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1

Zhao, Rui, and Yaohui Zhao. "The Gender Pension Gap in China." Feminist Economics 24, no. 2 (2018): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2017.1411601.

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2

Faik, Jürgen, and Tim Köhler-Rama. "Der Gender Pension Gap — Ungeeigneter Indikator." Wirtschaftsdienst 92, no. 5 (2012): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10273-012-1382-3.

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3

Smith-Carrier, Tracy, Marcie Penner, Aaron Cecala, and Carol Agócs. "It’s Not Just a Pay Gap: Quantifying the Gender Wage and Pension Gap at a Post-Secondary Institution in Canada." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 51, no. 2 (2021): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.vi0.189215.

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What is the impact of the gender pay gap in academia over the course of a career and retirement? To quantify this impact, we used a Canadian post-secondary institution as a case study and simulated the effects of the reported difference in salary across multiple academic career trajectories. A starting wage gap of less than $9,000 resulted in a $300,000–$400,000 gender wage gap over the course of a career, and a further $148,000–$259,000 gender pension gap, for a total gender pension and wage gap of $454,000–$660,000, depending on the rank achieved. Thus, focusing on gender gaps in salary alon
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4

Jędrzychowska, Anna, Ilona Kwiecień, and Ewa Poprawska. "The Motherhood Pension Gap in a Defined Contribution Pension Scheme—the Case of Poland." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (2020): 4425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114425.

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A gender gap in pensions has recently been discussed in the context of non-discrimination and the sustainability of pension systems. Such systems in Europe are evolving towards strengthening the role of individual contributions from periods of paid work. Among other factors, the women’s pension gap is affected by interruptions in employment arising from care responsibilities. The purpose of this article is to measure the pension gap associated with having children in defined contribution pension systems. Using financial mathematics, the retirement capital of a childless woman (without breaks i
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5

유희원, 김성욱, and Lee, Ju Hwan. "The Gender Gap of the National Pension System: Focused on the Gender Difference in Receipts of the Old-age Pension." Social Welfare Policy 43, no. 1 (2016): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15855/swp.2016.43.1.27.

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6

Frommert, Dina, and Susanne Strauß. "Biografische Einflussfaktoren auf den Gender Pension Gap – Ein Kohortenvergleich für Westdeutschland." Journal for Labour Market Research 46, no. 2 (2012): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12651-012-0125-7.

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7

Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Gunnel Hensing, Simon Øverland, et al. "The gender gap in accrued pension rights – an indicator of women’s accumulated disadvantage over the course of working life. The Hordaland Health Study (HUSK)." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 3 (2017): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817715845.

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Aims: Economic gender equality is one of the goals of the Nordic Welfare states. Despite this, there is a considerable gender gap in pensionable income in the European Union, and an unmet need for measures that absorb more of the complexity associated with accumulated (dis)advantages across gender and population groups. The aims of the present study were to examine the gender difference in association between average earned pension points and 1) education and 2) current occupational prestige, and to discuss pension points as a possible indicator of accumulated disadvantages. Methods: We linked
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8

Halvorsen, Elin, and Axel West Pedersen. "Closing the gender gap in pensions: A microsimulation analysis of the Norwegian NDC pension system." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 1 (2018): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717754296.

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In this article, we use an advanced microsimulation model to study the distributional effects of the reformed Norwegian pension system with a particular focus on gender equality. The reformed Norwegian system is based on the notional defined contribution (NDC)-formula with fixed contribution/accrual rates over the active life-phase and with accumulated pension wealth being transformed into an annuity upon retirement. A number of redistributive components are built into the system: a unisex annuity divisor, a ceiling on annual earnings, generous child credits, a possibility for widows/widowers
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9

Gardiner, Jean, Andrew M. Robinson, and Fathi Fakhfakh. "Exploring the private pension gender gap and occupation in later working life." Work, Employment and Society 30, no. 4 (2016): 687–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017015575868.

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10

Coppola, Mariarosaria, Maria Russolillo, and Rosaria Simone. "On the management of retirement age indexed to life expectancy: a scenario analysis of the Italian longevity experience." Journal of Risk Finance 21, no. 3 (2020): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-01-2020-0012.

