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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'General principle of international law'
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Yotova, Rumiana Vladimirova. "International public policy and the settlement of disputes : in search of a general principle of law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708678.
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Versan, R. "The general principles of international judicial assistance in civil matters and judicial assistance to international courts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373715.
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Raimondo, Fabián Omár. "General principles of law in the decisions of international criminal courts and tribunals." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://dare.uva.nl/record/234268.
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Moreno, Molina José Antonio. "General Principles of Public Procurement in Recent International, European and Latin American Law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118488.
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The paper reflects on the importance of the general principles of public procurement in the application and interpretation of the law in this area. To this objective both the international law of administrative contracts, which has its main landmarks in the government procurement agreement of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations Model Law, as the regulation and case law of the European Union are analyzed, which has laid a very advanced teaching in this regard. Finally it is subject to review recent legislation compared to Latin America on public procurement, which attaches great importance to general principles.En el trabajo se reflexiona acerca de la importancia de los principios generales de la contratación pública en la aplicación e interpretación del Derecho en la materia. A tal efecto se analizan tanto el Derecho Internacional de las contrataciones administrativas, que tiene sus principales hitos en el Acuerdo de compras públicas de la Organización Mundial del Comercio y en la Ley Modelo de Naciones Unidas, como la regulación y jurisprudencia de la Unión Europea, que ha sentado una doctrina muy avanzada al respecto. Finalmente es objeto de comentario la reciente legislación comparada de países de América latina sobre contratos públicos, que concede una gran importancia a los principios generales.
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Heidemann, Maren. "Methodology of uniform contract law : the UNIDROIT principles in international legal doctrine and practice." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12078/.
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Despite ever growing international trade and dispute settlement, a consistent international methodology of uniform private law has yet to be formed. This is needed in order to encourage the use of existing uniform transnational law rules specifically designed for application to international commercial contracts. This study examines uniform contract law in legal methodology and considers the barriers which exist toward it in modern nation states. It explores ways in which these barriers can be overcome and considers whether it is thereby possible to create a specific methodology of international contract law. Through exploring these three areas, this thesis intends to distinguish and analyse the main obstacles to the application of uniform contract law. The study is therefore organized into three sections, each exploring one of those methodological obstacles and providing solutions for overcoming them. Part One discusses the barriers erected by traditional theories of contract law. Part Two addresses the attitude taken by national lawyers when applying uniform law and enquires how this attitude is formed. This section also asks why this attitude provides an obstacle to the success of uniform law and considers ways in which it could be changed. Part Three, the third and final section considers the treatment of uniform contract law in the context of conflict of laws. This section also asks how seemingly opposite positions in the modern and traditional theory of private international law can be reconciled and considers the ways in which uniform contract law can be applied within a domestic law context as lex contractus. The author argues that the points of resistance identified can be tackled by developing an autonomous methodology of interpretation of transnational contract principles; and, by treating model sets of transnational contract principles as a form of lex specialis. Overall, the thesis seeks to demonstrate that the potential of the UPICC has not yet been fully recognised, and that barriers to such recognition are not insurmountable.
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Fellrath, Isabelle. "A study of selected principles of international environmental law in the light of 'sustainable development'." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10983/.
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Since the late 1980s, the terms of 'sustainable development' have been frequently referred to both in international environmental law instruments and in the doctrine. In spite of such references, however, sustainable development has remained poorly developed in terms of its meaning and of its practical and normative implications. This thesis purports to come out with a partial picture of what sustainable development means (or does not mean) in the restricted context of international environmental law. To do so, it will try to identify in which respect and how far sustainable development has influenced and has been reflected in the evolution of some selected principles of that law. Each principles is considered in an evolutionary perspective, from the time of its inception to the time of its 'association' to sustainable development.
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Thévenot-Werner, Anne-Marie. "Le droit des agents internationaux à un recours effectif : vers un droit commun de la procédure administrative internationale." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010295.
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L’immunité de juridiction des organisations internationales exclue – en principe – toute possibilité pour un agent international de se tourner vers le juge national en cas de litige avec son organisation. Ainsi, la question se pose de la garantie par le droit international du droit à un recours effectif des agents. Bien que chaque organisation internationale soit créatrice de son propre ordre juridique partiel, de multiples principes généraux identifiés par les différents tribunaux administratifs internationaux établissent un droit des agents internationaux à un recours effectif. Toutefois, dans la pratique, les parties prenantes dotées du pouvoir décisionnel ne tirent pas toujours toutes les conséquences de ces normes pour offrir aux agents les garanties nécessaires en vue d’assurer l’effectivité des voies de recours. Il en résulte une fragilité de ce droit, qui n’est pas sans répercussion sur le respect de l’état de droit au sein des organisations internationalesInternational organizations’ immunity from jurisdiction prevents – in principle – an international agent from access to national courts in case of a conflict with his organization. Therefore, the question arises whether agents have a right to an effective remedy under international law. Despite the fact that each international organization creates its own partial legal order, various general principles identified by different international administrative tribunals establish, taken as a whole, the right of international agents to an effective remedy. However, in practice, the key stakeholders having decision-making power do not draw all necessary conclusions from these rules which would provide agents with the required guarantees for ensuring effectiveness of the legal remedies. This emphasizes the fragility of this right – a fragility which is not without consequences on the rule of law in international organizations
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Thani, Ahmed Abdulla Farhan. "The projected Arab Court of Justice : a study to its draft statute and rules, with specific reference to the International Court of Justice and principles of Islamic Shariah." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1571/.
