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1
Zhou, Yu. "Occupational Skills and Gender Wage Gap." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83563.
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This dissertation consists of three essays studying the occupational wages, skills, and gender wage gap in U.S. and other OECD countries. The analysis especially focuses on how the gender differences in skill levels and skill returns could explain the gender wage gaps and changes. The first chapter outlines the dissertation by briefly discussing the motivations, methods, and main findings in each of the following chapters.
Chapter 2 focuses on the well-documented wage and employment polarizations in the U.S.. The occupations moving into the lower tail ("in" occupations) have more immigrant workers, more part-time workers, and less female workers. In addition, the wage gaps between domestic/immigrant, full-time/part-time, and male/female workers are also larger in "in" occupations. The opposite facts hold true in the occupations moving out of the lower tail ("out" occupations). Utilizing the regional differences, we also find stronger spillover effect from high-wage occupations to the "out" occupations than the effect to the "in" occupations.
Chapter 3 investigates how gender differences in skills beyond education and experience can account for the observed gender wage gap and its changes between 1980 and 2015 by using data from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and the Occupational Information Network (O*NET). The main empirical finding is that female workers possess much higher level of caring skills, and the returns to caring skills are significantly negative but have increased over time, accounting for a major part of the persistent gender wage gap and the narrowing gender wage gap from 1980 to 2015. Another significant portion of the narrowed gender wage gap can be attributed to the faster growth in female workers' average directness skills and the fact that the returns to directness skills are significantly positive and stable over time.
In the last chapter, we document significant cross-country variation in gender wage gaps among OECD countries by using the data from Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). We find significant cross-country variation in the gender differences in returns. The gender differences in returns to basic labor and experience are the most important factors in explaining the gender wage gap. In addition, gender differences in returns to cognitive and directness skills are playing milder but substantial roles in explaining the wage gap. We also find the social institutions and attitudes indicators are related to the cross-country variation in gender differences.<br>Ph. D.
2
Malmberg, Åsa. "Evaluating the gender wage gap in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7654.
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<p>Using mainly quantile regressions, this paper evaluates the gender wage gap throughout the conditional wage distribution in Sweden. The gender wage is found to increase at the upper tail of the wage distribution, indicating an enforcement of the glass ceiling effect recorded in earlier studies.</p><p>The results also indicate that the earlier noted trend of diminishing wage differences at the bottom of the wage distribution now is turning. The increase of overall wage inequalities coincides with a general increase in wage dispersion among high-income and low-income individuals. It is also noted that there are substantial differences in returns to productivity characteristics between the public and the private sectors, and that both the highest and the lowest unexplained gender wage gap is found in the public sector.</p>
3
Alksnis, Christine. "Sexism, stereotyping, and the gender wage gap." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ55614.pdf.
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Andersen, Jaime. "The gender wage gap : exploring the explanations." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/760.
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Rickardsson, Jonna, and Josefine Göthberg. "The Gender Wage Gap : - among Swedish municipalities." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26897.
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Though successively decreasing over time, gender wage gaps are still large in all western countries. When gender wage gaps exist, there is an unequal distribution of economic power between men and women. This paper examines variables that significantly relate to the differences in the size of the gender wage gap across Swedish municipalities. With data gathered from Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Social Insurance Agency for the year 2011, a series of OLS regressions are performed. By examining what variables are statistically related to variations in the gender wage gap over municipalities, for example, average wage, human capital, gender segregation and work absence, the aim is to further contribute to the field of gender economics. The results in this paper show that the gender wage gap exists in all 290 Swedish municipalities. It varies greatly with women earning only 56 percent of men’s wages in Danderyd to women earning 87 percent of men’s wages in Haparanda. In municipalities where average wages are high the gender wage gap is large. Long-term illness and lowered capacity to work are strong factors negatively affecting the gender wage gap. In municipalities where women are more affected by long-term illness and lowered capacity to work than men the gender wage gap is larger. Furthermore, there is a significant relation between the gender wage gap and human capital. The gender wage gap is larger in municipalities where a large share of the population has a higher education.
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Sosa, Madison Renee. "Gender Pay Gap Analysis." University of Toledo Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=uthonors1533558382655623.
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Gonzalez, Pablo. "Essays on wage differentials and wage formation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242947.
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Franks, Tiffany Wright David W. "Gender and the wage gap: still not equal /." Diss., A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2007. http://soar.wichita.edu/dspace/handle/10057/1132.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Sociology.<br>"May 2007." Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 20, 2007). Thesis adviser: David W. Wright. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 28-30).
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Napari, Sami. "Essays on the gender wage gap in Finland /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/566371707.pdf.
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Aleksandrova, Arnaudova Evelina. "The Gender Wage Gap in Spain : An analysis of the impact of the financial crisis on the gender wage gap distribution." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37890.
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Equality is part of the European policy and legislation. However there are still evident signs of women being treated unequally in the labour market. The aim of the thesis is to answer the question if women are more vulnerable to economic shocks in terms of wage distribution. The focus will be on women in Spain in the context of the financial crisis of 2008. The thesis examines the evolution of the salary structure in the period 2002-2014 using the microdata of the Structural Earning Survey. The taste-based and the statistical discrimination theory are going to be described in order to explain the causes of gender wage discrimination. The methods applied in this paper are the Mincer method, which explains the human capital theory and the Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions, which separates the gender wage gap into explained and unexplained parts. The results from the study suggest that there is a decrease in the gender wage gap in Spain following the situation before and after the crisis.
