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Journal articles on the topic 'General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) - Congresses'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Maruyama, Warren H. "Can the Appellate Body Be Saved?" Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 2 (2021): 197–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021008.

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The ‘Walker Paper’ represents a commendable effort to find middle-ground on the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body, but does not address the US concerns about the Appellate Body’s overreaching in antidumping, countervailing duty, and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XIX ‘escape clause’ disputes, and instead seizes on a series of half-hearted fixes to the long list of concerns in US Trade Representative’s (USTR’s) ‘Report on the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization’. US concerns about overreaching date back to the Bush 43 and Obama Administrations and a

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2

Moore, Patrick M. "The Decisions Bridging the GATT 1947 and the WTO Agreement." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 2 (1996): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203695.

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On September 20, 1986, the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947) agreed to launch an eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. More than seven years later they concluded the round, not with an amended version of the GATT 1947, but with an entirely new treaty, the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.

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Voon, Tania. "The Security Exception In WTO Law: Entering a New Era." AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.3.

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For seventy years, the security exception in the multilateral trade regime has mostly lain dormant. The exception first appeared in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), before being incorporated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) upon the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, security exceptions also exist in several other WTO provisions, including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Until recently, perhaps through a combinatio

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Gagliani, Gabriele. "Intellectual Property-Related Local Content Requirements in International Trade Law: An Evolving Concept Amid Persisting Questions." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 4 (2021): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021016.

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Despite the challenges they pose under international trade law, recent discussions and cases at the World Trade Organization (WTO) demonstrate that local content requirements (LCRs) have enjoyed continued success among both developed and developing countries. This article focuses on a specific type of LCRs, intellectual property-related LCRs (IP-related LCRs). The article argues that the concept and related regulation of LCRs concerning IP rights have undergone a remarkable evolution under international trade law. The notion and regulation of IP-related LCRs, in particular, have changed from t

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Mollaian, Saba L. "Does Trade Equal Peace? The Role of the WTO in International Peace." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 46, Issue 1 (2019): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2019005.

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This article contends that the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’) plays a vital role in the maintenance of international peace through continued international trade. In exploring this argument, the article looks to the history of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (‘GATT 1947’) and the WTO. After doing so, the article analyses the other side of the coin: when trade is weaponized through the use of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (‘GATT 1994’) security exception Article XXI. Lastly, the article discusses the effectiveness of trade sanctions and whether the security exception is

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Cameron, James, and Kevin R. Gray. "Principles of International Law in The WTO Dispute Settlement Body." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2001): 248–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.2.248.

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Unlike the original 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT), the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement)1 covers a much wider range of trade. It extends beyond goods and now embraces services, intellectual property, procurement, investment and agriculture. Moreover, the new trade regime is no longer a collection of ad hoc agreements, Panel reports and understandings of the parties. All trade obligations are subsumed under the umbrella of the WTO, of which all parties are members. Member States have to accept the obligations contained in all the WTO c

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Heliskoski, Joni. "Joint Competence of the European Community and its Member States and the Dispute Settlement Practice of the World Trade Organization." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802815743.

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One of the principal achievements of the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization was the new mechanism for dispute settlement, embodied in the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. While its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (and the 1979 Agreements resulting from the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations) had already evolved, to a considerable degree, from a negotiating forum for the conduct of world trade diplomacy to a “judicial” system properly so called, the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding n

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Heliskoski, Joni. "Joint Competence of the European Community and its Member States and the Dispute Settlement Practice of the World Trade Organization." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003311.

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One of the principal achievements of the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization was the new mechanism for dispute settlement, embodied in the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. While its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (and the 1979 Agreements resulting from the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations) had already evolved, to a considerable degree, from a negotiating forum for the conduct of world trade diplomacy to a “judicial” system properly so called, the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding n

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Mitchell, AndrewD, and Tania Voon. "Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO: Procedures and Practices. By Anwarul Hoda. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001, 137, (Appendices) 136 and (Index) 36 pp. Hardback £45.00 net. ISBN 0–521–80449–3.]." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 2 (2002): 463–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302501690.

