Relevant bibliographies by topics / General Agreement of Commerce and Tariffs (GATT)

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Academic literature on the topic 'General Agreement of Commerce and Tariffs (GATT)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "General Agreement of Commerce and Tariffs (GATT)"

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Bartenstein, Kristin. "L'article XX du GATT : le principe de proportionnalité et la concordance concrète entre le commerce et l'environnement." Les Cahiers de droit 43, no. 4 (2005): 651–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043727ar.

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La problématique « commerce et environnement » a de multiples facettes et l'interprétation de l'article XX b) et g) du General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), qui sert dans cet accord d'interface entre les deux aspects, en est une. La jurisprudence relative à cet article semble désormais lui accorder une valeur équivalente aux dispositions de fond du GATT. Cette évolution très souhaitable démontre que la jurisprudence est enfin prête à donner un poids convenable aux considérations environnementales. Seulement, le problème de concilier les objectifs contradictoires de libéralisation des marchés et de protection de l'environnement persiste. C'est le droit communautaire européen qui livrera un mécanisme d'harmonisation approprié : le principe de concordance concrète. Pour réaliser cette dernière, il est utile de recourir au principe de proportionnalité, bien établi en droit communautaire. Avec ces principes, l'Organe de règlement des différends de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) dispose d'importants outils de réflexion qui lui permettent de bâtir sur une base plus cohérente et plus logique sa jurisprudence pourtant bien amorcée.
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Baldwin, Richard. "The World Trade Organization and the Future of Multilateralism." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 1 (2016): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.95.

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When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was signed by 23 nations in 1947, the goal was to establish a rules-based world trading system and to facilitate mutually advantageous trade liberalization. As the GATT evolved over time and morphed into the World Trade Organization in 1993, both goals have largely been achieved. The WTO presides over a rule-based trading system based on norms that are almost universally accepted and respected by its 163 members. Tariffs today are below 5 percent on most trade, and zero for a very large share of imports. Despite its manifest success, the WTO is widely regarded as suffering from a deep malaise. The main reason is that the latest WTO negotiation, the Doha Round, has staggered between failures, flops, and false dawns since it was launched in 2001. But the Doha logjam has not inhibited tariff liberalization—far from it. During the last 15 years, most WTO members have massively lowered barriers to trade, investment, and services bilaterally, regionally, and unilaterally—indeed, everywhere except through the WTO. For today's offshoring-linked international commerce, the trade rules that matter are less about tariffs and more about protection of investments and intellectual property, along with legal and regulatory steps to assure that the two-way flows of goods, services, investment, and people will not be impeded. It’s possible to imagine a hypothetical WTO that would incorporate these rules. But the most likely outcome for the future governance of international trade is a two-pillar structure in which the WTO continues to govern with its 1994-era rules while the new rules for international production networks are set by a decentralized process of sometimes overlapping and inconsistent mega-regional agreements.
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Tessier, Marc. "Le conflit Canada-Brésil sur l'exportation d'aéronefs de transport régional : analyse des récentes décisions de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)." Les Cahiers de droit 42, no. 1 (2005): 3–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043629ar.

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Avec la signature de l'Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (GATT) en 1948, nombreux sont ceux qui y voyaient enfin une véritable ouverture des marchés puisqu'il s'agissait d'un accord historique ayant précisément pour objet l'élimination des barrières tarifaires et non tarifaires à caractère discriminatoire. Cette ouverture des marchés s'est toutefois avérée plus théorique que pratique à plusieurs égards. En effet, nombre de pays, bien conscients des répercussions de cette ouverture tous azimuts de leurs marchés, ont réagi en mettant au point ce qui allait devenir la nouvelle forme de protectionnisme économique : les subventions à l'exportation. Dans le domaine aéronautique, les compagnies Bombardier et Embraer se disputent, depuis plusieurs années déjà, le contrôle du marché des aéronefs de transport régional. Toutefois, cette concurrence a pris l'allure d'une véritable guerre commerciale lorsque le Canada et le Brésil se sont mutuellement accusés de soutenir leur entreprise nationale au moyen de subventions à l'exportation prohibées par l'Accord sur les subventions et les mesures compensatoires. Puisque le conflit canado-brésilien constitue la première affaire soumise devant l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant précisément des subventions à l'exportation d'aéronefs civils accordées par des pays membres, nous nous proposons de faire le point sur la notion de subvention à l'exportation par l'entremise de l'examen des programmes de subventions contestés. Puis, nous aborderons quelques pistes de solution qui pourraient permettre d'éviter que d'actuels ou d'éventuels programmes de subventions canadiens soient contestés avec succès.
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Parent, Geneviève. "L'industrie laitière canadienne devant les contraintes de la réglementation internationale de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce." Les Cahiers de droit 41, no. 3 (2005): 513–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043614ar.