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Aleksandrova, Arnaudova Evelina. "The Gender Wage Gap in Spain : An analysis of the impact of the financial crisis on the gender wage gap distribution." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37871.
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Equality is part of the European policy and legislation. However there are still evident signs of women being treated unequally in the labour market. The aim of the thesis is to answer the question if women are more vulnerable to economic shocks in terms of wage distribution. The focus will be on women in Spain in the context of the financial crisis of 2008. The thesis examines the evolution of the salary structure in the period 2002-2014 using the microdata of the Structural Earning Survey. The taste-based and the statistical discrimination theory are going to be described in order to explain the causes of gender wage discrimination. The methods applied in this paper are the Mincer method, which explains the human capital theory and the Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions, which separates the gender wage gap into explained and unexplained parts. The results from the study suggest that there is a decrease in the gender wage gap in Spain following the situation before and after the crisis.<br><p>Correction: Spring semester 2019</p>
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Montes, Jose L. "Evolution of gender wage gap in Peru, 1997-2000." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1629.
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Tinch, Elizabeth. "The wage gap: Gender differences in the teaching profession." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2509.
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This thesis examines the wage gap between male and female teachers by analyzing data drawn from the 2006-08 Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS data set is composed of 72,000 households and the civilian noninstitutional population of the United States abiding in these households. The dependent variable, income, is an interval measure of annual income from wages and salaries. In this study the lower income for female teachers is best explained by three theoretical perspectives: individual, structural, and gender. A univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis were conducted and it was found that the wage gap between male and female teachers was partially explained by age, education, and organization size. It was also found that women will receive a lower income than their male counterparts based on their gender, and that women will be sorted into inferior economic positions relative to men.<br>Thesis (M.A.) -- Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Sociology
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Valmori, Simona <1978>. "The gender wage gap in developing and transition countries." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/794/.
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The aim of my dissertation is to study the gender wage gap with a specific focus on developing and
transition countries. In the first chapter I present the main existing theories proposed to analyse the
gender wage gap and I review the empirical literature on the gender wage gap in developing and
transition countries and its main findings. Then, I discuss the overall empirical issues related to the
estimation of the gender wage gap and the issues specific to developing and transition countries.
The second chapter is an empirical analysis of the gender wage gap in a developing countries, the
Union of Comoros, using data from the multidimensional household budget survey “Enquete
integrale auprès des ménages” (EIM) run in 2004. The interest of my work is to provide a
benchmark analysis for further studies on the situation of women in the Comorian labour market
and to contribute to the literature on gender wage gap in Africa by making available more
information on the dynamics and mechanism of the gender wage gap, given the limited interest on
the topic in this area of the world. The third chapter is an applied analysis of the gender wage gap in
a transition country, Poland, using data from the Labour Force Survey (LSF) collected for the years
1994 and 2004. I provide a detailed examination of how gender earning differentials have changed
over the period starting from 1994 to a more advanced transition phase in 2004, when market
elements have become much more important in the functioning of the Polish economy than in the
earlier phase. The main contribution of my dissertation is the application of the econometrical
methodology that I describe in the beginning of the second chapter. First, I run a preliminary OLS
and quantile regression analysis to estimate and describe the raw and conditional wage gaps along
the distribution. Second, I estimate quantile regressions separately for males and females, in order
to allow for different rewards to characteristics. Third, I proceed to decompose the raw wage gap
estimated at the mean through the Oaxaca-Blinder (1973) procedure. In the second chapter I run a
two-steps Heckman procedure by estimating a model of participation in the labour market which
shows a significant selection bias for females. Forth, I apply the Machado-Mata (2005) techniques
to extend the decomposition analysis at all points of the distribution. In Poland I can also implement
the Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (1991) decomposition over the period 1994-2004, to account for
effects to the pay gap due to changes in overall wage dispersion beyond Oaxaca’s standard
decomposition.
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Olesen, Erin J. "The Gender Wage Gap across Male-Dominated, Female-Dominated, and Gender-Neutral Occupations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/625.
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Labor economists have persistently observed a “gap” in the earnings of men and women. In this paper, I attempt to offer a partial explanation for the gender wage gap by analyzing the gender wage gap across male-dominated, female-dominated, and gender-neutral occupations. Using data from the Current Population Survey (2010-2012), I perform three Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions across the entire sample. I then perform decompositions across male-dominated, female-dominated, and gender-neutral occupations separately using the first specification. I find that occupations of different gender concentrations (male-dominated, female-dominated, and gender-neutral) have different gender gaps. In particular, male-dominated and gender neutral occupations have a much larger gender wage gap than female-dominated occupations, even after controlling for human capital and demographic variables. Combined with previous research and summary statistics, these results seem to suggest that certain workplace factors that might contribute to a higher gender wage gap, such as workplace inflexibility and gender discrimination, could be higher among male-dominated and gender-neutral occupations than they are among female-dominated occupations; however, further research into the precise characteristics of male-dominated, gender-neutral, and female-dominated occupations is necessary to confirm this analysis.
