that is declared in the country’s constitution as the pivotal principle of safeguarding legal rights and freedoms of people in a democratic state.The authors have made an analysis of the Ukrainian norms and laws in force as well as some ratified international treaties in the sphere of gender equality insurance. The current state of realization of the main directions of social policy of Ukraine in the sphere of gender equality has been determined on the basis of the World Economic Forum and in particular the analysis of the index of gender discrepancy in certain spheres of human activity as well as the gender monitoring of the representation of candidates in the special election of people’s deputies of Ukraine in 2014 and 2019. The impact of gender discrimination against women on the social economic development of the world countries and their national wealth level has been considered.The study has allowed revealing a positive tendency in the realization of women’s right to participate and be represented in the economic and political spheres of Ukrainian activity and offering further necessary state measures in the social policy pertaining to the eradication of gender asymmetry in the Ukrainian society. The need of redirecting the government gender policy to more effective measures for overcoming gender inequality, gender segregation and multiple forms of discrimination against women under the conditions of the severe economic, political and social upheavals in Ukraine has been pointed to. The authors have come to the conclusion that the development of the political and juridical concept of eradication of gender discrimination against women in Ukraine is the pledge of sustainable development of the Ukrainian society which in its turn is a necessary condition for forming a competitive human capital of the country that has chosen the Eurointergation foreign policy course.
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Aktaria, Erma, and Budiono Sri Handoko. "KETIMPANGAN GENDER DALAM PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v13i2.168.
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The objective of this research is to analyze the gender inequality in 14 districts/ cities in Central Kalimantan Province by using the Gender Inequality Index (GII), which introduced by UNDP, to analyze the effect of gender inequality with economic growth and compare the use of the GII with the Gender Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) in relation to economic growth. This research uses panel data from 14 districts/cities during 2004-2007, the analytical methods used were descriptive statistics in analyzing gender inequality and statistical inference to explain the influence of gender inequality on economic growth. Descriptive analysis results showed that there are sharp gender inequality in every district/city. The results of regression analysis shows that there are negative and significant effect of gender inequality to economic growth. Gender inequality is statistically represented by a proxy of the GII is not as strong compared to a proxy of the two others.
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Seong, Moonju. "A Study and Review of Gender Inequality Index." Journal of Digital Convergence 14, no. 6 (June 28, 2016): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14400/jdc.2016.14.6.43.
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Гостенина, Valentina Gostenina, Кейзик, and Anna Keyzik. "GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX: METHODS OF CALCULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18228.
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The article considers the methods of calculating of Gender Inequality Index proposed by the CET in 2009. The technology of calculation consists of eight phases. Detailed description of the methodology for the calculations allowed the authors to make the calculation of the Index in the Russian Federation for 15 years (from 2000 to 2014). The factors determining the value of the index are described. On the basis of the obtained results of this global problem of gender inequality the authors make conclusions about the situation in our country and offer the recommendations for achieving gender equality and the elimination of disparities between the sexes for equal rights and opportunities for men and women who are citizens of the Russian Federation. Based on these calculations, the schedule that reflects the dynamics of changes in the specified period is presented.
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Pacukaj, Sokol, Behxhet Brajshori, and Eriona Deda. "Gender Equality, a Priority for the Social, Economic, Political and Educational Development of a Country: The Case of Albania." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0122.
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In this paper we have focused on measuring the gender inequality index in relation to some important indicators that reflect gender inequality in social, economic, political, and educational terms. Our study aims to reflect the differences in gender inequality through the gender inequality index for 2013-2020 in relation to these important indicators such as reproductive health, which includes maternal mortality per 1000 live births and fertility rate of teenagers. Another indicator is the empowerment, which includes the percentage of seats in parliament on a comparative basis by gender and completion of secondary or higher education by gender. Another indicator is the labor market, which includes the degree of participation in the labor market. Precisely, in relation to these indicators and according to the annual periods taken into consideration in the study, we have analyzed the index of gender inequality between women and men. Measuring gender inequality is very important for the fact that it highlights many problems related to the social, economic, political, educational development of a country. The data is provided by INSTAT (Institute of Statistics, Albania), based on social surveys and administrative resources by gender. The paper is based on the descriptive method, from which comparative statistical analysis related to the gender inequality index are derived through data processing, by years and by important indicators obtained in the study. This study is also focused on recommending some important policies to be undertaken by the government to improve the gender inequality index in relation to the indicators we have taken into consideration in our study. Received: 13 July 2021 / Accepted: 26 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
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Larson, Paul D. "Corruption, gender inequality and logistics performance." International Journal of Logistics Management 31, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-02-2019-0062.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and test theory-driven hypotheses on the influence of corruption and gender inequality on logistics performance. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops hypotheses based on a review of the literature and theory linking corruption, gender inequality and logistics performance. Testing the hypotheses draws on the following secondary data sources: the World Bank Logistics Performance Index, Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and the United Nations Development Programme Gender Inequality Index. Regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses. Findings A significant direct effect is evident between corruption perceptions and perceived logistics performance. Corruption is detrimental to logistics. Further, there is evidence of an indirect effect, via gender inequality. Gender inequality is also linked directly to lower logistics performance. Gross domestic product/capita enters the analysis as a control variable. Research limitations/implications While the analysis uses secondary data, sources are credible and their methods – while not perfect – are logical and appear to be reasonable. It is possible that excluded variables could further explain the relationships under study. This implies future research opportunities, perhaps involving case studies of specific nations. Practical implications The results should inspire businesses, non-governmental organizations and governments to invest in, aid, advocate for and legislate toward greater gender equality – and against corruption. Logistics educators have an important role in disseminating this message. Social implications Gender inequality and corruption are current, global social issues. Moving forward toward equality and away from corruption are the right moves. Such moves appear to also yield better logistics. Originality/value This paper is among the first linking corruption and gender inequality to logistics performance. It shows how social issues impact logistics performance at a national level.
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Sangaji, Joko, Miyasto, and Akhmad Syakir Kurnia. "Macroeconomic Determinants of Gender Inequality Index in Eight ASEAN Countries." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187311002.