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L'industrie laitière canadienne a traditionnellement été l'un des secteurs d'activité agricole les plus florissants au Canada. Depuis les années 70, sa prospérité est assurée par un système de gestion des approvisionnements en lait. Ce système est le résultat d'une profonde mutation que l'industrie laitière canadienne a entreprise à la fin des années 50 et terminée dans les années 70, afin de s'adapter à l'environnement commercial d'après-guerre. Il a pour objet de contrôler la production de lait en vue d'assurer l’autosuffisance canadienne en fait de produits laitiers tout en évitant la surproduction. Un tel système a pu être maintenu en place par le Canada malgré l'entrée en vigueur du GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ou Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce) en 1948 puisque le commerce agricole et agroalimentaire bénéficiait d'un statut particulier en étant maintenu à l'écart des discussions sur la libéralisation des échanges mondiaux. Or, depuis la clôture des dernières négociations multilatérales, en 1994, le commerce agricole et agroalimentaire est finalement soumis à la réglementation internationale de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) par l'entremise de l’Accord sur l'agriculture. Le protectionnisme nécessaire au maintien du système de gestion des approvisionnements en lait est donc appelé à disparaître. L'industrie laitière canadienne se trouve dès lors à la croisée des chemins. La réglementation internationale et les attaques répétées des Membres de l'OMC contre l'industrie laitière canadienne pressent de plus en plus l'ouverture du marché canadien de produits laitiers. La décision rendue le 13 octobre 1999 par l'Organe d'appel de l'OMC force le Canada à repenser son mécanisme d'approvisionnement en lait voué à l'exportation. Cette affaire offre donc l'occasion à l'industrie laitière canadienne de se repositionner par rapport au système de gestion des approvisionnements en lait et de s'engager, dès à présent, dans un véritable processus d'adaptation aux nouveaux paramètres du commerce international. Une anticipation des effets de la réglementation internationale et une adaptation de la politique laitière à ces paramètres seront garantes de la prospérité de l'industrie laitière canadienne dans un marché favorisant la libre concurrence. Le résultat des négociations actuelles entre les producteurs et les transformateurs quant aux modalités de la mise en oeuvre de la décision de l'OMC sera d'une importance majeure pour l'industrie laitière canadienne.
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Lavallée, Sophie, and Pierre Woitrin. "La Conférence de Rio sur le développement durable (Conférence de Rio + 20) : révolution ou évolution de la gouvernance internationale de l’environnement ?" Les Cahiers de droit 56, no. 2 (2015): 105–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1031349ar.

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Toute réflexion sur la gouvernance internationale de l’environnement et sur l’opportunité de créer une organisation internationale de l’environnement ne peut se résumer à un débat sur l’institution en tant que telle. Ce serait oublier les enjeux les plus déterminants du débat, lesquels portent davantage sur la façon d’assurer l’efficacité des accords et de renforcer leur légitimité et leur prise en considération dans les autres compétences de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU), mais également dans l’ensemble du système économique mondial. Quelles sont les réformes institutionnelles les mieux à même d’assurer l’efficacité de l’action collective dans la résolution des problèmes environnementaux globaux ? On sait que le passage du General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) à une Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) a permis de réformer l’organe de règlement des différends, ce qui a eu un effet déterminant sur l’efficacité et le respect des accords commerciaux. Peut-on réfléchir de la même manière pour ce qui est de la création d’une organisation internationale de l’environnement ? Dans quelle mesure et quelles conditions une telle organisation pourrait-elle renforcer les accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement (AME) et, partant, l’engagement des États vers un développement durable ? En convoquant la Conférence de Rio + 20, qui avait non seulement pour thème l’économie verte, mais également le cadre institutionnel du développement durable, l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies voulait susciter un engagement politique renouvelé en faveur du développement durable. Au regard des faiblesses de la gouvernance internationale de l’environnement sur le plan de la coordination, du renforcement des capacités des pays en développement (PED), de la légitimité et de l’autorité des institutions qui participent à cette gouvernance, la déclaration diplomatique finale de la Conférence de Rio + 20, intitulée « L’avenir que nous voulons », contient-elle des engagements politiques susceptibles d’insuffler des améliorations notables à la gouvernance internationale de l’environnement ? Porte-t-elle en germe des avancées vers la création d’une organisation internationale de l’environnement ?
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Oza, A. N. "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994: An Explanatory Note." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 20, no. 3 (1995): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919950303.