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Reiman, Cornelis Adriaan, and n/a. "Has enterprise bargaining affected the gender wage gap in Australia?" University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.102527.
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With the introduction of enterprise bargaining in 1991, decentralised wage
determination in Australia was generally expected to widen the gender wage gap (see
Chapter 3). However, as discussed in Chapter 4, the research that underlies this
expectation is typically based upon aggregated data and suffers from a number of
deficiencies. In contrast, this dissertation utilises unit record data from the extensive
1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (AWIRS95) commissioned by
the former Department of Workplace Relations and Small Business to test the
hypothesis that enterprise bargaining has affected the gender wage gap in Australia.
Whilst the passing of four years between 1991 and the time of data collection may not
have allowed for the landmark industrial relations change to have worked itself through
the labour market, a noteworthy and major feature of AWIRS95 is that it identifies
workers and workplaces operating under enterprise bargaining agreements, as well as
containing a female/male split of the enterprise bargaining status (see Chapter 5).
Along with hourly earnings data derived from AWIRS95, a clear assessment can be
made of gender wage gaps for employees under enterprise bargaining and those not
employed under enterprise bargaining. The thesis uses OLS earnings regressions to
identify the part of any gender wag gap that can be justified by the difference in
measured characteristics between males and females, as well as identifying the part that
remains unexplained (see Chapter 7). Given the potential that workplace characteristics
can affect the integrity of OLS results, a random effects model is also used (see Chapter
8). Interestingly, the OLS and random effects results are virtually identical (see
Chapter 9).
It needs to be noted that the component of the gender wage gap that is unable to be
justified by direct statistical reference to the regression model has been attributed to
discrimination in the labour market. However, this is something of a misnomer as the
unjustified component also captures the impact of:
� model misspecification, including excluded variables;
� mismeasurement; and
� errors of calculation.
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Every effort has been made to reduce these effects. Nevertheless, there may be an
element of discrimination in the regression model utilised in this thesis that is not
discernible through the observable and measurable variables (see Chapter 3).
Results of analysis undertaken in this thesis indicate that the gender gap, as well as the
unexplained component thereof, are larger for employee data associated with enterprise
bargaining than is the case for workers not so employed. Even so, the result is not
deemed to be statistically significant, as is further supported by extensive sensitivity
testing (see Chapters 7 and 8).
Further research is needed to support the posed hypothesis. Nevertheless, the thesis still
provides a wide range of interesting outcomes in providing a greater understanding of
an observable gender wage gap in Australia, as well as the associated and contributing
characteristics of employees and employers. It is in this capacity that the research work
recorded in this thesis provides a new level of knowledge and understanding,
particularly given the thorough use made of recent microdata and the observed earnings
effects of selected variables. As a consequence, the results of this thesis will form a
solid foundation upon which further gender wage gap debate, policy formulation and
labour economics research can stand.
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Abrams, Widdicombe Aimee Samantha. "State-Provided Paid Family Leave and the Gender Wage Gap." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/792.
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The U.S. is the only OECD country that does not offer any form of federal paid parental leave. Only three states—California, New Jersey and Rhode Island—have state paid parental leave policies; implemented in 2004, 2009 and 2014, respectively. Through descriptive statistics and a regression analysis of women and men’s wages in those three states, before and after the implementation of the policies, we assess the effects of paid leave programs on the gender wage gaps in those states. Our results show us that California’s paid family leave policy had greater effects on decreasing the gender wage gap than the policies in New Jersey and Rhode Island. In addition, our regression analysis shows us that women of childbearing age (19-45 years) saw an increase in their wages after the policy implementations, while men of childbearing age saw a decrease in their wages. This led us to the conclusion that paid family leave policies may be effective in decreasing the gender wage gap; however it is problematic that men’s wages decreased, implying that the policies may not be totally welfare optimizing. However, we came to an important conclusion that will hopefully entice more states and the federal government to implement policies to better support working parents.
18
Yoon, Soohyun. "Sex segregation and gender wage gap in Korea, 1971-1998 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091985.
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Magnusson, Charlotta. "Mind the gap essays on explanations of gender wage inequality /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-34058.
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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2010.<br>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. 3: Accepted. Härtill 3 uppsatser.
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Moncada, Roberto. "The Gender Wage Gap in Italy : A Quantile Regression Analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388397.
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I investigate the gender wage gap in Italy during the period 1987-2016. The analysis takes advantage of quantile regression framework to estimate gender pay differentials along the wage distribution. The observed gaps show U-shaped patterns during the entire period. The inclusion of control variables in the model leads to a flattening of the gender differentials, maintaining evidence of sticky floor effects. I examine the gap in five geographical areas, revealing heterogeneous results across the country and finding glass ceiling effects in the North, sticky floor effect in the South and a U-shaped pattern in the Islands. I use a quantile regression decomposition approach to investigate whether the male-female wage differentials are ascribable to differences in labour market attributes by gender or to differences in the rewards they receive for those characteristics. The evidence suggests that the sticky floor effects, found at national level, are mainly due to discrepancies in the returns received by male and female workers for their attributes.
