Journal articles on the topic 'General Francisco Franco'

Desde que se produjo el Alzamiento militar el 18 de julio de 1936 y hasta que transcurrieron varias semanas, los generales que lo apoyaron no tenían claro si lo más recomendable era instaurar o no la unificación del mando militar, como forma de conseguir una mejor estrategia en la victoria de la guerra civil recién comenzada. Fue el 21 de septiembre cuando se adoptó la decisión de encomendar la jefatura del Ejército a un solo general, Francisco Franco, quien se convirtió en “generalísimo de las fuerzas nacionales de tierra, mar y aire y general jefe de los ejércitos de operaciones”. A partir de ese instante, quedaba por concretar las atribuciones que llevaría anexas el cargo de “generalísimo”. Tras diversas discusiones, Franco se hizo cargo de la Jefatura del Estado el 1 de octubre en la Capitanía General de Burgos, en una ceremonia en la que el presidente de la Junta de Defensa Nacional procedió a transmitirle los poderes. En la presente comunicación se trata de analizar los pormenores de tal ceremonia, las primeras palabras de Franco como flamante Jefe del Estado y la repercusión que todo ello tuvo en la prensa de la época. Since the military uprising occurred on July 18, 1936 and until several weeks passed, the generals who supported him were unclear if it was more advisable to establish whether or not the unification of the military command, as a way of getting a better strategy the victory of the civil war has just begun. It was on September 21 when the decision to entrust the leadership of the army to a single general, Francisco Franco, who became "generalissimo of the national forces of land, sea and air and commanding general of the armies of operations" was adopted. From that moment, it remained to realize the powers attached lead the charge of "generalissimo". After several discussions, Franco took over the presidency on 1 October in the Captaincy General of Burgos, in a ceremony in which the president of the National Defense Council proceeded to transmit the power. In this communication it is to analyze the details of this ceremony, the first words of Franco as head of state brand and the impact all this had on the press of the time.

El artículo examina las fuentes de fundamentación doctrinal carismática del poder del general Francisco Franco como Caudillo de España durante casi cuarenta años. Sobre la base de las variadas culturas políticas de la derecha española, se presenta la guerra civil de 1936-1939 como contexto generatriz de la nueva autoridad suprema y soberana asumida por Franco durante la contienda y mantenida con posteridad como legado de su victoria militar. El consecuente culto personal al Caudillo y las elaboraciones teóricas del caudillaje se adaptaron a las cambiantes circunstancias internacionales sin mengua de la justificación permanente de la autoridad indiscutida de Franco.

El objeto de este trabajo es analizar el tratamiento informativo que Radio Nacional de España dio a la figura de Francisco Franco alrededor de tres fechas fundamentales del régimen franquista (Fiesta de Exaltación del Trabajo, la Fiesta del Caudillo y el Día de la Victoria) durante los primeros veinte años del régimen. Para ello, se describe y analiza el contenido localizado en el Archivo de Radio Nacional de España, Archivo General de la Administración y las fuentes hemerográficas de la época. En conjunto se permite avanzar en la construcción radiofónica que la figura de Franco recibió por parte de los instrumentos de persuasión del Estado durante este periodo.

El presente artículo pretende revisitar aquellos lugares comunes que tuvieron lugar en el debate acerca del problema de la memoria histórica que, tras la muerte de Franco, no se pudo realizar, empañado por la ficción superadora de la transición. Como explica Francisco Caudet (2008), no basta con desenterrar muertos, asignarles un nombre y pasarlos a la memoria del pasado. Los muertos tienen familia y proyectos políticos opuestos al régimen franquista del nacionalismo católico. En este sentido, la valoración de los ensayos de Juan Benet supone ver el costado no solo crítico y teórico respecto de la ficción sino también político, aquella faceta que, por lo general, queda disociada de la producción autorial benetiana. This article seeks to revisit those common points that took place in the debate about the problem of the historical memory that, after the death of Franco, could not be realized, clouded by the fiction overcoming the transition. As Francisco Caudet (2008) explains, it is not enough to dig up dead people, assign them a name and pass them on to the memory of the past. The dead have families and political projects opposed to the Francoist regime of Catholic nationalism. In this sense, the evaluation of Juan Benet’s essays presupposes seeing the side not only critical and theoretical with respect to fiction but also political, that facet that, in general, is dissociated from the Benetian authorial production.

O objetivo do artigo é discutir a relação entre Arqueologia e Nacionalismo, centrando-se no caso espanhol durante o regime do General Francisco FRanco. Inicia-se com uma exposição, em linhas gerais, das primeiras atividades de preservação dos vestígios arqueológicos levadas a cabo na Espanha, no final do século XIX. Posteriormente, analisa-se o que seria a institucionalização de uma "Arqueologia franquista", a partir da criação da Comisaría General de Excavaciones Arqueológicas - organismo que centralizou toda a atividade arqueológicas, entre 1939 e 1955. Por fim, a discussão tem como foco a Arqueologia durante o franquismo como uma Arqueologia a serviço do regime.

No mês de outubro de 1949, o caudilho Francisco Franco fez uma viagem a Portugal, única visita oficial que realizou a outro país durante a sua ditadura. No percurso dessa viagem, o espanhol recebeu o Doutoramento honoris causa em Direito pela Universidade de Coimbra, num ato cheio de simbolismos, em que esteve acompanhado por um importante trio de escritores espanhóis afins ao regime: Eugenio Montes, Wenceslao Fernández Flórez e Ernesto Giménez Caballero. Eles contribuíram notavelmente à construção da narrativa oficial daquela visita, num interessante processo de legitimação histórica do general espanhol perante a opinião pública internacional, construído num tempo em que Espanha estava isolada politicamente.

W latach 1942–1943 stosunki dyplomatyczne między Polską i Hiszpanią zostały zawieszone. Po cofnięciu uznania rządowi RP w Londynie gabinet w Madrycie nie uczynił tego i w latach 1945–1968 pozostawał z polskim poselstwem w stolicy Hiszpanii (w latach 1955–1961 z dwoma) w relacjach półoficjalnych. Przedstawiciele RP nie znajdowali się na liście korpusu dyplomatycznego, za mit należy więc uznać, iż dyktatura gen. Francisco Franco utrzymywała stosunki dyplomatyczne z rządem RP na uchodźstwie.

El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer el contenido de una nueva fuente documental para el estudio de la segunda mitad de la Expedición Franco-Navarra de 1521. Se trata de una carta hasta ahora perdida de André de Foix, señor de Asparros, general en jefe de la campaña, a su soberano, Francisco I, escrita en Logroño el 8 de junio de 1521 y conservada en la Biblioteca Británica. Su lectura aporta información novedosa sobre las circunstancias que envolvieron el ataque a la capital riojana y sus consecuencias en las semanas siguientes, las previas a la batalla de Noáin, que frustró definitivamente el intento.

The Spanish transition to democracy after the death of General Francisco Franco in 1975 is heralded as the “very model” of successful transition from authoritarianism to democracy (Gunther 1992), the epitome of “transition through transaction” (Share 1986, 1987). Spain is proclaimed “the country to be studied” (Przeworski 1986: 61) for good cause. Despite a long history of political turmoil, a notoriously brutal civil war, and nearly 40 years of dictatorship, Spain transformed itself into a democracy “from the inside out” using a remarkably quiescent process of reform called, significantly, the “strategy of consensus” (Carr and Fusi 1979; Payne 1985).

La historia de los moriscos y los estudios sobre alteridad y representación se cuentan entre las sendas historiográficas más fecundamente transitadas en las últimas décadas. En el cruce de ambas nace esta obra, verdadero modelo de trabajo interdisciplinar, posible solo gracias al buen hacer conjunto de sus autores, un historiador del arte como Borja Franco Llopis y un historiador como Francisco J. Moreno Díaz del Campo. Es, sin duda, una muestra excelente del enorme potencial que esconde el trabajo en equipo, también para una disciplina como la Historia en la que sigue predominando una llamativa atomización de la investigación.

