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Relevant bibliographies by topics / General Pharmacology

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Academic literature on the topic 'General Pharmacology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 July 2021

Last updated: 20 April 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "General Pharmacology"

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Gheorghiu, Monica. "General Homeopathic Pharmacology." Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) 3, no. 3 (2007): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.4183/aeb.2007.385.

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Hite, Mark. "Safety Pharmacology Approaches." International Journal of Toxicology 16, no. 1 (January 1997): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158197227332.

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This article presents views of a discipline termed safety pharmacology or general pharmacology. This is an area that provides information through empirical studies on new pharmacologic agents at doses above those thought to be efficacious and the no-toxicologic-effect level (NOEL) above which unwanted effects might occur. The usefulness of batteries of tests is discussed, and comments are made about the value of these in the drug developmental process.

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Mortin, Lawrence I., Christopher J. Horvath, and Michael S. Wyand. "Safety Pharmacology Screening: Practical Problems in Drug Development." International Journal of Toxicology 16, no. 1 (January 1997): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158197227350.

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Undesired pharmacologic activities of novel drugs or biologies may limit development of a therapeutic prior to the characterization of any toxicologic effects. In rodent species, general pharmacology assays have traditionally been used to screen new agents for pharmacologic effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems, the autonomic nervous system and smooth muscles, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, the digestive system, and the physiologic mechanisms of water and electrolyte balance. In large animal species, such as dogs and nonhuman primates, smaller numbers of animals per study limit their use for screening assays, but these species may play an important role in more detailed mechanistic studies. For drugs and biologies that must be tested in nonhuman primates because of species-specific action of the test agent, functional pharmacologic data are often collected during acute or subacute toxicity studies. This requires careful experimental design to minimize any impact pharmacologic effects or instrumentation may have on the assessment of toxicity. In addition, with many new therapies targeted at immunologic diseases, the pharmacologic effect of therapeutics on the immune system presents new challenges for pharmacologic profiling. The application of pharmacology assays by organ system in both rodent and large animal species are discussed, as well as practical issues in assessing pharmacology endpoints in the context of toxicity studies.

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Kinter, Lewis B. "General pharmacology/safety pharmacology: Customers, biologics, and glps." Drug Development Research 35, no. 3 (July 1995): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.430350305.

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Terézhalmy, Géza T., and V. Brian Gagliardi. "GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY." Dental Clinics of North America 38, no. 4 (October 1994): 585–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-8532(22)00178-1.

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Coward, D. M. "General Pharmacology of Clozapine." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, S17 (May 1992): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000296840.

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Clozapine shows neuroleptic-like inhibition of locomotor activity and conditioned avoidance responding in rodents, although tolerance develops on repeated treatment. EEG-based studies show strong arousal-inhibiting activity of clozapine as well as neuroleptic-like effects on both caudate spindle duration and rat sleep-waking patterns. Effects such as apomorphine blockade, catalepsy and strong increases of plasma prolactin levels are not seen, however, and chronic treatment does not lead to dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity. Binding studies show clozapine's highest affinities to be for dopamine D4, 5-HT1c, 5-HT2, α1, muscarinic and histamine H1 receptors, but moderate affinity is also seen for many other receptor subtypes. Microdialysis studies indicate a preferential interaction with striatal D1 receptors, whereas autoradiographical studies indicate upregulation of D1 and downregulation of 5-HT2 receptors after chronic clozapine. Clarification of the mechanisms underlying clozapine's special attributes is often hampered by a failure to examine compounds which show a close chemical relationship to clozapine, but which produce extrapyramidal side-effects in man, such as clothiapine, loxapine and amoxapine.

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Mizuguchi, Kiyoshi, Kozo Kanai, and Toshiji Igarashi. "Update of general pharmacology/safety pharmacology studies in Japan." Drug Development Research 38, no. 2 (June 1996): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199606)38:2<114::aid-ddr5>3.0.co;2-m.

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Lemoine, P. "General practitioners and clinical pharmacology." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 4, no. 4 (1989): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00002820.

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SummaryIt is difficult to undertake field studies with non marketed psychotropic drugs because of two apparently contradictory conditions : on the one hand, the methodology has to be rigorously controlled, and on the other hand, such studies have to be carried out in their future environment by general practitioners (GPs). Bearing in mind the lack of training and experience regarding this kind of approach, the author adopted a discussion group method according to the techniques developed by M. Balint. The study group comprised five GPs, a clinical pharmacology expert and a doctor from the pharmaceutical laboratory which had developed the test drug. These persons met on a monthly basis over a one year period. In the present paper, the author indicates the benefits of such a methodology, based on six years’ experience and several trials, with special emphasis placed on the pedagogical aspects.