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Stec, Boguslawa Aleksandra, and Raneem Jisri. "The gender wage gap in Italy : Study on the changes in the wage gap during the period of financial crisis." Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49184.
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Everywhere around the world, whether in developing or developed countries, women earn less than men. This phenomenon is in no way new and it has been investigated for many years. Still, in today’s modern society, the wage gap does not appear to be closing. In times of economic instability, such as the economic crisis, the progress towards equality may be pushed back, since specific groups, sectors, and occupations may be affected differently. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the Italian gender wage gap with a closer look at the fluctuations during the period of the financial crisis. In order to analyse and understand the fluctuations of the pay gap, the three main theories used in the research are the human capital theory, occupational segregation, and theories regarding the labour market structure. By applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method, this study analyses to what extent the gap could be explained by differences in observable characteristics, such as level of education or age, and how much remains unexplained. The empirical model is applied to the Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) microdata between the period of 2002 and 2016. The main findings show that the Italian gender wage gap, for the most part, remains unexplained. This indicates that the differentials in pay cannot be accounted for by differences in observable characteristics, such as education, age, contract type. The results of this research show that the Italian wage gap was, to some extent, negatively affected by the financial crisis. Furthermore, implemented austerity measures were found not to have significant negative impacts on the gap, which only increased in the initial phase of the crisis.
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Kearns, Jill. "CAREER INTERRUPTIONS: WAGE AND GENDER EFFECTS." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/7.
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This dissertation examines the effects of career interruptions on workers’ wages. In chapter four I examine whether controlling for the type of interruption differently affects men’s and women’s wages and therefore can be used to explain the remaining gender wage differences. The increased participation of married women in the labor force has increased their wages from just 30% of men’s wages in 1890 to nearly 80% as of 2001. Thus, although the gender wage gap has narrowed over time, it has yet to be eliminated. One argument for the persistence of the gender wage gap is that previously researchers have used poor measures of experience to estimate men’s and women’s wages. Although previous studies have made strides in measuring experience, including controls for the timing of work experience, the gender wage gap persists. I extend the wage-gap literature by including controls for the types of interruptions men and women encounter. Because they typically experience different types of interruptions, I examine whether the varying types affect wages differently. I control for the types of interruptions and find similar effects for men’s and women’s wages. My study shows that types of job interruptions do not explain the remaining wage differentials. The fifth chapter extends from the fourth chapter by including controls for all periods of unpaid leave from work. I examine whether wage differences exist between workers who return to their current employer post-interruption versus those who change employers post-interruption. I find differences in the wage effects from different types of unpaid leave for men and women. Chapter six extends from previous chapters by including controls for all periods of paid leave from work in addition to unpaid leaves from work. I examine whether depreciation effects occur when women spend time out of work but receive compensation through paid maternity leaves. I find no evidence that time out of work because of paid maternity leaves depreciates skills.
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Indira, Nagaraju Rajeev. "India's Economic Growth: Role of Political Performance and Gender Wage Gap." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4370.
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This dissertation will explore how gender wage gap and political capacity represented by relative political extraction affect change in economic growth rate of a country. The main argument of the study is that gender wage gap is affecting the labor market by discouraging productive female labor force from entering the labor market. This in turn affects the efficiency and productivity of the labor market reflected in negative economic growth or economic growth potential being compromised. Here the case of Indian economy is examined. The important policy implication of this study is that it could account for the wage differential between genders and it could show how economies are missing out on the labor productivity and in turn negatively affecting the rate of economic growth.
Various sociological literatures have dealt in depth with the gender wage gap and its effect on the socio-cultural fabric of a society. While the current study recognizes existence of extensive sociological theories on gender wage gap, the focus is on the economic impact of gender wage gap on the growth rate change of a country. The argument is that gender wage gap negatively affects the economic growth rate change.
Economic growth literature have proved beyond doubt that economic and political factor together contribute to the economic growth of a country. Political variables such as political capacity reflects the efficiency of the government in resource extraction, its reach and allocation of those resources extracted. Such an efficient government provides the necessary environment for the economic growth. However, this political variable alone is not enough to increase economic growth of an economy. Rather governments must also possess the economic tools necessary, such as capital stock, human labor and labor force.
These economic and political variables together can contribute towards an increased economic growth. How these political and economic factors combine to achieve economic growth of a country? Hence this study looks at both the economic and political variables in a model to see how they affect economic growth.
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Hansen, Marcus. "A study about gender pay gap for nurses in Denmark : Is there a the gender wage gap for nurses in Denmark?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96212.
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This study investigates the gender earnings gap among nurses in Denmark years 2004-2016. The data at hand will be from Luxembourg Income studies which provided 7078 observations. Furthermore, ordinary least squares method with gender as dummy variable will be conducted. The findings are a raw male-female annual wage gap of 13 percent. After adding control variables, the gap decreased to 7.4 percent. The remaining wage gap can be due to unobservable characteristics. However, discrimination cannot be discounted.
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Jacob, Marilyn. "Changes in the wage gap of gender and caste groups in India." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3452.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.<br>Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Gonzalez, Claudia. "The gender wage gap| A policy analysis of the Paycheck Fairness Act." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1589618.