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Gender inequality is a situation where women and men are not equal and it leads to an unequal treatment or an individual perception as a whole. Gender inequality is still a major obstacle to human development. It will have a negative impact on the development of their ability and freedom of choice. This study is aimed to examine macroeconomic determinants, namely gross domestic product per capita, trade and foreign direct investment to gender inequality index in eight ASEAN countries. They are Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The research was taken from 2010 to 2015 by using the dynamic panel data. The results concluded that all independent variables were significant and had a negative direction. It means that the increase in gross domestic product per capita, trade, and foreign direct investment substantially lowered the gender inequality index in eight ASEAN countries. These results emphasize the importance of continuously improving all macroeconomic determinants because they will impact the decline of gender inequality in eight ASEAN countries.
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Mazurek, Jiri, Carlos Fernández García, and Cristina Pérez Rico. "Inequality and Students’ PISA 2018 Performance: a Cross-Country Study." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.27.
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The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between countries’ PISA study results from 2018 and a set of indices related to socio-economic inequality, such as the Gini index, human development index, or gender inequality index, along with purely economic variables, such as GDP per capita and government expenditure on education. The study covered 70 countries, consisting of 37 OECD countries and 33 non-OECD countries. Research methods included multivariate linear regression models, k-means clustering, and hierarchical clustering. Our findings revealed that the Gini index was statistically insignificant, indicating income inequality had little effect on students’ PISA performance. On the other hand, the gender inequality index was the single most statistically significant explanatory variable for both OECD and non-OECD countries. Therefore, our recommendation for policymakers is simple: increase students’ PISA performance, thus enhancing countries’ human capital and competitiveness, and focus on decreasing gender disparity and the associated loss of achievement due to gender inequality.
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Sarul, Latife Sinem, and Özge Eren. "The comparison of MCDM Methods including AHP, TOPSIS and MAUT with an Application on Gender Inequality Index." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v2i2.p183-196.
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Gender Inequality Index is a major indicator presenting level of development of the countries as Human Development Index, which is calculated regularly every year by UN. In this study, an alternative calculation has been proposed for measuring gender inequality index which is an important barrier for the human development. Each indicator in the index integrated as MAUT- AHP and also AHP-TOPSIS and these methods carried out again for the alternative ranking member and candidate countries of the European Union. The main objective here is to represent that the indicators form gender inequality index can be reclassified with different weights for each indicator.
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Sarul, Latife Sinem, and Özge Eren. "The comparison of MCDM Methods including AHP, TOPSIS and MAUT with an Application on Gender Inequality Index." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v4i2.p183-196.
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Gender Inequality Index is a major indicator presenting level of development of the countries as Human Development Index, which is calculated regularly every year by UN. In this study, an alternative calculation has been proposed for measuring gender inequality index which is an important barrier for the human development. Each indicator in the index integrated as MAUT- AHP and also AHP-TOPSIS and these methods carried out again for the alternative ranking member and candidate countries of the European Union. The main objective here is to represent that the indicators form gender inequality index can be reclassified with different weights for each indicator.
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Permanyer, Iñaki. "A Critical Assessment of the UNDP’s Gender Inequality Index." Feminist Economics 19, no. 2 (April 2013): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2013.769687.
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Branisa, Boris, Stephan Klasen, Maria Ziegler, Denis Drechsler, and Johannes Jütting. "The Institutional Basis of Gender Inequality: The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI)." Feminist Economics 20, no. 2 (December 11, 2013): 29–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2013.850523.
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Lee, Jinkook, Marco Angrisani, and Urvashi Jain. "Gender Inequality and Late-Life Cognition." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2278.
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Abstract Indian women’s disadvantage in cognition has been documented in several studies, additionally noting geographic variations. The gender gap in late-life cognition could be a manifestation of gender discrimination. Using national data from LASI-DAD together with information drawn from administrative data, we construct a state-level composite index of gender inequality, following the UNDP definition. We investigate and find strong evidence that cross-state differences in gender inequality are significantly associated with the gender gap in cognition. Women in the most discriminating state (Bihar) perform significantly worse than men (-0.21 s.d.), after controlling for key risk factors such as age and education. The gender gap in the least discriminating state (Kerala) is much smaller (-0.10 s.d.). We also find that gender inequality is strongly associated with education, early marriage, labor force participation, and social activities. This has important implications for public health policy aimed at reducing the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Onishchyk, Yuriy, Oksana Pozhydaieva, and Tetyana Semigina. "Overcoming gender inequality in Ukraine: political, legal, social and educational dimensions." Scientific bulletin of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky 2020, no. 4 (133) (December 24, 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2617-6688-2020-4-14.
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The issue of gender equality as an equal treatment of all, regardless of social or other circumstances, is important for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and the implementation of a number of international legal instruments to combat gender discrimination. The study aims to characterize the state of gender inequality in Ukraine and outline possible ways to overcome this phenomenon through the use of political, legal, socio-practical and educational measures. It is carried out using a systematic analysis of international and domestic indicators of gender inequality that constitute the methodological basis for establishing the level of gender inequality, as well as regulatory analysis of documents adopted by international and domestic organizations. The undertaken analysis demonstrates that Ukraine has an extensive legal framework designed to ensure equal rights and opportunities for men and women, address gender discrimination, and harmonize Ukrainian and international gender policies. At the same time, the gender equality indicators (Gender Inequality Index used by the UN; Gender Gap Index used by the World Economic Forum), the results of sociological research (World Values Survey; use of domestic work; leisure practices) evidence that the issues of gender inequality, gender asymmetry and gender stereotypes are unresolved and require the introduction of institutional mechanisms to ensure equality. Such mechanisms could include: legal expertise, gender quotas, gender budgeting, work with local communities and social service providers, ensuring gender sensitivity of services, including social ones, formation of gender-based competence, implementation of promotional work, introduction of gender approaches in educational institutions.
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Raczkowska, Małgorzata. "Gender Gap – nierówności ekonomiczne w krajach europejskich ze względu na płeć." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 108 (December 20, 2014): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2014.108.44.
