Academic literature on the topic 'General encyclopedia'

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Journal articles on the topic "General encyclopedia"

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Melnyk, Iurii. "The worldview of the Ukrainian state in the Yevhen Onatsky’s opinion journalism (based on the Ukrainian small encyclopedia)." Proceedings of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, no. 11(27) (2019): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0315-2019-11(27)-7.

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Taking into consideration the Ukrainian Small Encyclopedia, the article recreates the worldview for the Ukrainian state in the interpretation of the encyclopedia’s author Yevhen Onatsky. The USE is a large-scale encyclopedic text by Yevhen Onatsky, which has no analogues. In this text the author concentrated his scientific and journalistic achievements over his life. A comparison of the USE with other encyclopedias gives the right to say that subjectivity in judgments is characteristic not of Onatsky’s work only, but of many other encyclopedias, in particular of the «Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts» by Diderot and d’Alembert, of Wikipedia and in general of any encyclopedia that claims to explain processes and phenomena. Owing to its subjective component, the USE is valuable not only as an encyclopedic work, but also as a journalistic one. From this point of view, the most noteworthy are encyclopedic articles of a worldview nature that are of immediate practical importance both in times of statelessness and at the stage of the Ukrainian state-building. In his encyclopedia, Onatsky sharply condemns Marxism as an ideology, the USSR as an attempt to imitate its implementation in practice, Moscow imperialism as the essence of the Bolshevik state. The other author’s warnings, although less accentuated, are evoked by the vices of the free world: soulless egocentrism, hedonism, consumerism, as well as parliamentarism, capitalism and colonialism, if they are built on fraud and exploitation of man by man. Onatsky contrasts the named social phenomena with an ethos of struggle, supported by an unshakable hope of ultimate success; spiritual nationalism, the meaning of which is solidarity between members of society and service to higher ideals; thinking in the interests of the community (nation), and not in the interests of individuals, political parties or classes. Keywords: Ukrainian small encyclopedia, Yevhen Onatsky, journalism, worldview, Ukrainian state.
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Ishchenko, Oleksandr. "THE COVERAGE OF UKRAINE AND UKRAINIANS IN THE AUSTRALIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-151-156.

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In this article, we present an analysis of the 10-volumed Australian Encyclopedia published in 1958. The purpose of the analysis is to identify encyclopedic information concerning the Ukrainian people. Since the late 19th century, a part of the Ukrainian ethnic group inhabits the Australian continent, so it is natural to expect the appearance of Ukrainians in encyclopedic publications of Australia. But do Australians mention Ukrainians in their own fundamental encyclopedias? This question is caused not only by the general interest, but also by the fact that Ukraine is shown in the national narratives of many countries through various myths generated by Soviet propaganda. Therefore, the analysis of the representation of Ukrainians in the pages of foreign encyclopedias is a topical issue of contemporary Ukrainian studies in general. In this study, we found that the main body of information about Ukrainians is statistical data about the Ukrainian community in Australia, which settled after the Second World War. Among the 10 volumes there are no mentions of Ukraine, its capital, prominent people of the nation, etc. In addition, general highlights of the Australian encyclopedia publishing sphere are proposed. It is noted that the Australian Encyclopedia as a fundamental work published in six editions during 1925–1996 is the main achievement of the Australian encyclopediography. It is noteworthy that there is currently no national online encyclopedia in Australia. At the same time, there are domain (subject-specific) publications by research teams among other achievements of contemporary Australian encyclopedia publishing, such as the Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia, the Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia, the Companion to Tasmanian History, etc.
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Nikulin, A. M. "Encyclopedias as tools of modernization: Stalinist versions of agrarian knowledge." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 1 (2021): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-1-154-168.