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The present thesis deals with the projected Arab Court of Justice (ACJ) as a regional court, expected to be created within the League of Arab States system. Chapter one deals mainly with the basic structure of the League of Arab States itself, its membership, its organs, the settlement of disputes, and the reasons that are delaying the creation of the ACJ and the role it will be expected to play in settling inter-Arab disputes. In the second chapter comprehensive information on the function of the judicial power in Islamic Shariah is presented, including the status of judges in Islam, their appointment, qualifications, independence and other issues related to them. Chapter three concentrates on the organisation of the projected ACJ, comparing its draft Statute with the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and other regional international courts. The chapter will also show how far the Arab draftsmen have been influenced by principles and rules of Islamic Shariah, especially in matters relating to the qualification of judges. Furthermore, the chapter will discuss other points related to the organisation of the bench such as nomination of candidates, system of election, constituting chambers, appointing ad hoc judges etc. The fourth chapter explains in detail at the level of theory as well as of practice the role of Islamic Shariah as a source to be applied by the projected ACJ. The chapter points to the need to discuss the origins and fundamental conceptions of Islamic Shariah as a law capable to be applied by the projected ACJ. Chapter five continues with a discussion of the jurisdiction of the ACJ, and makes detailed reference to the concepts of jurisdiction ratione personae, ratione materiae and the function of the ACJ to give advisory opinions. The thesis considers whether the Arab drafters have developed the above terms or have simply adopted them as they exist in the Statute of the International Court of Justice. The conclusions summarise the findings of the Thesis, and are accompanied by some critical remarks.
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Ghaibeh, Huda Julie. "The United Nations Global Compact's human rights principles| An analysis." Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1556855.
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This thesis aims to determine the effectiveness of the largest corporate social responsibility initiative, the United Nations Global Compact, in the protection of human rights by businesses. Certain scholars critique the Compact's human rights principles and voluntary aspect while others support it. The main critique is that the principles fail to provide adequate direction to businesses. However, my assertion is that the voluntary initiative's human rights principles are effective. I have relied on secondary literature in analyzing the paths of a number of signatory businesses, each from differing sectors, in addressing human rights. It appears that the vagueness of the principles serves a purpose for businesses of different industry types and contexts. In other words, my originally proposed thesis was strengthened after examining how various signatory businesses have sought to support human rights. Rather than turning the principles into a highly structured code of conduct for all businesses as the critics have argued, I argue that the principles should remain general and that more detailed direction must be developed for each individual business according to industry type, geographical location, size, and other particular circumstances.
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Lamour, Marianne. "Le principe lex specialis en droit international." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100188.
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L’accroissement sensible des références au principe lex specialis dans le discours des acteurs du droit international, notamment depuis la fin du XXe siècle, a contribué à le faire apparaître comme un concept incontournable. Pourtant, la question de son contenu fait toujours débat dans les travaux de la doctrine comme dans la pratique de ces acteurs. Une dualité des perceptions de la fonction du principe lex specialis existe en effet dans leurs discours où il est entendu soit comme un principe d’articulation de règles concurrentes soit comme un principe de solution de conflit entre règles incompatibles. Cette dualité n’est pas surprenante : elle prend sa source dans des genèses historiquement différentes et conceptuellement antagonistes de chacune de ces fonctions. Celle de solution de conflit procède pourtant dès l’origine d’une incohérence conceptuelle puisque deux règles contradictoires n’entretiennent en fait pas de relation de généralité et de spécialité. Elle n’est au demeurant pas transposable dans l’ordre juridique international moderne car le fait qu’un de ses sujets puisse ne pas se conformer à une obligation qui lui incombe en raison de l’existence d’une autre obligation contradictoire avec celle-ci, et ce licitement, est irréconciliable avec le principe axiomatique pacta sunt servanda. Par contraste, sa fonction d’articulation constitue un outil pour l’interprète au service de l’affirmation de la cohérence et de l’unité du droit qu’il applique. Dans le contexte contemporain d’interrogation sur la fragmentation du droit international, il n’est donc pas étonnant que ce soit cette fonction que les acteurs mettent majoritairement en œuvre de nos joursThe significant increase in references to the lex specialis principle by international actors, especially since the end of the twentieth century, has made it appear as an unavoidable concept. However, the question of its content is still debated by scholars and in practice. A duality of perceptions of the function of the lex specialis principle exists. Indeed, it is understood either as a principle of articulation of competing rules or as a principle of solution of conflict between contradictory rules. That duality is not surprising: each of these functions derives from historically different and conceptually antagonistic genesis. But the solution of conflict function proceeds from the outset of a conceptual incoherence since two contradictory rules have no relation of generality and specialty. Moreover, it can not be transposed into the modern international legal order because the fact that one of its subjects may lawfully not comply with one of its obligation due to the existence of another obligation contradictory to it is irreconcilable with the axiomatic principle pacta sunt servanda. By contrast, its articulation function constitutes a tool for the interpreter to affirm the coherence and unity of the law it applies. In relation to the contemporary concerns about fragmentation of international law, it is not surprising that this is the function most of its actors implement today
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Balmaceda, Jorge. "La vente de marchandises dans les systèmes de droit civil et de common law : une étude des droits anglais, chilien et français." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D041/document.
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La common law et le droit civil sont les principaux systèmes de droit dans le monde et la vente de marchandises est le contrat le plus important. La vente de marchandises a été soumise à la loi anglaise et au droit civil, indistinctement, ce qui a parfois posé des problèmes, suite à des approximations différentes en fonction de certains principes et institutions. La Convention de Vienne du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises a essayé d'harmoniser ces différences avec une technique codificatrice, typique du droit civil, en privilégiant des règles de droit civil le plus souvent, mais a aussi introduit des institutions de la common law, qui ne sont pas incompatibles avec le droit civil, comme nous le verrons. Les principes généraux du système de droit civil et les principes d'Unidroit aident à ce but d'harmonisation en intégrant les dispositions de la Convention de Vienne de 1980, et même, lors de la phase interprétative. La force de la codification s'impose par rapport à la common law, en donnant ainsi certitude et sophistication législative à ce sujet, dont l'importance est capitale pour le commerce mondialCommon Law and Civil Law are the main legal systems in the world and the sale of goods is the most important contract. Sales of goods have been ruled either by English Law or Civil Law, which has posed problems sometimes due to different approaches regarding certain principles and institutions. The 11th April 1980 Vienna Convention on international sale of goods tried to harmonise these differences with a codification technique, typical of Civil Law, giving privilege to rules of Civil Law most of the time but also introducing institutions from Common Law, that are not incompatible with Civil Law, as we will see. The general principles of Civil Law and Unidroit principles help with this harmonisation goal, integrating the rules of the CISG and also with the interpretation phase. The power of codification prevails over Common Law, giving certitude and sophistication to this matter, which is vital for global commerce
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Awad, Siham Samir. "The impact of the application of Sharia law on the rights of non-Muslims in the light of international principles : the case of Sudan." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22690.