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Bowmer, C. J. "Principle lead principles in general pharmacology." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 1989): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(89)90272-1.

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Sepúlveda, Pablo O., Valeria Epulef, and Gustavo Campos. "Why do We Use the Concepts of Adult Anesthesia Pharmacology in Developing Brains? Will It Have an Impact on Outcomes? Challenges in Neuromonitoring and Pharmacology in Pediatric Anesthesia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102175.

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Background: Pediatric sedation and anesthesia techniques have plenty of difficulties and challenges. Data on the pharmacologic, electroencephalographic, and neurologic response to anesthesia at different brain development times are only partially known. New data in neuroscience, pharmacology, and intraoperative neuromonitoring will impact changing concepts and clinical practice. In this article, we develop a conversation to guide the debate and search for a view more attuned to the updated knowledge in neurodevelopment, electroencephalography, and clinical pharmacology for the anesthesiologic practice in the pediatric population.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "General Pharmacology"

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Bourne, Gerald W. "The synaptic pharmacology of Phencyclidine in the hippocampal formation /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65384.

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Rodgers, Sarah. "Evaluation of a pharmacist-led intervention to reduce prescribing costs in general practice." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13862/.

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Introduction and aim It has been suggested that the employment of pharmacists in general practice might moderate the growth in prescribing costs. However, empirical evidence for this proposition has been lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate a controlled trial of pharmacist-led intervention in general practice to determine whether intervention practices made savings relative to controls and if so, exactly how these savings were made and whether quality of prescribing was maintained. Since this process of rationalisation has implications for patients, an additional aim was to explore the views of patients on changes made to their medication. Methods The study was an evaluation of an initiative set up by Doncaster Health Authority. Eight practices received intensive input from five pharmacists for one year (September 1996 to August 1997) at a cost of £163 000. Changes in prescribing patterns were investigated using Prescribing Analysis and CosT (PACT) data by comparing these practices with eight individually matched controls for both the year of the intervention and the previous year. A postal survey of 314 patients who had undergone a change in medication between October 1997 and January 1998 was used to explore patient views. Results The evaluation showed that the rise in prescribing costs for intervention practices was significantly lower than for control practices (p=0.02S). Had the cost growth of the intervention group been as high as that of the controls, their total prescribing expenditure would have been around £347 000 higher. Detailed analysis showed that these savings were achieved by controlling both prescribing volume and cost per unit volume in areas believed to be without detriment to patient care. The majority of patients were reasonably satisfied or very satisfied with the way in which they found out about their medication change and satisfaction was positively associated with being told why the change was taking place, being given a choice and being told by the GP, a practice pharmacist or by letter. Conclusions Compared with previous studies, this evaluation has advantages in the fact that a control group was used to compare changes in prescribing patterns. The evaluation has shown that the use of pharmacists controlled prescribing expenditure sufficiently to off-set the costs of their employment. Results of the patient survey indicated that patients were not so much concerned about changes in medication per se, but rather the manner in which it was conveyed to them. These results have important implications for the control of prescribing costs in primary care. However, this study took place in motivated practices that had relatively high prescribing costs and this may limit the generalisability of the results.

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Ramsay, Gregor Alan. "Depressant effects of general anaesthetics on cardiac muscle." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314918.

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Saunders, Robert Edward. "Pharmacists in general medical practice : a case study of clinical commissioning groups." Thesis, Keele University, 2018. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/5106/.

