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Journal articles on the topic 'General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) – European Union countries'

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Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Yemmen, Jihene, and Mohamed Miras Marzouki. "The Challenges of Free Trade with the European Union for Tunisia." Journal of International Cooperation and Development 7, no. 1 (2024): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2024-0002.

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International economic integration is a complex process of cooperation and diffusion between the national economies of different countries, aimed at creating a unified economic entity. Like many developing countries, Tunisia has adopted unprecedented reforms to facilitate the integration of its economy into the world market. From 1986 to 1995, numerous economic measures involving trade liberalization were undertaken. Tunisia adopted the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), it joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994. In 1995 the A

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2

Cunha, Raphael, Norma Breda dos Santos, and Rogério de Souza Farias. "Generalized System of Preferences in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization: History and Current Issues." Journal of World Trade 39, Issue 4 (2005): 637–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2005039.

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The present study investigates the history of the General System of Preferences within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) systems with a particular view to define how developed and developing countries adapted their market policies to the demands of the multilateral trading system (MTS). It analyses the role of the most-favoured-nation (MFN) clause and its consequences to developing countries’ interests, within its parameters of differential market access. The study tries to explain the treatment of preferences in an objective light, presenting

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Kazan-Allen, Laurie. "Asbestos Poisons World Trade Organization Atmosphere." International Journal of Health Services 31, no. 3 (2001): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/r5wm-q78p-e5xq-34e8.

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In September 2000, a World Trade Organization (WTO) panel published its findings in the dispute between Canada and the European Union/France over France's ban on the import and use of chrysotile (white asbestos). The panel upheld the French ban, established that the use of chrysotile is a health risk and the idea of “controlled use” a fallacy, and used (for the first time) an exception clause in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that permits trade-restrictive measures to protect human life or health. At the same time, the panel concluded that the French ban violated international trad

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Arora, Rahul, Sarbjit Singh, and Somesh K. Mathur. "Assessment of the Proposed India-China Free Trade Agreement: A General Equilibrium Approach." Journal of Centrum Cathedra: The Business and Economics Research Journal 8, no. 2 (2015): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcc-08-02-2015-b002.

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Purpose The present study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of the proposed India-China free trade agreement (FTA) in goods trade on both countries under a static general equilibrium framework. Design/Methodology/Approach The study has utilized the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of world trade with the presence of skilled and unskilled unemployment in the world. For analysis purposes, 57 GTAP sectors, representing the whole regional economy, have been aggregated into 43 sectors and 140 GTAP regions, representing the whole world, have been aggregated into 19 regions. The study ha

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Dawar, Kamala. "The 2016 European Union International Procurement Instruments Amendments to the 2012 Buy European Proposal: A Retrospective Assessment of Its Prospects." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 5 (2016): 845–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016034.

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This article assesses the European Commission’s 2016 Amended Proposal for ‘a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the access of third-country goods and services to the Union’s internal market in public procurement and procedures supporting negotiations on access of Union goods and services to the public procurement markets of third countries’.1 The proposed regulation aims to improve the conditions under which European Union (EU) businesses can compete for public contracts abroad. It provides the EU with leverage through imposing a price penalty on any tender for an EU p

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Irfan ul Haque, Irfan ul Haque. "The Rise of Bilateralism in Trade and its Implications for Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 14, Special Edition (2009): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2009.v14.isp.a6.

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This paper examines and critiques the worldwide mushrooming of preferential trading arrangements and traces its implications for Pakistan. It points out that this development is fundamentally contrary to the principle of most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment, which was the cornerstone of the post-war multilateral trading system as embodied in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The causes of the rise in bilateral and regional trading arrangements are discussed and it is shown that they pose a real threat to many relatively small economies,

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Zhao, Haoyu. "Implementation of the EU's CBAM under the WTO Rules: Process, Relations, Responses." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 27, no. 1 (2023): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/27/20231228.

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The European Union (EU), a global leader in carbon reduction measures, formally adopted its proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in April 2023. However, it may not comply with existing WTO rules due to its design flaw. Thus, it may be viewed as a new trade barrier, which may result serious legal issues and trade disputes regarding the compatibility of CBAM with the trade rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In practice, however, the adoption and implement of CBAM has not been prevented by these conflicts. Therefore,

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Nikitin, Alexey. "European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism in light of the law of the World Trade Organization." Meždunarodnoe pravosudie 14, no. 1 (2024): 136–54. https://doi.org/10.21128/2226-2059-2024-1-136-154.