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Purpose This paper aims to measure the financial impact on social security system of a recently proposed indexation mechanism for retirement age by considering the Italian longevity experience. The analysis is motivated by the progressive increase in life expectancy at advanced age, which is rapidly bringing to the fore noticeable socio-economic consequences in most industrialized countries. Among those, the impact on National Social Security systems is particularly relevant if people live longer than expected; this will lead to greater financial exposure for pension providers. Design/methodol
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11

Ginn, Jay, and Sara Arber. "Degrees of Freedom: Do Graduate Women escape the Motherhood Gap in Pensions?" Sociological Research Online 7, no. 2 (2002): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.717.

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British women's increasing levels of educational attainment have led to expectations of gender convergence in employment patterns and hence in lifetime earnings and pension income. However, it is not clear how far losses due to motherhood vary with educational qualifications. A polarisation in mothers’ employment is evident, according to whether women have high levels of educational and occupational capital and some writers have suggested that a young graduate mother is likely to maintain almost continuous full time employment, with minimal loss of lifetime earnings and no loss of pension inco
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12

Gurvich, E. "Prospects for the Russia’s Pension System." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2007): 46–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2007-9-46-71.

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We find that the present pension system is able to secure long-term formal sustainability. On the other hand, rapid fall of the replacement rate is expected, with the hardest period in 2018 to 2041, when ratio of average pension to average wage will be below 20%. Additional funds needed to keep this ratio at the level of 2006 amount to 2-3% of GDP in 2020-2041. Distributional implications of the pension reform are examined. The present value of losses born by elder cohorts from the reform are estimated to reach 9,9 bln roubles (in 2007 prices). The gender gap in pensions will increase substant
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13

Halrynjo, Sigtona, Ragni Hege Kitterød, and Axel West Pedersen. "A woman’s cause? Popular attitudes towards pension credits for childcare in Norway." European Journal of Social Security 21, no. 3 (2019): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262719869065.

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In many countries – including Norway – concerns about the persistent gender gap in pensions have led to the introduction of child credits that compensate mothers for losing accrued pension rights while they care for small children. In political debates child credits are typically framed as being unequivocally women-friendly. But, although they help to reduce the gender gap in pension income, they tend to discourage mothers’ paid work and favour couples with a gendered division of paid and unpaid work. This article uses survey data to investigate the extent to which the working age population i
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14

Zanier, Maria, and Isabella Crespi. "Facing the Gender Gap in Aging: Italian Women’s Pension in the European Context." Social Sciences 4, no. 4 (2015): 1185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci4041185.

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15

Collins, Micheál L. "Private Pensions and the Gender Distribution of Fiscal Welfare." Social Policy and Society 19, no. 3 (2020): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746420000111.

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The provision of taxation relief to support pension savings has become a large and expensive aspect of the welfare state in many countries. Among OECD member states this exceeds $200 billion in revenue forgone each year. Previous research has consistently found this fiscal welfare to have pronounced regressive distributive outcomes. However, little is known about the gendered impact of these fiscal welfare supports, a void this article addresses. Using data for Ireland the article finds that the current structure of fiscal welfare supports notably favours males over females. Nominal contributi
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16

Basiglio, Stefania, and Noemi Oggero. "The Effects of Pension Information on Individuals’ Economic Outcomes: A Survey." Economies 8, no. 3 (2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8030067.

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This paper provides an overview of a wide array of research investigating the effects of pension information on different individuals’ economic outcomes. While many studies show that information provision increases knowledge, the evidence is mixed regarding its effects on behavior. Nevertheless, we draw some conclusions about the impact of pension information on three major economic outcomes, namely, retirement planning, choices pertaining individuals’ labor supply, and savings decisions. We also highlight that the lack of knowledge prevalently hits the most vulnerable individuals in the socie
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17

Coppola, Mariarosaria, Maria Russolillo, and Rosaria Simone. "An Indexation Mechanism for Retirement Age: Analysis of the Gender Gap." Risks 7, no. 1 (2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks7010021.

