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Journal articles on the topic 'General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 April 2022

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1

Pangestu, Yudha, Bernard Sipahutar, and Budi Ardianto. "Harmonisasi Prinsip Perdagangan Internasional pada GATT dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan." Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (2021): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/up.v2i1.10352.

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah implementasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional pada General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan dan untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah harmonisasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Adapun hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah implementasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional General Agreement on Ta

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DAWAR, KAMALA. "Government Procurement in the WTO: A Case for Greater Integration." World Trade Review 15, no. 4 (2016): 645–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000592.

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This article assesses the regulation of government procurement in the WTO, specifically under the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (WTO GPA), the General Agreement on Tariffs in Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM). It compares these findings from leading regional trade agreements (RTAs) with government procurement regulation, most notably the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

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Voon, Tania. "The Security Exception In WTO Law: Entering a New Era." AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.3.

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For seventy years, the security exception in the multilateral trade regime has mostly lain dormant. The exception first appeared in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), before being incorporated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) upon the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, security exceptions also exist in several other WTO provisions, including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Until recently, perhaps through a combinatio

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4

Oza, A. N. "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994: An Explanatory Note." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 20, no. 3 (1995): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919950303.

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There has been considerable debate in recent years whether India would gain substantially from the growth-effects of GATT. In this article, A N Oza explains the important provisions of the controversial GATT agreements which will enable the reader to make his or her own judgement whether the package as a whole will be beneficial or detrimental to the Indian public interest.

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Vranes, Erich. "The Overlap between GATT and GATS: A Methodological Mate." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 36, Issue 3 (2009): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2009015.

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This article examines an issue of systemic and economic importance in World Trade Organization (WTO) law, namely, the fact that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) agreements overlap to some extent, possibly giving rise to unexpected obligations and even conflicts of norms. The purpose of the article is twofold: it first analyzes the – very few – positions that have so far been taken on this issue, arguing that they have tended to deal with singular aspects of a problem that actually has a considerable number of facets. It then ex

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Rovetta, Davide, Davide Rovetta, and Davide Rovetta. "WTO Dispute Settlement with Respect to Customs Matters." Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 4 (2009): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009013.

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Finding Belgian chocolates in Papua New Guinea is perhaps the perfect example of globalization and trade liberalization, but the whole web of trade issues behind the curtains is what puts to test the trading order established under the World Trade Organization(WTO). The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs 1994 (hereinafter ‘GATT 1994’) inherited the detailed framework for trade in goods based on the tripod of bound tariffs and the non–discriminatory application of tariff protection by way of the most favoured nation (MFN) principle and national treatment obligations. The only GATT–permissib

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Swaak-Goldman, Olivia Q. "Who Defines Members' Security Interest in the WTO?" Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (1996): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000246.

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The European Community (EC) has recently announced its decision to begin dispute-resolution procedures in the World Trade Organization (WTO) against the United States (US) because of the latter's passage of the so-called ‘Helms-Burton’ law, which tightens the sanctions against Cuba by means of extraterritorial application. This will, in all probability, offer the WTO an ideal opportunity to define the limits of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade's (GATT) security exception. The security exception, contained in GATT Article XXI, is also included in other agreements annexed to the Agreem

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Gagliani, Gabriele. "Intellectual Property-Related Local Content Requirements in International Trade Law: An Evolving Concept Amid Persisting Questions." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 4 (2021): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021016.

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Despite the challenges they pose under international trade law, recent discussions and cases at the World Trade Organization (WTO) demonstrate that local content requirements (LCRs) have enjoyed continued success among both developed and developing countries. This article focuses on a specific type of LCRs, intellectual property-related LCRs (IP-related LCRs). The article argues that the concept and related regulation of LCRs concerning IP rights have undergone a remarkable evolution under international trade law. The notion and regulation of IP-related LCRs, in particular, have changed from t

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Beshkar, Mostafa, and Eric W. Bond. "Cap and Escape in Trade Agreements." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 9, no. 4 (2017): 171–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160218.