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The article considers directions of the agrarian modernization as presented in the four editions of the Soviet agricultural encyclopedia from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s. On the basis of some historical examples and theoretical concepts, the author explains the scientific, ideological and political significance of encyclopedias in the formation of social knowledge and ideology; shows how during the Stalinist period, the Soviet agricultural encyclopedias passed through several successive great leaps in the representation of agrarian knowledge under the accelerated Soviet modernization; stresses the manipulative way of managing agrarian knowledge and human capital in agriculture - on behalf of the leader and ruling party. The article describes the transition from the first Soviet encyclopedia of the 1920s, which focused on the modernization of peasant Russia, to the encyclopedia of the early 1930s, which denied the importance of the peasantry and praised the projects of large-scale industrial-agricultural production; many authors of the first peasant encyclopedia were repressed. The encyclopedia of the late 1930s reflects the fight against the authors of the previous encyclopedia of the great leap and the purges in the name of the ideology of the planning-management approach in the further modernization of Soviet agriculture. The encyclopedia of the late 1940s - early 1950s reflects the victory of the technocratic-bureaucratic worldview and personnel approach to the agrarian sphere, which prevailed in the agriculture of the USSR until the very end of the Soviet era. The author focuses on the influence of the subjective factor (political leaders, editors-in-chief and anonymous authors) on the ideology, topics and style of encyclopedic articles. In conclusion, the author notes that the strong ideological control and volatile political situation distorted knowledge in the Soviet agrarian encyclopedias, which negatively affected the quality of rural human capital and largely predetermined the stagnation of rural development in the late USSR.
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Van Den Hoonaard, Will C. "Dilemmas and Prospects of Writing a Bahá’í Encyclopedia." Journal of Baha’i Studies 2, no. 1 (1989): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31581/jbs-2.1.2(1989).

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This paper addresses the need for a Bahá’í encyclopedia and describes the nature, organization, and editing of the multi-volume Bahá’í encyclopedic dictionary project endorsed in 1984 by the United States Bahá’í community. The encyclopedia will serve both Bahá’í and non-Bahá’í researchers arid scholars, the general reader; and university and public libraries. This paper considers the significance of the encyclopedia in terms of other Bahá’í encyclopedic works and in terms of the current stage in the development of the Bahá’í community. However desirable such a project may be, a number of dilemmas accompany its undertaking. These dilemmas relate to the present status of Bahá’í scholarship, the embryonic nature of primary sources, the high standard of scholarship exemplified by the works of Shoghi Effendi, and the relative newness of the Bahá’í religion. The prospects of the encyclopedic undertaking are expected to generate considerable scholarship and to provide intellectual vigor to issues raised by Bahá’ís and their critics.
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Künzi, Hans-Peter A. "Encyclopedia of general topology." Mathematical Intelligencer 28, no. 1 (2006): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02987014.

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Fudholi, Dhomas Hatta, Insanur Hanifuddin, and Sri Mulyati. "Sistem Konten Pembelajaran di Indonesia : Systematic Literature Review." Ultimatics : Jurnal Teknik Informatika 13, no. 1 (2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/ti.v13i1.1948.

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Wikipedia is the largest web-based digital encyclopedia today that contains almost all knowledge in general. On Wikipedia many readers have difficulty finding accurate information about the topic they are looking for, as content on Wikipedia usually contains only an overview of the topic referenced from some existing references. This study aims to examine Wikipedia, other encyclopedias and other online media that contain specific topics with their target users. The study was conducted on literature related to Wikipedia, encyclopedias, education and children's interests, especially at the elementary school level. Literature search is done by including some of the main keywords in Google Scholar such as "Wikipedia", "encyclopedia", "elementary school curriculum", "educational content" and "learning media". Literature is also obtained through the official website of the Ministry of Education and Culture which contains elementary and junior high school education standards, educational assessment standards, and literacy and numeration learning modules at elementary level. The results of literature analysis include 4 classifications based on topics, namely evaluation of usage, content, online learning and media. Based on the results of the analysis found that there has not been much research on the digital encyclopedia for education.
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Sunderland, Luke. "Visualizing Elemental Ontology in the Livre des propriétés des choses." Romanic Review 111, no. 1 (2020): 106–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00358118-8007978.

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Abstract This essay offers an encounter with Bruno Latour’s account of ontological pluralism by way of a close reading of the Livre des propriétés des choses, Jean Corbechon’s fourteenth-century French translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus’s encyclopedia. Engagement with Latour’s Inquiry into Modes of Existence enables a new reading of medieval encyclopedias that takes seriously Latour’s suggestion that premodern cosmologies retain importance for modern ecological thought while simultaneously challenging his arguments about the rigidity of ontologies based on ideas of nature, substance, and matter. This essay argues that the Livre deploys precisely such an ontology in dynamic and flexible ways. The varying visual programs in Livre manuscripts each configure the encyclopedia’s ontology differently, either making humans privileged observers of nature or positioning them as subject to its laws while adopting varying solutions for communicating ontological contentions to readers.
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Sun, Fei, Fuchun Yang, and Shusen Zheng. "Evaluation of the Liver Disease Information in Baidu Encyclopedia and Wikipedia: Longitudinal Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 1 (2021): e17680. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17680.