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The management of National Social Security Systems is being challenged more and more by the rapid ageing of the population, especially in the industrialized countries. In order to chase the Pension System sustainability, several countries in Europe are setting up pension reforms linking the retirement age and/or benefits to life expectancy. In this context, the accurate modelling and projection of mortality rates and life expectancy play a central role and represent issues of great interest in recent literature. Our study refers to the Italian mortality experience and considers an indexing mec
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18

Gaugel, Elke. "Women’s Pension Provision in the Federal Republic of Germany." Vestnik Povolzhskogo instituta upravleniya 21, no. 3 (2021): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1682-2358-2021-3-4-12.

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The issue of whether there are equal rights in Germany between women and men in terms of pensions. The differences in the amount of pensions to which women and men are entitled are analyzed. It is argued that one of the main reasons for these disparities is the persisting gender pay gap between men and women in Germany. It is postulated that the recently introduced “basic pension” for long-time employees will be a step toward solving the problem.
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19

PRICE, DEBORA. "Closing the Gender Gap in Retirement Income: What Difference Will Recent UK Pension Reforms Make?" Journal of Social Policy 36, no. 4 (2007): 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001183.

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AbstractThe second report of the Pensions Commission sought to establish a framework for a sustainable pension system for future generations of pensioners in the UK. The framework has been largely accepted by government in their recent White Paper, Security in Retirement: Towards a New Pension System (2006). Legislation will follow. The Commission and the government have made a number of claims about how their proposals will benefit women. Reforms have been welcomed by women's lobby groups. This article presents a gendered analysis of the Pensions Commission proposals using unpublished data ge
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20

Fedotenkov, Igor, and Pavel Derkachev. "Gender longevity gap and socioeconomic indicators in developed countries." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 1 (2019): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2019-0082.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain relations between socioeconomic factors and gender longevity gap and to test a number of contradicting theories. Design/methodology/approach Fixed effects models are used for cross-country panel data analysis. Findings The authors show that in developed countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and European Union) a lower gender longevity gap is associated with a higher real GDP per capita, a higher level of urbanization, lower income inequality, lower per capita alcohol consumption and a better ecological environment. An i
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21

Kreyenfeld,, Michaela, Tatjana Mika,, and Anke Radenacker. "Der Gender Pension Gap in Ost- und Westdeutschland: Welchen Einfluss hat eine Scheidung auf die Alterssicherung?" Sozialer Fortschritt 67, no. 11-12 (2018): 973–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.67.11-12.973.

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22

Kaliciak, Anna, Radoslaw Kurach, and Walid Merouani. "The Importance of Behavioural Factors for Pension Savings Decisions – Cross-Country Evidence." Acta Oeconomica 69, no. 3 (2019): 357–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2019.69.3.3.

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In this study, we challenge the problem of inadequate voluntary pension savings by exploring the micro-dataset of the Luxembourg Wealth Study (LWS) for three countries: Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. The existing empirical literature usually focuses on the role of socio-demographic factors to understand this phenomenon, and theoretical studies additionally highlight the role of behavioural factors. However, empirical studies in this field are extremely scarce. The use of the LWS data enables us to fill this research gap. Separately for each country, we verify the role of indi
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23

Lyberaki, Antigone, Platon Tinios, and Thomas Georgiadis. "Intra-household Pension Gender Gap in Europe: Does Economic Independence Correlate with Life Satisfaction for Europeans Aged Sixty-five Plus?" International Journal of Aging and Society 5, no. 3 (2015): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2160-1909/cgp/v05i03/35151.

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24

Streeter, Jialu L. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WIDOWHOOD IN THE SHORT RUN AND LONG RUN: FINANCIAL AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2698.

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Abstract This paper addresses the question of whether differences in financial and emotional wellbeing after the death of one’s spouse vary systematically with gender, using the Health and Retirement Study data between 1992 and 2014. Results show that all else being equal, widows have 22% less income than widowers, and a nine percentage points increase in their likelihood of falling into poverty. The income gap attributable to gender is considerably large for those newly widowed. The gap shrinks by half in the next ten years in widowhood but widens again substantially after the ten-year mark.
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25

Heikkilä, Katriina, Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, Kristina Alexanderson, and Marianna Virtanen. "Work Participation among Women and Men in Sweden: A Register Study of 8.5 Million Individuals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (2021): 4642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094642.