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We propose a model of flexible trade agreements in which verifying the prevailing contingencies is possible but costly. Two types of flexibility emerge: contingent protection, which requires governments to verify the state of the world, and discretionary protection, which allows governments to set tariffs unilaterally. The structure of the GATT/WTO agreement provides these two types of flexibility through a mechanism that we call Cap and Escape. Governments may choose tariffs unilaterally below the negotiated cap, but escaping from the cap requires state verification. We show that this framewo

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Dasgupta, Anupal, and Sandeep Thomas Chandy. "Government Procurement Outside the GPA: A Developing Country View." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 7/8 (2019): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019044.

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Since the early days of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), government procurement has been a topic sensitive to the developing world. Developed nations with the aim of promoting competition, transparency and enhanced value for money, entered into a plurilateral agreement to govern government procurement. This was later revised to enhance the level of commitments. Currently, over forty-eight WTO Members are signatories to the plurilateral agreement on government procurement. This leaves a large proportion of the membership still tied to the GATT-era commitments on government pro

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Bartels, Lorand. "The Chapeau of the General Exceptions in the WTO GATT and GATS Agreements: A Reconstruction." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 1 (2015): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.1.0095.

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One of the most important issues in the law of the World Trade Organization is the right of WTO members to adopt measures for nontrade purposes. In the WTO’s General Agreement. on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), this right is secured in general exceptions provisions, which permit WTO members to adopt measures to achieve certain objectives, notwithstanding any other provisions of these agreements and also, in some cases, other WTO agreements. These objectives include, most importantly, the protection of public morals, the maintenance of public or

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Moore, Patrick M. "The Decisions Bridging the GATT 1947 and the WTO Agreement." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 2 (1996): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203695.

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On September 20, 1986, the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947) agreed to launch an eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. More than seven years later they concluded the round, not with an amended version of the GATT 1947, but with an entirely new treaty, the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.

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Mollaian, Saba L. "Does Trade Equal Peace? The Role of the WTO in International Peace." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 46, Issue 1 (2019): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2019005.

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This article contends that the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’) plays a vital role in the maintenance of international peace through continued international trade. In exploring this argument, the article looks to the history of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (‘GATT 1947’) and the WTO. After doing so, the article analyses the other side of the coin: when trade is weaponized through the use of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (‘GATT 1994’) security exception Article XXI. Lastly, the article discusses the effectiveness of trade sanctions and whether the security exception is

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JOERGES, CHRISTIAN, and CHRISTINE GODT. "5 Free trade: the erosion of national, and the birth of transnational governance." European Review 13, S1 (2005): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000219.

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Free Trade has always been highly contested, but both the arguments about it and the treaties that regulate it have changed dramatically since the Second World War. Under the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) regime, objections to free trade were essentially economic, and tariffs were a nation state's primary means of protecting its interests. However, by the early 1970s, tariffs had been substantially reduced, and the imposition and removal of non-tariff barriers that reflected a wide range of domestic concerns about the protection of health, safety, and the environment have

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Mitchell, AndrewD, and Tania Voon. "Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO: Procedures and Practices. By Anwarul Hoda. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001, 137, (Appendices) 136 and (Index) 36 pp. Hardback £45.00 net. ISBN 0–521–80449–3.]." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 2 (2002): 463–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302501690.

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Oneof the most important achievements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to date has been a substantial reduction in the level of tariffs applied in international trade. The average tariff on industrial products has diminished from more than 40 per cent. in 1947 to less than 5 per cent. today. As a result of this success, multilateral negotiations within the WTO have begun to place more emphasis on non-tariff barriers. Nevertheless, tariffs remain an important issue. Many OECD countries, for example, continue to impose high tariffs on ag

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Rose, Andrew K. "Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade?" American Economic Review 94, no. 1 (2004): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970724.

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This paper estimates the effect on international trade of multilateral trade agreements—the World Trade Organization (WTO), its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) extended from rich countries to developing countries. I use a standard “gravity” model of bilateral merchandise trade and a large panel data set covering over 50 years and 175 countries. An extensive search reveals little evidence that countries joining or belonging to the GATT/WTO have different trade patterns from outsiders, though the GSP seems to have a s

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Weerth, Carsten. "Survey on Free Trade Agreements and Customs Unions." Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 4 (2009): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009014.