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The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism established by the European Union in 2023 aims to equalize the burden of climate change mitigation measures taken by importers and domestic producers. Mechanism’s designers are confident that it will succeed without breaking the law of the World Trade Organization. The article shows that the overall design of the Mechanism does indeed fall under the article XX(g) exception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, allowing for trade measures to conserve an exhaustible natural resource. In this connection, the article argues for viewing carbon budget

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Kim, Jin Woo. "Lack of Certification of the WTO Goods Schedules of the United Kingdom: A Way for Frictionless Trade Under No-Deal Brexit?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 6 (2019): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019030.

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The United Kingdom (‘UK’), as a Member State of the European Union (‘EU’), does not have its own schedule of concessions under the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’) – for now – because the EU, as a single customs union, has consolidated schedules for goods and services. The UK is currently negotiating its schedules with other WTO Members, but time is running short ahead of the UK’s scheduled exit from the EU on 31 October 2019 (‘Brexit Date’). If the UK fails to certify its schedules before the Brexit Date, the question becomes whether the UK could unilaterally establish its new schedules and c

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Lekarenko, O. G. "U.S. approaches to economic development of Western Europe in the 1940s–1950s." Lomonosov World Politics Journal 17, no. 1 (2025): 54–88. https://doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2025-17-1-54-88.

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During World War II, the United States gained superpower status, which implied the active participation of American diplomacy in the establishment of the post-war world order. In this context, one of the cornerstones of U.S. foreign policy was the strengthening of relations with the countries of Western Europe, which found themselves on the front lines of the nascent Soviet-American confrontation. This article attempts to place the evolution of American approaches to the economic development of Western Europe in the 1940s–1950s into a broader context of the U.S. plans to build a global liberal

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Konstantinov, Boyan. "Human Rights and the WTO: Are They Really Oil and Water?" Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 2 (2009): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009013.

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It is remarkable how many critiques of the approach of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to human rights include the phrase: ‘WTO should ?’. In many cases WTO actually ‘shouldn’t’ because even if it ‘would’ it ‘couldn’t’. With the exception of the Dispute Settlement Procedures (DSP) the WTO does not really have an independent institutional decision–making power. It is nevertheless true that this international forum of free trade has remained remarkably conservative regarding human rights even after the end of ‘the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) years’ and the establishing of th

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Bjelic, Predrag. "Model spoljnotrgovinske politike Evropske unije." Ekonomski anali 44, no. 156 (2003): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0356131b.

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When the European Economic Community, the forerunner of the European Union was formed in 1958, it was agreed that the new integration would be a tariff union with common tariffs toward third countries, but also that it would have a common foreign trade policy. As the Union's executive body, the European Commission is responsible for proposing and implementing foreign trade policies. However, the main subject in creating foreign trade policies still remains the Council of Ministers as the EU's main decision-making and legislative body. The Commission negotiates trade agreements with outside cou

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Saatcioglu, Cem, and Kaan Celikok. "European Regional Integration and its Partnership with Türkiye: An Assessment of the Specific Customs Union." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 13, no. 1 (2023): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.14014.

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International economic integrations, especially after the end of World War II, result from the long-term goals of establishing political unity based on countries' orientation towards their common economic interests. Customs unions, in which states abolish tariffs among themselves and apply common tariffs to third countries, are the next advanced stage of international integration after free trade zones. While customs unions eliminate tariffs and related taxes in trade within their jurisdiction, they also establish a common external tariff. This entails some asymmetrical disadvantages for the c

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KELEMEN, R. DANIEL. "The Limits of Judicial Power." Comparative Political Studies 34, no. 6 (2001): 622–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034006002.

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This article analyzes the politics of supranational dispute resolution, focusing on trade-environment disputes in the context of the European Union (EU) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO). The author analyzes how the interaction of political and legal pressures has influenced decision making by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and by GATT/WTO panels in trade-environment disputes.

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Czermińska, Małgorzata. "EUROPEAN UNION IN WTO’S DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 4, no. XX (2020): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8376.

