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1
Abrego, Lisandro, Maria Alejandra Amado, Tunc Gursoy, Garth Nicholls, and Hector Perez-Saiz. "The African Continental Free Trade Agreement." IMF Working Papers 19, no. 124 (June 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498314398.001.
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In March 2018, representatives of member countries of the African Union signed the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement. This agreement provides a framework for trade liberalization in goods and services and is expected to eventually cover all African countries. Using a multi-country, multi-sector general equilibrium model based on Costinot and Rodriguez-Clare (2014), we estimate the welfare effects of the AfCFTA for 45 countries in Africa. Three different model specifications—comprising both perfect competition and monopolistic competition—are used. Simulations include full elimination of import tariffs and partial but substantial reduction in non-tariff barriers (NTBs). Results reveal significant potential welfare gains from trade liberalization in Africa. As intra-regional import tariffs in the continent are already low, the bulk of these gains come from lowering NTBs. Overall gains for the continent are broadly similar under the three model specifications used, with considerable variation of potential welfare gains across countries in all model structures.
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Edwards, Terence Huw. "Tariffs, Horizontal Regulatory Standards and Protection against Foreign Competitors." Global Economy Journal 9, no. 2 (March 2009): 1850164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1456.
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This paper focuses on a regulator's choice between setting a pure, horizontal technical barrier to trade (HTBT) or a tariff in a linear, Cournot duopoly, where a foreign firm competes with a local rival. Where a country is free to impose a tariff, it will not impose a HTBT. Only under a limited set of circumstances will the profit-shifting effect be sufficient to lead to total exclusion of the foreign firm: in other conditions, the country will set a tariff yielding some revenue. By contrast, if tariffs are constrained by international agreement, then the importing country will set an HTBT to exclude the foreign firm if and only if tariffs are reduced below a threshold level. Trade liberalisation agreements which only cover tariffs can reduce, rather than increase global welfare.
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Ingot, Steven Raja, and Dian Dwi Laksani. "ASEAN-Kanada Free Trade Agreement (FTA): Peluang Bagi Indonesia." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 13, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v13i1.316.
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Abstrak
Senior Economic Officials Meetings (SEOM) ke-8 di Laos menghasilkan komitmen bersama ASEAN dan Kanada untuk melakukan feasibility study dalam kerangka kerja sama ASEAN-Kanada FTA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung dampak perjanjian perdagangan barang Indonesia pada ASEAN-Kanada FTA dengan model analisis Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) - Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) dengan Data Base versi 9. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga simulasi yaitu (1) Indonesia bergabung ASEAN-Kanada FTA dengan penurunan tarif untuk semua komoditi sebesar 90% mengadopsi proposal modalitas ASEAN dalam Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), (2) penurunan tarif sebesar 90% tanpa Indonesia bergabung dalam ASEAN-Kanada FTA, (3) serta peningkatan fasilitasi perdagangan dan penurunan hambatan non tarif sebesar 20%. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa dari sisi Makroekonomi Indonesia akan mendapat dampak positif peningkatan GDP sebesar 0,03% jika bergabung dalam ASEAN-Kanada FTA dibandingkan jika tidak bergabung. Indonesia akan mendapat dampak positif lebih besar jika terdapat peningkatan fasilitasi perdagangan dan penurunan NTM sebesar 3,35% serta peningkatan investasi sebesar 8,53%. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, penurunan output dan peningkatan impor didominasi oleh impor bahan baku dan barang modal yang digunakan untuk input industri, sehingga keberadaan impor bahan baku tetap diperlukan. Kajian ini merekomendasikan penurunan tarif, peningkatan fasilitasi perdagangan dan penurunan NTM merupakan kebijakan yang sangat diperlukan.
Kata Kunci: ASEAN-Kanada FTA, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Perdagangan, Investasi
Abstract
At the 8th ASEAN Economic Senior Review Official Meetings (SEOM) in Laos, ASEAN and Canada committed to conduct a feasibility study within the framework of ASEAN-Canada FTA. This study aims to measures the impact of ASEAN-Canada FTA implementation to Indonesia using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model – the 9th version of Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). The study run three different simulations (1) Indonesia joining the ASEAN-Canada with a 90% tariff reduction applied to all goods adopting ASEAN modality in Regional Comprehensice Economic Partnership (RCEP); (2) 90% Tariff reduction without Indonesia joining the ASEAN-Canada FTA, (3) improving trade facilitation and decreasing 20% non-tariff measures. Simulation result shown that from Macroeconomic perspective, Indonesia will get positive impact of increasing 0.03% GDP by joining the FTA instead of not joining. Indonesia will get higher impact by increasing trade facilitation and 8.53% investment and reducing 3.35% of NTM. Based on the results, the declining output and increasing import is dominated by import of raw materials and capital goods, therefore import of raw material remain important. This study recommended reducing tariff and NTM as well as improving trade facilitation are necessary for Indonesia.
Keywords: ASEAN-Canada FTA, Economic Growth, Trade, Investment
JEL Classification: F12, F13, F15
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Baena-Rojas, Jose Jaime, and Susana Herrero-Olarte. "From Preferential Trade Arrangements to Free Trade Agreements: One of the Downturns of Cooperation in International Relations?" Social Sciences 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9080139.
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Since the signing of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have been an interesting tool to promote international cooperation through the granting of non-reciprocal and/or unilateral tariff preferences by developed countries to developing countries. These international agreements have tended to generate critical trade dependencies for the receiving countries. Due to the circumstances of world trade and due to the lack of interest of the grantors to maintain this type of tariff preference, these developing countries are forced to renegotiate their PTAs into to free trade agreements (FTAs). To demonstrate this, we conducted a qualitative analysis to characterize the behavior of PTAs and their impact on the configuration of FTAs and to obtain indicators and trends. The results suggested a predominance of FTAs and a decline in PTAs. This was done to maintain access to the markets within those granting countries, which also became the main trading partners of these PTA recipient countries.
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Willis, Allan, and Michael G. Woods. "The NAFTA Panel Decision on Supply Management: Gamble or Bargain?" Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 35 (1998): 81–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800006603.
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SummaryIn July 1995, the United States requested the establishment of the first Panel under Chapter 20 procedures of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and challenged Canada's duties on its “supply-managed” dairy, poultry, egg, barley, and margarine products. These industries had grown and prospered under supply management – a system intended to establish stability in a domestic market afflicted by unpredictable production cycles. The import restrictions were designed in conformity with the international trade rules as set out in the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT). These rules changed in 1995 as a result of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture under which Canada and WTO members replaced quantitative import restrictions with tariffs and tariff-rate quotas. The United States claimed that the duties contravened the basic NAFTA obligation to not rahe tariffs. Canada countered that the new tariff rates were justified under the new WTO Agreement on Agriculture that had been negotiated in Geneva after NAFTA. The resulting decision in favour of Canada was both praised for its consideration of the case in the context of the complex interplay of relevant trade obligations and criticized for finding “an implied bargain among negotiators … that was never struck.” The Panel assumed that if tariff eqivalents could not be applied – which in effed would render the WTO Agreement on Agriculture inoperative – the result would be that the parties would be entitled to apply Article XI restrictions as if the Uruguay Round had never happened. The logic was impeccable – the NAFTA was “not to be read in clinical isolation from public international law.”