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There has been considerable debate in recent years whether India would gain substantially from the growth-effects of GATT. In this article, A N Oza explains the important provisions of the controversial GATT agreements which will enable the reader to make his or her own judgement whether the package as a whole will be beneficial or detrimental to the Indian public interest.
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Moore, Patrick M. "The Decisions Bridging the GATT 1947 and the WTO Agreement." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 2 (1996): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203695.

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On September 20, 1986, the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947) agreed to launch an eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. More than seven years later they concluded the round, not with an amended version of the GATT 1947, but with an entirely new treaty, the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.
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Beshkar, Mostafa, and Eric W. Bond. "Cap and Escape in Trade Agreements." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 9, no. 4 (2017): 171–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160218.

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We propose a model of flexible trade agreements in which verifying the prevailing contingencies is possible but costly. Two types of flexibility emerge: contingent protection, which requires governments to verify the state of the world, and discretionary protection, which allows governments to set tariffs unilaterally. The structure of the GATT/WTO agreement provides these two types of flexibility through a mechanism that we call Cap and Escape. Governments may choose tariffs unilaterally below the negotiated cap, but escaping from the cap requires state verification. We show that this framework explains key features of the GATT/WTO agreements, including the substantial variation across sectors and countries in the level of negotiated tariffs, and the rate at which different flexibility measures are used. (JEL D86, F11, F13, F41)
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Newman, Mark D. "Introduction: Southern Agriculture and the World Economy: The Multilateral Trade Negotiations." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 1 (1988): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025620.

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The current round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTNs) under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay, in September, 1986. Thus, it bears the appellation, “Uruguay Round,” although negotiations have actually been taking place at GATT headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, since early 1987.
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Voon, Tania. "The Security Exception In WTO Law: Entering a New Era." AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.3.

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For seventy years, the security exception in the multilateral trade regime has mostly lain dormant. The exception first appeared in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), before being incorporated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) upon the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, security exceptions also exist in several other WTO provisions, including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Until recently, perhaps through a combination of WTO member restraint and fortuitous circumstances, WTO panels have not had to make a definitive ruling on the meaning and scope of these exceptions. Yet, suddenly, the security exception lies at the center of multiple explosive disputes, posing a potential threat to the WTO's very existence.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "General Agreement of Commerce and Tariffs (GATT)"

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Haddock, Janet Elaine. "Environment-related decision making : an examination of the GATT/WTO process /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20272029.

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Grimett, Leticia Anthea. "Protectionism and compliance with the GATT article XXIV in selected regional trade arrangements." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003188.