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From 1948 to 1994, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Secretariat received 124 indications of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) relating to the trade in goods, and since the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, more than 240 additional RTAs (covering trade in goods and services) have been notified to the WTO. Since 1990, the number of RTAs indicated to the GATT/WTO Secretariat concerning the trade in goods has risen strongly. A World Customs Organization (WCO) survey on the existing Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Customs Unions (CUs) in the trade of goods has

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Skrynka, D. V. "HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 138 (2019): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2018.138.0.135-143.

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The article contains a brief review of historical roots and process of development of the non-violation clauses in various international legal agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and other WTO agreements. It points out the connection between the gradual transition from conditional to unconditional most-favored-nation treatment and the introduction of the clause about nullification or impairment of benefits. Finally, the article points out the fact that even though the WTO system of legal rules is much more detailed than the GATT system of legal rules, the non-non-v

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Ranjan, Prabhash. "National Security Exception in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and India–Pakistan Trade." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 4 (2020): 643–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020028.

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India and Pakistan, two nuclear-armed South Asian neighbours who have shared a turbulent relationship for last seventy years, recently came close to almost fighting a war with each other. The recent terror attack in Pulwama in Kashmir by a terror group based in Pakistan, led India to revoke Pakistan’s most favoured nation (MFN) status under the World Trade Organization (WTO) by imposing 200%tariff rates on all Pakistani imports. This decision was followed by a limited military confrontation between the two countries. Such unilateral increase in the customs tariff rates violate India’s MFN obli

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Finger, Joseph Michael. "The WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement: Form without Substance Again?" Journal of World Trade 48, Issue 6 (2014): 1279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2014045.

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The WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement provides flexibility for Developing Members by allowing them to accept only the legal obligations they attach as "schedules"- as the schedules attached to a tariff agreement. The possibility that Developed Members can induce broad acceptance by Developing Members through reciprocal negotiation is compromised by Developed Members not having the flexibility of attaching schedules-they must accept all of the disciplines of the agreement. Inducing broad acceptance by Developing Members through the provision of assistance (i.e., paying Developing Members to do s

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Newman, Mark D. "Introduction: Southern Agriculture and the World Economy: The Multilateral Trade Negotiations." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 1 (1988): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025620.

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The current round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTNs) under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay, in September, 1986. Thus, it bears the appellation, “Uruguay Round,” although negotiations have actually been taking place at GATT headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, since early 1987.

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Cameron, James, and Kevin R. Gray. "Principles of International Law in The WTO Dispute Settlement Body." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2001): 248–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.2.248.

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Unlike the original 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT), the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement)1 covers a much wider range of trade. It extends beyond goods and now embraces services, intellectual property, procurement, investment and agriculture. Moreover, the new trade regime is no longer a collection of ad hoc agreements, Panel reports and understandings of the parties. All trade obligations are subsumed under the umbrella of the WTO, of which all parties are members. Member States have to accept the obligations contained in all the WTO c

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Connolly, Michelle, and Kei-Mu Yi. "How Much of South Korea’s Growth Miracle Can Be Explained by Trade Policy?" American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 7, no. 4 (2015): 188–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20120197.

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This paper assesses the importance of trade policy reforms in South Korea, as well as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) tariff reductions, in explaining Korea's growth miracle. We develop a model of neoclassical growth and trade in which lower tariffs lead to increased gross domestic product (GDP) per worker via comparative advantage and specialization, and capital accumulation. We calibrate the model and simulate the tariff reductions that occurred between early 1962 and 1989. The model can explain 17 percent of South Korea's catch-up to the G7 countries in value-added per wor

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Moon, William J., and Alec Stone Sweet. "Consensus Analysis, State Practice, and Majoritarian Activism in the WTO." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300009442.

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World Trade Organization (WTO) judges regularly assess aggregate state practice and international standardswhen they adjudicate claims under Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and Art. XIV of the General Agreement on Trade inServices (GATS). How they do so has helped to determine the institutional evolution of the WTO, given the paralysis of its legislative organs. In this comment, we con-sider the reports in the EC—Seal Products dispute in light of this view, as well as theory and evidence of a comparative nature.

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KELEMEN, R. DANIEL. "The Limits of Judicial Power." Comparative Political Studies 34, no. 6 (2001): 622–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034006002.

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This article analyzes the politics of supranational dispute resolution, focusing on trade-environment disputes in the context of the European Union (EU) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO). The author analyzes how the interaction of political and legal pressures has influenced decision making by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and by GATT/WTO panels in trade-environment disputes.