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Pharmacists have been identified to address the increasing workload in United Kingdom (UK) general practice. A pilot has been commissioned by National Health Service England (NHSE) to upskill pharmacists for this purpose. Evaluation is underway and early reports indicate that there have been integration issues. The value of pharmacists working in general practice and the level of training required for the role are not fully understood. The research reported in this thesis was started before the NHSE pilot. It was conducted to understand the background of Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) practice pharmacists (PPs), and their interactions with stakeholders. The rationale was to provide an insight into their working relationships and to generate recommendations to support the integration of pharmacists into general practice. The project was conducted in four CCGs in the West Midlands in 2014 using an interpretive/collective case study approach incorporating mixed methods for data collection. Quantitative data was collected on the background, employment and activities of PPs. Qualitative data was collected on stakeholders’ views of the CCG PP role from commissioners, general practitioners (GPs), and patients. Different commissioning models for PPs were studied to provide a deeper understanding of PPs’ interactions. The workload problems in general practice subsequently modified the focus of this thesis to determine the value of PPs to general practice, the level of training required and to propose a model for the integration of pharmacists into UK general practice. The thesis study identified some determinants of integration found in previously published studies but also discovered new areas specific to the integration of pharmacists into UK general practice. These areas can be grouped into three elements - the pharmacist’s skills and attributes, practice level facilitation and national level support. They are presented as a unique Model for the Successful Integration of Pharmacists into General Practice Teams.

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Mackenzie, Amanda Elaine. "An investigation of the molecular pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptor 35." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6392/.

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G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-pass integral membrane proteins that act as transducers of extracellular signals across the lipid bilayer. Their location and involvement in basic and pathological physiological processes has secured their role as key targets for pharmaceutical intervention. GPCRs are targeted by many of the best-selling drugs on the market and there are a substantial number of GPCRs that are yet to be characterised; these could offer interest for therapeutic targeting. GPR35 is one such receptor that, as a result of gene knockout and genome wide association studies, has attracted interest through its association with cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease. Elucidation of the basic physiological function of GPR35 has, however, been difficult due a paucity of potent and selective ligands in addition to a lack of consensus on the endogenous ligand. Herein, a focussed drug discovery effort was carried out to identify agonists of GPR35. Various in vitro cellular assays were employed in conjunction with N- or C-terminally manipulated forms of the receptor to investigate GPR35’s signalling profile and to provide an assay format suitable for the characterisation of newly identified ligands. Although GPR35 associates with both Gαi/o and Gα13 families of small heterotrimeric G proteins, the G protein-independent β-arrestin-2 recruitment format was found to be the most suited to drug screening efforts. Small molecule compound screening, carried out in conjunction with the Medical Research Council Technology, identified compound 1 as the most potent ligand of human GPR35 reported at that time. However, the lower efficacy and potency of compound 1 at the rodent species orthologues of GPR35 prevented its use in in vivo studies. A subsequent effort, carried out with Novartis, focused on mast cell stabilisers as putative agonists of GPR35, revealed lodoxamide and bufrolin as highly potent agonists that activated human and rat GPR35 with equal potency. This finding offered–for the first time–the opportunity to employ the same GPR35 ligand between species at a similar concentration, an important factor to consider when translating rodent in vivo functional studies to those in man. Additionally, using molecular modelling and site directed mutagenesis studies, these newly identified compounds were used to aid characterisation of the ligand binding pockets of human and rat GPR35 to reveal the molecular basis of species selectivity at this receptor. In summary, this research effort presents GPR35 tool compounds that can now be used to dissect the basic biology of GPR35 and investigate its contribution to disease.

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Galue, Adriana M. "Electrophysiology and pharmacology of persistent sodium currents present in the mammalian brain." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29805.

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Persistent sodium conductances are important both in normal and pathological brain states. In the first part of the present study we characterized a Type of persistent sodium conductance (INap) present in stellate cell neurons of the layer II medial entorhinal cortex area of the rat brain. To accomplish this task, we used the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique to record sodium currents in dissociated entorhinal neurons. It was found that INap represents 5 to 10% of the amplitude of the fast inactiuvating sodium conductance (INaF). In addition, I Nap activates at potentials 10mV more negative than INaF, and this persistent conductance is present at potentials more positive than those expected for a window current. These results show that INap in entorhinal neurons is due to a distinct subset of non-inactivating sodium channels, rather than a window current.
In the second part of the study, we carried out a pharmacological characterization of the Type III sodium channel, which is a molecular model to study persistent conductances. We tested the actions of phenytoin, carbamazepine, tetracaine and topiramate on these channels when expressed in the Xenopus oocyte system using the two-electrode double-voltage recording technique. It was found that all the drugs except topiramate, block the Type III currents in a voltage dependent manner. The sensitivity of Type III currents to drugs was not affected by coexpression of auxiliary sodium channel beta subunits, and it was similar to the sensitivity of fast-inactivating Type IIA sodium channels.

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Edwards, John James. "Quality indicators for the care of osteoarthritis in general practice : identification, synthesis, and implementation." Thesis, Keele University, 2017. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3527/.