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<p> Despite the significant participation of women in the workforce, the gender wage gap has failed to close. The policy analysis examines the Paycheck Fairness Act (PFA), a bill first introduced to Congress in 1963 and defeated on September 15, 2014. The PFA would help secure equal pay for equal work between males and females. The analysis of the PFA is based on a modified version of David Gil's framework. The analysis found that the gender gap persists across race and ethnicity, all levels of educational attainment, and careers. The PFA is the latest legislation addressing pay equity, following a succession of bills such as the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Lilly Ledbetter Act of 2009.</p>
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Faraon, Sadid. "How has the gender wage gap in Germany developed since the 1990s, and what factors can explain the gap? : A look at gender wage differentials in Germany across time." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75478.
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Germany has a rich history being a conservative welfare state with a strong male breadwinner model. Yet, numerous changes have been made to its welfare structure since the reunification of both sides in 1990. One would then expect to see wage inequality decrease in the country during this period and in fact, it has. Having used data for the country as a whole during this period, along with two econometric approaches: OLS estimates and Oaxaca decomposition, I have been able to demonstrate that the gender wage gap in Germany has narrowed since the 1990s. Factors such as ‘years of work experience’, ‘weeks worked’ and ‘relation to household head’ are the most influential ones that have affected the gender wage gap from 1990 to 2016. In addition, it has also been observed that women have accrued less human capital compared to men during this period, which could have increased the gender wage gap. Further, discrimination experienced by women as well as other unobservable differences has significantly decreased during this period, which could point to a large decrease in the gender wage gap. With the aid of an interaction term, it has been possible to remove the increasing amount of irrelevant effects that have emerged in both of the aforementioned terms over time, thus providing us with more accurate results.
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Milana, Taylor. "Gender Inequality in Hollywood: The Magnitude, Determinants, and Influence of the Gender Wage Gap in the Film Industry." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1296.
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In the field of labor economics, abundant research has been conducted on the cause and magnitude of the gender wage gap in various industries in the United States. While the national gender wage gap has decreased over the last few decades, this trend has not been observed in every industry. The film industry, in particular, has experienced a notable lack of progress in both its social and economic treatment of women. Because Hollywood has significant influence in the United States, its misguided portrayal of women and failure to ensure equal pay for male and female actors sets a harmful standard for the rest of the nation. Due to the confidential nature of actors’ salaries, however, there is little research on the topic of the gender wage gap in Hollywood. Using a couple hundred observations, I examined the magnitude of the gender wage gap in Hollywood and compared the impact of gender on actors’ salaries to that of more pertinent variables, such as critical success and available finances. I concluded that gender has a greater effect on an actor’s salary than any other variable. In consideration of the relative lack of literature on this topic, I recommend several ways to further the research conducted in this study.
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Sedehi, Zadeh Noor, and Morgan Larsson. "Do attitudes towards equlaity between men and women affect the gender wage gap?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-66866.
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The objective of this essay is to investigate how attitudes towards equality between men and women affect the gender wage gap. The essay studies how positive and negative attitudes on gender equality affects the gender income gap. This study investigates this by using data of the mean yearly incomes from 290 municipalities in Sweden during the years 2000-2008. Additionally, using a survey conducted by the SOM-institute at the Gothenburg university to measure attitudes towards gender equality. The results indicate that positive attitudes towards gender equality had a decreasing effect on the gender wage gap. A conclusion from this essay is that a more egalitarian attitude contributes to a decrease in the existing gender wage gap.
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Doerr, Cara. "The Gender Wage Gap of Civil Service Employees at Illinois Public Four-Year Universities." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1662.
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Kecmanovic, Milica Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Studies of labour markets in countries in transition in South East Europe." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44608.
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This thesis explores several aspects of the labour market in Serbia and Croatia during the process of transition from socialism to a market economy. First, it examines how women??s position in the labour market has changed in Serbia. Using five annual Labour Force Surveys (2001-2005), I find that the gender wage gap is still very low in Serbia, and is even decreasing during this period. However, decompositions that apply the Oaxaca (1974) methodology reveal that the unexplained component of the gap is very large, and is increasing. Likewise, quantile decompositions suggest that while the raw gap is falling at each of the quantiles analysed, the unexplained component is increasing at most quantiles at the same time. Thus, the relatively small gap in earnings could be masking considerable discrimination in the labour market. Second, changes in men??s wage inequality in Serbia in the period from 2001 to 2005 are analysed using five annual Labour Force Surveys. Changes in the distribution of earnings are examined using the Lemieux (2002) decomposition methodology. I find that the change in wage inequality is mostly driven by changes in wage premiums, while the effect of changes in the composition of the labour force is very small. Isolating the effect of the emerging private sector reveals that changes in the private sector size and wage premium account for an average 25 percent of the changes in inequality during this period. Third, the effect that the recent war in Croatia (1991-1995) had on the educational and employment trajectories of the 1971 birth cohort of men is investigated. This birth cohort was most affected by the armed forces draft. I treat the occurrence of the war as a natural experiment and use data from the Croatian and Slovenian Labour Force Surveys. Applying the difference-in-difference framework and comparing this cohort to adjacent cohorts, women, and to respective cohorts in Slovenia, a neighbouring country that did not experience war, I find that the war has had a negative effect on educational outcomes and a small positive effect on the employment and earnings outcomes of this cohort of men.