Os horrores da Guerra Civil Espanhola e do período da ditadura fascista do general Francisco Franco foram abordados em diversas obras da historiografia, da literatura e da arte espanhola. Entre elas, encontramos a obra cinematográfica O Labirinto do Fauno (2006), em que assinala, o entrecruzamento e o diálogo paralelo entre realidade e ficção, ao retratar a vida de uma menina, Ofélia, no regime autoritário e opressor franquista. Neste artigo, temos por objetivo, o estudo e desenvolvimento de algumas narrativas, que possibilitam examinar como se constrói, por meio da ficção, uma memória da resistência antifranquista, a partir de memórias inconscientes dos conflitos de classe e da crueldade deste regime caudilhista, analisando pelo viés da psicologia analítica.

The regime of general Francisco Franco imposed a nationalist model from two ideological sources: the nationalcatholicism, an antiliberal proposal of the Catholic Church that identified Spain with catholicism; and the anti-liberal and fascist alternatives born in the heat of the European political-social crisis and Spanish of the First World War. The political model was strongly centralist, authoritarian and interventionist around Castile and the Castilian language, rejecting the other nationalist models. At the social level, the corporate proposal stood out by means of the compulsory framing of workers and businessmen in the Spanish Organización Sindical, the unique trade union of Francoism led by the unique party Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS

On 20 May 1939 General Francisco Franco attended the solemn Te Deum service held at the royal church of Santa Barbara to celebrate the triumph of nationalist over republican Spain. Surrounded by the symbols of Spain's Catholic past, including the standard used by Don Juan of Austria at Lepanto, the general presented his “sword of victory” to Cardinal Gomá, archbishop of Toledo and primate of the Spanish church.1 The ceremony symbolized the close ties between church and state formed by three years of civil war. The new regime had given proof of its commitment to the church even before the conflict had ended, and the clergy now looked forward to the implementation of a full range of measures in education, culture, and the regulation of public morality, measures that had last been seen in Spain over a century before.2

From one of the poorest countries in Europe in the late 1950s, Spain emerged as a middle industrial power by the time of the death of General Francisco Franco in 1975. Subsequently, under the leadership of King Juan Carlos I, Franco's successor as chief of state, Spain negotiated a smooth transition from authoritarianism to a parliamentary-monarchy. On the first of January 1986, the Iberian nation acceded to full membership in the European Community (EC). However, prior to this date and independently of the EC (now the European Union), the Spanish state had already set in motion, in 1981, two great undertakings related to Latin America: (1) the commemoration of Columbus' fateful voyage to the New World in 1492 and (2) the formation of an “Iberoamerican Community of Nations.”

La fractura político-ideológica que se produjo en España ante el inicio de la Guerra Civil en 1936 se trasladó también al seno de la representación diplomática española en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Ello generó la dimisión a su cargo de algunos miembros de la carrera diplomática en la embajada hispana y a su vez, la progresiva conformación de una sede diplomática paralela que actuaría bajo las órdenes del Gobierno de Burgos en España. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos seguir con detenimiento el derrotero propagandístico y la actuación diplomática del representante oficioso enviado por el General Francisco Franco a la Argentina, Juan Pablo de Lojendio, prestando especial atención a los vínculos que en su accionar fue generando con destacados miembros de la comunidad hispana en Buenos Aires.

La Dirección General de Regiones Devastadas fue un organismo creado en 1938, cuyo fin principal fue reparar y reconstruir todo tipo de daños llevados a cabo durante la Guerra Civil, desarrollando un gran número de intervenciones hasta su desaparición en 1957. Uno de los territorios más castigados por el conflicto bélico fue la provincia de Jaén, territorio en donde desempeñaría una importante labor el arquitecto Francisco Prieto-Moreno Pardo. Colaborador directo suyo en la Oficina Comarcal de Andújar fue el arquitecto Ramón Pajares Pardo, encargado de proyectar un gran número de construcciones en muchas de las localidades adoptadas por Franco en la provincia jiennense. A pesar de su importancia, se trata de un arquitecto poco conocido del que pretendemos arrojar más luz, centrándonos especialmente en sus proyectos vinculados a la arquitectura civil.

El Diagnóstico de la Situación Ambiental de la Cuencia del río Jaya, zona urbana y semi-urbana, tiene como objetivo general, contribuir al mejoramiento de su condición ambiental actual. El ámbito del estudio abarca desde la comunidad de Las Guázumas hasta Genimillo, San Francisco de Macorís. Y en la zona recorrida, se realizaron entrevistas a todos los jefes de juntas de vecinos y empresas colindantes, se tomaron fotos, se analizaron once muestras de agua, tomadas en puntos diferentes del río y se efectuaron tres aforos, lográndose así tener una idea del nivel de contamianción del río y la calidad de vida de sus pobladores. Se trata de ayudar a que la comunidad Franco-macorisana sea alertada y se logren aunar esfuerzos para recuperar esta fuente hídrica tan importante para nuestra sociedad.

This article analyzes the symbolic importance of food in Pedro Almodóvar's film What Have I Done to Deserve This!! (¿Qué he hecho yo para merecer esto!!, 1984) vis-à-vis the notorious icon, la madre maruja (the Spanish housewife and mother). It argues that food is rhetorically invoked in Almodóvar's film to organize cultural politics around gender in Spain after the almost forty-year dictatorship of Francisco Franco. What Have I Done is considered by many to be Almodóvar's best work and it is also regarded as an indispensable film, not only within his filmography but in the history of Spanish cinema. The film offers a radical departure from mainstream cinematographic images of women and food. Examining the film's use of food provides an invaluable source for the study of social conflicts and anxieties around gender, inherited from a troubled past.

A Ditadura de Francisco Franco impôs a censura literária desde os primeiros anos de estabelecimento do governo franquista. Neste contexto de extrema repressão, os espanhóis não puderam ter acesso a todos os livros que desejavam. O caso dos livros brasileiros representa uma parcela pequena, mas não por isso menos interessante, dos livros que tiveram que passar pela censura franquista. Entre os autores brasileiros que foram analisados pelas plumas da censura franquista entre 1936-1975 estavam os escritores Jorge Amado, Graciliano Ramos e José Lins do Rego. As obras destes autores brasileiros são ótimos exemplos para compreender como funcionou a censura literária de livros estrangeiros durante o regime franquista, mas também a própria censura franquista. Além disso, este artigo analisa, especificamente, a censura literária de livros brasileiros na Espanha franquista (1936-1975), buscando entender as principais razões dos censores (por meio de seus pareceres anexados às obras) para censurar ou aprovar as obras brasileiras.

This paper examines the Catalonia-Spain trajectory. Quite recently, the region of Catalonia became known for its sovereignty demand, which has strained relations with Spain its host state. Economic grievances, nationalism, and political disillusionment are some of the explanations given for the growing secessionist moves in the region. Apart from this, other reasons identified include strained historical ties, class struggle, the erosion of its autonomous region by General Francisco Franco and the subsequent demand for selfdetermination by separatists. An issue that runs through this work is the refusal of the Spanish government to concede to this separatist’s demand which has deteriorated any negotiations for dialogue. However, the Spanish government has announced that it is open to negotiate anything except a referendum. Furthermore, based on the reaction of the Spanish government, the 2014 referendum held by the Catalans seems to be nonconclusive. This study, therefore seeks to examine the contentious issues of “contested sovereignty” with relations to the Catalonia-Spain quagmire and its seemly subsisting impact in the pro-independence agitations in Europe and Africa.