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Background Previous studies have demonstrated suboptimal management of care for osteoarthritis (OA). The objectives of this study were to (i) identify indicators of quality of care for OA in general practice, (ii) measure quality of care using routine general practice records and through an enhanced recording template (iii) estimate the effect of the template introduction on quality of care, and (iv) assess the feasibility of quality indicators as trial outcome measures. Methods A systematic review and narrative synthesis of quality indicators was undertaken. An iterative process of development resulted in an electronic template to record management of OA in consultations, based on identified quality indicators. This was triggered by a case definition of clinical OA derived through consensus. An assessment of coding, diagnostic misclassification using consultation narrative, and baseline recorded quality of care before template installation in eight practices was undertaken. Measurement after template installation facilitated a before-and-after comparison of care. The indicators were used as secondary outcomes in a cluster-randomised trial of a model OA consultation. Results There were fifteen valid, feasible quality indicators. Consultation prevalence of clinical OA was comparable to other estimates but up to one-third of cases may not represent true OA. Prescribing and referral data were well-captured in the routine record; assessment and core treatment indicators (such as education and advice) were not and so were included in the recording template. The template had small-to-moderate effects on weight recording, and paracetamol and topical anti-inflammatory prescription. Assessment of the effect of the model consultation was limited by high baseline quality achievement and variation between trial arms, practices and clinicians. Conclusion Assessment of quality of care for OA in general practice through quality indicators is feasible but comprehensive assessment requires enhanced recording approaches. Inter-clinician variability requires further understanding and reduction, and triangulation with patient-experienced quality is needed.

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Coxon, Domenica. "Deciding to consult the general practitioner for joint pain : a choice-based conjoint analysis study." Thesis, Keele University, 2013. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3805/.

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A substantial proportion of older adults with non-inflammatory joint pain do not consult their general practitioner (GP) despite apparent clinical need. This thesis describes the development, execution, and interpretation of an original study using conjoint analysis – a fairly novel approach with some advantages over conventional observational and qualitative studies - to understand the relative importance of need-related and service-related factors on the decision to consult the GP. Background reading, a systematic review of previously published conjoint analysis studies, and a series of developmental studies involving patients and members of the public informed the design of the main study. A partial-profile choice-based conjoint (PPCBC) questionnaire was chosen, comprising 10 choice tasks using a combination of selected attributes (pain characteristics, pain disruption to everyday life, comorbidity, assessment and investigations available, available treatment options, and perceived GP attitude). The PPCBC questionnaire was postally-administered to 1170 adults aged 50 years and over with hip, knee, or hand pain identified from an existing population cohort study in North Staffordshire. 863 questionnaires were returned (adjusted response rate 74%; mean age: 70 years; 55% female) and well-completed ( < 5% missing data). The extent to which pain disrupted everyday life (1.10 logits) and perceived GP attitude (0.86 logits) were the most important determinants of the decision to consult the GP. Service factors were highly influential with a ‘negative’ GP attitude potentially outweighing the perceived value of optimal assessment and management. Latent class analysis identified possible subgroups with differing strengths of preference. Conjoint analysis is feasible and offers unique insights into the relative importance of actual and hypothetical services. While it presents many challenges - extensive developmental testing, complex design and analysis procedures, ability to integrate findings from a range of different methods – it can provide important information on patients’ preferences for existing and emerging treatments and models of care.

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Mulholland, Thomas David. "The peripheral vascular effects of general and regional anaesthesia in children." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261940.

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Takahashi, Hidenori. "Effects of general anaesthetics on calcium and potassium channel currents in heart cells." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239241.

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Books on the topic "General Pharmacology"

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Tallarida, Ronald J., Robert B. Raffa, and Paul McGonigle. Principles in General Pharmacology. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3778-5.

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B, Raffa Robert, and McGonigle Paul, eds. Principles in general pharmacology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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W, Foster R., and Carpenter John 1943-, eds. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1200 multiple choice questions in pharmacology. 2nd ed. London: Butterworths, 1986.

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J, Trevor Anthony, ed. Pharmacology. East Norwalk, Conn: Appleton & Lange, 2003.

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Pharmacology: A novel. Las Vegas, NV: AamazonEncore, 2011.

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M, Harris Conrad, ed. Prescribing in general practice. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press, 1996.