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The World Trade Organisation (WTO) serves as a forum for co-operation, currently for as many as 164 countries, and in addition, it allows for the resolution, also amicably, of trade conflicts between parties, consequently, settling disputes between them. One of essential provisions of the Uruguay Round (UR) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) included the introduction of a new dispute settlement mechanism, that is to say, the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), which became effective on 1 January 1995. Member States of the European Union were not only actively involved in

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Vlahna, Dafina, Hajredin Kuçi, Argona Kuçi, and Kastriote Vlahna. "International Trade with Special Emphasis on the Free Movement of Goods and Services in Kosovo and Beyond." Frontiers in Law 3 (November 29, 2024): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2817-2302.2024.03.09.

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Current topic in international countries and especially in the member countries of the European Union is free trade, with special emphasis on the freedom of circulation of goods. Based on the legislation in force and the developed practice when it comes to the markets developed between international states, the study in question analyses the specific problems that appear in the markets developed between the individual states of the EU member states. Thus, based on the past and today, the fundamental value of the EU is trade, especially the trade of goods between EU member states, for which spe

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Ziemiecki, Jacek. "Wpływ zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich na gospodarkę świata oraz wnioski wynikające z niektórych modyfikacji systemów ekonomicznych." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 2015, no. 2 (2015): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ws.2015.02.5.

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Foreign direct investment is one of the most dynamic cells of the global economy since the success of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) on customs reductions. Growth trend is strongly supported by the population of developed countries, which passes more and more funds for investment, where income exceeds the level of extra-consumption. These investments and other of transnational companies are increasingly invested in developing countries, where the rate of return on invested capital are generally higher than in developed economies. This is reflected also in the more or less de

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KNUDSEN, JETTE STEEN. "Integrating Western and Eastern European Markets." Comparative Political Studies 31, no. 2 (1998): 188–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031002003.

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Although general trade theories are useful for specifying which groups support or oppose trade, these frameworks see preferences as static and do not explain how they change over time. Instead, this article proposes a dynamic perspective that considers how economic adjustment and liberal trade policies alter trade preferences. The article examines why the traditionally protectionist German textile and apparel sectors accept the recent trade agreements with Eastern Europe. Producers can exploit technological and product changes by gaining access to export markets. Furthermore, to take advantage

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Vines, David, Paul Gretton, and Anne Williamson. "Developing Trade." National Institute Economic Review 250 (November 2019): R22—R29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011925000113.

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Executive SummaryThe UK faces no easy options in determining how to develop its approach to international trade post-Brexit. If it finally decides to leave the European Customs Union and Single Market, it faces the possibility either of simply crashing out of the EU without a deal; trying to form market-access agreements and Free Trade Areas (FTAs) with the EU and other countries; or unilaterally reducing tariffs and liberalising trade with all countries. Each course raises significant practical difficulties, and entails major disadvantages compared with staying in the Customs Union and Single

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Trujillo, Elizabeth. "ChinaMeasures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten, and Molybdenum." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (2015): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0616.

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In a proceeding brought against the People’s Republic of China by the United States (in which Japan and the European Union joined), the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) ruled that China violated its obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT)1 by imposing export restrictions on “rare earths,” minerals used in mobile phones, hybrid cars, and other high-tech products. In upholding the earlier decision of a WTO dispute settlement panel, the Appellate Body rejected China’s argument that export duties, quotas, and other restrictions could be justifie

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Elshan, Orujov. "GLOBAL TRADE RELATIONS IN THE MULTIPOLAR WORLD SYSTEM AND CHALLENGES OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION FOR THE 21ST CENTURY." Deutsche internationale Zeitschrift für zeitgenössische Wissenschaft 95 (January 7, 2025): 9–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14609351.

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The 21st century marks the emergence of a multipolar world, with economic power dispersed across several major economies, including China, the European Union, India, Brazil, and regional blocs. This shift from the postCold War unipolar dominance of the United States has reshaped global trade relations, introducing both opportunities and challenges. The World Trade Organization (WTO), established in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was designed to regulate global trade, resolve disputes, and foster economic cooperation. However, the WTO faces unprecede

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Chairunisa, Amanda Fadhilla, and Imam Haryanto. "Analysis of Renewable Energy Directive Ii on Trading of Indonesian Palm Oil Associated with GATT." Yuridika 36, no. 3 (2021): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i3.25075.

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International economic relations sure is very important for a country and the important thing that follows is the policy that regulates international economic relations it self. In this study, the authors will analyze hows Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) policy as a derivative of the RED (Renewable Energy Directive) policy by the European Union will affect the Indonesian palm oil trade which this also would show the violations of previous policies that is General Agreement on Tarifs and Trades. Authors also going to show General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as a policy that reg

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Makhinova, Anzhela, and Mariia Shulha. "The Arbitration Panel Ruling on Ukraine’s Certain Wood Restrictions under the EU-UA Association Agreement." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 7/8 (2021): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021039.