Next year will mark the eightieth anniversary of the Battle of Jarama.… In February 1937, eleven thousand Republicans…fought and died defending Madrid against Francisco Franco's fascist incursion. At this point in Spain's Civil War, the country was split evenly between west and east by rebel Nationalist and Republican forces. An earlier direct assault on Madrid had been repulsed. Republican troops subsequently consolidated their defenses along the Manzanares River. An assault through Madrid's southern barrios would have cost Franco's forces dearly. General Emilio Mora's men north of the city in the meantime were held in check by Popular Front forces in the Sierra de Guadarrama.… The Nationalists turned to cutting off Madrid from the Republic's provisional capital. They planned to march south before swinging north and capturing the road to Valencia. In early February, Franco ordered 40,000 of his battle-hardened Moroccan troops and an Italian unit provided by Mussolini to attack. The forces crossed the Jarama River on February 11. Republican General José Miaja countered the thrust with three battalions of the XV International Brigade, including the Dimitrov Battalion and the British Battalion.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2014v21n32p204A Guerra Civil de Espanha (1936-1939), identificada por César Oliveira, o mais reputado hispanista português, como "a última das guerras político-ideológico-religiosas da Europa"[i], teve profundas repercussões internacionais, de Lisboa a Moscovo e, se incluirmos a participação das Brigadas Internacionais, de Havana a Xangai.[ii] Uma opinião partilhada pelo ditador português António de Oliveira Salazar, que famosamente definiu o conflito como "uma guerra internacional num campo de batalha nacional".[iii]De facto, para Salazar, a Guerra de Espanha apresentou-se como uma oportunidade única para radicalizar o Estado Novo, nascido de uma ditadura militar cuja génese foi o golpe de estado de 28 de Maio de 1926. Concomitantemente, o segundo (e não menos importante) objetivo do regime era substituir a jovem democracia espanhola, implantada em 1931, por um governo ideologicamente compatível com o Estado Novo. A vitória da autodenominada fação Nacionalista (uma nomenclatura que pressupunha que a República Espanhola era antipatriota), caudilhada pelo General Francisco Franco Bahamonde, foi fator determinante para a consolidação das ditaduras salazarista e franquista, que viriam a sobreviver ao colapso do fascismo europeu no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial e perdurar até 1974, em Portugal, e 1975, em Espanha

As a cultural phenomenon, punk has had a global impact. Recent scholarship has expanded upon this by exploring examples of punk within different countries around the world. However, not enough attention has been given to these instances in a comparative context, especially with regards to European punk. This article will attempt to ameliorate this by comparing the first waves of both Madrilenian (Spanish) and Parisian (French) punk in terms of origins, ideologies and elements of representation in their contemporary contexts. Punk arrived in these countries at transformative periods in their nations’ histories. Spanish punk, as La Movida Madrileña, began almost immediately after the death of Francisco Franco in 1975, whereas French punk came after the fallout of the May 1968 student protests. However, despite these politically volatile backgrounds, punk in these countries greatly varied in terms of cultural impact. Using these comparative contexts, this piece will illustrate how social, political and cultural differences vastly influence the success and development of punk movements and youth cultures in general. In doing so, this article aims to inspire other researchers to consider the comparative method when looking at punk movements, thereby interrogating how punk develops and how historical backgrounds can influence its development.

Which historical figures do Spanish students think are relevant after completing their compulsory schooling in the subject of history? The main objective of this research is to discover which four historical figures students choose as the most important in human history after completing their compulsory schooling, and the type of reasons they give to justify their answers. By means of a mixed study, this research involved asking 165 students, aged 16 to 17, which four figures they think are the most relevant in history and why. Based on this statement, a quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted to explore the students’ discourses justifying their choices using the categories proposed by Partington, Hunt and Lévesque. The results show a clear tendency in students to choose key figures in Spain’s history, such as Christopher Columbus or Francisco Franco, or a prominent person, such as Adolf Hitler, as the most relevant historical figures, who appear in the curriculum in their last year of compulsory secondary education. Lastly, the argumentative approach regarding the level of historical significance focuses primarily on the impact of their actions on a large number of people during their historical moment, with no critical reflection on their long-term impact or consequences.

RESUMO Objetivo: O trabalho registra as primeiras impressões, em especial, no Brasil, em março de 2020, sobre origem e avanço do COVID-19 a partir de uma situação anômala de quarentena física. Como objetivo geral, o estudo investiga a visão espiritualista da análise econômica do Direito como instrumental para implementar alteridade nas relações sociais. Metodologia: Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, de método dedutivo e com recurso à análise bibliográfica e documental; tem como marco teórico, autores neoinstitucionalistas como Douglas North e Joseph Schumpeter e espíritas como Francisco Candido Xavier e Divaldo Pereira Franco. Resultados: Conclui-se que o COVID-19 propicia a oportunidade para a difusão de visão político-econômico-jurídica, voltada para a alteridade e a felicidade, a necessidade de mudança na forma de agir individual e coletiva para que seja possível a felicidade. O COVID-19 vem como mais um instrumento de “reorganização” da humanidade, ainda que o custo de vidas seja tão alto do ponto de vista existencial. O ceifar da morte ainda nos deixa perplexos; porém, do ponto de vista da essência humana, grandes aprendizados podem ser introjetados em nossa experiência de vida. Contribuições: O trabalho registra a origem e avanço do COVID-19, destacando a necessidade de mudança no agir individual e coletivo, possibilitando a felicidade. Especificamente, objetiva alertar para a necessidade de comportamento econômicojurídico, visando o bem econômico social através da “autodestruição renovadora eficiente-econômico-social” (ADRECOS). Palavras-chave: Direito e Economia; Direito e felicidade; análise econômica do Direito e o COVID-19. ABSTRACT Objective: The paper records the first impressions, especially in Brazil, in March 2020, about the origin and advance of COVID-19 from an anomalous physical quarantine situation. As a general objective, the study investigates the spiritualist view of economic analysis of Law as instrumental to implement otherness in social relations. Methodology: This is a qualitative research, using a deductive method and bibliographic and documentary analysis; has as its theoretical framework, neoinstitutionalist authors such as Douglas North and Joseph Schumpeter and spiritualist such as Francisco Cândido Xavier and Divaldo Pereira Franco. Results: It is concluded that COVID-19 provides the opportunity for the diffusion of a political-economic-legal view, focused on otherness and happiness, the need to change the way of acting individually and collectively, so that happiness is possible. COVID-19 comes as another instrument for the “reorganization” of humanity, even though the cost of living is so high from an existential point of view. The reaping of death still perplexes us; however, from the point of view of human essence, great learnings can be introjected into our life experience. Contributions: The work records the origin and progress of COVID-19, highlighting the need for change in individual and collective action, enabling happiness.Specifically, it aims to alert to the need for economic-legal behavior, aiming at the social economic good through the “efficient-economic-social renovating selfdestruction” (ADRECOS). Keywords: Law and Economics; Law and happiness; economic analysis of Law and COVID-19.

Abstract During the period when General Francisco Franco ruled Spain (1936-1975), official censorship kept a watch on all books that were published in the country. The main objective of this censorship was to conceal from the Spanish people political manifestations that might be ultimately threatening for the dictatorial government politically. However, under heavy influence of the Catholic Church, the censors also veiled for the moral health of the Spanish people by intervening in all matters of sexual morality, decency, obscenity and vulgarity. Research has shown that during this period censors were as vigilant for sexual content as they were vigilant for political content. In this study I will examine censorship and sex by studying Raymond Chandler’s first novel, The Big Sleep (1939) and the three Spanish-language translations published during this period (1949, 1958, 1972). Chandler’s novel contains no potential political offenses to Franco’s Regime and its allies, but it does contain references to male homosexuals, scenes of female nudity, and sexually suggestive dialogues involving the detective and a female character. All of the Spanish versions were censored, whether by government censors or the translators/editors prior to presenting the manuscript to the censors. I will discuss the government-censored and self-censored passages in the Spanish versions of the novel, and show that all of the references to the homosexual characters, much of the nudity, and many of the sexually-suggestive dialogues have been manipulated and/or suppressed, producing undesirable and often unexpected effects.