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Arora, Rahul, Sarbjit Singh, and Somesh K. Mathur. "Assessment of the Proposed India-China Free Trade Agreement: A General Equilibrium Approach." Journal of Centrum Cathedra: The Business and Economics Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcc-08-02-2015-b002.
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Purpose The present study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of the proposed India-China free trade agreement (FTA) in goods trade on both countries under a static general equilibrium framework. Design/Methodology/Approach The study has utilized the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of world trade with the presence of skilled and unskilled unemployment in the world. For analysis purposes, 57 GTAP sectors, representing the whole regional economy, have been aggregated into 43 sectors and 140 GTAP regions, representing the whole world, have been aggregated into 19 regions. The study has also used the updated tariff rates provided by the World Trade Organization for better results. Findings The preliminary analysis using trade indicators depicted that by utilizing their own comparative advantage, both of the countries can maximize their gains by exporting more to the world. The simulation results from the GTAP analysis revealed that a tariff reduction in all goods trade would be more beneficial for both the countries than the tariff reduction in each other's specialized products. All other regions lose in terms of shifting the Indian imports towards China in a post-simulation environment. Regions with a significant loss are: the European Union (28 members), Southeast Asia, the Unites States, Japan, Korea, West Asia, and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Originality/Value The disaggregated sector-wise analysis has been performed using the latest available GTAP database, version 9.
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Connolly, Michelle, and Kei-Mu Yi. "How Much of South Korea’s Growth Miracle Can Be Explained by Trade Policy?" American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 188–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20120197.
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This paper assesses the importance of trade policy reforms in South Korea, as well as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) tariff reductions, in explaining Korea's growth miracle. We develop a model of neoclassical growth and trade in which lower tariffs lead to increased gross domestic product (GDP) per worker via comparative advantage and specialization, and capital accumulation. We calibrate the model and simulate the tariff reductions that occurred between early 1962 and 1989. The model can explain 17 percent of South Korea's catch-up to the G7 countries in value-added per worker in the manufacturing sector. These gains, as well as most of the welfare gains, are driven by two key transmission channels: multistage production and imported investment goods. (JEL F13, F43, L60, O47)
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Hayakawa, Kazunobu, Nuttawut Laksanapanyakul, Hiroshi Mukunoki, and Shujiro Urata. "Impact of Free Trade Agreement Use on Import Prices." World Bank Economic Review 33, no. 3 (May 15, 2018): 643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhx026.
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Abstract We examine the impact of free trade agreement (FTA) use on import prices. For this analysis, we employ establishment-level import data with information on tariff schemes, that is, the FTA and most-favored-nation schemes used for importing. Unlike previous studies, we estimate the effects of FTA use on prices by controlling for differences in importing-firm characteristics. There are three main findings. First, the effect of FTA use is overestimated when not controlling for importing firm-related fixed effects. Second, on average, firms’ FTA use reduces tariffs by 12 percentage points and raises import prices by 3.6–6.7 percent. Third, in general, we do not find a price rise resulting from the costs of complying with rules of origin.
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Mitchell, AndrewD, and Tania Voon. "Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO: Procedures and Practices. By Anwarul Hoda. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001, 137, (Appendices) 136 and (Index) 36 pp. Hardback £45.00 net. ISBN 0–521–80449–3.]." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 2 (June 24, 2002): 463–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302501690.
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Oneof the most important achievements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to date has been a substantial reduction in the level of tariffs applied in international trade. The average tariff on industrial products has diminished from more than 40 per cent. in 1947 to less than 5 per cent. today. As a result of this success, multilateral negotiations within the WTO have begun to place more emphasis on non-tariff barriers. Nevertheless, tariffs remain an important issue. Many OECD countries, for example, continue to impose high tariffs on agricultural products and other products of particular interest to developing countries. The work programme adopted at the Fourth WTO Ministerial Conference held in Doha late last year provides for negotiations to improve market access for agricultural products and to reduce or eliminate tariffs on non-agricultural products and environmental goods.
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Dixon, Peter B. "The Australia—China Free Trade Agreement: Some Modelling Issues." Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 5 (November 2007): 631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082212.
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General equilibrium modelling has been used to analyse many policy proposals. This article aims to help non-modellers assess general equilibrium analyses, particularly of a potential Australia—China free trade agreement (FTA). General equilibrium modelling is effective in studies of unilateral tariff reductions. However, most general equilibrium modelling assumes given technologies and information. For issues where the essence is technology transfer and new information, general equilibrium models can only produce results after most of the analysis has been done outside the model. In an Australia—China FTA, tariff cuts may be only a small part of the package. The main part may be goodwill, technology transfer and increased mutual awareness. Thus, for analysing FTAs, general equilibrium modelling is of limited value. The only conclusion for Australia that general equilibrium modelling of an Australia—China FTA can deliver with any certainty is that such an agreement will cause significant contraction in the Australian clothing industry.
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González Laxe, Fernando, Federico Martín Palmero, and Domingo Calvo Dopico. "Liberalization and tariff dismantling." British Food Journal 118, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2015-0087.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact that the free trade agreement between the European Union (EU) and Chile and its resulting dismantling of tariffs has had on the mussel cultivation industry, particularly in Galicia. Specifically, the authors examine how trade liberalisation has affected the mussel farming industry. Design/methodology/approach – The authors aim to observe the general panorama of both the evolution of production, distinguishing between fresh and industrial usage, and the evolution of prices at source depending on destination (fresh or industrial in the period 2003-2012). In order to analyse the relationships between different agents of the value chain, Porter’s model has been used as a reference. Findings – There is a loss of competitiveness in the mussel farming-production sector following the liberalisation agreement of 2006 and huge bargaining power of the processing sector vs the production sector. Practical implications – There is an opportunity to implement traceability programmes and develop a more differentiated product. In addition, it is profitable to promote Galician mussels through generic advertising and promoting exports. Originality/value – There is a lack of empirical studies about the impact that the new free trade agreement between the EU and Chile has had on the Spanish mussel industry. Particularly, the study analyses economic repercussions, managerial implications and new challenges stemming from the new context of trade liberalisation.
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Munandar, Aris, Annisa Nur Salam, and M. Taufik Ridho. "The Impact of Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership Free Trade Agreement on Indonesian Economy." Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business 8, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 035. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/grieb.2020.081-04.
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Islamic law is inclined toward free trade and condemned imposing tariffs on trade with other states. Even when tariffs were imposed, they were imposed based on reciprocity. The Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) is a free trade agreement to realize tariff elimination. CPTPP was signed by 11 countries in Santiago, Chile, on March 8, 2018, and this renewed agreement attracted Indonesia to join. This study analyzes the possible impact of CPTPP implementation on the Indonesian economy using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. We conduct a simulation to evaluate the impact of CPTPP on the Indonesian economy. The results show that the implementation of CPTPP leads to an increase in the real GDP and welfare of Indonesia. Also, the study found that CPTPP is beneficial to members. These results generally justify the elimination of tariffs promoted by Islamic law.