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Background The internet has changed the way of people acquiring health information. Previous studies have shown that Wikipedia is a reasonably reliable medical resource, and it has been ranked higher than other general websites in various search engines. Baidu Encyclopedia is one of the most popular encyclopedia websites in China. However, no studies have shown the quality of the content provided in the Baidu Encyclopedia. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the quality of liver disease information provided by Wikipedia (in English) and Baidu Encyclopedia (in Chinese) and to perform a comparison of the quality and timeliness of the articles published in these two encyclopedias. Moreover, a 3-year follow-up study was conducted to compare if the information in both these websites was updated regularly over this period. Methods We searched for information on liver diseases by using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Version 2016 codes on Wikipedia (in English) and Baidu Encyclopedia (in Chinese). The quality of the articles was assessed using the DISCERN instrument, which consists of 3 sections. We recorded the latest editing date of the webpages and calculated the date interval to evaluate the update timeliness of these websites. Results We found 22 entries on liver diseases in Baidu Encyclopedia and 15 articles in Wikipedia between September 15, 2016, and September 30, 2016, and we found 25 entries in Baidu Encyclopedia and 16 articles in Wikipedia between September 15, 2019, and September 30, 2019. In section 1 of the DISCERN instrument, the mean (SE) scores of Baidu Encyclopedia entries were significantly lower than those of Wikipedia articles. In section 2 and section 3 of the DISCERN instrument, the DISCERN scores of Baidu Encyclopedia entries were lower than those of Wikipedia articles, but the differences were not statistically significant. The total DISCERN scores of Baidu Encyclopedia entries were significantly lower than those of Wikipedia articles. The update interval of the entries in Baidu Encyclopedia was found to be significantly longer than that of the articles in Wikipedia. Conclusions This study shows that the quality of articles and the reliability of the research content on liver diseases in Wikipedia are better than those of the entries in Baidu Encyclopedia. However, the quality of the treatment choices provided in both Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia is not satisfactory. Wikipedia is updated more frequently than Baidu Encyclopedia, thereby ensuring that the information presented has the most recent research findings. The findings of our study suggest that in order to find accurate health information, it is important to seek the help of medical professionals instead of looking for a prescription amid the confusing information provided on the internet.
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Benjamin, Ludy T., William H. M. Bryant, Catherine Campbell, Jolynn Luttrell, and Cynthia Holtz. "Between Psoriasis and Ptarmigan: American Encyclopedia Portrayals of Psychology, 1880–1940." Review of General Psychology 1, no. 1 (1997): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.1.5.

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Articles in encyclopedias represented 1 of several avenues that the new experimental psychologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had to portray their science to the public, and as such, these entries are important documents in understanding the agenda of the psychologist authors and the bases for the public's understanding of psychology. This article describes a content analysis of the psychology entries from 174 American encyclopedias published between 1880 and 1940. The analysis focuses on the changes in this content over time and the correspondence of those changes to the evolution of American psychology. The data show that the encyclopedia entries were slow in reporting changes in psychology and often promoted a singular view of the subject matter of psychology.
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Upshall, Michael. "What Future for Traditional Encyclopedias in the Age of Wikipedia?" Culture Unbound 6, no. 3 (2014): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.146641.

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The launch and rapid domination of Wikipedia as a reference tool for the Internet was as dramatic as it was unexpected. Wikipedia broke so many of the rules of reference publishing, which, even if not formally codified, had been widely accepted for many years: the use of (usually named) authorities as expert contributors, and the presence of moderating editors to ensure balanced structure. All this appeared to have been swept away with Wikipedia, and, not least because Wikipedia content is given away rather than sold, the competition between Wikipedia and most general-purpose encyclopedias was a sad and rather one-sided affair. One by one the existing commercial print general encyclopedias admitted defeat; among the latest is Brockhaus, the leading German encyclopedia brand, which ended publication early in 2013.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "General encyclopedia"

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Schneider, Ulrich Johannes. "Encyclopedias." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-157681.

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Since the inception of printing in Europe in the fifteenth century, encyclopedias have become popular and widespread all over the continent. During the eighteenth century, dictionaries and other knowledge-communicating books constituted a major part of the book market, thereby defining everyday knowledge, including information about the entire world that was cultivated by periodicals and travel logs. Encyclopedias, from the very beginning, have been a varied genre owing to the assorted knowledge produced for different books, which depends on the subject, the target audience, the scope, and the price. General encyclopedias could amount to several volumes, sometimes more than ten, while more specific dictionaries usually comprised only one or two volumes. During the eighteenth century, many encyclopedic works were adapted for different audiences, resulting in many books being translated. This distribution of encyclopedias helped to build the European culture of knowledge we witness today, in which encyclopedias are still a major source of information.
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Schneider, Ulrich Johannes. "Encyclopedias." Cultural transfers, encounters and connections in the global 18th century / ed. by Matthias Middell. Leipzig 2014, S. 163-181 ISBN 978-3-86583-754-7, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13040.