El general Aguilera, ex ministro de la Guerra (1917), fue el presidente del Consejo Supremo de Guerra y Marina entre 1921 y 1924, por lo que se convirtió en el principal responsable de incorporar, estudiar, debatir e impartir justicia en el asunto de las responsabilidades de los militares en el desastre de Annual. El Expediente Picasso, instruido desde agosto de 1921 con carácter meramente informativo para depurar las posibles responsabilidades, fue elevado en 1922 al Consejo Supremo de Guerra y Marina con el fin de dirimir las responsabilidades penales de los militares implicados en la campaña militar que acabó en el desastre. El asunto de las responsabilidades tomó un nuevo rumbo en la sede del máximo organismo de la justicia militar, que intentó buscar a todos los responsables y repartir las culpabilidades entre todos los implicados, incluso entre los jefes militares excluidos deliberadamente del Expediente Picasso. La implacable búsqueda de responsables políticos y militares tanto en las Cortes como en el Consejo Supremo resultó determinante en el golpe de Estado del 13 de septiembre de 1923. El rey Alfonso XIII, según todos los indicios, pudo jugar un destacado protagonismo en el origen del régimen dictatorial con el fin de quitarse de en medio la pesadilla de las responsabilidades del desastre de Annual. Además, se incorpora la opinión del entonces joven comandante de la Legión Francisco Franco Bahamonde sobre las causas y responsabilidades de Annual, expresada en una serie de cartas inéditas escritas entre 1921 y 1923.

El general Aguilera, ex ministro de la Guerra (1917), fue el presidente del Consejo Supremo de Guerra y Marina entre 1921 y 1924, por lo que se convirtió en el principal responsable de incorporar, estudiar, debatir e impartir justicia en el asunto de las responsabilidades de los militares en el desastre de Annual. El Expediente Picasso, instruido desde agosto de 1921 con carácter meramente informativo para depurar las posibles responsabilidades, fue elevado en 1922 al Consejo Supremo de Guerra y Marina con el fin de dirimir las responsabilidades penales de los militares implicados en la campaña militar que acabó en el desastre. El asunto de las responsabilidades tomó un nuevo rumbo en la sede del máximo organismo de la justicia militar, que intentó buscar a todos los responsables y repartir las culpabilidades entre todos los implicados, incluso entre los jefes militares excluidos deliberadamente del Expediente Picasso. La implacable búsqueda de responsables políticos y militares tanto en las Cortes como en el Consejo Supremo resultó determinante en el golpe de Estado del 13 de septiembre de 1923. El rey Alfonso XIII, según todos los indicios, pudo jugar un destacado protagonismo en el origen del régimen dictatorial con el fin de quitarse de en medio la pesadilla de las responsabilidades del desastre de Annual. Además, se incorpora la opinión del entonces joven comandante de la Legión Francisco Franco Bahamonde sobre las causas y responsabilidades de Annual, expresada en una serie de cartas inéditas escritas entre 1921 y 1923.

This article comments on the Spanish Constitutional Court’s order of 17 October 2019, ATC 119/2020, regarding the exhumation and transfer of the remains of Francisco Franco Bahamonde from the Valley of the Fallen. Franco’s relatives brought a constitutional complaint before the Constitutional Court against the resolutions of the Council of Ministers of 15 February and 15 March 2019, which concerned the exhumation of the dictator’s remains and their transfer to the Mingorrrubio Cemetery in El Pardo. This was done against the wishes of the family, who had indicated another location. The applicants submitted, inter alia, that their right to respect for private and family life had been violated. In fact, certain issues relating to the treatment of the body of a deceased person fall within the scope of the right to privacy. However, the Spanish Court did not accept the applicants’ plea and held that there was no violation of the constitutional right. It justified its decision on the grounds that the right to protection of private and family life is not absolute and is subject to limitations, and that the measures applied in this case were in line with a “constitutionally legitimate aim,” proportionate and necessary. The Court’s decision is correct, although its reasoning leaves much to be desired. The Court could have strengthened its argumentation with, first, a more in-depth analysis of proportionality, and, second, with reference to Strasburg standards. In particular, as the Court pointed out, the historical and political importance of the person at the head of the political regime established after the civil war and acting as head of state meant that the decision on where to bury his remains went beyond the dimension of an individual private matter.