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Ingot, Steven Raja, and Ridho Meyrandoyo Hastjarjo. "ANALISIS DAMPAK LIBERALISASI PERDAGANGAN BARANG PADA PERUNDINGAN INDONESIA–EU CEPA TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v11i2.223.
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Uni Eropa (EU) merupakan salah satu negara tujuan utama ekspor Indonesia, namun pangsa pasar Indonesia di Uni Eropa masih di bawah beberapa negara ASEAN lainnya. Pada tahun 2015, pangsa pasar Indonesia di Uni Eropa baru mencapai 0,37% masih berada di bawah pangsa pasar Thailand (0,48%), Malaysia (0,49%), dan Vietnam (0,74%) (Trademap 2017). Indonesia membutuhkan akses pasar untuk dapat meningkatkan pangsa pasar di Uni Eropa dan salah satunya adalah dengan melakukan liberalisasi perdagangan barang. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak liberalisasi perdagangan barang terhadap perekonomian Indonesia dengan dua opsi, yaitu Simulasi 1 (SIM1) yaitu penghapusan tarif 100% untuk 4.945 pos tarif HS 6 digit. Simulasi 2 (SIM2) yaitu penghapusan tarif 100% kecuali untuk Uni Eropa sebanyak 260 pos tarif dan Indonesia sebanyak 235 pos tarif. Simulasi 2 digunakan untuk mempertimbangkan modalitas yang mirip dengan modalitas Vietnam-EU Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (Vietnam-EU PCA). Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah model Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) yang terdapat pada Global Trade Analytical Project (GTAP). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa simulasi 1 memberikan dampak yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan simulasi 2, karena tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan Indonesia pada simulasi 1 lebih besar daripada simulasi 2. Namun demikian, Indonesia tetap dapat menggunakan modalitas sebagaimana dilakukan oleh kerjasama Vietnam-EU PCA sebagai dasar perundingan Indonesia – European Union Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (I-EU CEPA) karena selisihnya dikategorikan tidak terlalu besar. European Union (EU) is one of the main destinations of Indonesian export; however, the Indonesia’s market share has been left behind compared to some other ASEAN countries. In 2015, Indonesia's market share in the EU has reached only 0.37%, which was still left behind from the market share of Thailand (0.48%), Malaysia (0.49%) and Vietnam (0.74%) (Trademap, 2017). Indonesia requires a market access to increase market share in the EU, for instance by liberalizing trade in goods. This study aims to analyze the impact of liberalization of trade in goods on the Indonesian economy with two options: Simulation 1(SIM 1) by reducing tariff 100% for 4,945 tariff lines based on HS 6 digits, and Simulation 2 (SIM 2) by reducing 100% tariffs except 260 tariffs lines of EU and 235 tariff lines of Indonesia. Simulation 2 was conducted to consider the similiar modalities undertaken by Vietnam-EU Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (Vietnam-EU PCA). The analytical methods used Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model in the Global Trade Analytical Project (GTAP). The result shows that simulation 1 gives a better impact compared to simulation 2, as the level of economic growth and the welfare of Indonesia. Simulation 1 is larger than Simulation 2. However, Indonesia can use the modalities similar with Vietnam-EU PCA modalities as the basis of the Indonesia-EU Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (I-EU CEPA) negotiations because the difference is not significant.
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Taguchi, Hiroyuki, and Don Chalani Imasha Rubasinghe. "Trade Impacts of South Asian Free Trade Agreements in Sri Lanka." South Asia Economic Journal 20, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561418822203.
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This article aims to examine the trade effects of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) with a focus on Sri Lanka, by applying a gravity trade model. The study targets the following three FTAs: the SAFTA, the India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA), and the Pakistan–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (PSFTA). The outcomes of the gravity trade model estimation suggested that the trade creation effects were identified in the ISFTA, while those were not verified in the SAFTA and that the PSFTA had the trade creation effects only on the Sri Lankan imports. Those results seem to reflect the differentials in the preferential tariff rates. In particular, ISFTA could have the predominant positive effects on Sri Lankan trade flows due to its lowest preferential tariff rates, and thus the SAFTA effect might be crowded out at the current stage of Sri Lankan trade. JEL: F13, F14, O53
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Dunkel, Arthur. "General agreement on tariffs and trade." Computer Law & Security Review 3, no. 6 (March 1988): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(88)90133-1.
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JOERGES, CHRISTIAN, and CHRISTINE GODT. "5 Free trade: the erosion of national, and the birth of transnational governance." European Review 13, S1 (March 2005): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000219.
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Free Trade has always been highly contested, but both the arguments about it and the treaties that regulate it have changed dramatically since the Second World War. Under the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) regime, objections to free trade were essentially economic, and tariffs were a nation state's primary means of protecting its interests. However, by the early 1970s, tariffs had been substantially reduced, and the imposition and removal of non-tariff barriers that reflected a wide range of domestic concerns about the protection of health, safety, and the environment have since come to dominate trade agreements and their implementation. The expanding scope of these international treaties, and their effect on domestic regulatory objectives, has created new challenges for the nation-state, and for the international trade system as a whole. Domestic regulatory objectives that are generally embedded in a nation state's legal system or even in its constitution, are now negotiable and are susceptible to adjudication at the international level where they may, or may not, be used to camouflage unrelated economic interests. The international trade system adapted to this situation in 1994 by transforming the GATT into the World Trade Organization (WTO), which has more effective means for dispute resolution and includes a number of special agreements – such as the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) – with rules for balancing the economic concerns of free trade with the social concerns of regulatory objectives. These developments have generated legal queries about the general legitimacy of transnational governance arrangements and their ‘constitutionalization’, i.e. the quest for transnational governance that is mediated by law and not only accepted de facto but considered deserving of acceptance.
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Khan, Akhtar Hasan. "The Impact of the Uruguay Round on World Economy." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 1191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1191-1203.
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International trade as an engine for economic growth is an accepted proposition in modern economic literature. Statistical and econometric analysis of crosssection and time-series data of the growth in exports and growth in GOP shows a very high correlation between the two. Normally growth in exports is twice or more than the growth in GOP for most fast-growing economies particularly the East Asian Tigers. There is hardly any country which over a decade has had a growth in GOP higher than the average rate of growth of exports in that decade. Export led growth has been vindicated by one economy after another specially in East Asia. It is therefore of great importance that the international trading system allows the free flow of goods in order to promote the growth of the world economy as a whole. After the Second World War, plans were drawn up for an International Trade Organisation (ITO) at Havana but when the US Congress declined to approve it, it was dropped. The demise of the ITO, however did not do away with the need for an international organisation to deal with negotiations for reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to international trade. Twenty-three nations agreed to continue extensive tariff negotiations for trade concessions at Geneva which were incorporated in a General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT has provided a permanent platform for reducing trade barriers. The fundamental objective of GATT is to achieve free trade through reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers on the basis of non-discrimination, reciprocity and national treatment.................