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The idea of exploring the topic of the thesis has been promoted by the revival of Islam as a legal system in a number of Islamic nation states, as an assertion and part of their identity. This development is regarded by some as adversely affecting non-Muslim citizens in such states when looked at in the light of international principles.Sudan, a multireligious state, declared the application of Sharia laws in 1983. The thesis addresses the impact of the application of Sharia law on non-Muslims within the historical, political and legal context of Sudan. This is examined in the light of international principles.
To this end, the thesis uses a comparative methodology, entailing the identification of the areas of inconsistencies between rules of Sharia governing non-Muslim subjects and international norms. Thus, an examination of Sudanese laws based on Sharia having an impact on non-Muslims is made.
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Laval, Pierre-François. "La compétence ratione temporis des juridictions internationales." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40030.
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La « compétence ratione temporis » est une expression d’origine jurisprudentielle dont la signification varie selon le contexte dans lequel elle se trouve employée. Telle qu’elle apparaît dans les décisions des juridictions internationales, celle-ci désigne d’abord la durée de l’habilitation à exercer le pouvoir juridictionnel que l’on associe à la durée de validité de l’engagement juridictionnel de l’Etat. La compétence temporelle désigne également le domaine temporel d’exercice du pouvoir de juger, les Etats précisant bien souvent les catégories de litiges ratione temporis pour lesquels ils peuvent être attraits en justice. Sur la base de ce constat, la doctrine ne voit dans la compétence temporelle qu’une notion à contenu variable sans véritable utilité pour l’analyse du droit positif, et préfère parler soit de compétence personnelle dès lors qu’est en cause l’existence du consentement de l’Etat à se soumettre à la juridiction, soit de compétence matérielle pour envisager les catégories de différends dont le tribunal pourra connaître. L’étude de la jurisprudence internationale conduit toutefois à remettre en cause le bien-fondé d’une telle analyse. Si l’on peut voir dans la compétence temporelle un élément d’identification de la sphère de compétence du tribunal, et donc un aspect de sa compétence matérielle, la résolution pratique du problème de la durée de l’habilitation à juger ne peut être comprise en ayant recours au concept de compétence personnelle. Par la manière dont les juridictions appliquent l’engagement juridictionnel ratione temporis, celui-ci n’apparaît pas simplement comme l’acte par lequel les Etats consentent à se soumettre à la juridiction, mais d’abord comme le titre qui fonde l’action des justiciables. En cela, l’explication des solutions retenues par les juridictions internationales ne peut faire l’économie d’un concept propre à la durée de l’habilitation : celui de compétence ratione temporis"Jurisdiction ratione temporis" is an expression that derives from case law, the meaning of which varies depending on the context it is used in. As it appears in International court decisions, it is used to mean the time during which the court has the authority to exercise jurisdictional power which also relates to the time during which the State’s consent to jurisdiction is valid. Jurisdiction ratione temporis also means the time period during which the court has the power to judge as the States often specify categories of disputes for which they can be brought to justice as ratione temporis. On this basis, legal doctrine only sees temporal jurisdiction as a variable notion that is not particularly useful in analysing positive law, and prefers to refer to either jurisdiction ratione personae when there is an issue of whether the State has agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the court, or to jurisdiction ratione materiae for categories of disputes for which a court could have jurisdiction. Studies on International case law however call into question the justification of such an analysis. If we can consider that in temporal jurisdiction there is an element of identifying the jurisdictional sphere of the court and therefore an aspect of its jurisdiction ratione materiae, the problem of the time during which a court has jurisdiction cannot be practically solved by referring to the concept of jurisdiction ratione personae. Given the way in which courts apply the title of jurisdiction ratione temporis, this does not appear to be just an act by which the States agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the court but first of all as the very basis of the action. In this, the explanations of the solutions of the International courts cannot ignore a concept that is specific to the duration of authorisation, that of jurisdiction ratione temporis
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Nikonova, Maria. "L'interprétation du droit uniforme du commerce international en Russie : l'exemple de la Convention de Vienne sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0020.