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Fornwall, Anna. "What's the difference? : A descriptive analysis of the evolution of the family gap in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388406.
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In this study, I compare men and women with and without children to analyze the effect of children on wages and earnings. By comparing the gender wage gap to the family gap for men and women respectively, I find that there is still a persistent, yet rather small, family gap for women. The constant family gap for women supports the notion that a greater fraction of the gender wage gap can be explained by effects of having children now than previously. When using yearly earnings instead of hourly wages, the gender wage gap increases whereas the family gap for women decreases. This implies that although there are several policies with the aim of reducing gender wage differences and creating possibilities for women to combine work and family, there are still concrete effects that arise from taking the responsibility for children. Because the effect of having children is seemingly constant over time for women, the results from this study imply that specific policies are needed to prevent and battle the difference in labor market outcomes that arise because of the differing effects from caring for children.
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Rungta, Kanupriya. "Explaining the “Explained”: An Examination of the Gender-Based Education Gap in India and its Impact on the Wage Gap." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/724.
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Analysis of the National Sample Survey Data from 2011-2012 shows that a gender-based education gap exists. Women are more likely than men to be illiterate. Some parents continue to view household duties as more important than education in the case of girls, causing some to drop out in primary and middle school, which leads to lower experience accumulation. However, females are almost equally as likely as males to be enrolled in school, and an equal proportion of males and females earn higher education degrees. More importantly, the difference in resource allocation seems to be minimal. Although education has a strong, positive impact on wages, returns to education for women are lower than those for men. This is taken into account by parents when making education decisions for their children. As a result, the wage gap appears to be a cause and effect of the education gap.
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Tapper, Nilsson Emelie. "Olika kön – olika lön? : En studie om löneskillnader bland ordinarie domare i det svenska rättssystemet år 2021." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184894.
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This study examines whether there is a wage gap between male and female ordinary judges in the Swedish legal system in the year 2021 and what some of the possible reasons may be for the existing wage gap. The study is based on data obtained from the Swedish National Courts Administration, which includes the 1 000 ordinary judges who are active in the year 2021. The data material is then analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as a bivariate regression analysis to understand if there is an existing wage gap between male and female ordinary judges. To answer the second question, the data material is analyzed using a multiple regression analysis to give us an understanding of what may be the causes of the existing wage gap. The results show that male regular judges earn an average of 1 715 SEK more a month than their female colleagues. In addition, the results of the multiple regression analysis also show that when we use the independent variables that the data material contains, there is in 93 percentage of the cases a statistically significant guaranteed wage gap of 258 SEK per month between male and female ordinary judges in the Swedish legal system.
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Gao, Christine. "The Wage Gap and its Effects on Well-Being, Motivation, and Productivity." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/934.
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As of 2016, women in the U.S. are still making 80 cents on the dollar relative to men, and even with controls for other factors such as education, experience, and hours worked, the pay disparity is still around eight percent. The equity, efficiency wage, and Cognitive Evaluation Theories, suggest that a closed gender wage gap would be more beneficial to society. This paper uses these theories to investigate the relationship between productivity and pay disparity by using an ordinary least squares regression model to test the effects of the gender wage ratio on labor productivity while controlling for some human capital characteristics. Additionally, this paper furthers the hypotheses that the wage gap is detrimental to labor productivity and worker well-being by proposing a study in which a simulated wage gap is predicted to negatively affect worker satisfaction, motivation, and productivity. Findings and implications for further research are discussed.
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Duckett, Jacob M. Wright David W. "A dose of discrimination: the gender wage-gap between men and women in medical professions /." Diss., A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2007. http://soar.wichita.edu/dspace/handle/10057/1128.
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Thesis (M. A.)--Wichita State University,College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Sociology.<br>"May 2007." Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 20, 2007). Thesis adviser: David W. Wright. Includes bibliographic references (32-37 leaves).
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Mosomi, Jacqueline Nyamokami. "Distributional changes in the gender wage gap in the post-apartheid South African labour market." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30000.