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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 has resulted in the GATT Contracting States making a renewed commitment to freer global trade and trade liberalisation. These Contracting States signalled their commitment to GATT policies and principles by undertaking to abolish all those non-tariff barriers which were not converted to tariffs and to decrease all tariffs applied by their domestic economies. The movement away from protectionism is intended to bring contracting states in line with the GATT most-favoured-nation and national treatment principles. The only exceptions to these principles are the regional trade arrangements which can be implemented in accordance with Article XXIV of GATT 1947 and the Understanding on the Implementation of Article XXIV of GATT 1947. Regional trade arrangements such as customs unions and free-trade areas have been allowed by the GATT as they are deemed to promote trade liberalisation through the removal of substantially all trade restrictions between countries party to these trade arrangements. In practice this has not been the case, however, as these regional trade arrangements have been known to apply very protectionist trade policies. This research determines whether regional trade arrangements are inherently protective ie does the nature of these regional trade arrangements encourage protectionism? The external trade policies of the European Union (EU), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) are analysed to determine whether the contracting parties to regional trade arrangements have corrupted the GATT provisions and so contributed towards the protectionist nature of these regional trade arrangements. The internal trade provisions relating to the implementation of these regional trade arrangements have also been discussed to determine their compliance with Article XXIV of GATT 1947. As all the selected regional trade arrangements have direct or indirect links to South Africa, the implications of the policies chosen by these parties for South Africa have also been discussed. Analysis of the EU, SADC, SACU and ASEAN has shown that prior to the adoption of the GATT 1994, the free-trade areas and customs unions were not implemented in accordance with Article XXIV provisions. These regional trade arrangements have been moulded to fit the economic aspirations of the relevant contracting states. Of the regional trade arrangements accepted by the GATT, free-trade areas have been found to be the least protectionist and are the least likely to be perverted by contracting parties. Customs unions, on the other hand, may encourage contracting parties to protect their economies as they rely on group participation rather than individual participation. Individual Member States become responsible to the group which provides these states with greater economic power. As a result Member States are motivated to protect the new group entity from outside competition. In this way, they are inherently protective. Safeguards are therefore necessary to protect individual non-Member States from such behaviour. The implications of protectionism for South Africa, SADC and SACU have also been discussed.
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Cavalhero, Lirian Sousa Soares. "Os países em desenvolvimento e os mecanismos de solução de controvérsias no comércio internacional." Universidade Católica de Brasília, 2006. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/123456789/371.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-24T04:09:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Folha de Rosto.pdf: 1353106 bytes, checksum: 418e6e605676f643e0d1b2afc719794e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-10<br>With the development of the international trade, the quarrels became constant around the forms of regulation and the solution of conflicts between the nations, in this context appears the World Trade Organization (WTO). Before entering the study of the OMC and of its methods of solution of conflicts, it is necessary investigate the history of the development of the international trade before and after the Second World War I, and the multilateral organisms with emphasis in the General Agreement of Commerce and Tariffs (GATT). The ways of solution of international conflicts are object of the study, as much its historical part, as the current one, having as main focus the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the WTO. As much in the historical part as in the part of the methods of international solution of conflicts, the participation of the developing countries is studied. And, is made studies of cases of the performance of the developing countries in some demands proposal before the DSB. Of this form, the work demonstrated as it was the participation of the developing countries in the development of the international trade and in the DSB of WTO<br>Com o desenvolvimento do comércio mundial, às discussões em torno das formas de regulação do mesmo e da solução de conflitos entre as nações tornou-se uma constante, neste contexto surge a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) Antes de ingressar no estudo da OMC, propriamente dito, e de seus métodos de solução de conflitos, é necessário perquirir a história do desenvolvimento do comércio internacional antes e após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, e os organismos multilaterais criados, com ênfase no Acordo Geral de Comércio e Tarifas (GATT). Os meios de solução de conflitos internacionais são objeto do estudo, tanto sua parte histórica, como a atual, tendo como foco principal o Órgão de Solução de Conflitos (OSC) da OMC. Tanto na parte histórica como na parte dos métodos de solução de conflitos internacional, a participação dos países em desenvolvimento (PED) é objeto de análise. E, são feitos estudos de casos da atuação dos países em desenvolvimento em algumas demandas proposta perante o OSC. Desta forma, o trabalho demonstrou como foi a participação dos PED no desenvolvimento do comércio internacional e no OSC da OMC
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Xia, Yao Yuan. "Reconciliation of non-market economies : GATT trade rules." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28870.