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Les opérations du commerce international ont besoin de sécurité juridique. Le droit matériel uniforme se présente comme une réponse à ce besoin, offrant aux opérateurs du commerce international des règles uniformisées et adaptées aux transactions internationales. Toutefois, l'efficacité de cette réponse dépend fortement de la façon dont le droit uniforme est mis en œuvre par les juges nationaux et par les arbitres du commerce international. L'objectif de cette étude est donc de proposer une analyse critique de la pratique de l'interprétation des règles de droit uniforme en Russie en prenant comme exemple le droit uniforme de la vente internationale de marchandises établi par la Convention de Vienne de 1980. Au terme de cette analyse, il apparaît que les particularités du système juridique et judiciaire russe ont des implications non négligeables sur l'interprétation du droit conventionnel uniforme. Si l'intégration des conventions internationales dans le système juridique russe est censée garantir leur application par les juges étatiques, elle se trouve également à l'origine de la confusion opérée entre les règles du droit uniforme et celles du droit national. Confusion, qui amène les juges russes à interpréter les règles du droit uniforme à la lumière du droit national, mettant ainsi en danger l'uniformité de l'application du droit matériel international. En l'absence du principe de "stare decisis" transnational, l'uniformité de l'interprétation des règles du droit uniforme ne peut être assurée que grâce à une coopération et un dialogue entre les interprètes [...]The international trade operations need legal certainty. The uniform substantive law comes as a response to this need, providing parties with uniform legal basis adapted to international transactions. However, the effectiveness of this response will largely depend on how the uniform law is implemented by domestic courts and arbitral tribunals. The objective of this study is to provide a critical analysis of the practice of interpretation of uniform legal texts in Russia by taking as an example the uniform law of the international sale of goods created by the Vienna Convention of 1980. This analysis reveals that the particular characteristics of the Russian legal and judicial systems have significant implications on the interpretation of uniform substantive law. The integration of international conventions in the Russian legal system is supposed to ensure their implementation by state judges, but it can also create confusion between the rules of uniform law and those of domestic law. This confusion brings Russian judges to interpretation of the uniform law on the basis of their national law, thus threatening the goal of international uniformity in interpretation of the uniform substantive law. Since there is no existing transnational precedent rule, the uniform interpretation of international substantive rules can only be achieved by co-operation and discussion between different national courts and arbitral tribunals [...]
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Shi, Yang. "La réglementation des contrats internationaux en Chine." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010308.
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Les relations commerciales avec la Chine s’intensifiant, la conclusion de contrats internationaux est de plus en plus fréquente pour les opérateurs économiques étrangers et chinois. En vertu du principe de la liberté contractuelle, les parties à un contrat international peuvent choisir une loi applicable à leur contrat afin de bénéficier de plus de souplesse, de sécurité juridique ou de neutralité. Cette étude basée notamment sur les actualités juridiques chinoises a pour objectif de donner une référence pratique sur la réglementation des contrats internationaux en Chine à travers la présentation des principes généraux du contrat international chinois, la conclusion, l’exécution et les difficultés d’application des contrats internationaux. Il y est aussi analysé l’application de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises, ainsi que certains cas de refus de reconnaissance et d’exécution de sentences étrangères en Chine. En traitant exclusivement des contrats internationaux en matière de commerce international, cette étude pourra offrir aux investisseurs étrangers désirant investir en Chine une vision relativement complète sur l’actualité de la réglementation des contrats internationaux en Chine et ainsi permettre aux parties de bien choisir la loi qui devra régir leurs rapports contractuels envisagés afin de réaliser leurs intérêts et d’éviter les mauvaises surprises liées à la méconnaissance des lois et des règlements chinois en vigueurChina’s economy has grown significantly during the past thirty years under a policy of socialist market economy. For the purposes of international trade, Chinese international contract law makes reference to western law, while maintaining distinctive features stemming from political influence and Chinese culture. As trade relations with China intensify, foreign and Chinese economic entities are entering into an increasing number of international contracts. In accordance with the principle of contractual freedom, parties to an international contract may choose which law will govern their contract, so as to enjoy a greater degree of flexibility, legal safety or neutrality. This study, based mainly on Chinese legal developments, aims to provide a practical reference on the regulation of international contracts in China by presenting the general principles of international Chinese contracts, and the negotiation and execution of international contracts, as well as difficulties related to their application. It also analyses the manner in which the United Nations Convention applies to international sale of goods contracts, as well as certain cases of refusal to recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards in China. By dealing exclusively with international contracts related to international trade, this study will provide foreign investors wishing to invest in China with a comprehensive picture of the current regulation of international contracts in China and will allow the parties to choose which law to govern their contractual relationships in order to achieve their objectives and avoid any unpleasant surprises resulting from their lack of awareness of current Chinese laws and regulations
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Vettraino, Florence. "Internationales und staatliches Strafverfahrensrecht." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16741.
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Das Verfahren der internationalen ad hoc Strafgerichtshöfe für das ehemalige Jugoslawien und für Ruanda kann als die erste völkerstrafverfahrensrechtliche Ordnung betrachtet werden. Von den Richtern selbst ausgearbeitet und entwickelt, orientierte sich dieses Verfahren ursprünglich sehr an dem angloamerikanischen Strafprozessmodell. Mangels geeigneter Präzedenzfälle und angesichts der vielen Analogiefaktoren zwischen dem innerstaatlichen Strafverfahrensrecht und dem Völkerstrafverfahrensrecht haben sich die Richter -insbesondere während der ersten Tätigkeitsjahre ihrer Gerichtshöfe- öfter auf innerstaatliche Rechtspraxen bei der Anwendung ihrer Verfahrens- und Beweisordnungen bezogen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht diese Bezugnahme auf innerstaatliches Recht anhand der Rechtsprechung beider ad hoc Strafgerichtshöfe im Bereich des Beweisrechts. Die Gründe und Formen der Bezugnahme auf innerstaatliches Recht werden zuerst dargestellt und anschließend analysiert. Aus der Untersuchung der Rechtsprechung ergibt sich eine insgesamt unsystematische und pragmatische Nutzung des innerstaatlichen Rechts, welches meistens dazu dient, die für den Einzelfall geeignetste Lösung zu liefern und/ oder die von den Richtern getroffene Entscheidung zu legitimieren. Solch eine Vorgehensweise birgt zweierlei Probleme: Ein Legitimitätsproblem angesichts der Internationalität des Verfahrens der ad hoc Strafgerichtshöfe und ein Problem hinsichtlich der Vorhersehbarkeit der Anwendung ihrer Verfahrens- und Beweisordnungen. Abschließend widmet sich diese Arbeit dementsprechend der Frage nach einer methodischen Herangehensweise, welche zu mehr Legitimität und Vorhersehbarkeit bei der Anwendung der Verfahrensregeln internationaler Strafgerichtshöfe beitragen könnte, und dies abgesehen davon, ob sich die Richter dabei auf externe normative Räume, wie diejenigen innerstaatlicher Rechtsordnungen, beziehen oder nicht.The procedure of the ad hoc international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda can be regarded as the first set of rules of international criminal procedure. This procedural law, constructed and developed by the judges themselves was primary inspired by the common law approach to criminal proceedings. In the absence of precedents, and given the numerous potential analogies between domestic criminal procedure and international criminal procedure, the judges often referred to domestic legal practices - particularly during the ad hoc tribunals’ first years of activity - when applying rules of procedure and evidence. The present work investigates this reference to domestic law by examining the ad hoc tribunals’ jurisprudence regarding the law of evidence. The reasons for and forms of the reference to domestic law are first presented and then analysed. This study concludes that, on the whole, domestic law is referred to in an unsystematic and pragmatic manner: It is mostly used by the judges in order to provide the most suitable solution for the particular case before them and/ or to legitimate a decision they have already made on the basis of their own procedural rules. Such an approach raises two problems: a legitimacy deficit in regard to the internationality of the ad hoc tribunals’ procedure and a lack of predictability in the application of the rules of procedure and evidence. This study deals therefore finally with the possibility of a methodical approach, which could contribute to more predictability and legitimacy in the application of the procedural rules of international criminal tribunals, regardless of whether or not the judges refer to external normative systems, such as domestic legal orders.