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This study elaborates on the problem of gender-based inequality in European countries. The first part discusses main trends in defining inequalities and discrimination. The second part includes an analysis of inequality based on the wage gap index and the Global Gender Index. Obtained results confirmed the existence of social inequality based on gender in European countries. Due to differences in its levels among different European countries in 2012–2013 it was possible to isolate two groups of countries. The first group includes Iceland, Finland, Norway and Sweden, that have been able to eliminate most of gender-based inequalities in various spheres of life. The second group consists of countries that need to reduce the disparities between positions of women and men – these include Albania, Hungary and Malta.
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Szołtysek, Mikołaj, Sebastian Klüsener, Radosław Poniat, and Siegfried Gruber. "The Patriarchy Index: A New Measure of Gender and Generational Inequalities in the Past." Cross-Cultural Research 51, no. 3 (March 21, 2017): 228–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397117697666.
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This article presents a new measure of family-driven age- and gender-related inequalities. This composite measure, which we call the Patriarchy Index, combines a range of variables related to familial behavior that reflect varying degrees of sex- and age-related social inequality across different family settings. We demonstrate the comparative advantages of the index by showing how 266 historical populations from the Atlantic coast of Europe to Moscow scored on the patriarchy scale. We then compare the index with contemporary measures of gender discrimination, and find a strong correlation between historical and current inequality patterns. Finally, we explore how variation in patriarchy levels across Europe is related to the socioeconomic and institutional characteristics of the regional populations, and to variation across these regions in their degree of demographic centrality and environmental conditions. The results confirm previous findings that family organization is a crucial generator of social inequality, and point to the importance of considering the historical context when analyzing the current global contours of inequality.
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Mukhopadhyay, Anish Kumar, Pinaki Chakrabarti, and Sugata Marjit. "Measuring Gender Discrimination: The Indian Experience and a new Index." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 21, no. 1 (May 2009): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x09002100105.
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The problem of gender disparity exists in India as in many other developing and developed countries. There is a growing concern about the falling female-male ratio (FMR), a very important indicator of this inequality. Overall evaluation of the quality of life in the mode of averages puts little weight on the reality of a falling sex ratio. The standard gender development measures capture this inequality inadequately. The literature records a number of contradictory claims and findings on the subject. Strikingly, this falling FMR over time reflects gross deprivation of nearly fifty percent of our population and given that these deprivations are rising, the increasing value of gender development index is highly misleading, possibly concealing a deteriorating quality of life for females. The basic objective of this paper is to construct an aggregative index which will be able to resolve the problem.
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Mastracci, Sharon. "The effect of women’s representation on the Global Gender Gap Index." International Journal of Public Sector Management 30, no. 3 (April 10, 2017): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-05-2016-0095.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find the most important factors to the Index that explains gender gaps in education, health, politics, and economic outcomes worldwide. Design/methodology/approach World Economic Forum (WEF) data are analyzed using hedonic regression analysis to estimate which factors affect a country’s Global Gender Gap Index. Standardized β coefficients reveal the top five factors influencing the Index, just as key components of the US Consumer Price Index are teased out using this method. Findings Women in public sector management, administration, and politics explain a substantial portion of gender inequality. Policies to increase women’s representation in parliaments, as heads of state, in ministerial positions, and in public sector management mitigate inequality as gauged by the Gender Gap Index. Economic indicators are also among the leading components of the Gender Gap Index. Research limitations/implications Although comprehensive and drawn from several sources including the World Health Organization, the International Labour Organization, and the United Nations Development Programme, WEF data do not capture the full experience of women worldwide. Subsequent qualitative research is recommended. Practical implications This analysis reveals policy recommendations for advocates working to close gender gaps, particularly in politics and economic outcomes. Increasing proportions of women in public sector management can mitigate inequality. This supports electoral quotas and human resource management initiatives to diversify management ranks. Social implications Increasing women’s share of public sector managerial positions fosters gender equity, as does increasing women’s share of elected and appointed positions. Originality/value This study provides quantitative evidence of the important role of women’s representation to guide subsequent fieldwork. This evidence supports efforts to increase women in elective office and public sector management.
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MARK, QUENTIN J. "GLOBAL VARIANCE IN FEMALE POPULATION HEIGHT: THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION, INCOME, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, LIFE EXPECTANCY, MORTALITY AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN 96 NATIONS." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 1 (April 2, 2013): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932013000175.
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SummaryHuman height is a heritable trait that is known to be influenced by environmental factors and general standard of living. Individual and population stature is correlated with health, education and economic achievement. Strong sexual selection pressures for stature have been observed in multiple diverse populations, however; there is significant global variance in gender equality and prohibitions on female mate selection. This paper explores the contribution of general standard of living and gender inequality to the variance in global female population heights. Female population heights of 96 nations were culled from previously published sources and public access databases. Factor analysis with United Nations international data on education rates, life expectancy, incomes, maternal and childhood mortality rates, ratios of gender participation in education and politics, the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gender Inequality Index (GII) was run. Results indicate that population heights vary more closely with gender inequality than with population health, income or education.
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Bastian, Metcalfe, and Zali. "Gender Inequality: Entrepreneurship Development in the MENA Region." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2019): 6472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226472.
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Entrepreneurship is increasingly popular among policy makers worldwide to promote and achieve economic development and growth. However, entrepreneurship rates differ from one country to another, and particularly the number of women entrepreneurs is still significantly lower than the number of male entrepreneurs in many contexts. In the present paper, we critically assess how country measures of gender inequality shape men and women’s entrepreneurial intentions, which were shown in literature to be excellent predictors of the establishment of new ventures. We analyze the direct and moderating effects of gender inequality on important individual-level antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) identified gender inequality as a key contributor to the loss of human development and declared “gender equality” as a sustainable development goal (SDG) in the UN 2030 agenda. Our research draws on the gender inequality index and GEM data from nine Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. Our results show that a culture of inequality leads to limited entrepreneurial behavior by both men and women in a population.
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Dijkstra, A. Geske, and Lucia C. Hanmer. "Measuring Socio-Economic GENDER Inequality: Toward an Alternative to the UNDP Gender-Related Development Index." Feminist Economics 6, no. 2 (January 2000): 41–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700050076106.