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Oneof the most important achievements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to date has been a substantial reduction in the level of tariffs applied in international trade. The average tariff on industrial products has diminished from more than 40 per cent. in 1947 to less than 5 per cent. today. As a result of this success, multilateral negotiations within the WTO have begun to place more emphasis on non-tariff barriers. Nevertheless, tariffs remain an important issue. Many OECD countries, for example, continue to impose high tariffs on ag

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Voon, Tania. "Flexibilities in WTO Law to Support Tobacco Control Regulation." American Journal of Law & Medicine 39, no. 2-3 (2013): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885881303900201.

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Cases concerning the regulation of tobacco have long existed within the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), although often these cases have not centered on the detrimental health impact of tobacco products. With the 2012 circulation of the Report of the WTO Appellate Body in U.S.—Clove Cigarettes, the potential friction between international trade law and tobacco regulation in the context of public health has come to the fore. In that Report, the Appellate Body found in part against the United States’ flavored cigaret

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Trachtman, Joel. "The WTO Seal Products Case: Doctrinal and Normative Confusion." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s239877230000948x.

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The negotiators and drafters of the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization(WTO), which includes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947(GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT), as well as other subagreements dealing with domestic regulation, such as the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS), did not do a great job of doctrinal integration among the different documents that comprise the WTO Agreement. To be fair, at the end of the Uruguay Round, the hour was late and they may have felt that the basic ideas were sufficiently clear that it

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M. Almodarra, Bader Bakhit. "The Special and Differential Treatment Provisions in the Trade Facilitation Agreement: New Teeth for an Old Gum?" African Journal of International and Comparative Law 30, no. 2 (2022): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2022.0401.

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Various provisions on special and differential treatment of developing countries have been enacted from the time of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947) through to the current era of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Perhaps the most significant epoch in the recognition of the special and differential treatment of developing countries in the international trade regime was the 1979 Decision on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries, more popularly known as the Enabling Clause. The Enabling Clause, inter a

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JOERGES, CHRISTIAN, and CHRISTINE GODT. "5 Free trade: the erosion of national, and the birth of transnational governance." European Review 13, S1 (2005): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000219.

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Free Trade has always been highly contested, but both the arguments about it and the treaties that regulate it have changed dramatically since the Second World War. Under the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) regime, objections to free trade were essentially economic, and tariffs were a nation state's primary means of protecting its interests. However, by the early 1970s, tariffs had been substantially reduced, and the imposition and removal of non-tariff barriers that reflected a wide range of domestic concerns about the protection of health, safety, and the environment have

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Berlach, A. I., and O. S. Pronevych. "MANIFESTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY IN THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, 1947." State and Regions. Series: Law, no. 4 (2023): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/1813-338x-2023.4.6.

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Ghazwan Aqrabin Faqih. "PENGATURAN ANTI DUMPING DALAM HUKUM GATT-WTO DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DI INDONESIA." JISOSEPOL: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi dan Politik 1, no. 2 (2024): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.61787/w2dyfy71.

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This research aims to discuss the basis for anti-dumping regulations in WTO law and the implementation of WTO anti-dumping rules in Indonesia. This research is normative research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Anti-Dumping Regulations in GATT-WTO Regulations. Internationally, the provisions for anti-dumping regulations are regulated in Article VI General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and as a step used to prevent dumping practices, then in 1967 it was implemented. signed the "Anti Dumping Code", Implementation of anti dumping regulations in Indonesia, the iss

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Skrynka, D. V. "HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 138 (2019): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2018.138.0.135-143.

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The article contains a brief review of historical roots and process of development of the non-violation clauses in various international legal agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and other WTO agreements. It points out the connection between the gradual transition from conditional to unconditional most-favored-nation treatment and the introduction of the clause about nullification or impairment of benefits. Finally, the article points out the fact that even though the WTO system of legal rules is much more detailed than the GATT system of legal rules, the non-non-v

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O’Hara, Claerwen. "Consensus decision-making and democratic discourse in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 and World Trade Organisation." London Review of International Law 9, no. 1 (2021): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lril/lrab004.