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Nikolaeva, Desislava. "Le droit de la diplomatie préventive : étude de la règle de prévention en droit international public contemporain." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA009.
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Le droit international encadre l’exercice de la diplomatie des États dans une finalité de prévenir l’insécurité et, par extension, les conflits armés. Le droit de la diplomatie préventive reflète ainsi l’idée que la prévention de risques imminents de dommages matériels graves délimite l’objet d’un principe général de droit international. L’affirmation d’un principe est fondée sur l’analyse inductive des conventions majeures conclues en matière de maintien de la sécurité collective de 1899 à 1945. Elle est vérifiée à la lumière de la pratique de leur application par les Membres de la SdN et, depuis 1945, de l’ONU. Le caractère général de ce principe est déduit d’une étude combinée de la jurisprudence d’un nombre de juridictions internationales dans une variété de domaines du droit international. Les efforts individuels et collectifs de prévention des conflits obéissent donc à un régime juridique général qui organise le système contemporain de maintien de la paix internationaleInternational law regulates States’ diplomacy for the purpose of preventing insecurity, and, by extension, armed conflicts. Accordingly, the law of preventive diplomacy reflects, in a sense, the idea that prevention of imminent risks of serious material damages defines a general principle of international law. The assertion of such a principle is based on an inductive analysis of the major treaties on collective security concluded between 1899 and 1945. It is verified in light of their application by Member States of the League of Nations and, since 1945, of the United Nations. The general nature of this principle is deduced from a combined study of the jurisprudence of a number of international courts and tribunals in various fields of international law. Those findings support the idea that individual and collective efforts of conflict prevention are subject to the respect of a general legal regime governing the current international system of peace-maintenance and collective security
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Rosenälv, Sandra. "Responsibility to protect : a legal principle in international law?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142938.
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Jiang, Ying. "Étude comparée de la responsabilité délictuelle du fait d’autrui en France et en Chine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST2005/document.
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Cette étude traite de la comparaison du régime de la responsabilité délictuelle du fait d’autrui en droit français et en droit chinois.Dans une première partie, plutôt micro-vision, la thèse se consacre à une étude au cas par cas des responsabilités du fait d’autrui dans les deux systèmes juridiques. Il s’agit précisément de la responsabilité du fait des mineurs (la responsabilité des parents en droit français et des tuteurs en droit chinois ainsi que la responsabilité des instituteurs en droit français et des établissements scolaires en droit chinois), de la responsabilité des employeurs du fait des personnes qu’ils emploient dans les deux droits et de la responsabilité générale du fait d’autrui qui est admise particulièrement en droit français, à la différence du droit chinois.La deuxième partie apporte une vision d’ensemble et propose au sein des deux systèmes de droit une étude des rapports internes du régime entre les différentes hypothèses de cette responsabilité ainsi qu’un examen des rapports externes de ce régime avec les responsabilités personnelles de droit commun et les mécanismes d’indemnisation collective.Pourtant, de ce mécanisme appliqué aux deux systèmes, l’analyse révèle un inconvénient commun : une harmonisation du régime fait défaut. A cet égard, sous la condition préalable de ne pas nuire à la particularité de chaque cas de figure, l’étude tente de restaurer une cohérence tant dans les rapports « internes » du régime de responsabilité du fait d’autrui, que dans ses rapports « externes » avec d’autres régimesThis study is about a comparison of vicarious liability in French juridical system and in Chinese juridical system.In first part of this article, a more micro-vision, it is analyzed case by case of specific vicarious liability in two judicial systems. It is precisely about the acts of minors (the liability of parents in French law and liability of guardians in Chinese law, also the liability of teachers in French law and liability of school in Chinese law), the liability of employers and masters in two juridical systems and the general vicarious liability that is accepted particularly in French law, while the latter is different in Chinese law.The second part of this article concerns a whole vision and proposes a study of internal relations of two systems between different hypotheses of vicarious liability, and also an investigation of external relations of this system with the personal responsibility of “common law” and the mechanisms of collective compensation.However, of this mechanism applied at two systems, analysis reveals a common disadvantage: a lack of harmonization. In this aspect, considering the precondition of avoiding doing harm to particularity of each case of figure, the study tries to restore coherence both “internal” relations in systems of vicarious liability and “external” relations with other systems
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Zeffert, Henrietta. "Home and international law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3566/.