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Kucik, Jeffrey, and Eric Reinhardt. "Does Flexibility Promote Cooperation? An Application to the Global Trade Regime." International Organization 62, no. 3 (July 2008): 477–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818308080168.
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Do flexibility provisions in international agreements—clauses allowing for legal suspension of concessions without abrogating the treaty—promote cooperation? Recent work emphasizes that provisions for relaxing treaty commitments can ironically make states more likely to form agreements and make deeper concessions when doing so. This argument has particularly been applied to the global trade regime, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). Yet the field has not produced much evidence bearing on this claim. Our article applies this claim to the global trade regime and its chief flexibility provision, antidumping. In contrast to prior work, this article explicitly models the endogeneity and selection processes envisioned by the theory. We find that states joining the WTO are more likely to adopt domestic antidumping mechanisms. Likewise, corrected for endogeneity, states able to take advantage of the regime's principal flexibility provision, by having a domestic antidumping mechanism in place, are significantly more likely to (1) join the WTO, (2) agree to more tightly binding tariff commitments, and (3) implement lower applied tariffs as well.
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Khorana, Sangeeta, and Badri G. Narayanan. "Modelling Effects of Tariff Liberalisation on India’s Key Export Sectors: Analysis of the EU–India Free Trade Agreement." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 11, no. 1 (February 2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801016676016.
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Trade agreements are increasingly being negotiated between developed and emerging economy partners. An example is the EU–India Free Trade Agreement (FTA) for which negotiations began in 2007. There has been a debate on the potential effects of the proposed FTA and how this can impact on India’s key export sectors. Our study addresses this aspect from a global computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling perspective. Using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) framework, we analyse trade and welfare impacts of the proposed FTA between the EU and India. Two scenarios are modelled: first, complete and immediate elimination of tariff on all goods traded and second, selective tariff elimination on textiles, wearing apparel and leather goods—products in which India has a comparative advantage. Results under both scenarios show that India enjoys positive welfare effects though there is a possibility of trade diversion. Under scenario 1, India loses due to a negative terms of trade (ToT) effect. Under scenario 2, with selective sectoral liberalisation, gains are mainly concentrated in the textiles, wearing apparel and leather sectors. There is a positive output effect from change in demand for factors of production, suggesting that the proposed FTA could lead to relocation of labour-intensive production to India. JEL Classification: F15, F47, F62
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Niranjan, Sunil Kumar. "Impact of WTO's AOA on India's Trade in Agriculture." Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 8, no. 1 (August 9, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2016/7290.
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The agreement on agriculture (AOA) forms a part of the final act of the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiation, which was signed by the member's countries in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morocco and came into force on 1st January 1995.for the first time, agriculture features in a major way in the GATT round of multilateral trade negotiations. Although the original GATT- the predecessor of the World Trade organization (WTO) applied to trade in agriculture, various expectations to the disciplines on the use of non-tariff measures and subsidy meant that it did not do so effectively. The Uruguay round agreement sought to bring order and fair competition to this highly distorted sector of world trade by establishment of a fair and market oriented agriculture trading sector. Therefore the formation of the world trade organization (WTO) in January 1, 1995 as a successor organization for the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) was watershed event in the history of global trade reform.
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Grossman, Gene M., and Alan O. Sykes. "European Communities – Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries (WT/DS246/AB/R)." World Trade Review 5, S1 (2006): 220–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745606001455.
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The WTO case brought by India in 2002 to challenge aspects of the European Communities’ Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) brings fresh scrutiny to a policy area that has received little attention in recent years – trade preferences for developing countries. The idea for such preferences emerged from the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964. The ensuing negotiations led to Resolution 21(ii) at the second session of UNCTAD in 1968, acknowledging “unanimous agreement” in favor of the establishment of preferential arrangements. Tariff discrimination violates the most-favored nation (MFN) obligation of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Art. I, however, and thus the legal authority for preferential tariff schemes had to await a GATT waiver of this obligation, which came in 1971. The waiver was to expire after 10 years, but the authority for preferences was extended by the GATT Contracting Parties Decision of November 28, 1979 on Differential and More Favorable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries, popularly known as the “Enabling Clause,” and now incorporated into the law of the WTO along with the GATT itself.
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Muchtar, Muchtar. "IMPACT OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ON INDONESIA ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES." Business and Entrepreneurial Review 15, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ber.v15i1.2081.
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<p>Indonesia participates in various free trade agreements with its main trading partners and it raises a research problem namely whether the participation would create benefits for Indonesia economic performances. Then, the research problem generates research questions that are what are the impacts of free trade agreements several aspects particularly for economic, social, and environment.<br />Main objectives of this research will focus to assess the impacts of free trade agreements on: (i) economic aspects such as economic growth, export and import performances, balance of trade, terms of trade, investment, inflation, government expenditure and consumption, and sector output; (ii) social aspect such as labor market, wages, income gap between skilled and unskilled labor, social welfare; and (iii) environment aspect.<br />Method of the research employs an economic model of computable general equilibrium on international trade, namely Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP Model 8 version). There are two policy simulations of tariff reduction namely; (i) Simulation I, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 65% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 85%; (ii) Simulation II, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 80% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 100% The research found that in general, impact of free trade agreement benefit for Indonesia economic performances, it indicated by economic variables that contribute positively to the economic performances are greater than economic variables that contribute negatively to the economic performances. The positive economic variables are economic growth, export performance, terms of trade, balance of trade, investment, government expenditure and consumption, wages, social welfare. While the negative economic variables are import performance, inflation, sector output, labor market, income gap of skilled and unskilled labors, emission proliferation.Research limitations related to the secondary data sources that depend on data published by international and national institutions as well as the data that already embodied in the GTAP Model. Policy implication to the government policy namely: (i) to undertake economic and trade reform to improve competitiveness; (ii) to undertake deeply comprehensive study before participation in the FTA; (iii) to give assistances for loser business particularly for small and medium enterprises; (iv) to socialize actively about the FTA to related business community.</p>
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Limão, Nuno, and Giovanni Maggi. "Uncertainty and Trade Agreements." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20130163.
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We explore conditions under which trade agreements can provide gains by reducing trade policy uncertainty. Given the degree of income risk aversion, this is more likely when economies are more open, export supply elasticities are lower, and economies more specialized. Governments have stronger incentives to sign trade agreements when the trading environment is more uncertain. As exogenous trade costs decline, the gains from reducing tariff uncertainty become more important relative to reducing average tariff levels. We also develop a simple “sufficient statistic” approach to quantify the gains from managing trade policy uncertainty, and examine the impact of ex ante investments on such gains. (JEL D81, F13)
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Pal, Barun Deb, and Sanjib Pohit. "Anatomy of Non-tariff Barriers in India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement: An Empirical Investigation." South Asia Economic Journal 21, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561420903210.