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On 11 December 2020, the first Arbitration panel ruling in the European Union’s (EU’s) trade dispute under a bilateral preferential trade agreement was issued. This dispute concerns Ukraine’s export restrictions on raw timber and sawn wood of ten specific wood species referred to in the relevant Ukrainian law as ‘rare and valuable species’ and all ‘unprocessed timber’ for a period of ten years. The Arbitration panel found a violation by Ukraine’s ten-year export restriction on all ‘unprocessed timber’ of Article 35 of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic

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Tack, Filip. "The Classification of Multifunctional Digital Machines – All Classy?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 7/8 (2009): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009030.

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Recent developments in the information technology today create major challenges with respect to the classification of products according to their ‘objective characteristics and properties’. In this regard, the United States launched World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement proceedings against the European Union (EU) over its import tariff policy on certain hightechnology goods. Moreover, on 11 December 2008, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) also issued a ruling in the Joined Cases C-362/07 and C-363/07 (Kip Europe/Hewlett Packard) concerning the classification of certain multifunct

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Daffa Brilliandana Pratama. "The Analysis of World Trade Organization Panel Decision of Indonesia Measures Relating to Raw Materials." JUSTICES: Journal of Law 3, no. 3 (2024): 215–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.58355/justices.v3i3.121.

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European Union has requested a panel regarding Indonesia's restriction of exports and downstreaming of raw materials. According to the European Union, Indonesia's export and downstream policies violate World Trade Organization (WTO) provisions, namely Article XI:1 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994. In the panel report, the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body (WTO DSB) decided that Indonesia had been proven to have violated these WTO provisions. This thesis examines whether the WTO's ruling on Indonesia's restrictions on raw materials is justified and explor

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KRUSTIYATI, Atik, Sylvia JANISRIWATI, Novela CHRISTINE, and Mokhamad Khoirul HUDA. "Observing European Union Rejection of Indonesia's Crude Palm Oil Exports from the Most Favored Nation and Quantitative Restriction Principles." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (2020): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).25.

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Crude palm oil is one of the main commodities exported by Indonesia to several countries, including European Union. The European Union has pushed through several laws regarding climate change, including the Renewable Energy Directive II. The regulation supplementing the Renewable Energy Directive II has also been adopted by the European Commission, making the criteria for determining the high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807. The objective of this paper is to observe if the measure taken by European Union on determining the indirect land-

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Bown, Chad P., and Jennifer A. Hillman. "WTO’ing a Resolution to the China Subsidy Problem." Journal of International Economic Law 22, no. 4 (2019): 557–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz035.

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Abstract The USA, European Union, and Japan have begun a trilateral process to confront the Chinese economic model, including its use of industrial subsidies and deployment of state-owned enterprises. This paper seeks to identify the main areas of tension and to assess the legal-economic challenges to constructing new rules to address the underlying conflict. It begins by providing a brief history of subsidy disciplines in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization predating any concerns introduced by China. It then describes contemporary economic problems with Chi

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Tetiana, Tomniuk. "UKRAINE'S FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE EU AND BRITAIN: PECULIARITIES OF IMPLEMENTATION UNDER MARTIAL LAW." BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS III, no. 87 (2022): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2022-3.87.02.

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The article examines current trends in foreign trade relations between Ukraine, the European Union and Great Britain in the context of the implementation of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement. The publication examines specific features of the Agreement, providing trade facilitation by improving the efficiency of customs procedures and gradual approximation of Ukrainian legislation, rules and procedures (including standards) to EU law, the abolition of most customs tariffs. However, the study found that after the entry into force of the Free Trade Agreement in 2016, trade relations

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Jha, Advik Rijul. "SUBSIDIES TO THE INDIAN SUGAR SECTOR: IN COHERENCE WITH INDIA’S WTO OBLIGATIONS?" GNLU Journal of Law & Economics 3, no. 2 (2020): 144–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.69893/gjle.2020.000025.