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Andrikienė, Laima, and Rūta Vaičiūnienė. "Lyčių nelygybė Lietuvoje: analizė ir vertinimas remiantis Lyčių lygybės indeksu 2015 (EIGE)." Culture & Society 7, no. 1 (2016): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2335-8777.7.1.2.
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Batz-Barbarich, Cassondra, Louis Tay, Lauren Kuykendall, and Ho Kwan Cheung. "A Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being: Estimating Effect Sizes and Associations With Gender Inequality." Psychological Science 29, no. 9 (July 6, 2018): 1491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618774796.
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Despite global gender inequalities, findings on gender differences in subjective well-being have been inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis on gender differences in subjective well-being to account for the type of subjective-well-being measure, sampling variability, and levels of national gender inequality from which samples are gathered. Based on 281 effect sizes for life satisfaction ( N = 1,001,802) and 264 for job satisfaction ( N = 341,949), results showed no significant gender differences in both types of subjective well-being. Supplementary meta-analyses found significantly lower job satisfaction, but not life satisfaction, in women for studies that used both life-satisfaction and job-satisfaction measures, and studies that relied on measures that previously demonstrated measurement equivalence. Using the Gender Inequality Index, we found that greater national gender inequality significantly predicts greater gender differences in job satisfaction, but not life satisfaction. We discuss the implications of these findings and the use of subjective well-being as a measure of societal progress.
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Chen, Binli, and Hailan He. "Falling behind the Rest? China and the Gender Gap Index." Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.2810.
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China’s rank falling in the Global Gender Gap Index of the World Economic Forum has aroused the domestic scholar’s controversy. Based on the data provided by the Global Gender Gap Report, this article will describe the gender inequality in China by comparing its overall index scores and scores in the fields of economic participation and opportunity, education attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment with other countries, and then examining the reasons for China’s falling in rank through the score changes of sub-dimensions and indicators. Analysis of the data suggests that China has not kept up with the rate of improvement in the overall index, and in the four fields, compared to the original 112 countries, the upper-middle income countries, and the Asian and Pacific countries. Over the 13 years covered by the report, China’s score experienced a rapid improvement from 2006 to 2009 and a decline after 2013. China’s high sex ratio at birth, further expansion of gender inequality in active life expectancy, and an enlarged gender gap in secondary education caused China’s lagging overall score and ranking. In addition, the inclusion of measures such as secondary education enrollment, political empowerment, and other indicators also led to the backward ranking of China to some extent.
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Delliswararao, Konduru. "Anthropological Perspective on Gender Disparities in India." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 8, no. 3 (July 29, 2021): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v8i3.36526.
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Gender is a social term; it is using for both male and female. But due to the inequality and discrimination, the gender term is more adopted only to female or women discrimination. In developing countries like India, gender inequality, discrimination is very high due to so many factors, such as economical factors, cultural factors and others. India is 140th Rank, out of 156 countries in world's gender gap index. It is showing that India's performance in gender equality. Not only a govt, every individual in the society are responsible for the gender inequality in India. When comparing with other nations, India’s ranking is lower than African countries. The main objective of the present paper explains the socio-cultural, economical, and other factors in various sectors in Pondicherry related to gender equality. Another aim of the study is to understanding the women development in a holistic manner. The methodology of the paper is Mixed Method of research. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 8, Issue-3: 416-425.
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Fonchamnyo, Dobdinga C., and Nubonyin Hilda Fokong. "Educational Gender Gap, Economic Growth and Income Distribution: An Empirical Study of the Interrelationship in Cameroon." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n3p168.
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This study aimed at investigating the interrelationship existing between educational gender gap, economic growth and income distribution in Cameroon using time series data from 1970 to 2014 obtained from the World Bank Development indicators and University of Texas inequality project. For estimation, the three stage least square regression technique was employed to estimate the parameters of the system of equations. The econometrics results showed that, educational gender gap had a positive and significant effect on economic growth, while increase in income inequality deters growth in Cameroon. The results also revealed that the theil index of income inequality negatively and significantly affect the educational gender gap, while the proportion of female teachers in the labour force and trade openness had a positive influence on the educational gender gap. Based on the findings, it is recommended that policymakers should focus on socio-economic policies apt to reduce educational gender gap and income inequality and at promoting economic growth.
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GÖKÇEK KARACA, Nuray, and Azmi Recep ÖZDAŞ. "Social Gender Inequality in the Member, Candidate, Potential Canditate Transition Economies of the European Union and Turkey." Journal of Asian Development 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2015): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v1i1.8096.
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In this research, a comparative analysis of the gender inequalities between Turkey the member, candidate and potential candidate economies of the European Union is tried to be examined. To ensure equality and justice and to reach the level of the EU Member states in this regard, it is a necessity to reduce the gender inequality in society. Rather than comparing Turkey with all transition economies within the frame of the EU standards of gender inequality, it was decided to compare Turkey with the transition economies like itself that are EU Members, Member candidates and potential candidates. The Gender Inequality Index that was developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was used in the aforementioned comparisons. Research results show proof that there are unfavorable differences in Turkey in regards to the comparison of gender inequality with transition economies that are EU members, member candidates and potential candidates. This result shows that Turkey has omissions in all components of gender inequality, categorized as health care, participation in political life, access to education and participation in working life. Therefore Turkey needs to reconsider all these categories and their indicators.
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Stephenson, Rob, Mondie Blalock Tharp, John Mark Wiginton, and Nicholas Metheny. "SEX COMPOSITION OF TWINS AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND MATERNAL TREATMENT-SEEKING OUTCOMES IN RESOURCE-POOR SETTINGS." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 4 (August 2, 2017): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201700030x.