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This article attempts to answer one crucial research question: why the utilization of India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) route for trade is very poor by the Indian exporters (13%) as compared to their Sri Lankan counterpart (65%) even after one decade of its implementation? The available studies have blamed the non-tariff barriers (NTBs) which are hamstringing the growth of trade between these partners development of international trade. However, these have considered NTBs as subset of non-tariff measures (NTMs) which are quite narrow sense of finding the hidden barriers within the International trade process. Therefore, this article has analysed in detail the logistic process involved in international trade between India and Sri Lanka to understand various NTBs sheltered within this logistic process. Further, the article has identified issues which are not directly beyond the logistic process which are affecting the international trade between these two countries. JEL: F0, F1
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Uzair, Lubna, and Ahmad Nawaz. "Modelling welfare effects under Pakistan–China free trade agreement." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-07-2018-0028.
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PurposeThis paper aims to empirically examine the trade creation and diversion impacts on merchandise imports of Pakistan under the Pakistan–China Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The analysis of Pakistan’s preferential treatment with its largest trade partner as well as the most substantial exporter of the world will help to shape trade policy, open windows for academic research and also gives an immense contribution in literature.Design/methodology/approachA disaggregated panel data on the imports of Pakistan from China and other WTO member countries and tariff concessions at Harmonized System (HS) two-digit level used for the agreement period of 2006-2012. The empirical analysis takes care of bias through robust and panel-corrected standard errors with time, industry-specific effects and controlling for multilateral trade resistance.FindingsEvidence found in support of trade creation under the Pakistan–China FTA. It means overall this agreement increased the welfare of Pakistani consumers.Practical implicationsFindings are in favour of negotiations and signing for the next round of this agreement and with other major trade partners like the US and Saudi Arabia.Originality/valueIt is worth investigating empirically the impact of preferential trade liberalization between Pakistan – a developing country – and China – the largest importer of the world – explicitly, in the form of trade creation or diversion. The empirical assessment of this FTA signed with the world’s largest exporter will not only contribute immensely to the literature but also help in trade policy formulation and open windows for academic research. Another unique aspect of this study is the use of disaggregated data consisting of all goods imports along with tariff concessions at two-digit Harmonized System (HS) code.
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Sahu, Pritish Kumar. "TARIFF ELIMINATION UNDER THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP AND ITS IMPACT ON INDONESIA’S TRADE BALANCE." Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 34, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jieb.28252.
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Introduction: Indonesia has signed, and is in the process of signing, many bilateral and regional Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Whether these trade agreements will benefit Indonesia on the economic front or not is still a matter for discussion. Background Problem: Signing TPP, raises many questions as to how this would affect the countries in Asian regions, including Indonesia. Novelty: Considering the criticism of CGE (Computer General Equilibrium) model, this paper uses the SMART simulation model, based on a partial equilibrium approach, to estimate the aggregate and commodity-level gains and losses for Indonesia with its partner countries during the post-tariff elimination period. Research Method: This study uses the World Bank’s World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) Database. This database contains trade data for all the countries under a different nomenclature viz. at the two-digit, four-digit, and six-digit level. We use the HS-classified nomenclature at the six-digit level in order to estimate the impact of the removal of tariffs on Indonesia’s trade, i.e. both exports and imports. Findings: The finding reveals that if Indonesia does not take part in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, it will still have a trade surplus of $1.6 billion with the Trans-Pacific countries but joining the bloc would result in a trade deficit of $19 million. Joining the bloc would increase the imports from Japan, followed by the United States and Australia as against an increase in exports to the United States, followed by Malaysia and Vietnam. The post Trans-Pacific Partnership period will have many implications for Indonesia, it may face difficulties exporting to the member countries, even with an existing trade agreement, while in the long run the Trans-Pacific Partnership bloc could limit Indonesia’s trade prospects with these Pacific Rim countries and it may limit Indonesia influencing WTO outcomes. Conclusion: Trade agreements seem to have benefited Indonesia’s economy and its people in many ways over the years, even though it has an important cost for some people.
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RAHMAN, MOHAMMAD MASUDUR. "Taiwan — A Potential Economic Partner of South Asia." Journal of Indian and Asian Studies 02, no. 01 (January 2021): 2150006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2717541321500066.
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Taiwan is a major hub of the global supply chains and one of the leading investors not only in China but also in other Southeast Asian markets. Although high trade complementary, bilateral trade between South Asia and Taiwan is only about US$ 9 billion, investment has only picked up recently. The computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis indicates a substantial economic benefit of bilateral tariffs elimination between Taiwan and its South Asian partners. Taiwan has a substantial comparative advantage in producing high tech manufacturing goods while in South Asian’s main strength is in the resource-based agricultural and light manufacturing sector. Taiwan has been maintained a liberalized trade regime with minimal import tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTM) over the decades. As South Asia is booming, and Taiwan is seeking alternative markets and investments opportunities, it is time to deepen a bilateral economic relationship. South Asia is a market of 1.5 billion people with an emerging middle class along with substantial cheaper labor forces, made an ideal place for investment. A comprehensive economic partnership agreement (CEPA) with a preferential trade and investment agreement would be useful to attract Taiwanese multinationals and seamless trade between South Asia and Taiwan.
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Alessandria, George, and Carter Mix. "Trade Policy is Real News: Theory and Evidence." International Finance Discussion Paper 2021, no. 1330 (September 24, 2021): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2021.1330.
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We evaluate the aggregate effects of changes in trade barriers when these changes can be implemented slowly over time and trade responds gradually to changes in trade barriers because firm-level trade costs make exporting a dynamic decision. Our model shows how expectations of changes in trade barriers affect the economy. We find that while decreases in trade barriers increase economic activity, expectations of lower future trade barriers temporarily decrease investment, hours worked, and output. Further- more, canceling an expected decline in future trade barriers raises investment and output in the short run but substantially lowers medium-run growth. These effects are larger when the expected reform is bigger. In the data, we find that countries with more trade growth after the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) rounds decreased investment and hours worked in the years leading to the tariff cuts, as predicted by our model.
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Thangavelu, Shandre M., Dionisius Narjoko, and Shujiro Urata. "Impact of FTA on Trade in ASEAN and Australia Using Customs Level Data." Journal of Economic Integration 36, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 437–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2021.36.3.437.
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This study examines the impact of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) on Australian trade with a particular focus on imports from ASEAN member countries to Australia. We examine the AANZFTA’s utilization by ten ASEAN countries at the six-digit trade classification level from 2012 to 2016 using Australian customs data. We implement Ando and Urata’s (2018) and Hayakawa et al.’s (2014) framework of free trade agreement (FTA) utilization based on preferential tariff margins. We also account for overlapping FTAs that are likely to impact the AANZFTA’s utilization. The results indicate that preferential tariff margins positively impact FTA utilization. However, the results also indicate that the AANZFTA’s utilization rate across ASEAN countries is low relative to Australia’s bilateral FTAs with Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore. We also find evidence that co-sharing rules of origin positively impact FTA utilization.