e5421064This study aims to present an analysis and discussion of the conceptions and inter-institutional educational practices in the functioning of the Socio-Educational System of the Municipality of São Carlos - São Paulo. The research problem is identified by the following guiding question: What are the conceptions and educational practices for the functioning of the Socio-educational System in the Municipality of São Carlos? In order to answer this question, the content analysis was used in the scientific process, supported by an epistemological approach that aims to produce the concrete thinking in the process of abstraction, analysis and synthesis of reality, of historical-dialectic materialistic basis in the production of knowledge. The research results identified perspectives of cooperation between institutions for the functioning of the investigation and reception procedures of young people accused of committing offences. A willingness of public authorities to bring together responsibilities between institutions and society partners was identified in order to seek a better articulation of socio-educational work and offer a more adequate structure to young people, guided by technical-scientific, repressive-reproductive and humanist-existential educational trends. In the diversity of conceptions and specificities in the functions of each institution, there is a commitment to consolidate a pedagogy of cooperation in order to minimize the problems of violence and infractions involving the young population.ResumoEste estudo tem por objetivo apresentar uma análise e discussão das concepções e das práticas educativas interinstitucionais no funcionamento do Sistema Socioeducativo do Município de São Carlos – São Paulo. O problema de pesquisa é sintetizado pela seguinte questão norteadora: Quais são as concepções e as práticas educativas para o funcionamento do Sistema Socioeducativo no Município de São Carlos? De maneira a responder a essa questão, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo no processo científico, sustentada por uma abordagem epistemológica que visa produzir o concreto pensado no processo de abstração, análise e síntese da realidade, de fundamento materialista histórico-dialético na produção de conhecimento. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam perspectivas de cooperação entre as instituições para o funcionamento dos procedimentos de apuração e de acolhimento aos jovens acusados da prática infracional. Identificou-se uma vontade dos agentes do poder público em congregar as responsabilidades entre instituições e parceiros da sociedade, de modo a buscar uma melhor articulação do trabalho socioeducativo e oferecer uma estrutura mais adequada aos jovens, orientados pelas tendências educativas técnico-científica, repressivo-reprodutivista e humanista-existencial. Na diversidade de concepções e de especificidades nas funções de cada instituição, depreende-se um engajamento para a consolidação de uma pedagogia da cooperação, em vista de minimizar as problemáticas de violências e de infrações que envolvem a população jovem.Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar un análisis y discusión de las concepciones y prácticas educativas interinstitucionales en el funcionamiento del Sistema Socioeducativo del Municipio de São Carlos - São Paulo. El problema de la investigación es identificado por la siguiente pregunta norteadora: ¿cuáles son las concepciones y las prácticas educativas para el funcionamiento del Sistema Socioeducativo en el municipio de São Carlos? De manera a responder esta cuestión, se utilizó el análisis de contenido en el proceso científico, apoyado por un enfoque epistemológico que tiene como objetivo producir lo concreto pensando en el proceso de abstracción, análisis y síntesis de la realidad, de fundamento materialista histórico-dialéctico en la producción de conocimiento. Los resultados de la investigación identifican las perspectivas de la cooperación entre instituciones para el funcionamiento de los procedimientos de averiguación y de acogida de los jóvenes acusados de práctica infraccional. Se identificó una voluntad por parte de los agentes del poder público de aunar las responsabilidades entre instituciones y colaboradores de la sociedad para buscar una mejor articulación de la labor socioeducativa y ofrecer una estructura más adecuada a los jóvenes, orientados por las tendencias educativas técnico-científicas, represivas-reproductivistas y humanistas-existenciales. En la diversidad de concepciones y especificidades de las funciones de cada institución, surge el compromiso para consolidación de una pedagogía de cooperación, a fin de minimizar las problemáticas de infracciones que involucra a la población joven.Palavras-chave: Adolescentes, Ato infracional, Educação não?escolar, Sistema socioeducativo.Keywords: Adolescents, Infractional act, Non-school education, Socio-educational system.Palabras claves: Adolescentes, Acto infracional, Educación no?escolar, Sistema socioeducativo.ReferencesBARDIN, Laurence. Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa, Portugal: Edições 70, 2010.BOURDIEU, Pierre; PASSERON, Jean Claude. La reproduction – Éléments pour une théorie du système d’enseignement. Paris – France : Minuit, 1972.BRASIL. Presidência da República. Resolução 113. Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos. Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente. Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo – SINASE. Brasília – DF: CONANDA, 2006. Disponível em: https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=104402. Acesso em 14 jun. 2021BRASIL, Lei 8.069, de 13 de julho de 1990. Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA). Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/L8069.htm. Acesso em: 14 jun. 2021.BRASIL. Lei 12.594, de 18 de janeiro de 2012. Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo (SINASE). Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12594.htm. Acesso em: 14 jun. 2021.CIFALI, Ana Cláudia; CHIES-SANTOS, Mariana; ALVAREZ, Marcos César. Justiça juvenil no Brasil: continuidades e rupturas. Tempo Social, [S. l.], v. 32, n. 3, p. 197-228, 2020. DOI: 10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2020.176331. Disponível em: https://www.revistas.usp.br/ts/article/view/176331. Acesso em: 9 jun. 2021. CHIZZOTTI, Antonio. Pesquisa em ciências humanas e sociais. 4. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2000.DARDOT; Pierre; LAVAL, Christian. A nova razão do mundo: ensaio sobre a sociedade neoliberal. São Paulo – SP: Boitempo, 2016, p. 416.FRANCISCO, Julio Cesar. Fundamentos da educação não escolar em unidade de internação: dilemas para o redirecionamento social de adolescentes em conflito com a lei. ATOS DE PESQUISA EM EDUCAÇÃO, p. 332-358, 2019. Disponível em:https://bu.furb.br/ojs/index.php/atosdepesquisa/article/view/6670. Acesso em 9 jun. 2021.FRANCISCO, Julio Cesar; MARTINS, Marcos Francisco. Perspectivas da educação não escolar no trato com jovens infratores. Educação e Realidade, v. 42, nº1, 283-297, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-623654637. Acesso em: 9 jun. 2021.FRANCISCO, Julio Cesar; LOPES, Roseli Esquerdo. Adolescentes em situação de conflito com a lei e o atendimento inicial integrado: entrevista com o Padre Agnaldo Soares Lima. CRÍTICA EDUCATIVA, v. 5, p. 324-332, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.criticaeducativa.ufscar.br/index.php/criticaeducativa/article/view/421. Acesso em: 9 jun. 2021.FRANCISCO, Julio Cesar; ONOFRE, Elenice C. Desafios na execução do atendimento socioeducativo de jovens em privação de liberdade. REVISTA COMUNICAÇÕES, v. 25, p. 247-269, 2019. Disponível em:DOI: https://doi.org/10.15600/2238-121X/comunicacoes.v25n3p247-269. Acesso em: 9 jun. 2021.FOUCAULT, Michel. Surveiller et Punir – La naissance de la prison. France : Éditions Gallimard, 1975, p. 352.FRANCO, Maria Laura Barbosa. Análise de Conteúdo. 4. ed. Brasília: Liber Livro, 2012.GADOTTI, Moacir. História das ideias pedagógicas. 8. ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1999.GHIGLIONE, Rodolphe; MATALON, Benjamin. Les enquêtes sociologiques: théories et pratique. Paris: Armand Colin Éditeur, 1985.GOHN, Maria da Glória. Educação não formal e cultura política. 5. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2011.INSTITUTO INNOVARE. Prêmio Innovare 2007. 2007. Disponível em: http://www.premioinnovare.com.br/praticas/l/implantacao-do-nai-nucleo-de-atendimento-integrado-cumprimento-do-art-88-inciso-v-do-estatuto-da-crianca-e-do-adolescente-882. Acesso em: 7 jan. 2021.KRIPPENDORFF, Klaus. Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. The Sage context series. Volume 5. London: Sage Publications Lda., 1980.LIBÂNEO, José Carlos. Didática. São Paulo: Cortez, 1994.LÜDKE, Menga; ANDRÉ, Marli Eliza Dalmazo. Pesquisa em Educação: abordagens qualitativas. São Paulo: EPU, 2012.MARTINS, Marcos Francisco. Educação não escolar: discussão terminológica e mapeamento dos fundamentos das tendências. Contrapontos, Itajaí, v. 16, n. 1, p. 40-61, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/contrapontos.v16n1.p40-61MARTINS, Marcos Francisco. Formação do educador social e proposições de um perfil de intelectual orgânico. In: GARRIDO, Noêmia de Carvalho et al. (orgs.). Desafios e perspectivas da Educação Social: um mosaico em construção. São Paulo: Expressão e Arte Editora, 2010. p. 40-60.SAVIANI, Dermeval. Escola e Democracia. 42ª Edição. Campinas – SP: Autores Associados, 2018, p. 144.UNICEF, La situation des enfants dans le monde, l’adolescence l’âge de tous les possibles, New Yourk - USA, 2011.

El libro que reseñamos aborda uno de los momentos históricos más importantes para comprender la sociedad española que dejó atrás el Antiguo Régimen desde las profundas transformaciones sociales que acompañaron a los cambios políticos de los siglos XVIII y XIX. Si el papel de nuevos grupos emergentes (capas sociales intermedias y altas) con un poder económico ya no tan ligado al honor y el menguante protagonismo de la Iglesia han sido temas estrellas a la hora de profundizar en el cambio social, menos interés han despertado los miembros del otro estado privilegiado. Con frecuencia aparecen nombres de aristócratas entre los dirigentes decimonónicos, pero aun así la mayor parte de los libros de texto y manuales al uso parecen correr un tupido velo sobre la importante evo- lución de este grupo social entre siglos. Pareciera como si la nobleza estuviese ya moribunda en vísperas de los cambios, y que bastase un golpe político para que desapareciera. Precisamente, esta obra colectiva se propone combatir esta doxa explorando la conducta y los valores de distintas capas de la nobleza entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, buscando factores explicativos del cambio en dinámicas internas al propio estamento, y observando la reinvención de las prácticas que llevaron a cabo y los principios de organización que siguieron las familias nobles en los albores del liberalismo. En el capítulo introductorio (pp. 11-25), los editores presentan el tema y exponen la doble hipótesis que permea toda la obra: que las familias privilegiadas transitaron hacia el nuevo régimen incorporando a su emic nuevos patrones de modernidad, conservando y transmitiendo a un tiempo al naciente orden social parte de sus valores tradicionales.

This article takes issue vigorously with what it argues are the disempowering effects of Judith Butler's more recent work, for transgendered people in particular and accordingly for the queer movement in general. In so doing it contests the way in which the reception of Butler's work in France has been mediated by a transphobic psychoanalytic establishment and attacks Butler for playing along with their self-interested political agenda by retelling, in Paris, for their ears, an anecdote of a savoury encounter with a transgendered interlocutor in a subcultural queer space in San Francisco.

In 1569, Pius v dispatched an expeditionary force to assist the royal armies in the Third War of Religion in France. This was the background against which the Jesuit Antonio Possevino, commissioned by Superior General Francisco de Borja and the militant pope himself, published Il soldato christiano, a short book that outlined a spiritual model of the disciplined soldier, far from previous heroic and aristocratic archetypes. Copies of the catechism were distributed to the officers and chaplains who accompanied the contingent. This essay aims to analyze the conditions in which the papal military intervention in France was conceived and the effects of Jesuit catechesis on the men who made up the papal army, as well as their reactions to this encroachment of “confessionalization” into the profession of arms.