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Recently, Brazil ,Australia and Guatemala have each filed individual requests for Consultation with India at the WTO challenging the domestic support measures and export subsidies provided by India to producers of sugarcane and sugar. The countries claim that these measures are inconsistent with India’s obligations under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994. Thailand, Costa Rica and European Union have also filed requests to join the Consultations5 filed by Brazil, Australia and Guatemala a

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Martinelli, Imelda, Vito Jonathan Octavo, and Aristoteles G. F. Siregar. "WTO Dispute Settlement Body Ruling on Export Ban of Indonesian Raw Nickel Ore: Private International Law Review." AURELIA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2023): 1254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/aurelia.v2i2.747.

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The decision of the WTO Dispute Settlement Organs regarding the ban on the export of crude nickel by Indonesia has significant implications for international trade law. This ban was opposed by the European Union because it could hamper the development of their electric-powered automotive industry which requires nickel ore as a raw material for electric vehicle batteries. Provisions in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allow export restrictions in certain situations, such as for the protection of health, safety, sanitation, or the preservation of natural resources. However, impo

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French, John D., and Kristin Wintersteen. "Crafting an International Legal Regime for Worker Rights: Assessing the Literature since the 1999 Seattle WTO Protests." International Labor and Working-Class History 75, no. 1 (2009): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547909000106.

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Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, critical attention has increasingly focused on the remaining world system, capitalist in nature and anchored in the World Trade Organization (WTO), founded in 1994 as the successor to the 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). As the 1990s progressed, a smattering of exciting new intellectual work began to appear on the social and environmental impacts of the international trade and investment regime, especially given its apparently negative impact on many developing countries and the world's working people. “The distinction somewhat com

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Vidigal, Geraldo, and Sami Cameron Donoghue. "Trade Commitments, Legitimate Regulation, and Extraterritoriality: Limits Beyond Non-discrimination?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 20, Issue 6 (2025): 404–14. https://doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2025071.

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p class="MsoNormal"The Appellate Body era of international trade law was marked by a major shift in the prevailing understanding of the permissibility of trade-restrictive measures that pursue legitimate objectives outside a state’s territory. The Appellate Body took a broad view of legal provisions, such as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XX, that preserve World Trade Organization (WTO) Members’ regulatory autonomy, finding that these provisions also permit transnational regulatory action and regulation of production processes taking place abroad, provided that such regu

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Amandari, Laras Thyrza, and Yetty Komalasari Dewi. "Is the Measure to Phase Out Crude Palm Oil in RED II discriminatory based on the World Trade Organization Law?" Yuridika 37, no. 1 (2022): 211–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v37i1.34596.

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The European Union enacted the Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II) policy under the pursuit of environmental protection. The authors will analyze how RED II is discriminative toward Indonesian trade of CPO, primarily within the concept of indirect land use change (ILUC), which restricts trade toward crude palm oil (CPO) whereas other domestic like products are exempted from such reduction. After the promulgation of this policy, Indonesia requested WTO to examine whether RED II follows the international obligations set forward in WTO. The author will analyze non-discrimination under W

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Brkic, Luka. "European Union: From social integration to social state." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 4 (2004): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0404447b.

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This paper analyzes recent free trade arrangements from a positive political economy perspective. In contrast to most other literature, which fails to take into account geographical factors, it is argued here that proximity and transportation costs play an important role in trade arrangements. Another important also largely neglected factor is the degree of social cohesion in terms of labor standards among potential trading partners. Accepting social integration might also be a condition for admitting those countries to the agreement. Changes of trade policy over time can therefore be explaine

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Christwan, Christwan, and Ahmad Saleh Kusnowibowo. "Legal Certainty of Indonesia's Nickel Downstream Policy Due to the European Union's Lawsuit at the WTO." Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains 5, no. 11 (2024): 2992–3010. https://doi.org/10.59141/jiss.v5i11.1513.

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Indonesia's nickel downstreaming policy, which prohibits the export of nickel ore with a grade of <1.7%, aims to increase added value and support national development. However, the European Union views this policy as a violation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, leading to a lawsuit at the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2021. This research employs a normative-descriptive method to analyze the dispute settlement process at the WTO, the impacts of the downstreaming policy for Indonesia, and its prospects for legal certainty in the future. The findings indicate that

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Habyyeva, A. M. "The WTO and issues of digital immersion of international trade." International Trade and Trade Policy 8, no. 4 (2023): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2022-3-156-164.