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International lawyers talk about housing but rarely about home. This is surprising when one considers that home is central to everyday life in the world. Home is the navel of our daily journeys and an arbiter of the transitions we make during our life course. The image of ‘home as haven’ conjures a place liberated from fear, emotionally noble and natural, a metaphor for comfort, solidarity and protection. Yet home throughout the world is far from this ideal. Home destruction, forced eviction, displacement, distress sales, dispossession, repossession, unaffordability and homelessness are also emblematic experiences of home. As the desire for home is twinned with increasing anxieties about it arising from the pressures and possibilities of globalisation and its attendant spatial transformations, economic crisis, political realignment and escalating social inequality, the need to ask how the intimate realm of home is linked to the norms, ambitions and contradictions of global phenomena and the international legal regimes that relate to them is extensive. While home is not a well-developed concept in international law, in this thesis I argue that international law is in fact already present at home. Through three studies of home set in different contexts, I illustrate some of the ways that international law gets involved in transformations of home. I suggest that international law’s ‘homemaking’ work can have devastating effects and that these effects are frequently ignored or elided by scholars and lawmakers in the field. Nonetheless, I also argue that the concept of home can be understood as an analytical tool which opens up a terrain of experience – of loss, suffering and struggle but also radical engagement and expanded agency – that is not captured or expressed in international law. Taking a global socio-legal perspective and a critical geographic approach to home, this thesis traces how international law reaches into, takes place in, and gives shape to everyday life in relation to home. While the main aim of the thesis is to draw international law scholars’ attention to home, it also contributes to methodological discussions among international law scholars working at the interface of the local and the global and especially those scholars interested in the everyday life of international law.
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Lee, Grace Sin Dam. "Uncertainty, risk and the (in)applicability of the precautionary principle : reassessing the scope of precaution and prevention in international environmental law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277781.
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While the basic premise of precaution has been widely endorsed in environmental treaties since its inclusion in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, as a legal principle, it has been framed in such vastly dissimilar ways that it continues to generate significant disagreement over its precise nature, standing and legal effect. Despite the rich and extensive scholarship aimed at clarifying its normative content and operation, the ongoing lack of consensus on when the precautionary principle is applicable and what its application entails points to fundamental definitional challenges as well as its overall limitations as a regulatory tool. This thesis attempts to move beyond this impasse by reassessing the precautionary principle in light of the distinction traditionally made in formal scientific discourse between risk and uncertainty. While this technical distinction is fundamental to defining the proper scope of the principle’s application, the thesis finds that much of the existing legal discourse has either overlooked or marginalised the risk/uncertainty dichotomy, which in turn has blurred the distinction between the principles of precaution and prevention. The thesis sets out what is meant by these analytically distinct concepts in the legal context, focusing on their implications for the processes of legal reasoning and regulatory decision-making. Having examined the conceptual underpinnings of the precautionary principle, and of the principle of prevention, the thesis proceeds to address a central research question – if uncertainty, as opposed to risk, determines the operational scope of the precautionary principle, to what extent do the current applications of the precautionary principle actually fall within its proper domain? To answer this, the thesis embarks on a deconstruction of the precautionary principle in practice by analysing how precaution has been deployed as an operational principle in particular treaty contexts. The treaty regimes examined here include: international fisheries; persistent organic pollutants; ocean dumping; sanitary and phytosanitary threats under the WTO; and atmospheric pollution and climate change. In each case, the thesis scrutinises the extent to which assumptions, obligations and measures contained therein are consistent with the theoretical underpinnings of precaution. Despite the pervasive use of the precautionary rhetoric in treaty texts and practice, the thesis ultimately finds that, for the most part, these instruments are in fact aimed at specific, scientifically-determined risks, and thus what is often upheld in the name of precaution is actually the prevention principle. The thesis argues that it is better to frame risk regulation through prevention, and not precaution, by considering the implications of abandoning the precautionary principle in those areas where the prevention principle is clearly at play. The thesis completes the analysis by addressing what is actually left for the precautionary principle and discussing some of the distinct ways in which precaution functions within its specific, circumscribed domain.
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Weatherall, Thomas Christopher. "Peremptory norms of general international law (Jus Cogens) : international law and social contract." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607751.
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Koberwein, Manuela de Franca Doria Farrajota Luciano. "The principle of co-operation in the law of international watercourses." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444161/.
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In international law, co-operation is a general concept applied in a variety of contexts. In the context of the law of international watercourses, the general obligation to co-operate and the procedural rules it comprises have a crucial role to play in the implementation of the substantive principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and of diligent prevention of transboundary harm. The problems lie in the identification of the scope of the obligation, its specific content, legal status and application. The principal objective pursued in this thesis is to present a detailed examination of the nature, scope, specific content, application, and consequences of non-compliance with the obligation to co-operate in the particular context of the law of international watercourses, in order to contribute to the clarification of this vague but fundamental principle. To illustrate how the theories relating to the obligation to co-operate on international watercourses can be translated into concrete acts, several examples are provided, including planned works in a basin State such as dams. Due to the variety and the nature of the issues involved in the context of international watercourses, an interdisciplinary approach was adopted between law and geography. This approach permits the sharing of insights and information, and a better understanding of several technical questions presented to the international lawyer when dealing with international watercourses. The thesis finally presents conclusions regarding the evolution and consolidation of the principle of co-operation, and assesses the feasibility of constructing and securing wider acceptance for a model of co-operation and the potential utility of such a model.
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Hassanein, Ahmed Samir. "The principle of complementarity betwen international and national criminal courts." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165410.