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Wanamaker, Boyce P. Applied pharmacology for the veterinary technician. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders, 2004.

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Lockett, Massey Kathy, ed. Applied pharmacology for the veterinary technician. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders, 2004.

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Katzung, Bertram G. Pharmacology: A review. Los Altos, Calif: Lange Medical Publications, 1985.

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1941-, Ross Robert N., Bartlett Jimmy D, and Jaanus Siret D, eds. Pocket companion : Clinical ocular pharmacology, Third edition. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "General Pharmacology"

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Bickers, David R. "General Pharmacology." In Therapy of Skin Diseases, 21–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78814-0_3.

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Sadek, Joseph. "General Pharmacology." In Clinician’s Guide to Psychopharmacology, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60766-1_1.

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Sharma, Amit. "General Pharmacology." In Fast Facts for the Primary FRCA and EDAIC, 108–24. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003390244-12.

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Hu, Yaqi, and Kamal Maheshwari. "Pharmacology: General Concepts." In Basic Sciences in Anesthesia, 95–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62067-1_5.

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Workman, Edward A., and Frank F. Tellian. "General Principles of Pharmacology." In Practical Handbook of Psychopharmacology, 1–7. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429332661-1.

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Preston, Ioana R. "General Supportive Care." In Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 153–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45805-1_6.

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Shimoji, Koki, and Hitoshi Fujioka. "Pharmacology of Analgesics." In Chronic Pain Management in General and Hospital Practice, 55–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2933-7_5.

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Patra, Jayanta Kumar, Swagat Kumar Das, Gitishree Das, and Hrudayanath Thatoi. "General Aspects of Pharmacology Laboratory." In A Practical Guide to Pharmacological Biotechnology, 1–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6355-9_1.

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Puls, W. "General Pharmacology of Glucosidase Inhibitors." In Oral Antidiabetics, 535–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09127-2_18.

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Saroya, Amritpal Singh. "General and Clinical Pharmacology of Cannabis sp." In Reverse Pharmacology, 76–82. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2017. | “A Science Publishers book.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22163-15.

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Conference papers on the topic "General Pharmacology"

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Garcimartín, Alba, Aranzazu Bocanegra, Ana García-Aguilar, and Elena González Burgos. "GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY PRACTICAL CLASSES IN TIMES OF COVID-19." In 13th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.2135.

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González-Burgos, Elena, and Alba Garcimartín Álvarez. "GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY: FROM FACE-TO-FACE TO REMOTE LEARNING." In 15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.0350.

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Dalin, Dagmar Abelone, Charlotte Vermehren, Anette Kobberø Jensen, Janne Unkerskov, Lene Ørskov Reuther, and Jón Þór Trærup Andersen. "107 Systematic medication review in general practice – a collaboration between clinical pharmacology and general practice." In Preventing Overdiagnosis, Abstracts, August 2018, Copenhagen. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2018-111070.107.

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Dzhimak, S. S., M. I. Drobotenko, A. A. Svidlo, and A. A. Elkina. "INFLUENCE OF THE 2H/1H ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF A MEDIUM ON THE PROBABILITY OF BROKENING OF HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN BASE PAIRS IN A DNA MOLECULE." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.95-101.

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In this work, the role of single substitutions of protium for deuterium in the formation of bub-bles of open states is studied by mathematical modeling methods. It is shown that the proba-bility of formation of bubbles of a certain length (from 12 to 27 nucleotides) depends on the localization of the deuterium atom in the DNA molecule and may differ significantly from the probability of open states in general.

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Arutyunov, Armenak Valerievich, Vladimir Viktorovich Volobuev, Elena Alexandrovna Badeeva, Tatyana Ivanovna Murashkina, and Yury Anatolyevich Vasilyev. "CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE FACE IN CHILDREN OF A LARGE REGION OF RUSSIA: CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTIVE DIAGNOSTIC SOLUTIONS." In International conference New technologies in medicine, biology, pharmacology and ecology (NT +M&Ec ' 2020). Institute of information technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-0-7.16.

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Cleft lip and/or palate occupy a leading position among facial malformations. On the territory of the Krasnodar region, this pathology occurs in 1.01-1.15 cases per 1000 children. Therefore, it is important to improve the diagnostic base. The joint work of the Kuban state medical University staff with Institute of General genetics and Penza state University allowed to develop diagnostic methods based on molecular genetic analysis and using fiber-optic technologies.