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Tamayo-Álvarez, Rafael. "The Strategic Use of International Investment Law in Colombia – Textiles: Navigating within the International Regime Complex for Development." Law and Development Review 13, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0080.
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AbstractTrade-based money laundering (TBML) is a major concern in Colombia, where criminal organisations employ under-invoicing to conceal drug-trafficking proceeds. In response, Colombia imposed a compound tariff on certain Panamanian importations that were considered linked to this phenomenon. Alleging that the policy measure infringed Colombia’s tariff concessions, Panama activated the World Trade Organisation (WTO) dispute settlement mechanism. The dispute revolved around Article II:1 of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade 1994. Colombia argued that this norm should be interpreted as to encompass licit trade only. Colombia looked for normative support in the investment treaty regime by establishing a parallel between undervalued imports and illegal investments. Therefore, just as investment treaty tribunals abstain from extending international legal protection to illegal investments, the WTO adjudicating bodies should not extend tariff concessions to importations linked to TBML activities. This article contends that by transplanting a more favourable doctrine of legality from the investment treaty regime to the multilateral trade regime, Colombia engaged in strategic regime shifting. Accordingly, drawing on regime complexes analysis, the article argues that by considering development a common issue-area, it is possible to articulate strategic connections between both regimes.
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MacRae, Rod. "Do trade agreements substantially limit development of local / sustainable food systems in Canada?" Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2014): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v1i1.25.
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<p>A common view in policy and business circles is that certain elements of trade agreements (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade rules, the World Trade Organization Agreement on Agriculture, and the North American Free Trade Agreement) and the Canadian Agreement on Internal Trade significantly limit the policy and program instruments available to support the development of local/sustainable food systems. This exploratory textual analysis of select trade articles, filtered through a local/sustainable lens, suggests that Canadian governments can put in place more substantial policy and program drivers without triggering trade disputes. Of particular note is that local/sustainable foods may not be considered equivalent to imported conventional ones, and therefore many provisions of the trade agreements may not be applicable. Equally important, the rules do permit certain kinds of support, there are numerous exemptions and thresholds for application of measures, and many current actors in local/sustainable implementation may not be subject to the agreements. Based on this textual analysis, pertinent instrument design features are proposed that would allow governments and other parties to support local/sustainable food systems without triggering trade disputes.</p><p> </p><p>You are invited to respond to this article by sending an email to <a href="mailto:editor@canadianfoodstudies.ca">editor@canadianfoodstudies.ca</a>. Find this article and a continuously updated dialogue of responses by visiting the article’s dedicated <a title="Food Systems Transistion Stream v1i1.25" href="/index.php/cfs/pages/view/v1i1.25">web page</a>.</p>
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Lee, Hongshik, and Backhoon Song. "Quantitative Estimates of the Economic Impacts of a Korea–United States Free Trade Agreement." Asian Economic Papers 7, no. 2 (June 2008): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2008.7.2.52.
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This paper investigates the bilateral trade pattern between South Korea and the United States and examines the economic impact of a Korea–United States (KORUS) free trade agreement (FTA). Three related general equilibrium approaches were used to investigate the effects of a KORUS FTA. The static general equilibrium model estimates the efficiency gains from resource allocation. The capital accumulation general equilibrium model includes the growth bonus from the increased incentives for savings and investment created by the static efficiency gains. The productivity enhancement general equilibrium model augments the capital accumulation model by taking into consideration the dynamic efficiency improvements from competitive effects in the economies over time. The last welfare gain turns out to be the biggest gain from the KORUS FTA, dwarfing the static efficiency gains. The results indicate that Korea could gain an estimated 0.32 to 5.97 percent in GDP from a KORUS FTA. Much of the gains that would accrue to Korea from the FTA with the United States would be productivity gains from increased competition between U.S. producers and domestic Korean producers. Another important area of gain for Korea would be increased efficiency from lower non-tariff barriers. This provides a strong argument for ensuring that an FTA between Korea and the United States is comprehensive and facilitates regulatory cooperation and the reduction of non-tariff barriers.
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BOUET, ANTOINE, and David Laborde. "Assessing the potential cost of a failed Doha Round." World Trade Review 9, no. 2 (April 2010): 319–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745609990267.
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AbstractThis study offers new conclusions on the economic cost of a failed Doha Development Agenda (DDA). We assess potential outcome of the Doha Round as well as four protectionist scenarios using the MIRAGE Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. In a scenario where applied tariffs of World Trade Organization (WTO) economies would go up to currently bound tariff rates, world trade would decrease by 9.9% and world welfare by US$353 billion. The economic cost of a failed DDA is here evaluated by the difference between a cooperative scenario (DDA) and a protectionist one (US$412 billion in terms of welfare). Another point of view is to compare a resort to protectionism when the DDA is implemented with a resort to protectionism when the DDA is not implemented. The findings show that this trade agreement could prevent the potential reduction of US$809 billion of trade and, therefore, acts as an efficient multilateral ‘preventive’ scheme against the adverse consequences of trade ‘beggar-thy-neighbor’ policies.
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Kim, Young-Han, and Eui-Hyun Ha. "Are rules of origin protective measures under preferential trade agreements?" Journal of Korea Trade 20, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 74–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-03-2016-005.
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Purpose – Rules of origin (ROOs) are often cited as major trade barriers even after tariff barriers are removed with the formation of preferential trade agreement (PTA) as shown in a survey result that a large number South Korean firms in the textile industry give up utilizing tariff-free exports to the USA after the bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) due to ROOs. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of ROOs on the equilibrium FTA regime and the welfare effects. Design/methodology/approach – The authors determine the impact of ROOs on the equilibrium FTA regime based on an oligopolistic model where there are asymmetry in production technologies of intermediate goods and the capacity of outsourcing intermediate goods. Findings – The authors demonstrate that ROOs are used as a protective trade policy against the FTA member country with an outsourcing option for technologically dominant intermediate goods. Practical implications – The non-cooperative features of ROOs found in this paper necessitates the introduction of an international coordination mechanism to avoid the prisoners’ dilemma-type implementation of ROOs. Originality/value – This paper provides a theoretical frame to analyze the protective effects of ROOs under PTAs.
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Laksani, Dian Dwi, and Aziza Rahmaniar Salam. "PERKIRAAN DAMPAK ASEAN DAN HONG KONG FREE TRADE AREA (AHKFTA) TERHADAP KINERJA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v10i2.52.