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Observational research studies from various countries suggest that women’s working patterns across the life course are often fragmented compared to men’s. The aim of our investigation was to use nationwide register data from Sweden to examine the extent to which generation and time of entry to the work force explain the sex differences in work participation across the life course. Our analyses were based on individual-level data on 4,182,581 women and 4,279,571 men, who were 19–69 years old and resident in Sweden in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, or 2015. Data on income and number of net days on disa
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26

Park, Jinhwa. "A Study on the Change of Gender Gap Inherent in the National Pension System: Focusing on External and Internal Reform of the System." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 11, no. 1 (2020): 1287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.11.1.94.

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27

McKenna, Julie. "Canadian Library Human Resources Short-Term Supply and Demand Crisis Is Averted, But a Significant Long-Term Crisis Must Be Addressed." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 2, no. 1 (2007): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8t59b.

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Objective – To examine the human resources environment in Canadian libraries in order to assess readiness to accommodate change and to identify opportunities for human resources planning. The “8Rs” of the study were defined as recruitment, retirement, retention, remuneration, repatriation, rejuvenation, re-accreditation, and restructuring.
 
 Design – This study was undertaken in three phases over nearly three years through the use a variety of methods including literature review, analyses of existing data (Statistics Canada and library school graduate data), telephone interviews (wi
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Niessen-Ruenzi, Alexandra, and Christoph Schneider. "The Gender Pension Gap in Germany." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3455189.

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29

Bonnet, Carole, Dominique Meurs, and Benoit Rapoport. "Gender pension gaps along the distribution: An application to the French case." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, August 12, 2020, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747220000177.

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Abstract In this article we estimate the relative contributions to the gender pension gap of career duration and income earned at different points along the pension income distribution, as well as the role played by minimum pensions and other partly or wholly non-contributory policies in reducing this gap. Our research covers all retirees in France in 2012 employed in the public or private sector at least once in their lifetimes. We first highlight that at every point in the distribution, the gender pension gap is wider for private-sector retirees than for those in the public sector. This is b
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30

Veremchuk, Anna. "Gender Gap in Pension Income: Cross-Country Analysis and Role of Gender Attitudes." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3662968.

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31

Demchenko, Karyna. "THE GENDER GAP IN PENSIONS AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PENSION SUPPLEMENT IN THE MODEL OF PENSION PROVISION." Young Scientist 10, no. 74 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2019-10-74-67.

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32

Skogen, JC, G. Hensing, S. Øverland, et al. "The gender gap in accrued pension points: an indicator of women’s accumulated disadvantages." European Journal of Public Health 27, suppl_3 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.348.

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33

Domínguez Fabián, Inmaculada, Enrique Devesa Carpio, Borja Encinas Goenechea, and Robert Meneu Gaya. "The minimum pension and its effect on the gender gap in retirement pensions in Spain." Journal of Gender Studies, March 17, 2021, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1899905.

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34

Veira-Ramos, Alberto, and Paul Schmelzer. "Income growth in the United Kingdom during late career and after retirement: growing inequalities after deindustrialisation, educational expansion and development of the knowledge-based economy." Ageing and Society, May 28, 2021, 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x21000581.

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Abstract This article shows how late-life incomes from work and pensions evolved in the United Kingdom between 1991 and 2007, the year the Great Recession began. Our main contribution comes from focusing on changes across cohorts in different educational groups while also considering the gender divide. Our statistical analyses based on the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) suggest that deindustrialisation, the expansion of jobs in the knowledge economy and pension reforms affected senior workers’ incomes before and after retirement. Highly qualified senior male workers have profited from i
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35

König, Stefanie, Boo E. A. Johansson, and Kristian Bolin. "Invisible Scars or Open Wounds? The Role of Mid-career Income for the Gender Pension Gap in Sweden." Frontiers in Sociology 4 (December 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2019.00084.

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36

Wang, Yean, Huan Zhang, Tong Feng, and Hongyang Wang. "Does internet use affect levels of depression among older adults in China? A propensity score matching approach." BMC Public Health 19, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7832-8.

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Abstract Background Emerging research on the use of new technology suggests that internet use is generally associated with high levels of efficiency among older adults in the following areas: quality of life, mood, positive psychological well-being, and the individual and societal costs of caring for them. However, there is little empirical evidence specifically concerning the causal effects of older adults’ internet use on their depression level. There is a need for more replication studies to help confirm that the emerging evidence on the impact of internet use is accurate and applicable to
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