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The principle of complementarity is the cornerstone of the establishment of the International Criminal Court as well as one of the key factors for its successful operation. Having said that, the qualities of being flexible and adaptable make the task of interpreting the principle of complementarity extremely sensitive and technically tricky. According to the current wording of the principle of complementarity in the Rome Statute, the ICC could factually exercise primacy over the national jurisdiction, if a loose interpretation of the principle is adopted, or conversely being residual to national jurisdictions, if the principle was strictly interpreted. While the principle of complementarity was at the heart of the negotiating process for the establishment of the International Criminal Court, the emerging practice of the Court to date has left the vast majority of the questions on complementarity unanswered, even the few issues which the Court has touched upon are not immune from criticism. This thesis will thus strive, through an in-depth analysis of the past, present and practice of the principle of complementarity and its corollary issues, to offer workable answers as well as constructive criticism. Guided by the central objective of ending impunity for the core crimes through criminal justice, this thesis, in interpreting the principle of complementarity, will follow a balanced approach which, while unequivocally favours national prosecutions where possible, it adopts a broadening interpretation when national jurisdictions are genuinely unavailable or ineffective. To this end, this thesis eventually presents the principle of complementarity as a managerial principle which promotes for the effective investigation and prosecution of the core crimes through the adoption of different policies which encourage, inter alia, a division of labour between the International Criminal Court and domestic jurisdictions, and enable states to carry out proceedings and overcome dilemmas of ‘inability’ or ‘unwillingness’ without the role of the International Criminal Court being limited in such incidents to excluding national jurisdiction.
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Marr, Simon. "The precautionary principle in the law of the sea : modern decision making in international law /." The Hague [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/364258268.pdf.
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Stern, Orly. "The principle of distinction and women in conflicts in Africa." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3291/.
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The ‘principle of distinction’ is core to international humanitarian law, regulating who can and cannot be targeted in armed conflict. It states that combatants and those civilians ‘directly participating’ in hostilities may be targeted in attack, while non-combatants may not be. The law defines what it means to be a combatant and a civilian, and sets out what behaviour constitutes direct participation. The principle of distinction purports to be gender-neutral. However, closer examination reveals that international humanitarian law was based on a gendered view of conflict that envisaged men and women playing particular roles; men as fighters and women as victims of war. Problematically, this view often does not accord with the reality in ‘new wars’ today. Across the African continent women participate in armed groups. While sometimes women fight on the front lines, frequently, women contribute to armed movements in gender specific ways. Serving as fighters, cooks, porters and armed group ‘wives’, women often form the backbone of fighting groups, performing functions on which armed groups are highly reliant. The narrow framing of the principle of distinction means that many of the roles that women typically play in conflict are not recognised as ‘combatancy’ or ‘direct participation’ – even where women are actively engaged in armed movements. While this does provide more women with legal protection from attack, there are indirect negative consequences that flow from this. Using women’s participation in new wars in Africa as a study, this thesis critically examines the principle of distinction through a gendered lens, questioning the extent to which the principle serves to protect women in modern conflicts and how it fails them. By so doing, the thesis questions whether the principle of distinction is suitable to effectively regulate the conduct of hostilities in new wars.
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Ben, Abdallah-Mahouachi Hanène. "L'apport de la jurisprudence du Tribunal arbitral du sport à l'ordre juridique sportif." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1087.
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Le Tribunal arbitral du sport (TAS), organe de résolution des litiges sportifs par la voie de l’arbitrage, rend des sentences qui, grâce à la pratique du précédent, acquièrent la cohérence nécessaire à la formation d’une jurisprudence. À travers cette jurisprudence, le TAS contribue à l’édification d’un ordre juridique sportif global et autonome. Cette contribution est le résultat d’un double apport, normatif et structurant. D’abord, les règles prétoriennes produites par le TAS et formées essentiellement des principes généraux constamment appliqués par les arbitres, constituent une source de droit à l’intérieur de l’ordre juridique sportif. Certains de ces principes, principalement ceux permettant de protéger la sincérité des compétitions et les droits fondamentaux des athlètes, se démarquent par leur caractère intangible pour former l’ordre public sportif. La mise à l’écart du droit étatique au profit de l’application de ces principes, mais aussi des règlements sportifs, permet d’assurer l’autonomie de l’ordre juridique sportif. Ensuite, ces principes sont un facteur de structuration de l’ordre juridique sportif, dans la mesure où leur intervention favorise la cohérence du système. Cette structuration est le résultat de l’application de ces principes pour contrôler l’exercice par les organisations sportives de leurs compétences réglementaires et disciplinaires et pour délimiter les pouvoirs de chacune des composantes du mouvement sportif. Dans les deux cas, ces principes deviennent des standards communs qui s’imposent à l’ensemble de la communauté sportiveThe Court of arbitration for sport (CAS), an arbitration body in sport disputes, passes sentences which, thanks to the practice of the precedent, get enough coherence to constitute a jurisprudence. Through this jurisprudence, CAS contributes in the erection of a global and autonomous sports legal order. This support is the result of a double contribution, normative as well as structuring. First, the pretorian rules generated by CAS and formed mainly by the general principles commonly applied by the judges, constitute a source of law within the sports legal order. Some of these principles, namely those aimed at protecting the fairness of the competitions and the fundamental rights of athletes, stand out with regards to their intangibility to form the sport public order. Discarding state law in favor of the application of these principles as well as of sport regulations, guarantees the autonomy of the sports legal order. Thereafter, these principles are considered as a structuring factor of the sports legal order, in that their intervention favors the coherence of the system. This structuring results from the application of these principles in order to monitor the practices by the sport organizations of their regulatory and disciplinary competences and also to confine the power of each of the components of the sport movement. In both cases, these principles become common standards for the whole sport community to abide by
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Al-Qahtani, Mutlaq Majed. "Enforcement of international judicial decisions of the International Court of Justice in public international law." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2487/.