This article represents a first step in the process of restoring the legacy of pioneer California winemaker Jean-Louis Vignes (1780–1862). Vignes was a native of France who established and operated a commercial winery (El Aliso) in Los Angeles for 22 years (1833–1855). The article includes the first known photograph of Vignes discovered by the author. While prominent twentieth-century American wine historians have acknowledged Vignes, the author emphasizes a key distinction made by French historian Leonce Jore. Vignes left France to go to the Sandwich Islands as part of a commercial enterprise that traveled with Catholic missionaries (Picpus Fathers). Only after five years of frustration did Vignes move to Los Angeles and establish a winery. The author uses the remembrances of well-known nineteenth-century commentator William Heath Davis [Seventy-Five Years in California (San Francisco, 1929)] to give some personal insights into Vignes as a winemaker. Davis visited him at El Aliso three times as a young man and lived long enough (1909) to validate Vignes’s vision for the potential of winemaking in California. The article also includes the first known full citation for Vignes’s gravesite at Evergreen Cemetery in Los Angeles.

In the 1970s, Japanese cooks began to appear in the kitchens of nouvelle cuisine chefs in France for further training, with scores more arriving in the next decades. Paul Bocuse, Alain Chapel, Joël Robuchon, and other leading French chefs started visiting Japan to teach, cook, and sample Japanese cuisine, and ten of them eventually opened restaurants there. In the 1980s and 1990s, these chefs' frequent visits to Japan and the steady flow of Japanese stagiaires to French restaurants in Europe and the United States encouraged a series of changes that I am calling the “Japanese turn,” which found chefs at fine-dining establishments in Los Angeles, New York City, and later the San Francisco Bay Area using an ever-widening array of Japanese ingredients, employing Japanese culinary techniques, and adding Japanese dishes to their menus. By the second decade of the twenty-first century, the wide acceptance of not only Japanese ingredients and techniques but also concepts like umami (savory tastiness) and shun (seasonality) suggest that Japanese cuisine is now well known to many American chefs.

Background:Biologic therapy (BT) resulted in a substantial improvement of outcomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). However, it is also associated with higher costs, adverse events and patient´s request to dose reduction and drug holidays. Although clinical practice guidelines suggest consider tapering biologics after sustained remission, the optimal approach for de-escalation remains unknown.Objectives:i) to identify potential features associated with long-term successful TNF inhibitors (TNFi) tapering (Tap) in RA patients (pts), including the possible predictive value of different disease activity measures (DAS28, SDAI, CDAI). ii) to describe long-term outcome in relation to dose reduction of BT.Methods:Observational prospective study of 91 RA pts who started a first TNFi between 2000-2014 and in whom tapering (dose down-titrated or interval widen) was applied after achieving sustained remission/Low disease activity. Demographic, clinical and analytical data were collected at biologic initiation. Disease activity was measured using DAS28, SDAI and CDAI at de-escalation start and at 6 (6 m), 12 (12 m), 18 (18 m) and 24 months (24 m) follow-up. Tap failure (primary outcome) was defined as reinstatement of full dose, escalation to the previous dose level or discontinuation due to secondary inefficacy. Tap status (Tap failure/success) was also assessed at each studied time point. Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test were used to test statistical differences. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of tap failure at 12 and 24 m.Results:Of the 91 cases included (mean age 53 ±12.5 years, 74% women), eleven (12%) experienced Tap failure at the 12 m mark. At 24 m, 18 pts (20%) failed to taper, while 74 (80%) succeeded. At 12 and 24 m no significant differences were found in baseline and pre-Tap characteristics between those who experienced tap failure and those who succeeded (Table 1). In the univariate analysis, at the 12 m mark, there were no factors related to tapering; however, at 24 m, a longer time from TNFi start to achievement of remission was identified as a predictor of Tap failure (OR=1.64, p=0.02); this feature remained associated with failed Tap at 24 m in the multivariate analysis (OR=1.75, p=0.02). Neither of the three disease activity indices measured at Tap initiation predicted long-term tap failure.Conclusion:In our cohort of RA patients on tapered TNFi, time from TNFi start to achievement of remission seemed to determine successful tapering of biological treatment. However, disease activity scores measured at dose reduction initiation were not predictive of successful de-escalation strategies.tabletableBaseline CharacteristicsPts who presented a tap failure at 24 m(n=18)Pts who presented a successful tap at 24 m (n=73)Totalpopulation(n=91)P valueAge at TNFi start (years)48.4 (13.2)54 (12.1)53 (12.5)P=0.06Sex (female) n (%)13 (72)54 (74)67 (74)P=1.00Non smokers, n (%)7 (41)41 (58)48 (54)P=0.28BMI, m (SD)25.3 (4.8)25.5 (4.2)25.5 (4.3)P=0.75RF +, n (%)15 (83)59 (81)74 (81)P=1.00CCP, + n (%)13 (72)58 (82)71 (80)P=0.51Monotherapy, n (%)3 (17)8 (11)11 (12)P=0.45Disease duration, m (SD)8.8 (6.6)10.2 (7.1)9.9 (7)P=0.36DAS28 at TNFi start, m (SD)4.7 (1.3)4.7 (1.1)4.7 (1.2)P=0.71CDAI at TNFi start, m (SD)25.2 (23.5)22.5 (12.3)23.1 (15.1)P=0.64SDAI at TNFi start, m (SD)23.4 (13.7)22.1 (12.4)22.3 (12.6)P=0.9Pre-Tap Characteristics:DAS28 at Tap initiation, m (SD)2.3 (0.7)2.4 (0.7)2.4 (0.7)P=0.83CDAI at Tap initiation, m (SD)3.6 (3)3.5 (4.2)3.5 (4)P=0.47SDAI at Tap initiation, m (SD)4.4 (3)3.8 (4.2)3.9 (3.9)P=0.17Time from TNFi start to achievement of remission1.9 (1.6)1.1 (1)1.3 (1.2)P=0.08Time from achievement of remission to tapering2.2 (2.5)2.5 (2.6)2.4 (2.5)P=0.46m, mean; SD, standard deviationAcknowledgments:We are grateful to all of the rheumatologists and nurses at the Daycare Department for Biologicals and the patients who participated in the registryDisclosure of Interests:Patricia Bogas: None declared, Chamaida Plasencia: None declared, Francisco Guiñazú: None declared, Marta Novella-Navarro: None declared, Victoria Navarro-Compán Consultant of: Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, MSD, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Karen Nathalie Franco Gomez: None declared, Irene Monjo: None declared, Alejandro Balsa Grant/research support from: BMS, Roche, Consultant of: AbbVie, Gilead, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi, Sandoz, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Lilly, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Roche, Nordic, Sandoz

In seven dramatic texts written by six Bosnian-Herzegovinian authors – Borivoje Jevtić, Štefa Jurkić, Nikola Šop, Nasko Frndić, Nada Đurevska and Dževad Karahasan – from the perspective of the art of memory we follow the construction of literary imaginaria on the examples of three Bosnian-Herzegovinian Franciscans (Anđeo Zvizdović, Matija Divković and Ivan Frano Jukić). The paper examines the relationship between historic reality and fiction, where in history was an inspirational incentive for dramatic texts, with individual members of the Franciscan order transformed into a collective place of traumatic memory. For this conscious work on cultural memory we are to thank both the history of remembrance and memory (mnemohistory) and the motivational associative images that have been cultivated in literature and the historiography of literature for more than a century.