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The purpose and objectives of this article are determined by the pressing need for acceleration of the digitization dynamics in the international trade. The article emphasizes that in the modern time digital transformation is the key and biggest trend in the global trade business and its retail seсtor. The study has also provided a review related to the experiences of the top and leading global e-commerce countries. The features of the regulation of digital trade in the United States, China, India, and the European Union are identified and summarized. It is shown the World Trade Organization s

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Arora, Pallavi, and Amit Randev. "The EU Battery Regulation and Circular Economy: Assessing WTO Compatibility and Implications for Developing Countries." Global Trade and Customs Journal 20, Issue 6 (2025): 424–34. https://doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2025073.

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p class="MsoNormal"The increasing adoption of trade-related sustainability measures has intensified the focus on transitioning to a circular economy. A notable example is the European Union’s (EU’s) Battery Regulation (2023), which promotes circularity in the battery sector through stringent requirements on minimum recycled content, recycling efficiency, and material recovery. While these measures seek to enhance resource efficiency, they present significant challenges for developing countries, many of which lack the financial resources, waste management infrastructure, and technological capac

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Abida, Montej, and Ilhem Gargouri. "WHAT ARE THE THREATS TO THE FUTURE OF THE WTO?" Revue Européenne du Droit Social 53, no. 4 (2021): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53373/reds.2021.53.4.046.

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Today we are witnessing a serious crisis that could lead to the collapse of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This crisis is the consequence of the uncooperative behavior of the triad: the United States, the European Union and East Asia. When there is a confrontation between these three most powerful regional blocs, there is inevitably a blockage and a destructive trade war similar to that of the 1930s. In these times of crisis, each country tries to save its economy by relying on the strategy of protectionism. The negotiation and regulatory functions of the WTO are paralyzed: the Dispute Se

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Partiti, Enrico. "Regulating Trade in Forest-Risk Commodities." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 1 (2020): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020002.

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There is considerable urgency in addressing the impact from the production of certain agricultural commodities on ecosystems and local communities. Forest-risk commodities (FRCs) such as cocoa, coffee, palm oil, rubber, soy, maize and beef generate negative impacts on deforestation, ecosystem destruction and human rights of the communities affected. In light of the international obligations entered into by the European Union (EU) and its Member States, this article proposes a possible measure regulating the entry into the EU market of FRCs via due diligence requirements for traders. It subsequ

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Denisenko, Kristina S. "BREXIT’S EFFECTS ON GERMAN-UK COOPERATION IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY." Russian Economic Journal, no. 4 (August 15, 2022): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/10.33983/0130-9757-2022-4-48-61.

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Europe is the second largest chemicals producer in the world, yield only to the Asian region, where China is the undisputed leading country. The chemical industry is of great importance for both countries and it determines the structure of their economies. In turn, Brexit significantly affected the current dynamics and state of bilateral relations. Fairly long, stable trade and economic relations with Great Britain were of great importance for German business that did not hide its interest in adopting the agreement, which exclude rigorous trade tariffs and barriers. Being the largest EU econom

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Denisenko, Kristina S. "BREXIT’S EFFECTS ON GERMAN-UK COOPERATION IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY." Russian Economic Journal, no. 4 (August 15, 2022): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2022-4-48-61.

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Europe is the second largest chemicals producer in the world, yield only to the Asian region, where China is the undisputed leading country. The chemical industry is of great importance for both countries and it determines the structure of their economies. In turn, Brexit significantly affected the current dynamics and state of bilateral relations. Fairly long, stable trade and economic relations with Great Britain were of great importance for German business that did not hide its interest in adopting the agreement, which exclude rigorous trade tariffs and barriers. Being the largest EU econom

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Castellano-Álvarez, Francisco J., Francisco M. Parejo-Moruno, J. Francisco Rangel-Preciado, and Esteban Cruz-Hidalgo. "Regulation of Agricultural Trade and Its Implications in the Reform of the CAP. The Continental Products Case Study." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (2021): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070633.

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The evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been conditioned by a number of factors. Among them is the so-called external aspect of the CAP on which this work focuses, being the main objective to analyze the relationship between the evolution of the CAP and the negotiations leading to the liberalization of international agricultural trade, which were held within the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). In the same way, we also consider the consequences for European agricultural foreign trade derived from the commitments assumed by

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Huang, Chieh. "Non-Market Economies' Accessions to the WTO: Evolution of the Approach and Implications for the Organization." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 4, no. 1 (2009): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119109x394322.