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Due to the abortion of the proposed Havana Charter and non-participation of the USSR and other State trading economies in the Charter negotiations, GATT has been acting as a traders' club - a club mainly beneficial to western •market economies. Its rules are formulated almost exclusively in favor of free trade on a comparative advantage and private enterprise basis. There is virtually no place for NMEs to have effective access. As one of the pivots of post-World-War-II multilateralism, GATT assumes a major role in compromising, integrating, regulating and supervising diversified member nations' trade laws and policies. Its legal framework, however, is inadequate to deal with the integration of NME. This is because GATT is framed essentially along the line of market ideology and minimal government intervention. NMEs, on the other hand, discard market ideology and adopt wholesale government intervention and central planning as a basic form of economy. While trading practice in NMEs is basically incompatible with the GATT-promoted free trade rules, accommodations were made to facilitate NMEs' request for membership. Consequently, Poland, Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia became GATT members respectively during the 1960s and 70s. At that time East European countries maintained command state trading thus were unable to be fully integrated into the GATT-based international trade order. During negotiations on terms of NMEs' accession to GATT, GATT countries adopted an import commitments approach to solve the central and much debated issue of market access to NME countries. Despite its merits, the approach has been criticized notwithstanding the fact that no alternative has been suggested. Accordingly, the primary objective of the thesis is to rethink the existing approaches to NMEs in order to explore new ways of effectively integrating NMEs into the GATT legal framework. By approaching the thesis problem carefully, the writer arrives at the conclusion that although GATT would need new assumptions with a view to regaining a new consensus of broader international representation and participation, a considerable and substantial decentralization in the NME is unavoidable in order to adapt themselves into the GATT framework. In the meantime, it is stressed that all GATT countries should continue to facilitate NMEs' access to the GATT forum in the hope that NMEs being potential world traders would increase world prosperity and understanding by broader participation. World prosperity, needless to say, is the best guarantee of world peace and security.<br>Law, Peter A. Allard School of<br>Graduate
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Bindley, Geoffrey Norman. "China and the GATT : a study of political and economic implications /." Thesis, [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13841051.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994.<br>"The implications of state trading, and the costs and benefits of GATT membership; with illustrations from the stell industry." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-64).
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Mathis, James Haley. "Regional trade agreements in the GATT/WTO GATT article XXIV and the internal trade requirement /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/60558.

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Haglund, Lisa. "The Security Exception in the GATT : An Analysis of Article XXI in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-408809.

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Nischalke, Tobias Ingo. "Theories of international cooperation and the GATT/WTO regime: beyond the dichotomy of rational and cognitive approaches." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003027.

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This thesis aspires to assess the explanatory value of different theories of international cooperation for the case of the world trade regime of GATT/WTO and subsequently strives to reach a satisfactory interpretation of the instance of cooperation. The world trade regime embarked on a process of transformation with the signing of the Marrakech Agreements of 15th April 1994. The event marked the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and, with the establishment of the WTO, the beginning of a new era for the world trade regime. The thesis endeavours to establish the substance of the regime change from GATT to the WTO. It outlines the most significant provisions of the agreement of the Uruguay Round and, subsequently, analyses the change on the level of regime norms underlying the world trade regime. The analysis of regime norms yields insights about the essence of the regime transformation and as to what factors proved to be conducive to cooperation in the sphere of the world trade. The GATT/WTO regime with its extended scope and more sophisticated institutional structures can be regarded as a prime example of successful cooperation. However, the prospects for cooperation between states in an anarchic environment without central authority for enforcement are the subject of a remarkably intense scholarly debate. Therefore it is worthwhile to examine which theoretical framework proves to be most adept at elucidating the circumstances of this instance of cooperation. This thesis applies different theories of international cooperation to the case of the GATT/WTO regime. While a large array of rational theories attempts to explain cooperation from a perspective which focuses on interests and capabilities, a different strand of theories, that of cognitive approaches, emphasizes the paramountcy of ideas and beliefs as variables which explain cooperation. They endogenize the process of interest formation. This thesis seeks to synthesise the strong points of rational and cognitive approaches and thus to reconcile the divergent schools of thought. Its further purpose is to set out factors which are conducive to cooperation.
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Poonyth, Daneswar. "A structural econometric model of the European sugar sector and the potential implications of the GATT/WTO /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924914.

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Runi, Rutendo Juliana. "Balancing trade remedies and preferential trade agreements: A South African experience." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6831.

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Magister Legum - LLM<br>Over the past decade countries have embraced globalisation. The depth and influence of globalisation has grown significantly since the 19th century. Globalisation has accelerated mainly due to increased integration in trade with bilateral, regional and multilateral trade negotiations on the rise. Multinational companies have also enlarged which enable production to be done seamlessly in different countries, increase in capital flows such as purchase of assets and bonds has also contributed. Furthermore, the surge on technological innovations and advancement cannot be ignored when one speaks of globalisation this era has been dubbed the technological era additionally there is also the role of migration which enhances labor movements. The world has rapidly shrunk to one global economy. After the World War II countries began to move away from protectionism to liberalised trade and this resulted in the formation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) then the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which is comprised of 164-member states. The WTO regulates trade and promotes free trade. Over the years the organisation has been evolving to deal with issues such as climate and technical assistance. Global trade presents challenges which may give rise to the need for countries to protect their domestic industries for political and economic reasons.
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Books on the topic "General Agreement of Commerce and Tariffs (GATT)"

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Kierstead, Shelley M. An international bind: Article XXIV:12 of GATT and Canada. Ontario Centre for International Business, International Business & Trade Law Programme at the Faculty of Law, University of Toronto and the Osgoode Hall Law School at York University, 1993.