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Abstract This paper provides a genealogy of consensus decision-making and democratic discourse in the multilateral trade regime. It argues that the contemporary link between the World Trade Organisation’s consensus procedure and ideas of ‘international democracy’ has its roots in a struggle that took place over the international economic order in the 1960s and 1970s.

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He, Ling Ling, and Razeen Sappideen. "Reflections on China’s WTO Accession Commitments and Their Observance." Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 4 (2009): 847–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009033.

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China was one of the original contracting parties to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947. It ceased to be a member in the aftermath of her 1949 Revolution and establishment of an alternative seat of government by the ‘Nationalist Party’ in Taiwan. Following more than fifteen years of sustained negotiation, China once again became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) – its 143rd member – in December 2001. In the period between the original GATT agreement of 1947 and the Uruguay Round WTO agreement of 1994, GATT itself had been transformed from being an effete, uncoordin

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Bohanes, Jan. "Developing WTO Members as Users and Targets of Anti-dumping Policy." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 10 (2021): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021063.

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For most of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 era, the use of anti-dumping duties was typically limited to a small circle of developed countries. However, starting with the final years of the GATT 1947 era and especially in the WTO era, there has been a considerable expansion in the use of anti-dumping measures in general, and especially by developing countries. Today, developing countries represent the majority of both users and targets of anti-dumping measures. Like developed country users, developing countries have imposed many measures against exporters from other deve

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SANTOS, NORMA BREDA DOS. "Latin American countries and the establishment of the multilateral trading system: the Havana Conference (1947-1948)." Revista de Economia Política 36, no. 2 (2016): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572015v36n02a04.

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ABSTRACT This article proposes to study the participation of Latin American delegations during the Havana Conference, which negotiated and approved the Charter of International Trade Organization (ITO), including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), in 1947-1948. It shows that the prevalent understanding of Latin American countries was that the Havana negotiations would be the outcome of their existing political and material power asymmetries in relation to the industrialized countries. They believed that their fragile economies should face the strong economies of the industriali

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Chairunisa, Amanda Fadhilla, and Imam Haryanto. "Analysis of Renewable Energy Directive Ii on Trading of Indonesian Palm Oil Associated with GATT." Yuridika 36, no. 3 (2021): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i3.25075.

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International economic relations sure is very important for a country and the important thing that follows is the policy that regulates international economic relations it self. In this study, the authors will analyze hows Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) policy as a derivative of the RED (Renewable Energy Directive) policy by the European Union will affect the Indonesian palm oil trade which this also would show the violations of previous policies that is General Agreement on Tarifs and Trades. Authors also going to show General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as a policy that reg

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Ukas, Ukas. "ANALISIS YURIDIS MEKANISME PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL (DALAM KERANGKA GATT-WTO)." JCH (Jurnal Cendekia Hukum) 4, no. 1 (2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.33760/jch.v4i1.93.

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The dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, is a document containing juridical elements, stated about the rights and obligations of the participating countries of the agreement explicitly, of course, often lead to disputes. GATT as an institution has implemented procedures and procedures to deal with disputes arising between participating countries, in the context of international law in general. The process in which the party to the dispute is encouraged to counsel and endeavor to settle the dispute among themselves, and or

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Schütze, Robert. "From the “Closed” to the “Open” Commercial State: A Very Brief History of International Economic Law." Journal of the History of International Law 19, no. 4 (2017): 495–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-19221001.