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Gender inequality in the labour market is real and it matters. This thesis examines gender wage inequality in the post-apartheid South African labour market from 1993 to 2015 and finds that there is a substantial median wage gap of between 35% and 23% since the end of apartheid. This gap is unexplained by differences in human capital characteristics and it is not declining over time. There has however, been a substantial decline in the gender wage gap at the bottom of the wage distribution from 0.47 log points (about 60%) in 1997 to 0.18 log points in 2010 (about 19%). Similarly, the wage gap at the mean narrowed during the period studied, from 0.34 log points (about 40%) in 1993 to 0.15 log points (about 16%) in 2014. An examination of the gender wage gap is important because in the wake of a new democratic government in 1994 and the introduction of anti-discrimination and affirmative action policies, we expect that the gender wage gap should have narrowed over time. Interestingly, at the median where we would expect the legislation to have been binding, the gender wage gap has stagnated. We find however, that minimum wage legislation in low wage industries (agriculture and domestic work), has had some effect of narrowing the wage gap at the bottom of the distribution. This is especially interesting because this type of wage legislation was not specifically targeted at narrowing the gender wage gap. For this analysis we utilize the Post-Apartheid Labour Market Series (PALMS) dataset from 1993-2015. To do this, we need to address several data quality issues involving how household survey data has been constructed over time. One problem we need to address is that measurement has changed over time. In chapter two of this thesis we show how measurement issues affecting data on domestic work in 1994 and 1995 led to mixed results on the gender wage gap with some researchers finding a rise in the wage gap between 1995 and 2006 and others reporting a drop depending on the choice of the base period. This analysis goes beyond pointing out the classification issues in 1994 and 1995 and takes steps to update the data and address the “missing” raw gender wage gap in these two years. In chapter three, we analyse the trends in the gender wage gap in detail first starting with a mean decomposition using the Oaxaca decomposition method. We then extend the analysis to the entire wage distribution using the Dinardo Fortin and Lemieux (DFL) re-weighting method (DiNardo et al. 1996) for the aggregate decomposition and the Re-centred Influence Functions (RIF) method (Firpo et al. 2009) for the detailed decomposition. Results show that the changes in the gender wage gap are heterogeneous across the wage distribution. There has been a substantial narrowing of the gender wage gap at the bottom of the wage distribution which we attribute to improved female human capital characteristics and minimum wage legislation. On the contrary the median wage gap which is greater than the mean wage gap has been stagnant and displays very little movement in the period studied. There was some decline in the gap at the 90th percentile in the period between 1993 and 2005 but the gap seems to be expanding in recent years due to a continually expanding unexplained component of the gender wage gap. Given the snap shot nature of cross-sectional data, results from cross sectional analysis confound life cycle, generational and period effects on the gender wage gap. The fourth chapter of this thesis involves constructing synthetic cohort data from repeated cross-sections which we use to examine dynamic aspects of the gender wage gap. Life cycle trends show that younger cohorts of men and women have experienced a rise in wages over time which we attribute to improved human capital characteristics. Younger cohorts of women have on average more education than the cohorts before them and have more education than men from the same cohort. These cohorts of women are more likely to be in a skilled profession compared to women born 30 years before them and who joined the labour market during the apartheid era. Marriage rates and trade union rates have greatly declined for recent cohorts. These cohort changes mean that more recent cohorts of women have similar labour market or better labour market characteristics than men from the same cohort. This has led to the narrowing of the gender wage gap at the mean evident in the cross-sectional analysis. The general conclusion from this analysis is that the gender wage gap persists in the South African labour market and that the experience of women at the top end of the wage distribution is different from the experience of women at the bottom end or at the median. Therefore, policies towards narrowing the gender wage gap will need to be unique to challenges women face in different parts of the wage distribution. For example, while raising the minimum wage at the bottom of the wage distribution will narrow the gender wage gap in this part of the wage distribution, narrowing the gender wage gap at the top end of the wage distribution should focus on increasing the number of women in top paying occupations. This will require among other things alleviating the disproportionate burden of care work (for example availing child care and providing creche facilities) shouldered by women to enable them to commit more time to the labour market. That non-gender specific wage legislation worked to narrow the gender wage gap at the bottom of the wage distribution is an indication that addressing the gender wage gap may require more than labour market legislation aimed at reducing gender discrimination. It may require a broader look at society and social norms that may have or may not have shifted over time.
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Amin, Sohaib. "Gender inequality in the workplace : Banks from Sweden and Pakistan." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Institutionen för ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19845.
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The aim of the study is to investigate the glass ceiling and the gender wage gap and reasons behind gender inequality in the banking sector of Sweden and Pakistan.<br><p>Please find the attached master thesis pdf file.</p>
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Kunze, Astrid. "Male-female wage differentials : a longitudinal analysis of young skilled workers in Germany." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325657.
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Douglas, Tami Diane. "Perceptions of fairness and the wage setting process." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/773.
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Gallego, Granados Patricia [Verfasser]. "Essays on the Gender- and the Part-Time Wage Gap : A Distributional Approach / Patricia Gallego Granados." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1153402130/34.
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Martin, Meisha Ann. "Explaining gender differences in salary negotiations." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001786.
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Kennedy, Lauren. "How have changes in the proportion of female college graduates over time affected the gender wage gap?" CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3632.
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Dunn, Dana. "Gender and Earnings: Examining the Earnings Gap Between Men and Women Across Metropolitan Labor Markets." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331372/.
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The earnings gap between men and women, an apt indicator of women's status relative to men's, was roughly constant for the thirty-five years between 1950 and 1985. During this period women earned about 60 to 65 cents for every dollar earned by men. The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of this wage gap. Because much existing research suggests that a large portion of the gender gap in pay results from the segregation of women into low-paying jobs, the present study focuses on the role of gender segregation in the workplace. Other potential contributors to the earnings gap are also examined (women's domestic obligations, educational attainment, women's labor force participation rates, and the industrial mix in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas). The position of women as a group in the labor market is of primary interest in this research. Accordingly, the analysis was conducted on an aggregate level across labor markets. The data were drawn from the Bureau of the Census Census of the Population: 1980—Detailed Population Characteristics. The project uses a cross-sectional research design, the primary statistical technique used being multiple regression analysis. Findings reveal that workplace segregation and the industrial characteristics of SMSA labor markets have the strongest effect on the size of the gender-based earnings gap. Specifically, workplace segregation is positively related to the size of the earnings gap between men and women. The presence of above average levels of manufacturing activity in an SMSA is associated with a larger earnings gap while the presence of above average levels of service sector and government employment opportunities in an SMSA is associated with smaller earnings differentials between men and women. This study enhances the understanding of the effects of structural variables on the earnings determination process for men and women and provides insight into the collective situation of women in the labor market.