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Nehmé, Claude. Le GATT: Et les grands accords commerciaux mondiaux : vers l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce: OMC. 2nd ed. Les Éditions d'Organisation, 1994.

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Castellanos, Diego Luis. Venezuela y el sistema GATT/NCM. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Económicas, 1989.

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Margaronis, A. P. A GATT checklist for U.S. business. SAM Trade, 1994.

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Canada, the GATT and the international trade system. Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1985.

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Stone, Frank. Canada, the GATT and the international trade system. 2nd ed. Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1992.

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EFTA, Entwicklungsländer und die neue GATT-Runde. [s.n.], 1986.

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Han, Hong-yŏl. GATT chʻoehyeguk taeu wŏnchʻik kwa Nam-Pukhan mulcha kyoryu. Taeoe Kyŏngje Chŏngchʻaek Yŏnʼguwŏn, 1993.

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Prost, Mario. D'abord les moyens, les besoins viendront après: Commerce et environnement dans la "jurisprudence" du GATT et de l'OMC. Bruylant, 2005.

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Agency, California Trade and Commerce. GATT: Advantages for California. California Trade and Commerce Agency, International Trade and Investment Division, Office of Trade Policy and Research, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "General Agreement of Commerce and Tariffs (GATT)"

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Hamblet, Wendy C. "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_604.

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Andersen, Uwe. "Allgemeines Zoll- und Handelsabkommen (General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade/GATT/Welthandelsorganisation (World Trade Organization/WTO)." In Handwörterbuch Internationale Organisationen. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86673-8_4.

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Kaj, Hobér. "1 Introduction." In The Energy Charter Treaty. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199660995.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides a background of the Energy Charter Treaty, which entered into force on April 16, 1998. The ECT is a unique international instrument which covers the promotion and protection of investments, trade in energy, transit in the energy sector, environmental aspects, as well as the settlement of disputes under the Treaty. It was negotiated and drafted under considerable time pressure by a large number of States and what is now the European Union. Nevertheless, the ECT was not negotiated and drafted in a legal vacuum. Other relevant international instruments were there for the negotiators to take account of and to be guided by as they deemed appropriate. As far as investment protection is concerned, there were in place several thousands of bilateral investment protection treaties (BITs) providing for the protection of foreign investment in a manner very similar to the corresponding provisions which eventually found their way into the ECT. With respect to international trade, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was in force when the ECT negotiations commenced. It was eventually replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. The present legal commentary on the ECT will not discuss general aspects of these two fields—international investment law and international trade law—in detail. Rather, an attempt has been made to limit the discussion of such general aspects—and of arbitral awards relating thereto—which are relevant for the ECT-provisions in question.
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"General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)." In The Anti-Capitalist Dictionary. Zed Books Ltd, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350222939.0068.

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"GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)." In Music Business: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203875056-27.

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Linden, Ake. "THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)." In National Trade Policies. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89300-0.50006-4.

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"GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT 1947)." In The Legal Texts. Cambridge University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511818424.007.

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"General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Gatt)." In WTO - Trade Remedies. Brill | Nijhoff, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004145658.i-982.77.

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"WTO – World Trade Organization, GATT – General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade." In A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations. Brill | Nijhoff, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004180048.i-962.821.

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Blattner, Charlotte E. "The Unanswered: Indirect Protection through the GATT." In Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948313.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the breadth and scope of options available to states that want to indirectly protect animals across the border, in particular under the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The flurry of academic discussion at the intersection of animal and trade law was sparked by the Appellate Body’s Seals report in 2014, but it failed to cut deep enough to link to the doctrine of jurisdiction under general international law, and efforts to enter negotiations to more thoroughly protect animals in trade never materialized. The author advances the discussion and fills a gap in scholarship by examining whether and how states can use trade law to indirectly protect animals abroad through import prohibitions, taxes and tariffs, as well as labels. An analysis of the legality of trade-restrictive measures that indirectly protect animals under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) precedes a discussion of justifications for violating the agreement.
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