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SummarySocietal gender inequality and a preference for male children has been shown to be detrimental to girls’ health. This is despite females’ innate biological advantage early in life. The negative effects of gender inequity on female health are most pronounced in resource-poor countries, where cultural norms supporting a preference for male children are strongest. However, most of what is known about gender inequality and child health comes from studies of singleton births. There is little evidence for how, or if, the disadvantages associated with gender bias and son preference extend to multiple births, a population inherently at risk for a number of health challenges. This analysis examines whether gender bias in health outcomes exists for twins. Data on live twin births from 38 Demographic and Health Surveys were compiled (n=11,528 individuals) and twins were categorized as girl/girl, girl/boy, boy/girl or girl/girl. Gender inequality was measured via the Gender Inequality Index. Multilevel logistic regression models examined associations between twin sex composition, gender inequality and eight outcomes of infant and child morbidity, mortality and mother’s treatment-seeking behaviours. Twin pairs containing girls had significantly lower odds of first-year mortality. Higher country-level gender inequality was associated with higher odds of reporting diarrhoea and fever/cough, as well as an increased odds of post-neonatal mortality. Results suggest that the biological advantage for females may be stronger than son preference and gender inequality in the first year of life. Understanding these relationships has the potential to inform efforts to curb the influence of gender preference on the health of female children in resource-poor settings.
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Kim, Young Dae, Yo Han Jung, Valeria Caso, Cheryl D. Bushnell, and Gustavo Saposnik. "Countries with women inequalities have higher stroke mortality." International Journal of Stroke 12, no. 8 (February 24, 2017): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493017694389.
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Background Stroke outcomes can differ by women’s legal or socioeconomic status. Aim We investigated whether differences in women’s rights or gender inequalities were associated with stroke mortality at the country-level. Methods We used age-standardized stroke mortality data from 2008 obtained from the World Health Organization. We compared female-to-male stroke mortality ratio and stroke mortality rates in women and men between countries according to 50 indices of women’s rights from Women, Business and the Law 2016 and Gender Inequality Index from the Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme. We also compared stroke mortality rate and income at the country-level. Results In our study, 176 countries with data available on stroke mortality rate in 2008 and indices of women’s rights were included. There were 46 (26.1%) countries where stroke mortality in women was higher than stroke mortality in men. Among them, 29 (63%) countries were located in Sub-Saharan African region. After adjusting by country income level, higher female-to-male stroke mortality ratio was associated with 14 indices of women’s rights, including differences in getting a job or opening a bank account, existence of domestic violence legislation, and inequalities in ownership right to property. Moreover, there was a higher female-to-male stroke mortality ratio among countries with higher Gender Inequality Index (r = 0.397, p < 0.001). Gender Inequality Index was more likely to be associated with stroke mortality rate in women than that in men (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our study suggested that the gender inequality status is associated with women’s stroke outcomes.
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Kim, Eun Mee. "Gender and the Sustainable Development Goals." Global Social Policy 17, no. 2 (April 17, 2017): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018117703444.
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) began in 2016 with great hopes that they will promote social development, economic development, and environmentally sustainable development with the motto, “Leave No One Behind” (UN 2016). In particular, SDGs’ goal 5, “Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls” (UN 2016). However, persistently high gender gap was found in many countries around the world whether they are developed or developing. The 2016 Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI), which examines gender inequality across four key areas of health, education, economy and politics, showed that the gender gap widened in many countries, and the gap in “economic participation and opportunity” showed the largest gender gap compared to health, education and political participation (World Economic Forum 2016). Interestingly, the GGGI do not match the global ranking of countries based on their GDP size, GDP per capita, or even the level of poverty. Thus, in order to deal with the underlying causes of deep-rooted and persistent gender inequality we must develop more culturally nuanced and contextualized approaches in the SDGs to tackle gender inequality (Song & Kim 2013). Gender inequality is simply not acceptable in the world where half of the world’s citizens are not provided with the same rights as the other half. It is also economically less productive to rely on only half of the world’s labor force to help eradicate poverty. Education, employment, and full empowerment of women and girls must be a priority for the SDGs.
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van der Ham, Mirte, Renee Bolijn, Alcira de Vries, Maiza Campos Ponce, and Irene G. M. van Valkengoed. "Gender inequality and the double burden of disease in low-income and middle-income countries: an ecological study." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e047388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047388.
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IntroductionMany low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) suffer from a double burden of infectious diseases (ID) and non-communicable diseases (NCD). Previous research suggests that a high rate of gender inequality is associated with a higher ID and NCD burden in LMIC, but it is unknown whether gender inequality is also associated with a double burden of disease. In this ecological study, we explored the association between gender inequality and the double burden of disease in LMIC.MethodsFor 108 LMIC, we retrieved the Gender Inequality Index (GII, scale 0–1) and calculated the double burden of disease, based on disability-adjusted life-years for a selection of relevant ID and NCD, using WHO data. We performed logistic regression analysis to study the association between gender inequality and the double burden of disease for the total population, and stratified for men and women. We adjusted for income, political stability, type of labour, urbanisation, government health expenditure, health infrastructure and unemployment. Additionally, we conducted linear regression models for the ID and NCD separately.ResultsThe GII ranged from 0.13 to 0.83. A total of 37 LMIC had a double burden of disease. Overall, the adjusted OR for double burden of disease was 1.05 per 0.01 increase of GII (95% CI 0.99 to 1.10, p=0.10). For women, there was a borderline significant positive association between gender inequality and double burden of disease (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.11, p=0.06), while there was no association in men (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.04, p=0.75).ConclusionWe found patterns directing towards a positive association between gender inequality and double burden of disease, overall and in women. This finding suggests the need for more attention for structural factors underlying gender inequality to potentially reduce the double burden of disease.
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Kurzman, Charles, Willa Dong, Brandon Gorman, Karam Hwang, Renee Ryberg, and Batool Zaidi. "Women’s Assessments of Gender Equality." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311987238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119872387.
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Women’s assessments of gender equality do not consistently match global indices of gender inequality. In surveys covering 150 countries, women in societies rated gender-unequal according to global metrics such as education, health, labor-force participation, and political representation did not consistently assess their lives as less in their control or less satisfying than men did. Women in these societies were as likely as women in index-equal societies to say they had equal rights with men. Their attitudes toward gender issues did not reflect the same latent construct as in index-equal societies, although attitudes may have begun to converge in recent years. These findings reflect a longstanding tension between universal criteria of gender equality and an emphasis on subjective understandings of women’s priorities.