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Abstract Commerce had become a “reason of state” in the eighteenth century. With the publication of Smith’s Wealth of Nations, the idea that free international trade was economically beneficial however gradually gained prominence. The long nineteenth century indeed saw timid – bilateral – attempts to implement the new politico-economic philosophy. Yet the First World War and the Great Depression destroyed almost all trade liberalisation already achieved, and the neo-mercantilist policies of the 1920s and 1930s seemed to turn the wheels of commerce backwards. Nonetheless: after the Second World

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Barnekow, Sarah Ellis, and Kishore G. Kulkarni. "Why Regionalism? A Look at the Costs and Benefits of Regional Trade Agreements in Africa." Global Business Review 18, no. 1 (2017): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150916666881.

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Countries were involved in regional trade agreements (RTAs) long before the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established in 1947. In recent years, however, RTAs have proliferated, particularly in Africa. In this article, we examine the various reasons why African countries have chosen to engage in these agreements, particularly in light of the fact that they do not seem to be ‘trade creating’ in nature. As Jacob Viner made it popular in the 1950s, not all trade agreements lead to higher economic welfare for the nations engaging in them. In the case of African countries where t

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Baldwin, Richard. "The World Trade Organization and the Future of Multilateralism." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 1 (2016): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.95.

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When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was signed by 23 nations in 1947, the goal was to establish a rules-based world trading system and to facilitate mutually advantageous trade liberalization. As the GATT evolved over time and morphed into the World Trade Organization in 1993, both goals have largely been achieved. The WTO presides over a rule-based trading system based on norms that are almost universally accepted and respected by its 163 members. Tariffs today are below 5 percent on most trade, and zero for a very large share of imports. Despite its manifest success, the WTO is w

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McKenzie, Francine. "GATT and the Cold War: Accession Debates, Institutional Development, and the Western Alliance, 1947–1959." Journal of Cold War Studies 10, no. 3 (2008): 78–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.3.78.

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Historical accounts of the Cold War usually relegate the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to footnotes, if they acknowledge the GATT at all. This article examines the impact of the Cold War on the institutional development of GATT, showing how geopolitical considerations influenced decisions about whether to grant membership in GATT to Communist and non-aligned countries. The accession debates in GATT also reveal the multicentered dynamic of the Western alliance, exposing a variety of views about whether the Cold War was a battle to be waged or a condition of global international

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Abida, Montej, and Ilhem Gargouri. "WHAT ARE THE THREATS TO THE FUTURE OF THE WTO?" Revue Européenne du Droit Social 53, no. 4 (2021): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53373/reds.2021.53.4.046.

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Today we are witnessing a serious crisis that could lead to the collapse of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This crisis is the consequence of the uncooperative behavior of the triad: the United States, the European Union and East Asia. When there is a confrontation between these three most powerful regional blocs, there is inevitably a blockage and a destructive trade war similar to that of the 1930s. In these times of crisis, each country tries to save its economy by relying on the strategy of protectionism. The negotiation and regulatory functions of the WTO are paralyzed: the Dispute Se

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Baldwin, Robert E. "What's at Stake for the LDCs, Now that the Uruguay Round Talks have been Suspended? (The Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4I (1991): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4ipp.579-599.

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Until negotiations collapsed in early December, the Uruguay Round gave promise of being the most significant multilateral trade negotiation since 1947, when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GA TI) was implemented and tariffs levels of the industrial countries were sharply cut. There are at least three reasons for this conclusion. First, by agreeing at the outset to bring both agriculture and textiles under GATT discipline, the participants created the opportunity for both rich and poor agricultural exporting nations and relatively low-wage, newly industrializing LDCs to benefit sign

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Kaurakova, M. V. "Violation by Western Countries of the WTO Right to Freedom of International Transit." Economics, taxes & law 17, no. 3 (2024): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2024-17-3-149-155.

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The relevance of the study is due to the fact that despite the fact that Part 2 of Article 5 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947), which is an integral part of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994), provides for freedom of transit, it is significantly limited at present due to the difficult geopolitical situation in violation of the rights of WTO members. This situation causes a sense of social anxiety among the public, primarily because, as a result of the international division of labor, the development of both global and national economies large

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Xu, Andrea. "Brexit and the WTO: What Happens Next." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 7.1 (2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.7.1.brexit.