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Kovářová, Monika. "Hodnocení mzdové diferenciace v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17194.
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The work analyzes the development and salary differentiation in the Czech Republic and focuses on the wage differentials between men and women. It evaluates the impact of factors, which may influence salary, like age, education, work classification (KZAM) and region, where an employer works. Women labour market condition goes before the own analysis.
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Montemurro, Amie Lynn. "The wage gap in higher education how academic discipline and gender affect pay for full time tenured professors /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/456291301/viewonline.
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May, Marika. "Examining the Effect of Psychological Traits on Earnings and the Gender Wage Gap within a Young Sample of U.S. Employees." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/144.
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This paper examines the effect of psychological traits on earnings and furthermore whether it helps explain the gender wage gap. Public-use data collected from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health is used to evaluate the impact on earnings on seven psychological factors: masculine traits, self esteem, analytical problem solving approach, willingness to work hard, impulsiveness, problem avoidance, and self-assessed intelligence. Findings show that gender differences in psychological traits are significant and returns to observable characteristics differ somewhat by gender as well. Among the young sample of U.S. employees evaluated in this study, I find that up to 21 percent of the gender wage gap can be explained, with psychological factors specifically explaining up to 1.5 percent of this gap.
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Jiao, Yang. "Essays on household and family economics." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32686.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Economics<br>Yang M. Chang<br>This dissertation consists of three essays in the field of household and family economics. Specifically, the research focuses on the optimal taxation and household behavior, gender inequality in the labor market during economics transition, and fertility choices and female labor supply.
Chapter 1 explores the welfare implications of an optimal tax-transfer schedule to dual-earner couples. A non-cooperative model is used to examine labor supply decisions of married couples to both individual- and joint-based taxation, and the results suggest that the impact of income taxation on family labor supply is largely dependent on spouses' relative wage income. I also investigate the welfare effect of a governmental imposed re-distributive program on both spouses, the simulation results of moving from individual to joint taxation improves both spouses' well-beings and the welfare gain is higher for couples when income gap between the husband and the wife is larger.
Chapter 2 empirically examines the impact of privatization reform on gender wage gap in urban labor market based on a comprehensive nationwide survey, the Chinese Household Income Projects (CHIP). We observe, between 1995 and 2007, the gender wage gap rises, and the progress of privatization increases women’s productivity. The results of decomposition suggest that the increase in gender discrimination, which is associated with the rapid growth of non-state sector, contributes to widening gender wage gap. Although privatization increase gender segregation in occupational attainments, it is less obvious that segregation can account for the gender wage gap.
In Chapter 3, using the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find mothers earn less on average even after controlling for other wage determinants. The wage penalty associated with motherhood is insignificant in the early career, and arises partly due to mothers accumulating less work experience. As a result, late mothers experience stronger (weaker) returns to work experience before (after) their transition to motherhood. The differentials in returns to work experience are robust to controlling for occupational skill requirements and time spent out of employment.
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Gilbert, Alana J. M. "Public sector pay reform and the implications for the gender wage gap of the resulting changes in earnings inequality." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311153.
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This thesis analyses the public sector pay reforms, earnings inequality and the gender wage gap in the UK between 1991 and 1996. The aim is to examine the relationships between the pay reforms and the level of earnings inequality, and between the level of earnings inequality and the gender pay gap. The analysis employs British Household Panel Survey data to distinguish the magnitudes of earning inequality and the gender pay gap in 1991 and 1996, and then utilises decomposition techniques in order to distinguish the determinants of these gaps. These decompositions, developed by Juhn, Murphy and Pierce, and Blau and Kahn, show the magnitude of the effects of the changing characteristics of the workforces in the different sectors and the prices paid for, the returns to, these characteristics, both observed and unobserved. These techniques are employed to reveal the link between the public sector pay reforms, and sub sectors, and also the link between changes in the level of residual earnings inequality and changes in the gender pay gap. Hypothetical earnings distributions, are constructed to show how the level of earning inequality and the gender pay gap would be affected in both the public sector and the economy as a whole, if by 1996 the public sector reforms had caused public and private sector returns to converge. In this way, the degree to which the public sector pay reforms may have affected the level of earnings inequality and the gender pay gap in the public sector is revealed.
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Vesey, Reed. "Does Sex Discrimination Exist in Faculty Salaries at Western Kentucky University? An Empirical Examination of the Wage Gap." TopSCHOLAR®, 1992. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1841.
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This thesis examines wage differentials between male and female faculty salaries at Western Kentucky University. A human capital model of salary determination is examined by using regression analysis on relevant personal and job characteristics of faculty members. A large portion of the wage gap between men and women is explained through differences in the personal and job characteristics. A portion of the wage gap remains unexplained, however, the probability of discrimination playing a substantial role in salary is very small.