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Since the inception of printing in Europe in the fifteenth century, encyclopedias have become popular and widespread all over the continent. During the eighteenth century, dictionaries and other knowledge-communicating books constituted a major part of the book market, thereby defining everyday knowledge, including information about the entire world that was cultivated by periodicals and travel logs. Encyclopedias, from the very beginning, have been a varied genre owing to the assorted knowledge produced for different books, which depends on the subject, the target audience, the scope, and the price. General encyclopedias could amount to several volumes, sometimes more than ten, while more specific dictionaries usually comprised only one or two volumes. During the eighteenth century, many encyclopedic works were adapted for different audiences, resulting in many books being translated. This distribution of encyclopedias helped to build the European culture of knowledge we witness today, in which encyclopedias are still a major source of information.
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Yucesoy, Koksal. "Deneme Titile." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612970/index.pdf.

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Bonin, Philippe Claude. "L’HUMANISME INTERMINABLE DE DIDEROT : LA PROLEPSE DANS L’ARTICLE ENCYCLOPEDIE DE L’ENCYCLOPEDIE." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1059054579.

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Ferguson, Sean W. "The guitar in lexica: the development of the guitar as reflected in general and musical dictionaries and encyclopedias, 1611-1890." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406730273.

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Yilmaz, Sule Seda. "Preparation And Characterization Of Organoclay-polypropylene Nanocomposites With Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene Compatibilizer." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613291/index.pdf.

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The aim of this study was to improve the mechanical properties &ldquo<br>Moplen&rdquo<br>EP300L which is a heterophase copolymer. Polymer blends and nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding method in a twin screw extruder. Nanofil&reg<br>5 (N5) and Nanofil&reg<br>8(N8) were used as the organoclays, and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (M) was used as the compatibilizer. The effects of additive concentrations and types of organoclays on the morphology, mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. Organoclay loading over 2 wt% prevented the intercalation mechanism resulting in large aggregates of clay, thus the material properties became poor even in the presence of compatibilizer. Compatibilizer addition improved the intercalation ability of the polymer, however a substantial increase in mechanical properties was not obtained up to 6 wt % loading of the compatibilizer. XRD analysis revealed that intercalated structures were formed with the addition of compatibilizer and organoclay. The nanocomposites that were prepared with N5 type organoclay showed delaminated structures at 6 wt % compatibilizer loading. v Nanofill &reg<br>5 exhibited the highest improvements in mechanical properties, since the degree of organoclay dispersion was better in Nanofill &reg<br>5 containing nanocomposites in comparison to Nanofill &reg<br>8 containing ones. The DSC analysis indicated a insignificant reduction in the melting temperature of the ternary nanocomposites.
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Gharehmeshk, Gharravi Hossein. "Rectilinear Interdiction Problem By Locating A Line Barrier." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615380/index.pdf.

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This study is an optimization approach to the rectilinear interdiction problem by locating a line barrier. Interdiction problems study the eect of a limited disruption action on operations of a system. Network interdiction problems, where nodes and arcs of the network are susceptible to disruption actions, are extensively studied in the operations research literature. In this study, we consider a set of sink points on the plane that are being served by source points and our aim is to study the eect of locating a line barrier on the plane (as a disruption action) such that the total shortest distance between sink and source points is maximized. We compute the shortest distances after disruption using visibility concept and utilizing properties of our problem. The amount of disruption is limited by imposing constraints on the length of the barrier and also the total number of disrupted points. The suggested solution approaches are based on mixed-integer programming and a polynomial-time algorithm.
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Turan, Emrah. "Numerical Simulations Of Unsteady Flow In An Oil Pipeline Under Various Hydraulic Conditions." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607143/index.pdf.

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Tuzun, Burcu. "Structural Properties Of Defected Graphene Nanoribbons Under Tension: Molecular-dynamics Simulations." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614085/index.pdf.