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Ferreri, Suzanne, and Yi-Xian Qin. "Dynamic Mechanical Signals Delivered by Ultrasound Generate Site Specific Mediation of Bone Loss." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206219.

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Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased bone mass and progressive erosion of the microstructure. As a result, bone is at higher risk for developing chronic and traumatic fractures at key skeletal sites. Therapeutic ultrasound may offer a potential non-pharmacologic, site-specific intervention for treatment of osteoporotic bone loss.

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Udina, I. G., A. S. Gracheva, Yu А. Vasiliev, E. Yu Pobedonosteva, and O. L. Kurbatova. "PECULIARITIES OF DISTRIBUTION OF Y-CHROMOSOME HAPLOGROUPS IN GENERATIONS OF MEGAPOLIS POPULATION UNDER ACTION OF MIGRATION." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.110-113.

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In three generations, peculiarities of changes in the profile of Y-chromosome haplotypes were studied. Genetic demographic questionnaire collecting and genotyping by 18 STR of Y-chro-mosome were performed, haplogroups of Y-chromosome were detected. In generations of megalopolis population, specific peculiarities of the frequency profiles of Y-chromosome hap-logroups were detected, due to migration of population to megapolis. In the youngest genera-tion, in comparison with two previous generations statistically significant accumulation in the gene pool of megalopolis population “southern” by origin haplogroups bringing to megapolis with migrant flows. Obtained results are in good agreement with ethnic contents of migrants to Moscow detected by questionnaire data.

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Dmitrieva, Valentina Viktorovna, and Evgeny Valeryevich Polyakov. "THE MEDICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM CONCEPT FOR ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA DIAGNOSING." In NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-1-4.06.

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Continuous improvement of software and hardware platforms makes it possible to significant-ly expand the development capabilities of modern medical information systems (MIS) to reach a qualitatively new level associated with the transition to the creation of universal cross-platform web-applications. The article discusses the concept of the implementation of MIS for the diagnosis of acute leu-kemia (AL) and minimal residual disease (MRD) through the complex integration of systems based on laser flow cytometry (an integrated method for diagnosing hemoblastosis), intelli-gent computer microscopy based on expert neural network analyzer for recognition of blast cell images based on formed reference knowledge base. When making a diagnosis, this MIS will allow doctors to work with information about patients directly through the system inter-face by comparing data about new patients with images of an expert database and then sub-sequent generate the diagnostic conclusion based on the results of the studies performed. Data security in the system is ensured by the web server administration regulations and the division of access rights for various categories of users. MIS provides an opportunity for a comprehensive diagnostic study of patients making decisions about the tactics of treatment.

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Reports on the topic "General Pharmacology"

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Izmozherova, Nadezdha, Viktor Bakhtin, Marina Driker, Maria Dobrinskaya, Elena Safianik, and Muraz Shambatov. Electronic training course "Pharmacology for students of General Medicine and Pediatric faculties". SIB-Expertise, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0650.15122022.

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Электронный учебный курс «Фармакология для студентов лечебно-профилактического и педиатрического факультетов» составлен в соответствии с требованиями следующих документов: Федеральный государственный образовательный стандарт высшего образования по специальности 31.05.01 Лечебное дело, утверждённый приказом Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации от 12.08.2020 г. № 988 Федеральный государственный образовательный стандарт высшего образования по специальности 31.05.02 Педиатрия, утвержденный приказом Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации от 12.08.2020 г. № 965 Профессиональный стандарт ""Врач-лечебник (врач-терапевт участковый)"" , утвержденный приказом Министерства труда и социальной защиты Российской Федерации от 21.03.2017 г. № 293н Профессиональный стандарт ""Врач-педиатр участковый"", утверждённый приказом Министерства труда и социальной защиты Российской Федерации от 27.03.2017 г. № 306н Цель изучения курса - овладение студентами необходимым объемом теоретических и практических знаний по фармакологии для освоения компетенций в соответствии с требованиями Федеральных государственных образовательных стандартов высшего образования. Задачи курса: Освоение общих принципов оформления рецептов и составления рецептурных прописей, умения выписывать в рецептах различные лекарственные формы Знание общих закономерностей фармакокинетики и фармакодинамики лекарственных средств. Умение анализировать действия лекарственных средств по совокупности их фармакологических эффектов, механизмов и локализации действия, фармакокинетики Умение оценивать возможности использования лекарственных средств для целей фармакотерапии на основе представлений об их свойствах Приобретение навыков выписывать лекарственные средства в рецептах при определенных патологических состояниях, исходя из особенностей фармакодинамики и фармакокинетики лекарственных препаратов Трудоемкость курса составляет 252 часа.