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Chairunisa, Amanda Fadhilla, and Imam Haryanto. "Analysis of Renewable Energy Directive Ii on Trading of Indonesian Palm Oil Associated with GATT." Yuridika 36, no. 3 (2021): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i3.25075.

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International economic relations sure is very important for a country and the important thing that follows is the policy that regulates international economic relations it self. In this study, the authors will analyze hows Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) policy as a derivative of the RED (Renewable Energy Directive) policy by the European Union will affect the Indonesian palm oil trade which this also would show the violations of previous policies that is General Agreement on Tarifs and Trades. Authors also going to show General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as a policy that reg

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Kennedy, Matthew. "Blurred Lines: Reading TRIPS with GATT Glasses." Journal of World Trade 49, Issue 5 (2015): 735–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2015029.

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There is a need to clarify when jurisprudence developed under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements on trade in goods and services is applicable in disputes concerning the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Through the application of the general rule of treaty interpretation, this article identifies two main areas in which such jurisprudence can be applicable in TRIPS disputes. These comprise procedural issues arising under the DSU and substantive issues surrounding basic GATT principles as

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Grossman, Gene M., and Alan O. Sykes. "European Communities – Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries (WT/DS246/AB/R)." World Trade Review 5, S1 (2006): 220–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745606001455.

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The WTO case brought by India in 2002 to challenge aspects of the European Communities’ Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) brings fresh scrutiny to a policy area that has received little attention in recent years – trade preferences for developing countries. The idea for such preferences emerged from the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964. The ensuing negotiations led to Resolution 21(ii) at the second session of UNCTAD in 1968, acknowledging “unanimous agreement” in favor of the establishment of preferential arrangements. Tariff discrimination viola

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Duque, Gustavo Adolfo Guarin. "Interpreting WTO Rules in Times of Contestation (Part 1): Trump Tariffs on Imported Steel and Aluminium in the Light of the GATT 1994." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 10 (2018): 420–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018046.

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This article is a research written under the legal framework of the World Trade Organization. It focuses on the compatibility of the Trump administration’s tariffs, quotas and waivers on imported steel and aluminium with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards. In the research, the author made a general description of the measures enacted by the US on aluminium and steel and made a legal assessment of the measures in the light of the principal obligations provided in the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards of the WTO.

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Mavroidis, Petros C. "WTO and PTAs: A Preference for Multilateralism? (or, the Dog That Tried to Stop the Bus)." Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 5 (2010): 1145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010044.

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This article deals with preferential trade agreements (PTAs) coming under the aegis of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT; trade in goods where one party is not a developing country). The argument advanced here is that, as things stand, in the absence of theory explaining the rationale for PTAs, it is probably wiser from a policy perspective to concentrate on the multilateral agenda and avoid tackling this issue head on.

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Walter, Jan, and Iyan I. H. Offor. "GATT Article XX(a) Permits Otherwise Trade-Restrictive Animal Welfare Measures." Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 4 (2017): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017022.

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There is ample support in the literature (primarily recent academic commentary) for the proposition that trade restrictions aimed at protecting animal welfare can be justified under Article XX(a) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 and thus are complimentary to and compliant with the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) free trade agenda, particularly in light of the EC – Seal Products case and the way it has affected interpretations of GATT Article XX(a).

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Knudsen, Odin. "Developing Country Perspective: Southern Agriculture and the World Economy: The Multilateral Trade Negotiations." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 1 (1988): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025632.

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The Uruguay Round marks the eighth time since the end of World War II that the member countries of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) have attempted to negotiate a reduction in trade restrictions and protection. Previous rounds of negotiation have had remarkable success in reducing trade protection.

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Mehra, Rekha. "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). International Trade 86–87 . Geneva: GATT, 1987, 235 pp., price unknown." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70, no. 4 (1988): 967–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1241952.

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Kucik, Jeffrey, and Eric Reinhardt. "Does Flexibility Promote Cooperation? An Application to the Global Trade Regime." International Organization 62, no. 3 (2008): 477–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818308080168.