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ASEAN dan Hong Kong sepakat untuk membentuk kerjasama kawasan dalam bentuk ASEAN Hong Kong FTA (AHKFTA). Negosiasi perundingan direncanakan akan selesai pada akhir 2016. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara anggota ASEAN tentunya berpartisipasi dalam rencana pembentukan AHKFTA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung seberapa besar dampak berlakunya perjanjian perdagangan barang ASEAN-Hong Kong FTA terhadap kinerja perdagangan Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah model Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) dengan menggunakan Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) versi 8. Kerjasama kawasan ini diharapkan akan menurunkan hambatan perdagangan di semua sektor, khususnya penurunan tarif sebagai representasi penurunan hambatan perdagangan baik di Indonesia maupun di Hong Kong. Penelitian ini melakukan dua simulasi yaitu pemotongan tarif sebesar 50% dan liberalisasi penuh. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memperoleh manfaat dari liberalisasi penuh perdagangan FTA ASEAN-Hong Kong baik dari kesejahteraan maupun peningkatan GDP, sedangkan peningkatan output hanya terjadi di beberapa sektor yang merupakan komoditi unggulan yaitu vegetable oil, oil seeds, wearing apparel, textile dan electronic equipment Penurunan tarif secara bertahap, pemberlakuan proteksi dan peningkatan daya saing bagi sektor yang berdaya saing rendah merupakan kebijakan yang sangat diperlukan. ASEAN and Hong Kong have agreed to establish bilateral cooperation in the form of the ASEAN-Hong Kong FTA (AHKFTA). The negotiation process is planned to be completed by the end of 2016. Indonesia as one of ASEAN countries will surely participate in AHKFTA. This study aims to investigate the impact of the bilateral trade agreement of the ASEAN-Hong Kong FTA on the Indonesian trade performance. The analytical method applied in this study is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) using modeling approach of Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) version 8. This cooperation is expected to reduce the trade barriers in all sectors, such as reducing tariff in order to decrease the trade barriers between Indonesia and Hong Kong. This study conducted two simulations of tariff cuts 50% and full liberalization. The results indicate that Indonesia gained some benefits from full liberalization of ASEAN-Hong Kong FTA in terms of its welfare and the increase of GDP. The increase of output only occurs in few sectors which are categorized as a primary commodity such as vegetable oil, oil seeds, wearing apparel, textile and electronic equipment. In short, reducing tariff gradually and reinforcing protection and improvement to a sector having low competitiveness are vital to support Indonesia’s trade performance.
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DAWAR, KAMALA. "Government Procurement in the WTO: A Case for Greater Integration." World Trade Review 15, no. 4 (January 5, 2016): 645–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000592.
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This article assesses the regulation of government procurement in the WTO, specifically under the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (WTO GPA), the General Agreement on Tariffs in Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM). It compares these findings from leading regional trade agreements (RTAs) with government procurement regulation, most notably the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
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Hartono, C. F. G. Sunaryati. "Pembangunan HUKENAS dalam Menyongsong Pembentukan Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 24, no. 2 (April 29, 1994): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol24.no2.436.
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Lahimya Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA) dan di tandatanganinya General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GAIT) di Marrakesh baru-baru ini bagi Indonesia, antara lain, menyebabkan perlunya pembangunan hukum ekonomi nasional. Demikian pula perlu di perhatikan pentingnya harmonisasi hukum nasional dengan perjanjian-perjanjian hukum intemasional dan regional dalam rangka GATT, AFTA dan MEC. Sudah tiba waktunya menyusun kerangka sistim hukum nasional serta peraturan-peraturan yang langsung mengatur kegiatan bisnis dan ekonomi.
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Akel, Abdullah, and Aylin Ege. "Potential effects of the T-TIP on Turkey's motor vehicles and parts sector." Panoeconomicus 66, no. 4 (2019): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan160929019a.
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The aim of this article is to quantify the possible effects of a potential T-TIP between the US and the EU on production and exports of Turkey?s motor vehicles and parts sector. A partial equilibrium model is used to this end under two scenarios, the first one assuming only T-TIP, whereas the second one supposing a simultaneous free trade agreement between the US and Turkey. The simulations are based on the reductions in tariffs and non-tariff barriers between the T-TIP partners in the first scenario, and between the US and Turkey, as well in the second scenario. The simulation results indicate that the prospective effects on the sector?s production and exports differ significantly depending on different levels of integration. The results also reflect decreasing net welfare for Turkey and that a free trade agreement with the United States does not offer a significant market access potential for Turkey because of its production structure.
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Baldwin, Richard. "The World Trade Organization and the Future of Multilateralism." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.95.
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When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was signed by 23 nations in 1947, the goal was to establish a rules-based world trading system and to facilitate mutually advantageous trade liberalization. As the GATT evolved over time and morphed into the World Trade Organization in 1993, both goals have largely been achieved. The WTO presides over a rule-based trading system based on norms that are almost universally accepted and respected by its 163 members. Tariffs today are below 5 percent on most trade, and zero for a very large share of imports. Despite its manifest success, the WTO is widely regarded as suffering from a deep malaise. The main reason is that the latest WTO negotiation, the Doha Round, has staggered between failures, flops, and false dawns since it was launched in 2001. But the Doha logjam has not inhibited tariff liberalization—far from it. During the last 15 years, most WTO members have massively lowered barriers to trade, investment, and services bilaterally, regionally, and unilaterally—indeed, everywhere except through the WTO. For today's offshoring-linked international commerce, the trade rules that matter are less about tariffs and more about protection of investments and intellectual property, along with legal and regulatory steps to assure that the two-way flows of goods, services, investment, and people will not be impeded. It’s possible to imagine a hypothetical WTO that would incorporate these rules. But the most likely outcome for the future governance of international trade is a two-pillar structure in which the WTO continues to govern with its 1994-era rules while the new rules for international production networks are set by a decentralized process of sometimes overlapping and inconsistent mega-regional agreements.
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DIEGO-FERNÁNDEZ, MATEO. "Trade negotiations make strange bedfellows." World Trade Review 7, no. 2 (April 2008): 423–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745608003832.
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AbstractSince its creation, the GATT/WTO has experienced a vast number of changes, from being a small agreement with 23 contracting parties to becoming an international organization with 151 Members; from negotiations on a limited number of tariff reductions and general rules to embracing wider and more sensitive areas, such as agriculture, services, intellectual property and environment; and from a main-trading-powers' leadership to a wider participation and more balanced reflection of interests from both developed and developing countries alike. This article attempts to demonstrate the pragmatism of coalitions, as well as both the costs and benefits of creating or joining them in the current framework of negotiations in the Doha Round.
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Mahmood, Farhat, and Juthathip Jongwanich. "Export-enhancing Effects of Free Trade Agreements in South Asia." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 1 (April 2018): 24–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118764925.
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This article examines the effects of in-effect free trade agreements (FTA) on exports of Pakistan using the extended gravity model of bilateral trade flows. The effects of FTAs are measured by finding the differences between most-favoured nation (MFN) and preferential tariff rates (the tariff gap) as well as the zero-one binary dummy variable. Our systematic comparison of both the measures of an FTA suggests that the estimation based on the tariff gap is consistent with the observed changes in the trade pattern of Pakistan. Pakistan–China FTA (PCFTA) has the largest stimulating effect for Pakistan’s exports, while the effects of other FTAs are much smaller and not much different from each other. The effects of FTAs on agricultural products tend to be higher than those of manufacturing ones, suggesting ability of firms in the former to better comply with imposed rules of origin (ROO) than the latter. At the one-digit Standard of International Trade Classification, the effect of FTAs is mixed across products and FTAs.