Josip Franjo (ili Josephus Franciscus) Domin (1754. – 1819.) bio je hrvatski fizičar koji je predavao na sveučilištima u Győru i Pešti. Poznat je po knjizi <i>Dissertatio physica de aeris factitii genesi, natura, et utilitatibus (Fizikalna rasprava o postanku, naravi i koristi umjetnog zraka)</i>, Győr, 1784. U Raspravi je opisao više vrsta “umjetnog zraka”, što ih je većinom otkrio Joseph Priestly, a usto postupke i uređaje za njihovo dobivanje te – u drugom dijelu knjige – njihovu upotrebu. U ovom radu raspravlja se o Dominovom opisu eudiometra, uređaja za mjerenje sadržaja kisika (“deflogistoniranog zraka”) u plinskim smjesama njegovom reakcijom s “nitroznim zrakom”, dušikovim(I) oksidom (NO), što ga je izumio Priestley a usavršio Felice Fontana. Naročito je istražena veza “dobrote zraka” s flogistonskom teorijom i teorijom mijazama u Dominovoj <i>Raspravi</i>.

Recently published by the Madrid publishing house Sequitur, La Escuela Universalista Española del siglo XVIII is an introductory work to a study of the so-called Universalist School. Its author, Pedro Aullón de Haro from the University of Alicante, Spain, and Head of the Research Group “Humanism-Europe” since 1994, has coordinated various volumes whose main objective is the historical reconstruction of the Late Spanish Enlightenment Period, which was truncated by Charles III of Spain’s expulsion of the Jesuits, affecting a great many of its members. This Enlightenment Period, in contrast to the victorious French Enlightenment, offered not a political, but a scientific and humanistic view of knowledge, taking a comparative and universalist approach, but, due to the aforementioned expulsion of the Jesuits, the authors dispersed, leaving their work unfinished; and it is only now, under the label of the Universalist School, coined by Prof. Aullón de Haro, that they have been gathered together furthering the possibility of recovering their meaning and systematic cohesion. This volume serves as an introduction to the publications that the author has announced for 2018, in which the detailed study of the main authors within this scientific community will be undertaken following an encyclopaedic structure, which will finally give recognition to the Universalist School movement, and whose stand out authors include: Juan Andrés, creator of the Universal History of the Humanities and Sciences; Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro, creator of Universal and Comparative Linguistics; and Antonio Eximeno, creator of a universal aesthetic concept of music as language and expression.The common thread of the School is precisely the "universalist ideation" that assumes the unity of knowledge in a harmonious integration of experimental sciences, fine arts and human sciences within a humanistic epistemological framework, and consequently, comparativism as a methodology of study, based on the unity of its object: the destiny of man, with his knowledge integrated into a unitary vision of the universe and the world. All this is ultimately based on the work of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, historically rooted in the process of Greco-Roman cultural parallels, and with the main figures of Macrobius, Scaliger and Morhof.Furthermore, 2017 is the second centenary of the death of Juan Andrés, commemorated by an international Congress held at the Complutense University of Madrid and featuring an important bibliographical exhibition in the History Library of this Madrid University, titled "Juan Andres y la Escuela Universalista Española" (2017).The great scientific and thematic scope of the School means that it is possible to discern several sectors or "sub-schools", although the authors often practice several disciplines: the linguistic sub-school (Hervás and his extensive circle of collaborators), bibliographical (Miguel de Casiri, Diosdado Caballero…), botanical-naturalist (Antonio José Cavanilles, Pedro Franco Dávila, Juan José Ruperto de Cuéllar, José Celestino Mutis, Eduardo Romeo…), musicological (Antonio Eximeno, Josef Pintado, Vicente Requeno, Buenaventura Prats, Joaquín Millás…), Americanist-Mexicanist (Francisco Javier Clavijero, Juan Bautista Muñoz, Miguel del Barco González, José Lino Fábregas, Juan Nuix y Perpiñá…), on the Philippines (Juan de la Concepción, Antonio de Tornos, Bernardo Bruno de la Fuente…), meteorology (Andrés, Viñes, Faura…), studies on translation (Carlos Andrés, Juan Bautista Colomés, Pedro Cantón…) etc.The work is divided into three sections: "Teoría general", "Textos de y sobre autores de la Escuela", and "Bibliografía fundamental y selecta".The first section begins with an introductory chapter in which the conceptual principles of the School are explained in relation to the particularity of the Hispanic cultural history, where both its antecedents and theoretical limits are determined. Next comes a description of the sequence of milestones, historical circumstances and accidents that resulted in the formation of the School, as well as an in-depth explanation of the concept of "universalist ideation". Finally, "La ideación del primer programa epistemológico", is a necessary exposition of the important and almost inaccessible Prospectus Philosophiae Universae, a work that was written and directed by Juan Andrés. It is a general and pluridisciplinary programmatic text published in 1773 in Ferrara, and access to it for consultation is hard to come by. That is, it is a kind of program that intends to carry out a radical overcoming of the culture and thought of the Baroque era, through the integration of empiricist science and philosophy with classical humanism and its evolution through a historically founded and revisable concept of progress. The fourth chapter, entitled "La Ilustración universalista: creación de la Comparatística moderna y Literatura Universal", lists the conceptual keys to understanding the particularity of this late Spanish age of Enlightenment of Hispanic-Italian roots, Christian, integrative, international, intercontinental, founded on a unitary vision of the universe and the world. The fifth chapter, "La clasificación de las ciencias, la universalidad tematológica y la estética de la expresión", analyses the variables of the Enlightenment Period, the various types of European illustrations and their internal conceptual sectors, in an attempt to bring to light the lack of historical and intellectual homogeneity of a process of great relevance, and analyses the universalistic classification of scientific disciplines by comparison with the classification of the French illustration, showing the flagrant reduction of the French classification, and also includes a revealing study on the concept of "expression" elaborated by Antonio Eximeno, which was later also recovered by Benedetto Croce, although without him acknowledging the precedence of Eximeno’s work.The second part, "Textos de y sobre autores de la Escuela", presents a series of documents as a critical support of the School and its authors. This is especially true of the textual references from the three main authors with respect to the other members of the School, which provides an account of the indisputable existence of a productive and active scientific community.The last part records essential bibliographical sources and information intended to enable a continuation of the study by the authors of this School, a bibliographic selection of the most important works of all the members of the School, and another selection of general and monographic studies on relevant theoretical, historical and cultural issues.In short, this work succeeds in refuting one of the most important historical and intellectual fallacies of our time: the absence of a Spanish Enlightenment Period, and consequently, proves the existence of an original and consistent modern Hispanic thought. In this way, it opens up a field of study that demands new research that will bring to light better-informed reinterpretations of both Spanish and Hispanic America pasts in general, which will lead to a search for unity, not in political and economic terms, as seems to be the objective of economic globalization, but on the basis of the concept of universality. For this purpose, the Research Group Humanismo-Europa has affiliated itself with the Instituto Juan Andrés de Comparatística y Globalización, as well created links to its online network Biblioteca HumanismoEuropa, where all the information about the authors of the School and their texts has been gathered and made available to the general public.

Книга американского автора Юлии Болдуин «Английские заимствования в современном русском языке» включает в себя более2 тысяч англицизмов и является ценным источником по изучению иностранных заимствований в русском языке. Эта книга рекомендуется всем, кто стремится понять тесные связи между нашими языками в бизнесе, политике, науке и культуре. English Loans in Contemporary Russian by Yuliya Baldwin presents over 2,000 English borrowings in the Russian lexicon, adding an invaluable addition of loanwords to contemporary Russian. This work will be of great value to those in business, politics, science, and culture understanding the link between our languages.