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Johnson, Corey, Colton James, Sarah Traughber, and Charles Walker. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Implications in Neostigmine versus Sugammadex. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0005.

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Purpose/Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a frequent complaint in the postoperative period, which can delay discharge, result in readmission, and increase cost for patients and facilities. Inducing paralysis is common in anesthesia, as is utilizing the drugs neostigmine and sugammadex as reversal agents for non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers. Many studies are available that compare these two drugs to determine if neostigmine increases the risk of PONV over sugammadex. Sugammadex has a more favorable pharmacologic profile and may improve patient outcomes by reducing PONV. Methods: This review included screening a total of 39 studies and peer-reviewed articles that looked at patients undergoing general anesthesia who received non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers requiring either neostigmine or sugammadex for reversal, along with their respective PONV rates. 8 articles were included, while 31 articles were removed based on our exclusion criteria. These were published between 2014 and 2020 exclusively. The key words used were “neostigmine”, “sugammadex”, “PONV”, along with combinations “paralytic reversal agents and PONV”. This search was performed on the scholarly database MEDLINE. The data items were PONV rates in neostigmine group, PONV rates in sugammadex group, incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in neostigmine group, and incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in sugammadex group. Results: Despite numerical differences being noted in the incidence of PONV with sugammadex over reversal with neostigmine, there did not appear to be any statistically significant data in the multiple peer-reviewed trials included in our review, for not one of the 8 studies concluded that there was a higher incidence of PONV in one drug or the other of an y clinical relevance. Although the side-effect profile tended to be better in the sugammadex group than neostigmine in areas other than PONV, there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that one drug was superior to the other in causing a direct reduction of PONV. Implications for Nursing Practice: There were variable but slight differences noted between both drug groups in PONV rates, but it remained that none of the studies determined it was statically significant or clinically conclusive. This review did, however, note other advantages to sugammadex over neostigmine, including its pharmacologic profile of more efficiently reversing non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs and its more favorable pharmacokinetics. This lack of statistically significant evidence found within these studies consequentially does not support pharmacologic decision-making of one drug in favor of the other for reducing PONV; therefore, PONV alone is not a sufficient rationale for a provider to justify using one reversal over another at the current time until further research proves otherwise.

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Moxham-Hall, Vivienne, Anton du Toit, and Deshanie Rawlings. Clinical interventions for e-cigarette cessation in young people: an Evidence Snapshot brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health. The Sax Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/fyfv7482.

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Key messages • We found that there are limited studies analysing the effectiveness of e-cigarette cessation interventions in a clinical setting and of those that do exist the sample sizes are small, and the studies are underpowered to make any confident assessment of their effectiveness. • Clinical interventions appropriate for young people included nonpharmacologic interventions such as contingency management and behavioural counselling while NRT may be an effective pharmacologic intervention. • There was limited evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of behavioural counselling as a stand-alone cessation strategy, but it may be effective in conjunction with other approaches. • Emerging evidence suggests that digital cessation interventions (i.e. text message or app-based delivery) may be the preferred mode of delivery for young people, however, their effectiveness in maintaining abstinence is yet to be confirmed. • Evidence suggests there is a need to quantify and create a consistent measure of nicotine intake to appropriately inform clinical treatment decisions. • Studies are generally very low quality, and it is not possible nor is it appropriate to make any definitive conclusions.

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Skelly, Andrea C., Roger Chou, Joseph R. Dettori, Erika D. Brodt, Andrea Diulio-Nakamura, Kim Mauer, Rongwei Fu, et al. Integrated and Comprehensive Pain Management Programs: Effectiveness and Harms. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer251.