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Do flexibility provisions in international agreements—clauses allowing for legal suspension of concessions without abrogating the treaty—promote cooperation? Recent work emphasizes that provisions for relaxing treaty commitments can ironically make states more likely to form agreements and make deeper concessions when doing so. This argument has particularly been applied to the global trade regime, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). Yet the field has not produced much evidence bearing on this claim. Our article applies this

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Chandiramani, N. M. "Medical Tourism: Implications for India." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2022.89.1.030-038.

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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), an outcome of Bretton Woods Conference, was a trade pact to pursue the objective of free trade in goods. The 8th Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations launched in Punta Del Este in 1986 went well beyond trade in goods and extended to trade in areas like intellectual property, investment and services, resulting in agreements such as TRIPS, TRIMS and GATS. GATS, The General Agreement on Trade in Services, internationalized trade in services and gave a momentum to international trade in services, including healthcare services. The Agreement specifie

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Willis, Allan, and Michael G. Woods. "The NAFTA Panel Decision on Supply Management: Gamble or Bargain?" Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 35 (1998): 81–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800006603.

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SummaryIn July 1995, the United States requested the establishment of the first Panel under Chapter 20 procedures of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and challenged Canada's duties on its “supply-managed” dairy, poultry, egg, barley, and margarine products. These industries had grown and prospered under supply management – a system intended to establish stability in a domestic market afflicted by unpredictable production cycles. The import restrictions were designed in conformity with the international trade rules as set out in the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

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Sultan, Arif. "WTO SUCCESSOR TO GATT." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 2 (1997): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i2.2248.

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Within a short span of time a number of economic blocs have emergedon the world horizon. In this race, all countriedeveloped, developingand underdeveloped-are included. Members of the North America FreeTrade Agreement (NAITA) and the European Economic Community(EEC) are primarily of the developed countries, while the EconomicCooperation Organization (ECO) and the Association of South EastAsian Nations (ASEAN) are of the developing and underdevelopedAsian countries.The developed countries are scrambling to create hegemonies throughthe General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). In these circu

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Saurombe, A. "The Southern African Development Community Trade Legal Instruments Compliance with Certain Criteria of GATT Article XXIV." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 14, no. 4 (2017): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2011/v14i4a2591.

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Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) lays down the legal principles with which regional trade agreements have to conform. Based on these principles, WTO members have the mandate to determine the legality of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) under the GATT. Article XXIV permits both regional and bilateral preferential trade agreements leading to the formation of customs unions and free trade areas, and seeks to integrate them in the multilateral trading system envisioned for the world. SADC is an RTA created under this Article. Notwithstanding the controversies surro

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Ife Ogbonna, J. "Protecting Human Rights as Public Morals under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (gatt) 1994." International Human Rights Law Review 3, no. 1 (2014): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00301006.

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This article analyses the acceptance of the concept of ‘public morals’ as a legitimate objective grounded in the importance of internationally recognised human rights instruments and worthy of protection by a Panel of the World Trade Organisation (wto) in the case European Communities – Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products. It analyses how the General Exception clause to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (gatt) Article XX(a) was successfully used to defend a regulatory measure and concludes by endorsing a symbiotic relationship between wto Agreements and

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Ahn, Dukgeun. "Third Country Dumping: Origin, Evolution and Prospect." Journal of World Trade 46, Issue 3 (2012): 635–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2012020.

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Third country anti-dumping actions were envisioned at the very inception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and yet almost completely neglected by most governments throughout the GATT/World Trade Organization (WTO) history. The requirement for prior approval by multilateral trade institutions became a formidable procedural obstacle for any country seeking third country anti-dumping duty (AD) actions. Despite such difficulties, there were only few attempts to effectively employ such actions and several legal arrangements to refine the rules for third country AD actions. This a

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Baena-Rojas, Jose Jaime, and Susana Herrero-Olarte. "From Preferential Trade Arrangements to Free Trade Agreements: One of the Downturns of Cooperation in International Relations?" Social Sciences 9, no. 8 (2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9080139.

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Since the signing of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have been an interesting tool to promote international cooperation through the granting of non-reciprocal and/or unilateral tariff preferences by developed countries to developing countries. These international agreements have tended to generate critical trade dependencies for the receiving countries. Due to the circumstances of world trade and due to the lack of interest of the grantors to maintain this type of tariff preference, t

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Yuan, Lingran, Qizheng Zhang, Shuo Wang, Weibin Hu, and Binlei Gong. "Effects of international trade on world agricultural production and productivity: evidence from a panel of 126 countries 1962-2014." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 25, no. 2 (2022): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2021.0055.