Summary With the transition from the so-called ‘Golden Ages’ to the age of Enlightenment, Spain lost its political and cultural hegemony to its northern neighbour, France. In the field of the language studies, this change is evident especially in the area of lexicography: the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (1726–1739) was soon modeled after the Dictionnaire de l’Académie Française (1694). In grammaticography, things seem to have been different, at least if one listens to those few historians of linguistics who payed attention to 18th-century Spanish linguistics. The overall judgements range from ‘a total lack of good grammar’ to a ‘complete disregard of modern [i.e., French] theories’. However, a closer look at the grammatical production of the time does not confirm any of these assessments. Apart from Latin grammars in the tradition of Nebrija and bilingual Spanish-French grammars clearly influenced by contemporary French theories, there are a tradition of monolingual grammaticography, which are totally up-to-date on contemporary European grammatical discussions, focussed, as they were, on the teachings of Port-Royal. The Gramática de la lengua castellana of the Spanish Royal Academy follows along the same lines by developing even more the logical approach to grammatical description. Before starting to write down the final version of their grammar, the Academicians even went as far as to study dozens of grammars of other languages, old and new, Western as well as non-Western, in order to get a more general linguistic framework and to follow more closely the theories of the scholar who, in the eyes of the grammarians of Port-Royal, was the starting point of ‘modern’ linguistics, the Spaniard Francisco Sanchez de las Brozas (1523–1600/1601).

RESUMENLos monasterios femeninos nacen en beaterios en muchos casos. Así los beaterios son el primer paso de la reclusión pero, al mismo tiempo el modelo de rechazo. Por otro lado, con el Concilio de Trento, la Contrarreforma fue la imposición de la reforma religiosa con una renovación espiritual, pero reproduce la subordinación femenina y la clausura. Nuevamente se renuevan los rechazos en este caso el modelo son los conventos de Toledo y el monasterio de San Clemente. Este estudio examina la importancia de los beaterios en las fundaciones conventuales en Toledo.Y analiza la oposición y acciones de rechazo de las beatas y monjas de las distintas comunidades monásticas y mendicantes frente a las reformas de vida claustral, incluido la normativa del Concilio de Trento. Utilizando para ello las fuentes documentales localizadas durante la elaboración de mi tesis doctoral.PALABRAS CLAVE: Beaterios, conventos, oposición, Toledo, Edad ModernaABSTRACTWomen’s monasteries often began as beatorios. These beaterios were thus the first step in confinement but at the same time the model of rejection. Meanwhile the Council of Trent and Counterreformation represented the imposition of religious reform with spiritual renewal, but reproduced female subordination and cloister. Again renew rejects in this case the model are convents in Toledo and the monastery of Saint Clemens. This study examines the importance of beaterios in the founding of convents in Toledo. And it analyses how pious women and nuns of the different monastic and mendicant orders opposed and rejected resist reforms of cloistered life, including the Council of Trent legislation. Using to this end documents studied during the preparation of my doctoral thesis.KEY WORDS: Beaterios convents, opposition, Toledo, Modern Age. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAbad Pérez, A., Soledad Sonora. Convento de San Antonio de Padua, Talavera-Toledo, 1980.Alemán Ruiz, E., Inicios de la clausura femenina en Gran Canaria: el Monasterio de la Concepción, 1592-1634, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2000.Álvarez, T., Cultura y mujer en el siglo XVI: el caso de Santa Teresa de Jesús, Ávila, 2006.Atienza, A., “De beaterios a conventos: nuevas perspectivas sobre el mundo de las beatas en la España Moderna”, Historia Social, 57 (2007), pp. 145-168.Atienza, A., “Los límites de la obediencia en el mundo conventual femenino en la Edad Moderna: políticas de clausura en la Corona de Aragón, siglo XVII”, Studia Histórica, Historia Moderna, 40/1 (2018), pp. 125-157.Atienza López, A., Tiempo de conventos. 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El convento de San Miguel de los Ángeles en el Toledo del siglo XV”, Archivo Ibero-Americano, año 68, 261 (2008) pp. 529-544.Canabal Rodríguez, L., “Isabel Vázquez. Sirvienta de doña Beatriz de Silva”, Archivo Ibero-americano, 63/ 246 (2002), pp. 713-723.Canabal Rodríguez, L., “Libros y liturgia en la Orden de Santiago: el monasterio femenino de Santa Fe (Toledo, 1566)”, Revista de Órdenes Militares, 7 (2013), pp. 205-225.Canabal Rodríguez, L., “Mujer y reclusión en el siglo XVI. Fundación y estatutos de la Casa de Nuestra Señora del Refugio en Toledo”, Tempus. Revista en Historia General, 2 (2015), pp. 1-38.Canabal Rodríguez, L., “La Orden Militar de Santiago en Toledo: una visita el convento de Santa Fe en 1566”, en I Congreso Internacional Las Órdenes Militares en la Península Ibérica, Cuenca, Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha, 2000, vol. II, pp. 2279-2291.Canabal Rodríguez, L., “Las religiosas agustinas en Toledo. 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The article is an attempt to sistetically present Maria Montessori’s activities and scientific achievements through the prism of her biography and to indicate the reception of the Montessori Methods in Poland. The first part indicates the key aspects of life that influence the worldview and research interests, such as the position of director at Casa de Bambini or the likely affiliation to the Theosophical Society. In particular emphasizes theme of migration, resulting on the one hand from geopolitical reasons, and on the other hand from the idea of disseminating its concept of education. It shows the emigration aspect – departure from Italy to Barcelona, associated with the then forming fascist movement, and then, to the Netherlands, determined by the anti-republican coup of General Francisco Franko. The text deals with issues related to the scientific and didactic activity of M. Montessori, including numerous foreign trips, including to the United States and India to popularize the method. It also indicates the main research inspirations influencing changes in education proposed by the researcher, i.e. the Montessori Method – influences of researchers: anthropologist Giuseppe Sergi, psychiatrist Andrea Verga, neuropsychiatrist and pedagogue Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and Édouard Séguin. It characterizes particular stages of the concept, from moral upbringing, through the system of freedom, to the concept of cosmic upbringing. The second part of the article concerns the reception of the Montessori Method in Poland, starting from the pre-war period to modern times. It presents two currents – direct reception and attempts to synthesize freblizism and montessorian- ism in order to create a new, national upbringing system and indicates possible reasons for the rebirth of the idea after 1989, were related to the evolution of the educational ideal in Poland. It presents selected studies on the topic and points to the current activities of institutions and organizations that popularize the idea of Montessori. It presents manifestations of the contemporary, unflagging addressing with the figure of M. Montessori and her concept. The above considerations have been set in the context of today’s Polish pedagogy, determined largely by concepts that contest the current school system, largely congenial with the conservative educational ideology.

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) naturally growing in southern Oregon and northern California is one of the few conifer tree species that are polyploid. Despite its unique ecological and economic importance, its population genetic structure is still insufficiently studied. To obtain additional data on its population genetic structure we genotyped 317 samples collected from populations in California (data set C) and 144 trees growing in a provenance trial in France (data set F) using 12 nuclear (five random nuclear genomic nSSRs and seven expressed sequence tag EST-SSRs) and six chloroplast (cpSSRs) microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, respectively. These data sets were also used as reference to infer the origin of 147 coast redwood trees growing in Germany (data set G). Coast redwood was introduced to Europe, including Germany as an ornamental species, decades ago. Due to its fast growth and high timber quality, it could be considered as a potential commercial timber species, especially in perspective to climate warming that makes more regions in Germany suitable for its growing. The well performing trees in colder Germany could be potential frost resistant genotypes, but their genetic properties and origin are mostly unknown. Within the natural range in southern Oregon and northern California, only two relatively weak clusters were identified, one northern and one southern, separated by the San Francisco Bay. High genetic diversity, but low differentiation was found based on the 12 nuclear SSR markers for all three data sets F, C and G. We found that investigated 147 German trees represented only 37 different genotypes. They showed genetic diversity at the level less than diversity observed within the natural range in the northern or southern cluster, but more similar to the diversity observed in the southern cluster. It was difficult to assign German trees to the original single native populations using the six cpSSR markers, but rather to either the northern or southern cluster. The high number of haplotypes found in the data sets based on six cpSSR markers and low genetic differentiation based on 12 nuclear SSRs found in this study helps us study and better understand population genetic structure of this complex polyploid tree and supports the selection of potential genotypes for German forestry.