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In the summer of 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) announced its decision to leave the European Union (the “EU”). This decision, more commonly known as “Brexit,” subsequently stirred British politics, which included Theresa May replacing David Cameron as Prime Minister. Brexit created a unique situation in European and global politics, and instigated a discussion among politicians, academics, economists, and the likes about how the UK will leave the EU and Brexit’s implications in the UK, Europe, and the world as a whole. This Note analyzes one specific aspect of Brexit: the administrative p

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MITCHELL, ANDREW D. "A legal principle of special and differential treatment for WTO disputes." World Trade Review 5, no. 3 (2006): 445–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745606002941.

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Based on the notion that the needs of developing countries are substantially different from those of developed countries, the principle of special and differential treatment (S&D) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) allows a certain degree of discrimination in favour of developing countries. This article considers the potential of this principle in resolving disputes within the WTO. S&D developed in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947 and is today reflected in a series of provisions in various WTO agreements. The meaning of S&D as a broader principle could a

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Bani, Adam, and Ahamat Haniff. "History of Raw Material Export Restriction by European Powers: Revisiting Colonial Past." Cendekia: Jurnal Hukum, Sosial & Humaniora 1, no. 2 (2023): 92–106. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8116018.

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<em>Acquiring control and monopoly over raw materials and natural resources was key to political, military and territorial expansions of European Powers in Asia, America and Africa. After World War 2, trade of goods become major concern under international trade regime which international legal order has clear rules against export restrictions on raw materials including on natural resources agreed under GATT 1947 Agreement. This paper inquires into the historical foundations of control and monopoly over raw materials and minerals, the legal rules that governed such conduct of States. This pape

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Taufiq, Muhammad. "Tindakan Pengamanan Perdagangan (Safeguard) Terhadap Impor Terigu Menurut Prinsip Gatt/Wto di Indonesia." Jurnal Restorative Justice 5, no. 1 (2021): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/jrj.v5i1.3473.

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Tindakan Pengamanan Perdagangan (Safeguard) Terhadap Impor Terigu Menurut Prinsip-prinsip General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade (GATT)/WTO di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesesuaian tindakan pengamanan perdagangan Indonesia terhadap impor terigu dengan prinsip-prinsip yang diatur dalam GATT/WTO serta bentuk pelaksanaan tindakan pengamanan tersebut berdasarkan ketentuan GATT/WTO. Penelitian ini bersifat normatif. Data yang digunakan berupa bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dan teknik analisis isi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kasus, s

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Brouder, Alan. "Petros C. Mavroidis, The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: A Commentary, Series: Oxford Commentaries on the GATT/WTO Agreements (Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press 2005) xxxiii + 383 pp., GATT 1947 & GATT 1994 appended, ISBN 0-19-927813-X / ISBN 978-0-19-927813-8." European Business Organization Law Review (EBOR) 7, no. 02 (2006): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1566752906226053.

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Malkawi, Bashar. "ARAB COUNTRIES' (UNDER) PARTICIPATION IN THE WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM." July 25, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3351694.

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  The World Trade Organization (WTO) commenced on January 1, 1995, after the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 was the principal multilateral agreement regulating trade among nations by reducing tariffs.

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O'Hara, Claerwen. "Consensus Decision-Making and Democratic Discourse in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 and World Trade Organisation." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3851102.

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Mohammed, Prof Dr Rasheed Majeed. "The Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization: An original-analytical study of the foundations and characteristics." Journal of Juridical and Political Science 1 (December 15, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.55716/jjps.2012.1.2.

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This Research is dealing with the foundations and characteristics of the Agreement of Morocco- 1994 (World Trade Organization Treaty- WTO treaty), and we concluded that : 1- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT-1947) which created integral organs, that we (termed ((an innominate international organization)) developed to WTO-1994 . 2- The WTO treaty, is , to protect and observe of the commerce, industry, and hegemony of a super- state and developed countries in all over the world . 3- The WTO treaty does not contain the following matters: foreign debts, the effective responsibility o

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