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Structural properties of pristine and defected graphene nanoribbons have been investigated by stretching them under 5 percent and 10 percent uniaxial strain until fragmentation. The stretching process has been carried out by performing molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) at 1 K and 300 K to determine the temperature effect on the structure of the graphene nanoribbons. Results of the simulations indicated that temperature, edge shape of graphene nanoribbons and stretching speed have a considerable effect on structural properties, however they have a slight effect on the strain value. The maximum strain at which fracture occurs is found to be 46.41 percent whereas minimum strain value is calculated as 21.00 percent. On the other hand, the defect formation energy is strongly affected from temperature and edge shape of graphene nanoribbons. Stone-Wales formation energy is calculated as -1.60 eV at 1 K whereas -30.13 eV at 300 K for armchair graphene nanoribbon.
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Akyildiz, Ayca. "Quality Of Working Life, Posture Analysis Of Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Complaints Among Office Workers." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615514/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyzes the relationship between upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and longtime computer usage. Firstly<br>maastricht upper extremity questionnaire is applied to Financial Control and Information Technology Departments of Turk Telekom. Results are analyzed by using spss 16.0 tool by conduction of ordinal logistic regression analysis to determine the significance between work environment and postural information and upper extremity musculoskeletal complaints. Then<br>development of a new tool, namely PACU (postural analysis of computer users), takes place aiming to determine the factors of disorders, by mainly focusing on work-related neck and upper limb disorders, for long time computer users of Financial Control and Information Technology Departments of Turk Telekom. Results of the PACU are analyzed by using the methods of correlation, chi square goodness of fit test, factor analysis, and ordinal logistic regression.
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Books on the topic "General encyclopedia"

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Little, Jean. Encyclopedia paranoiaca. Simon & Schuster, 2012.

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The illustrated encyclopedia of general aviation. 2nd ed. Tab Books, 1990.

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Benford, Tom. Corvette: Illustrated encyclopedia. Bentley Publishers, 2004.

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Diaz, Gerald. Encyclopedia of statistics. Global Media, 2007.

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Brian, Williams. Kingfisher first encyclopedia. Kingfisher Books, 1993.

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McGhee, Karen. Encyclopedia of animals. National Geographic, 2007.

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Encyclopedia of hell. St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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Arthur, Cotterell. Encyclopedia of world mythology / general editor Arthur Cotterell. Parragon, 2002.

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Judge, Harry. Oxford illustrated encyclopedia. OUP, 1988.

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The primary English encyclopedia. 4th ed. Routledge, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "General encyclopedia"

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Holmberg, Linn. "Stranded Encyclopedias in Eighteenth-Century Sweden: Exploring the Rise of Alphabetical Encyclopedism." In Stranded Encyclopedias, 1700–2000. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64300-3_4.

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AbstractFor a long time, histories of the rise of the modern encyclopedia were mainly histories of publications: chronologies of large-scale, alphabetically organized reference works, successfully completed in one country after another, from the late 1600s onwards. Since none of the Scandinavian countries managed to publish general encyclopedias in the eighteenth century, researchers assumed that encyclopedic practice “reached” the northern periphery at a later date. However, the geographical expansion of a literary practice and the history of its most successful, printed outcomes do not necessarily share the same milestones. In this chapter, Linn Holmberg explores a number of stranded encyclopedias in eighteenth-century Sweden, detected partly through the periodical press, partly through archival research. The first part examines glimpses of encyclopedic projects seen through the journal Lärda tidningar (1745–1773). The second part reconstructs the encyclopedic efforts of two officials of the Swedish Bureau of Mines, who worked on an encyclopedia of mining and metallurgy for almost forty years (c. 1743–1787). By examining the motivations and circumstances underpinning the initiation, abandonment, and transformations of these projects, the study aspires to produce new insights into the early formation of alphabetical encyclopedic practice in eighteenth-century Sweden.
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Bühren, Jens. "Glare, General." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_623-1.

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Yadav, Rahul. "Interferometry, General." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_631-1.

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Manji, Husseini K., Jorge Quiroz, R. Andrew Chambers, et al. "General Anesthesia." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_578.

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Gargaud, Muriel, and William M. Irvine. "General Data." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_5068-3.

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Deza, Michel Marie, and Elena Deza. "General Definitions." In Encyclopedia of Distances. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30958-8_1.

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Bühren, Jens. "Glare, General." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_623.

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Yadav, Rahul. "Interferometry, General." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_631.

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Deza, Michel Marie, and Elena Deza. "General Definitions." In Encyclopedia of Distances. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44342-2_1.

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Gargaud, Muriel, and William M. Irvine. "General Data." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_5068.

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