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Cameron, James, and Kevin R. Gray. "Principles of International Law in The WTO Dispute Settlement Body." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 2 (April 2001): 248–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.2.248.
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Unlike the original 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT), the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement)1 covers a much wider range of trade. It extends beyond goods and now embraces services, intellectual property, procurement, investment and agriculture. Moreover, the new trade regime is no longer a collection of ad hoc agreements, Panel reports and understandings of the parties. All trade obligations are subsumed under the umbrella of the WTO, of which all parties are members. Member States have to accept the obligations contained in all the WTO covered agreements: they cannot pick and choose.
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Nenci, Silvia, and Carlo Pietrobelli. "Does Tariff Liberalization Promote Trade? Latin American Countries in the Long-Run (1900-2000)." Global Economy Journal 8, no. 4 (October 2008): 1850147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1364.
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This paper estimates the effect of trade liberalization on import performance of selected Latin American countries (which account for about 85 per cent of total Latin America imports). The novelty of this study is that it applies a long-term approach covering the whole XX century using times series and panel data analyses. The empirical exercise shows that the relationship between (lower) tariffs and import growth in Latin America cannot be taken for granted, as it often happens in the literature, and whenever it exists, it is not always quantitatively substantial. In particular, our analysis shows the existence of a long run relationship between tariffs and imports only from the second half of the XX century. It follows that trade liberalization appears effective in fostering Latin America's trade growth only when integrated within a wider process, implying a multilateral and negotiated approach to trade policy. In this sense, multilateral and regional agreements appear to have played a key role not only through tariff reduction but remarkably thanks to the creation of a rule-based system governing global trade relations, through which uncertainty was reduced and the spread of best practices promoted. This result would confirm the thesis of those who endorse the existence of a formalized trading system to guarantee tariff liberalization and foster trade growth.
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Prekajac, Zora. "Treatment of agriculture within WTO with a review of developing and transition countries." Privredna izgradnja 46, no. 1-2 (2003): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0302039p.
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The agricultural sector is very important for almost all countries although the share of agriculture in international trade is relatively small (9%). GATT's rules allowed the use of various non-tariff barriers and because of that the agricultural protectionism of the developed countries has strengthened. All the attempts to broaden the general rules of trade to agriculture were unsuccessful because the opposition of developed countries. The acceptation of the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was the first step in liberalization of trade in agricultural products and extension of multilateral rules to this sector. New round launched in the end of 2001. in Doha is the new test for multilateral trading system, especially for the process of liberalization of international trade in agricultural products.
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Oza, A. N. "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994: An Explanatory Note." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 20, no. 3 (July 1995): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919950303.
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There has been considerable debate in recent years whether India would gain substantially from the growth-effects of GATT. In this article, A N Oza explains the important provisions of the controversial GATT agreements which will enable the reader to make his or her own judgement whether the package as a whole will be beneficial or detrimental to the Indian public interest.
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Bartels, Lorand. "The Chapeau of the General Exceptions in the WTO GATT and GATS Agreements: A Reconstruction." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 1 (January 2015): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.1.0095.
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One of the most important issues in the law of the World Trade Organization is the right of WTO members to adopt measures for nontrade purposes. In the WTO’s General Agreement. on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), this right is secured in general exceptions provisions, which permit WTO members to adopt measures to achieve certain objectives, notwithstanding any other provisions of these agreements and also, in some cases, other WTO agreements. These objectives include, most importantly, the protection of public morals, the maintenance of public order, the protection of human, animal, or plant life or health, the enforcement of certain domestic laws, and the conservation of exhaustible natural resources.
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Nguyen, Hai Thi Hong, and Thang Ngoc Doan. "The ASEAN Free Trade Agreement and Vietnam’s Trade Efficiency." Asian Social Science 13, no. 4 (March 24, 2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n4p192.
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This study employs a stochastic gravity model to estimate the efficiency performance of Vietnam’s trade with its main trading partners from 1995-2015. Trade efficiency is measured as the ratio of actual trade volume to the maximum likelihood. Moreover. it analyzes the effects of both natural and man-made trade barriers on trade efficiency. The empirical results suggest that the actual trade of Vietnam appears to be much smaller than a possible efficiency level and that there is large space for further progress. Export efficiency outweighs that of import. Vietnam’s ASEAN Free Trade Agreement membership has, in general, improved the trade efficiency, whereas tariffs and domestic devaluation have impaired it. Our findings lead to the recommendation that Vietnam should join more Free Trade Agreements and break down the man-made barriers.
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Sultan, Arif. "WTO SUCCESSOR TO GATT." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 2 (July 1, 1997): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i2.2248.
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Within a short span of time a number of economic blocs have emergedon the world horizon. In this race, all countriedeveloped, developingand underdeveloped-are included. Members of the North America FreeTrade Agreement (NAITA) and the European Economic Community(EEC) are primarily of the developed countries, while the EconomicCooperation Organization (ECO) and the Association of South EastAsian Nations (ASEAN) are of the developing and underdevelopedAsian countries.The developed countries are scrambling to create hegemonies throughthe General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). In these circumstances,economic cooperation among Muslim countries should be onthe top of their agenda.Muslim countries today constitute about one-third of the membershipof the United Nations. There are around 56 independentMuslim states with a population of around 800 million coveringabout 20 percent of the land area of the world. Stretchingbetween Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, the Muslim Worldstraddles from North Africa to Indonesia, in two major Islamicblocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africa to Indonesia,in two major blocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africaand Asia and a smaller group in South and Southeast Asia.'GATT is a multilateral agreement on tariffs and trade establishing thecode of rules, regulations, and modalities regulating and operating internationaltrade. It also serves as a forum for discussions and negotiations ...
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Yi, Chae-Deug. "The computable general equilibrium analysis of the reduction in tariffs and non-tariff measures within the Korea-Japan-European Union free trade agreement." Japan and the World Economy 56 (December 2020): 101037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2020.101037.
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Agrawal, Raj. "WTO, India and Emerging Global Trade Challenges in Higher Education." Foreign Trade Review 37, no. 1-2 (April 2002): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515020103.
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Today's world is far different from what it used to be few decades ago. As knowledge becomes more important, so does higher education. In World Trade Organisation (WTO), the objective of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was to establish a multilateral framework for services similar to trade in goods involving reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. GATS covered all the four modes of supply, i.e. cross-border supply, consumption abroad, commercial presence and presence of natural persons. Out of the twelve basic and miscellaneous service sectors identified under GATS schedules, educational services constitute an important sector. The major challenge of all education is to develop an efficient and pro-active quality oriented education system, which fine-tunes itself regularly to meet the changing demand of WTO. Thus India must realise the impending threats of trade in education and try to convert these into opportunities. With many more countries waiting to tap this lucrative sector, India has to take the lead on behalf of the developing countries by using WTO as the forum and a worldclass education sector as the weapon to demand its due share of the colossal education market.