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Burnette, Jeffrey, and Weiwei Zhang. "Distributional Differences and the Native American Gender Wage Gap." Economies 7, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7020046.
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We use the Theil index and data from the 2012–2016, American Community Survey 5-Year Sample to document and analyze gender wage inequality for American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women across single, multiracial and ethnic identity groups. Mean differences in hourly wages by gender contribute little to measured wage inequality when individuals are separated based upon their proximity to tribal homeland areas. Instead, we find between-group wage inequality is a function of glass-ceiling effects that differ by AIAN identification and homeland area. Differences in glass-ceiling effects across AIAN identity groups suggest the need to disaggregate data by AIAN ethnic identity. Furthermore, under certain circumstances, it may be appropriate to combine some racial AIAN identity groups into a single population even if the focus is to study policy impacts on citizens of federally recognized AIAN nations for those using government survey data.
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Maniyalath, Narendranathan, and Roshni Narendran. "The human development index predicts female entrepreneurship rates." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 22, no. 5 (August 1, 2016): 745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-11-2015-0258.
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Purpose – Past research has identified a negative association between national income and female entrepreneurship rates. Data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2012 are analyzed to determine whether the Human Development Index (HDI) predicts female entrepreneurship rates. The purpose of this paper is to indicate how other socioeconomic variables that measure human development interact with national income to predict female entrepreneurship rates. Design/methodology/approach – Data were drawn from the 2012 GEM data set, which provides information on female entrepreneurship rates in 61 countries. To test relevant hypotheses, dependent and socio-demographic variables were sourced from international databases to perform quantitative cross-country regression analyses. Findings – National income significantly predicted female entrepreneurship rates in the univariate analysis. However, this relationship became non-significant when development indices were added to the model. In contrast, the HDI, the Gender Inequality Index, and national religious composition were robust, significant predictors. Practical implications – This study presents evidence that human and gender development indices, and national religious composition, are better predictors of female entrepreneurship rates than national income. Thus, studies on female entrepreneurship rates should account and adjust for human development and gender equality indices. As religiosity continues to be pervasive within multiple nations, policymakers should consider this when developing interventions geared toward promoting female entrepreneurship. Originality/value – This paper identifies factors other than economic determinism to explain variance in female entrepreneurship rates and demonstrates that human development and gender inequality indices are better predictors of female entrepreneurship rates.
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Munir, Kashif, and Ayesha Kanwal. "Impact of educational and gender inequality on income and income inequality in South Asian countries." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 1043–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2020-0226.
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PurposeThe objectives of this study are threefold: firstly, to measure the impact of educational inequality on income inequality, and per capita income; secondly, to measure the impact of gender inequality in education on income inequality, per capita income and educational inequality; and lastly, to test the Kuznets inverted U-shape hypothesis between inequality in education and average year of schooling.Design/methodology/approachThe study has adopted the Marin and Psacharopoulos (1976) model of human capital in which income earned by an individual can be estimated as a function of number of year spent in schooling or education. Gini coefficient is used as a measure of income inequality, while inequality in education is measured by Gini index of educational inequality. Gender inequality in education is measured by the difference between male and female enrolment ratios as a proportion of male enrolment. The study utilizes the data of six South Asian countries, i.e. Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2010 at five-year average and employs fixed effect model (FEM) and random effect model (REM) for estimation.FindingsResult suggests that educational inequality and average year of schooling have positive and significant impact on income inequality. Primary (basic) education and tertiary (higher) education reduce income inequality, while secondary education widens income inequality. Negative relationship exists between educational inequality and per capita income. Unequal distribution of education among boys and girls at primary level increases income inequality, while reduces income inequality at tertiary level. Gender inequality in secondary and tertiary level of education reduces per capita income, while unequal distribution of education among boys and girls further increases the educational inequality. Kuznets inverted U-shape hypothesis does not hold between education expansion and educational inequality, while weak U-shape relationship exists in South Asian countries.Practical implicationsGovernment has to provide free education in poor regions and makes employment programs to reduce the income and educational inequality respectively, while to remove gender inequality in education it is necessary to build more schools especially for girls. Government has to launch different online education programs for expansion in education at all levels.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature by analyzing whether the inequality in income increases (decreases) due to increase (decrease) in educational and gender inequality in South Asian countries. This study contributes in the existing literature by developing a measure of educational and gender inequality in education in South Asian countries.Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-04-2020-0226.
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Włodarczyk, Julia. "Gender differences in income distributions in Poland." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 63, no. 3 (2020): 210–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2020.3.10.
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The paper presents results of a descriptive analysis of income distributions as well as top income inequality among women and men in Poland. The analysis is based on the dataset provided by the Council for Social Monitoring (2019). Throughout 2003–2015 their panel survey included, for example, a question on individual net monthly income in the past three months. In order to reduce differences associated with the age of entering and exiting the labour market on declared income levels (especially pensions), the calculations include only women and men aged 25–60 years. The analysis of income distributions of women and men in Poland is based on standard measures such as mean income, median income and related measures, as well as the Gini coefficient, Theil index and entropy index. It is supplemented by kernel density estimates and results of simultaneous quantile regressions that demonstrate differences between women and men across income groups. The analysis of top income inequality includes comparisons of subsamples consisting of top 3% earners in each group. The share of women in the top percentiles is then calculated and discussed. The analysis shows different dynamics related to the incomes of women and men, which provides support for including business cycle considerations in the analysis of income inequalities and their gender aspects.
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Koliesnik, Tetyana. "GENDER AUDIT OF LABOR LEGISLATION." Law Journal of Donbass 74, no. 1 (2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-74-1-27-35.