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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was notable in largely excluding agriculture whereas the World Trade Organization (WTO) brought agriculture into the world trade rules. This article aims to evaluate the impacts of trade on agriculture production and productivity, especially the changes between the GATT and WTO periods. Using a panel of 126 countries from 1962-2014, this article derives not only spillover effects that were overlooked, but also provides more accurate productivity than was estimated with bias in literature for both periods. We find that trade hindered agriculture pro

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Davies, Arwel. "Interpreting the Chapeau of GATT Article XX in Light of the ‘New’ Approach in Brazil-Tyres." Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 3 (2009): 507–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009021.

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Non-discrimination obligations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements continue to be intensely debated in terms of how to characterize what is prohibited and what legal tests and methodologies should be applied. This article engages with various aspects of this debate with reference to the different conceptions of the chapeau of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XX evident in the panel and Appellate Body reports in Brazil-Tyres.

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Nwoke, Uchechukwu. "Imposition of trade tariffs by the USA on China: implications for the WTO and international trade law." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 19, no. 2 (2020): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-01-2019-0003.

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Purpose The increased integration of national economies and the belief that international trade is beneficial to societies has led to the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), to regulate the conduct of international trade by national governments. Using US domestic legislation and case laws, as well as the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the legality or otherwise of the recent imposition of unilateral trade tariffs by the USA on China. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a doctrinal approach thro

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Benedek, Wolfgang. "The Participation of Africa in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 20, no. 1 (1987): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1987-1-45.

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Tucci, Louis A. "The general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT): implications for consumer products marketing." Journal of Consumer Marketing 13, no. 1 (1996): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363769610107383.

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Vinti, Clive. "The "Necessity Test" as Expressed by the Enigmatic Article XX(j) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994): Appellate Body Report, India - Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 22 (October 25, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a5308.

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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) (GATT) is premised on the elimination of all barriers to trade in goods. Contrary to this approach, Article XX of the GATT authorises the circumvention of this imperative. More specifically, Article XX(j) of the GATT essentially provides that GATT contracting parties are authorised to promulgate measures that are "essential" to the acquisition of products in general or local short supply. This invariably means that only measures that are "essential" will satisfy the "necessity test" contemplated under Article XX(j). The Appellate Body Report, I

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Mustafa, Usman, Waqar Malik, and Mohammad Sharif. "Globalisation and Its Implications for Agriculture, Food Security, and Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (2001): 767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.767-786.

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The world trade liberalisation has been the major concern to almost all the international communities since very long due to the extensive trade restrictions imposed by the developed and industrial countries. These restrictions caused to create a very tough protectionist economic environment for all the countries [SESRTCIC (1995) and Chaudhary (2001)]. Pakistan is one of the founder members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) since 1948 and a signatory of Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Agreement (MTA) with Word Trade Organisation (WTO). The Agreement made significant prog

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Din, Musleh-ud, and Kalbe Abbas. "The Uruguay Round Agreement: Implications for Pakistan’s Textiles and Clothing Sector." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (1999): 823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.823-833.

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The Uruguay Round (UR), which marked the conclusion of protracted multilateral trade negotiations, resulted in comprehensive agreements on multilateral trade in goods and services within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The newly created World Trade Organisation (WTO) provides an institutional framework that encompasses all the agreements and legal instruments negotiated in the UR as well as the dispute settlement procedures and provisions for the regular monitoring of policies of the member countries. The UR agreement has been widely perceived as constitutin

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Xu, Jia. "One Step Forward and Two Steps Back? Evolution of Bilateral Safeguard Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements." Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 3 (2021): 433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021018.

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There is an emergence of including bilateral safeguard provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Most PTAs embed bilateral safeguard provisions to buffer the risk of import surges caused by tariff reductions in the intra-PTA trade. These provisions can be applied only between the PTA members, and they mainly have legal effect during the transitional period of forming a customs union or a free trade area. These provisions are linguistically similar to the multilateral safeguard codes (MSCs), i.e., Article XIX General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Agreement on Safeguard

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