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Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness and harms of pain management programs that are based on the biopsychosocial model of care, particularly in the Medicare population. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) from 1989 to May 24, 2021; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Given lack of consensus on terminology and program definition for pain management, we defined programs as integrated (based in and integrated with primary care) and comprehensive (referral based and separate from primary care) pain management programs (IPMPs and CPMPs). Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing IPMPs and CPMPs with usual care or waitlist, physical activity, pharmacologic therapy, and psychological therapy in patients with complex acute/subacute pain or chronic nonactive cancer pain. Patients needed to have access to medication support/review, psychological support, and physical function support in programs. Meta-analyses were conducted to improve estimate precision. We classified the magnitude of effects as small, moderate, or large based on predefined criteria. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for the primary outcomes of pain, function, and change in opioid use. Results. We included 57 RCTs; 8 evaluated IPMPs and 49 evaluated CPMPs. Compared with usual care or waitlist, IPMPs were associated with small improvements in pain in the short and intermediate term (SOE: low) and in function in the short term (SOE: moderate), but there were no clear differences at other time points. CPMPs were associated with small improvements in pain immediately postintervention (SOE: moderate) but no differences in the short, intermediate, and long term (SOE: low); for function, improvements were moderate immediately postintervention and in the short term; there were no differences in the intermediate or long term (SOE: low at all time points). CPMPs were associated with small to moderate improvements in function and pain versus pharmacologic treatment alone at multiple time frames (SOE: moderate for function intermediate term; low for pain and function at all other times), and with small improvements in function but no improvements in pain in the short term when compared with physical activity alone (SOE: moderate). There were no differences between CPMPs and psychological therapy alone at any time (SOE: low). Serious harms were not reported, although evidence on harms was insufficient. The mean age was 57 years across IPMP RCTs and 45 years across CPMP RCTs. None of the trials specifically enrolled Medicare beneficiaries. Evidence on factors related to program structure, delivery, coordination, and components that may impact outcomes is sparse and there was substantial variability across studies on these factors. Conclusions. IPMPs and CPMPs may provide small to moderate improvements in function and small improvements in pain in patients with chronic pain compared with usual care. Formal pain management programs have not been widely implemented in the United States for general populations or the Medicare population. To the extent that programs are tailored to patients’ needs, our findings are potentially applicable to the Medicare population. Programs that address a range of biopsychosocial aspects of pain, tailor components to patient need, and coordinate care may be of particular importance in this population.

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Peterson, Bradley S., Joey Trampush, Margaret Maglione, Maria Bolshakova, Morah Brown, Mary Rozelle, Aneesa Motala, et al. ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer267.

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Objective. The systematic review assessed evidence on the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents to inform a planned update of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, PsycINFO®, ERIC, clinicaltrials.gov, and prior reviews for primary studies published since 1980. The report includes studies published to June 15, 2023. Review methods. The review followed a detailed protocol and was supported by a Technical Expert Panel. Citation screening was facilitated by machine learning; two independent reviewers screened full text citations for eligibility. We abstracted data using software designed for systematic reviews. Risk of bias assessments focused on key sources of bias for diagnostic and intervention studies. We conducted strength of evidence (SoE) and applicability assessments for key outcomes. The protocol for the review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022312656). Results. Searches identified 23,139 citations, and 7,534 were obtained as full text. We included 550 studies reported in 1,097 publications (231 studies addressed diagnosis, 312 studies addressed treatment, and 10 studies addressed monitoring). Diagnostic studies reported on the diagnostic performance of numerous parental ratings, teacher rating scales, teen/child self-reports, clinician tools, neuropsychological tests, EEG approaches, imaging, and biomarkers. Multiple approaches showed promising diagnostic performance (e.g., using parental rating scales), although estimates of performance varied considerably across studies and the SoE was generally low. Few studies reported estimates for children under the age of 7. Treatment studies evaluated combined pharmacological and behavior approaches, medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration, other pharmacologic treatment, psychological/behavioral approaches, cognitive training, neurofeedback, neurostimulation, physical exercise, nutrition and supplements, integrative medicine, parent support, school interventions, and provider or model-of-care interventions. Medication treatment was associated with improved broadband scale scores and ADHD symptoms (high SoE) as well as function (moderate SoE), but also appetite suppression and adverse events (high SoE). Psychosocial interventions also showed improvement in ADHD symptoms based on moderate SoE. Few studies have evaluated combinations of pharmacological and youth-directed psychosocial interventions, and we did not find combinations that were systematically superior to monotherapy (low SoE). Published monitoring approaches for ADHD were limited and the SoE is insufficient. Conclusion. Many diagnostic tools are available to aid the diagnosis of ADHD, but few monitoring strategies have been studied. Medication therapies remain important treatment options, although with a risk of side effects, as the evidence base for psychosocial therapies strengthens and other nondrug treatment approaches emerge.

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