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It is analysed the problematic aspects of providing gender equality in labor relations in the article, as one of the key areas of ensuring Ukraine's democratic progress on the basis of European integration values is the introduction of gender equality in all spheres of public life. Women's rights and gender equality belong to the fundamental human rights guaranteed in numerous international contracts, resolutions, declarations, platforms and action programs in the field of human rights. The purpose of research is to study the world experience in assessing gender inequality, analysis and systematization of existing theoretical and methodological approaches to gender audit of labor legislation, and generalization of the main regulations aimed at implementing gender audit to provide gender balance in the implementation of the right to work. Gender audit is a new tool in promoting gender equality policy. It allows to analyze how the principles of gender equality are reflected in the activities of the organization, how gender components are integrated into strategic, program documents, documents on current activities, in the relationship in the staff. The article presents the main methodological tools for gender audit developed by the ILO and used recently: gender development index, gender inequality index. It was noted that there is a need for the rapid introduction of a methodology for measuring gender inequality, which will be able to cover all areas of human life as widely as possible and provide the most objective assessments of gender imbalance. The above regulations allow us to conclude that gender audit launches a process of systematic self-analysis in the field of both organizational capacity and program activities. The participation in the audit enhances the gender competencies of the participants and provides specific tools and methods of work on gender equality issues. The development of action plans based on the results of the gender audit makes it possible to strengthen the gender competencies of employees and introduce new modern methods of work to increase organizational capacity and improve the quality of working conditions for women and men. The key to the successful implementation of the outlined tasks is the legislative consolidation of these guarantees in the current legislation.
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Soares, Arioane Primon, Luciane Flores Jacobi, Roselaine Ruviaro Zanini, and Adriano Mendonça Souza. "Índice de Theil-T por estratos de renda e por determinantes das desigualdades de remuneração: uma aplicação para o mercado de trabalho de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul." Revista de Administração da UFSM 9, no. 2 (May 18, 2016): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198346597410.
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The main purpose of this is paper is to presents the Theil-T index based on the laws of physics and Shannon´s modern mathematical theory of communication to measure income inequality. This index enables to use stratum data by income besides to estimating the inequality intra stratum. The methodology will be illustrated with an application to measure the inequality in the formal labor market in Santa Maria city in Rio Grande do Sul, using social characteristics as gender, age and education level and, attributes of the own market like sphere of activity and economic activity from 2000 to 2009. Although the ex-inequality index calculated using the characteristics above mentioned is classified as medium low according to the PNUD classification, the index emphasizes the importance of assessing the distribution of income considering the local conditions of each micro region in order to direct the public politics to correct the most influential determinants of disparities.
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Kumar, Manik, Nicky Naincy, and Rahul Ranjan. "Elementary Education in India in the Era of Universalization of Education: Instrument of Access or the Perpetuation of Inequality." Emerging Economy Studies 4, no. 2 (September 13, 2018): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394901518795073.
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Sixty years of policymaking in the arena of elementary educational reforms in India and global focus through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have seen progress along with persisting inequality in access to education especially for socioeconomic and marginalized sections across the regions. This article focuses on analysis of two goals of MDGs which is related to universalization of education and reducing gender inequality in access to elementary education after introduction of policy interventions such as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Right to Education (RTE) Act in India through Gender Equity Index (GEI) and Disparity Index (DI) in Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER). Results are still consistent with the fact that even after incentives such as SSA and RTE, the scenario of elementary education has not changed much for the deprived sections, even it has shown a declining trend after 2009 for Scheduled Tribes (ST) children. The social reproduction of inequality is being manifested now in the quality of elementary education in India.
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Liao, Tim Futing. "Income Inequality, Social Comparison, and Happiness in the United States." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312098564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120985648.
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Using social comparison theory, I investigate the relation between experienced happiness and income inequality. In the analysis, I study happiness effects of the individual-level within-gender-ethnicity comparison-based Gini index conditional on a state’s overall inequality, using a linked set of the March 2013 Current Population Survey and the 2013 American Time Use Survey data while controlling major potential confounders. The findings suggest that individuals who are positioned to conduct both upward and downward comparison would feel happier in states where overall income inequality is high. In states where inequality is not high, however, such effects are not present because social comparison becomes less meaningful when one’s position is not as clearly definable. Therefore, social comparison matters where inequality persists: One’s comparison with all similar others’ in the income distribution in a social environment determines the effect of one’s income on happiness, with the comparison target being the same gender-ethnic group.
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Iqbal, Neelam, Anna Gkiouleka, Adrienne Milner, Doreen Montag, and Valentina Gallo. "Girls’ hidden penalty: analysis of gender inequality in child mortality with data from 195 countries." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 5 (October 2018): e001028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001028.
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IntroductionGender inequality has been associated with child mortality; however, sex-specific mortalities have yet to be explored. The aim of this study is to assess the associations between gender inequality and the child mortality sex ratio at country level, worldwide and to infer on possible mechanisms.MethodsData on sex-specific under-five mortality rates (U5MR) and the corresponding sex ratio (U5MSR) for the year 2015, by country, were retrieved from the Unicef database. Excess under-five female mortality was derived from previous published work. Gender inequality was measured using the Gender Inequality Index (GII). Additional biological and social variables have been included to explore potential mechanistic pathways.ResultsA total of 195 countries were included in the analysis. In adjusted models, GII was significantly negatively associated with the U5MSR (β=−0.29 (95% CI −0.42 to –0.16), p<0.001) and borderline significantly positively associated with excess under-five female mortality (β = 3.25 (95% CI −0.28 to 6.67, p=0.071). The association between GII and U5MSR was strong and statistically significant only in low-income and middle-income countries and in the Western Pacific area.ConclusionThe more gender unequal a society is, the more girls are penalised in terms of their survival chances, in particular in low-income and middle-income countries. In order to decrease child mortality and excess girl mortality, global policy should focus on reducing gender inequality surrounding measures of reproductive health, women’s political empowerment, educational attainment and participation in the workforce.
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Stefani, Serena, and Gabriele Prati. "Are dimensions of gender inequality uniformly associated with human values?" Europe’s Journal of Psychology 17, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2261.