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AbstractThe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the Word Trade Organization (WTO), have been the main forum of international trade since the end of the Second World War. The regime is unquestionably based on free-market rules and principles. Yet in the last two decades, formerly planned economies — including Eastern European countries, former Soviet countries and China — have attempted to join the GATT/WTO. To encourage their transition under the influence of free-market principles, and to be a truly global trade organization, the GATT/WTO has accepted applicants w

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Biukovic, Ljiljana. "Transparency Norms, the World Trade System and Free Trade Agreements: The Case of CETA." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 39, Issue 1 (2012): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2012006.

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Canada and the European Union (EU) are negotiating an ambitious Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). While the content of the agreement has not yet been officially disclosed by its negotiators, the general public and the business community are already concerned about the scope and effect of CETA on the two economies and their societies. This article deals with CETA's transparency provisions. It claims that, whereas CETA has not yet utilized external transparency to ensure support for the negotiations, it does have the potential for greater regulatory transparency in technical bar

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Sultan, Arif. "WTO SUCCESSOR TO GATT." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 2 (1997): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i2.2248.

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Within a short span of time a number of economic blocs have emergedon the world horizon. In this race, all countriedeveloped, developingand underdeveloped-are included. Members of the North America FreeTrade Agreement (NAITA) and the European Economic Community(EEC) are primarily of the developed countries, while the EconomicCooperation Organization (ECO) and the Association of South EastAsian Nations (ASEAN) are of the developing and underdevelopedAsian countries.The developed countries are scrambling to create hegemonies throughthe General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). In these circu

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Fakhri, Michael. "The WTO, Self-Determination, and Multi-Jurisdictional Sovereignty." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300009430.

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In EC—Seal Products, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body (AB) held that the European Union (EU) Seal Regime banning the importation of seal products could be justified under General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XX(a) as a measure necessary toprotect public morals. It also held that the indigenous communities (IC) exception under the EU Seal Regime is inconsistent with GATT Article I:1 (Most-Favored Nation) because it discriminated against commercial fishers in Canada and Norway and was applied in a manner that favored the mostly Inuit seal hunters of Greenland, a

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Loibl, Elvira, and Suzan van der Aa. "Criminalization of Childlike Sex Dolls under International and EU Law." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 31, no. 3-4 (2023): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-bja10045.

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Abstract Recent years have witnessed the emergence of a market in childlike sex dolls. Even though there is currently no empirical evidence as to whether or not the use of childlike sex dolls would prevent or encourage sexual abuse of children, more and more countries prohibit or consider prohibiting them. However, it is unclear as to where international and EU law stand in relation to these dolls. This article analyses and discusses international and EU legal instruments that might be relevant for a national ban on childlike sex dolls. First, it deals with the question whether the internation

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Vinti, Clive. "Duration of the Dumping Duty Liability and Sunset Reviews: A South African Perspective." Global Trade and Customs Journal 20, Issue 7/8 (2025): 544–53. https://doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2025084.

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This article examines the issue of when the new five-year period of reimposition commences in an anti-dumping investigation after a sunset review under the Anti-Dumping Regulations of South Africa (ADR) within the backdrop of the Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994. The paper employs a comparative study with South Africa as the focal point of the inquiry and then exploring other jurisdictions to establish a global outlook of the legal position. The paper finds that the position is unclear in South Africa as the regulatory authority

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Xu, Andrea. "Brexit and the WTO: What Happens Next." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 7.1 (2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.7.1.brexit.

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In the summer of 2016, the United Kingdom (the “UK”) announced its decision to leave the European Union (the “EU”). This decision, more commonly known as “Brexit,” subsequently stirred British politics, which included Theresa May replacing David Cameron as Prime Minister. Brexit created a unique situation in European and global politics, and instigated a discussion among politicians, academics, economists, and the likes about how the UK will leave the EU and Brexit’s implications in the UK, Europe, and the world as a whole. This Note analyzes one specific aspect of Brexit: the administrative p

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Lim, Byeongho, Kyoungseo Hong, Jooyoung Yoon, Jeong-In Chang, and Inkyo Cheong. "Pitfalls of the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism." Energies 14, no. 21 (2021): 7303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217303.

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The European Union (EU), which has led international discussions on global warming, officially announced its plan for the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in July 2021. Many existing studies have indicated the CBAM will curtail greenhouse gases, and will subsequently be positive in terms of reducing global warming. However, serious legal issues and trade disputes are expected in terms of the compatibility of the CBAM with the trade rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Contrary to the EU’s explanation, the international community has a strong view of CBAM as a ne

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