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A previous work of Schwartz and Rubel-Lifschitz (2009, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015546) highlighted the association between human values and gender equality. However, gender equality is not a monolith. Indeed, it is a multidimensional phenomenon. We started from this multidimensionality to understand how the relative importance of human values varies through the different dimensions of Gender Equality Index (GEI)—namely work, money, knowledge, time, power, and health. We have designed a cross-national study based on secondary data analysis from international databases (i.e., European Social Survey [ESS] and GEI). Through the Bayesian correlational analysis of 18 European countries, findings revealed that 1) universalism, benevolence and self-direction are strongly and positively correlated to gender equality; 2) security, power and achievement are strongly and negatively correlated to equality while 3) conformity, tradition, stimulation, and hedonism have weak/non-significant correlation coefficients with gender equality. Relevance to cultural values and ideologies that support social equality are discussed. Furthermore, we find that some values are related to certain specific gender equality dimensions. Our results provide a more fine-grained analysis compared to previous findings, by outlining a more complex scenario.
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Adamyk, Viktoriia. "Socio-economic inequality in the national and global spotlight: a contemporary view on the issue." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 1(91) (January 1, 2019): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2019.01.102.
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The article discusses the main aspects and forms of socio-economic inequality in today’s world, such as: wealth and income inequality, gender inequality, life-level and life-quality gaps between rural and urban people and workers from various branches of the national economy, educational inequality and poverty, inequality on the labour market, wealth inequality by age, digital inequality and stratification. It is emphasized that socio-economic inequality and polarization in any economic system, both national and global ones, occur due to objective factors and have positive (stimulating) effects. Clearly, it is not proper to measure inequality only by using traditional indicators, namely, GDP per capita, Gini coefficient, Kaitz index, etc., because they do not make it possible to reveal all the forms and threats under the conditions of current political and geo-economic transformations. The integral indices have been characterized through which socio-economic gaps can be assessed for qualitative parameters, including the Social Progress Index, the Quality of Life Index, and the Inclusive Development Index as the most complete and suitable tool for identifying inequalities at the national and global levels. The author has established the fact that wealth and income inequality is an essential but not the only aspect of inequality in today’s world, and that all forms of inequality are linked by cause-and-effect relationships. The research paper provides a partial comparison and an analysis of the current state in Ukraine (by forms of inequality). It is pointed out that in recent years the issues of educational inequality and digital stratification have been among the main threats for the future socio-economic development. Overcoming the challenges will be possible through national and international poverty alleviation policies, aimed at increasing the inclusive development of the world’s economies and leveling the activities of extractive institutions.
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Hargrove, Taylor W. "Intersecting Social Inequalities and Body Mass Index Trajectories from Adolescence to Early Adulthood." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 59, no. 1 (January 4, 2018): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146517746672.
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This study combines multiple-hierarchy stratification and life course perspectives to address two research questions critical to understanding U.S. young adult health. First, to what extent are racial-ethnic inequalities in body mass index (BMI) gendered and/or classed? Second, do racial-ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic inequalities in BMI widen or persist between adolescence and early adulthood? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort and growth curve models, results suggest that among white, black, and Hispanic American men and women ages 13 to 31, racial-ethnic inequality in BMI is greatest among women. Black women experience the highest adolescent BMI and the greatest increases in BMI with age. Furthermore, socioeconomic resources are less protective against weight gain for blacks and Hispanics, with the nature of these relationships varying by gender. Findings present a more nuanced picture of health inequality that renders visible the disproportionate burden of poor health experienced by marginalized groups.
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Hassanzadeh, Jafar, Noorollah Moradi, Nader Esmailnasab, Shahab Rezaeian, Pezhman Bagheri, and Vajihe Armanmehr. "The Correlation between Gender Inequalities and Their Health Related Factors in World Countries: A Global Cross-Sectional Study." Epidemiology Research International 2014 (November 9, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/521569.
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The study aimed to investigate gender inequalities and their health associated factors in world countries. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken using data of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Health Organization (WHO). The main variable in this study was gender inequality index (GII). All countries were stratified by WHO regions. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the linear correlation between GII and investigated factors by WHO regions. The mean of GII was greater in Africa and lower in Europe region. There was negative significant association between GII and life expectancy at birth and mean years of schooling, prevalence of current tobacco smoking, high blood pressure and overweight and obesity, alcohol consumption rate, and cancer death rate. But there was positive significant association between GII and noncommunicable diseases death rates. In conclusion, gender inequalities, though decreasing over the past decades in world, remain notably greater in Africa and Eastern Mediterranean regions than in Europe. Gender inequality is also an important issue which is related to health factors. Hence, countries will need to focus on public health intervention and equal distribution of economic resources to reduce gender inequality in society.
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Doğan, Nezahat. "Determinants of Global Peace and Gender Equality as an Invisible Hand: A Cross Country Analysis." Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Womens Studies 20, no. 2 (August 15, 2019): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/jws.v20i2.80.
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This study uses a cross sectional data for 115 countries in order to examine the relationship between global peace and gender equality, by using Global Peace Index (GPI) as a dependent variable, and Gender Inequality Index (GII) and Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) as independent variables. We test whether the gender equality is related to peace and whether the impacts differ when other determinants of peace have taken into consideration. The results suggest that level of gender equality and cohesion are the most robust and significant variables affecting level of peace in a positive way among other control variables. Two indexes have been used as a measure of gender equality in order to check the robustness of the results and the same results and conclusions were obtained from the regressions. Interestingly, the study also finds that income level of the country, as a control variable, is insignificant in all regressions.
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MOSAKOVA, E. A., and M. V. DUBKOVA. "RUSSIAN LABOR MARKET IN THE DIGITAL ERA: DISCRIMINATION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 4 (2021): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.01.014.
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The article examines the state of the Russian labor market in the digital age, namely, gender and age discrimination. Based on the Gender Inequality Index calculated using the WEF methodology, it is shown that over the past decade and a half, the position of the Russian women in the terms of the gender inequality in the economic sphere have improved. However, compared to a number of developed countries, on the contrary, the situation has deteriorated. Moreover, the article proves that the Russian labor market is largely characterized by ageism, which is most strongly manifested in relation to female employees. The most acute problems of the modern Russian labor market still remain: the gender pay gap, horizontal and vertical segregation, significant share of women in part-time employment, stronger age discrimination against the young workers and workers of pre-retirement age.