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Enforcement of international judicial decisions of the International Court of Justice has suffered serious negligence in public international law. Thus, the first significance of this thesis lies in dearth of the authoritative legal literature on this topic. Bearing in mind the unprecedented increase interest in international dispute settlement which can be explained by the phenomenon of proliferation of international judicial bodies and in the qualitative and quantitative nature· of contentious disputes brought before the ICJ, non-compliance with the judicial decisions of the Court is definitely to increase. This study has explored the problem of non-compliance with and enforcement of the judicial decisions of the ICJ; a problem that now exists beyond any doubt as Chapter 1 of this study exposes. However, enforcement cannot be directly made without some initial and critical scrutiny into the legal foundations of the bindingness and enforceability of these judicial decisions normally the rules of pacta sunt servanda and of res judicata, to which Chapters 2 and 3 are devoted. Similarly, the problem of non-compliance with and enforcement of judicial decisions should not usefully be considered in the abstract. Thus, Chapter 4 elucidates the legal nature and the scope of judicial decisions that are subject to enforcement. Article 94 (2) of the UN. Charter provides no exclusive authority for the Security Council to be the ultimate and sole enforcer of the judicial decisions of the I CJ decisions nor is there a straightforward and independent enforcement means of international obligations especially those derived from international judicial decisions. Hence, this study explores and involves various players and invests various means to establish a network of enforcement mechanisms available to all States regardless of their position in the international community. In so doing, the rest of the thesis is devoted to judicial enforcement and institutional enforcement respectively. Chapter 5 examines judicial enforcement through the ICJ itself, while Chapter 6 examines the role of domestic courts of States in this process. Injured State could also seek institutional enforcement. Chapter 7 examines the role of the United Nations, while Chapters 8 and 9 deal with the role of regional organisations and specialised agencies in this process respectively. Notwithstanding the indispensability of judicial and institutional enforcement, they are not always successful or predictable or independently adequate. They may fail to be effective or incapable of inducing a defaulting State to comply with its international legal obligations under the judgment of the ICl So, proposals have been advanced to mitigate or to contain this problem. These proposals, however, have suffered from a lack of support in law and practice, and thus other alternative recommendations and suggestions are provided in Chapter 10, which presents also the final conclusions of this study.
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Torrijo, Ximena Fuentes. "The criteria of equitable utilization of international watercourses in general international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312747.
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Amaefule, Chumah. "The exceptions to the principle of autonomy of documentary credits." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3831/.
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This thesis critically appraises the exceptions to the principle of autonomy in documentary credits. In appraising the exceptions, the central theme pursued is to address the question whether the application of the exceptions to the principle of autonomy is satisfactory. In addressing this general question, the study pays special attention to English law on documentary credits. However, the thesis also looks at the comparable position in other common law jurisdictions, such as United States, Canada, Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia. Recently, in the different jurisdictions, opinion has not been consistent on what constitutes exceptions to the principle of autonomy in letters of credit. Apart from the traditional exception of fraud, recent English decisions to some extent have recognised illegality and express contractual restrictions on a beneficiary’s right to draw on a credit as compelling grounds on which the autonomy doctrine would be ignored. In other jurisdictions, other exceptions such as nullity and unconscionability have emerged. This dissertation assesses all these exceptions to the principle of autonomy with the aim of answering the question whether these exceptions facilitate documentary credits’ practice or as argued in some quarters, undermine the assurance of payment promised the seller/beneficiary.
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Francisco, Francisco María Inmaculada. "Aspects of implementing the culpability principle both under international and national criminal law /." Nijmegen, the Netherlands : Wolf Legal Publishers, 2003. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=012831696&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Richards, P. H. "Some current problems of international space law." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1985. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5129/.
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Zulu, Nancy Mwansa. "International development law : declaratory, aspirational and positive." Thesis, University of Buckingham, 2015. http://bear.buckingham.ac.uk/95/.
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This thesis considers the different understandings of what 'law' is and applies this to the specific area of international development law. Two central questions are addressed. Firstly, what is the basis of international development law? Put another way, in what sense can international development law be spoken of as 'real' or 'true' law? Secondly, and a precursor to the first question is the question of what is 'real' law. The following preliminary questions are also addressed: what is 'international development law'? What are the sources of international development law? Who formulates international development law? What characteristics or criteria can one use to identify law and thus identify international development law as true law? Paralleling growth of new areas of international law, and aspiring to a 'hard law', is a growing body of international development law. After World War II a distinct body of international development law emerged fostered by the newly independent countries of Africa and Asia. Despite the continued relevance of the legal aspects of the new international economic order (NIEO) debate of the 1970s, and the growing body of instruments, there is a dearth of current literature on the notion of international development law and its legal validity. This thesis addressed this gap. The questions are approached through a multiple grid of legal understandings. The thesis considers what stands as law in the positivist tradition, in the natural law or aspirational law tradition, and in the more recent tradition of legal process. Each of the types of law considered shows the different bases and varying status of international development law. Taken together, these also show the emergence of a legal structure consisting of norms, principles and rules. All this also points to increasing legalization of international development with a discernible movement towards hard law.
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Lindsay, Bobby William Milroy. "The exclusion of foreign law in international private law." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30593/.
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It is an axiom of the conflict of laws that one state will not enforce the revenue, penal, or ‘other public’ laws of another. This thesis shall criticise this position, arguing that these exclusionary principles should be replaced with a general principle of enforceability, subject to the control of public policy. It shall begin by sketching the general landscape of the exclusion of foreign law in Anglo-Scots international private law. Thereafter, a detailed account shall be given – for each of the revenue, penal, and ‘other public’ law rules – of the historical development of those exclusions, and their present scope of operation. This exposition provides a foundation for a critical examination of those rules.
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Manicom, Charlotte Joan Ogilvie. "Monitoring the unknown : improving adherence to the principle of non-refoulement through a 'monitoring network'." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4717.
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Searl, Mark. "A normative theory of international law based on new natural law theory." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/999/.
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This thesis articulates a normative theory of international law based on new natural law theory. New natural law theory is a theory of ethics, politics, and law that is based on the classical natural law doctrine of Thomas Aquinas. The primary reference point of the thesis in relation to new natural law theory is the work of John Finnis, who in Natural Law and Natural Rights and subsequent writings elaborates the theory in the consideration of fundamental concepts in political philosophy and legal theory. The thesis examines the tenets of new natural law theory regarding the common good, authority, law, justice, human rights, and legal obligation, and uses these to formulate normative claims regarding the moral purpose of international law and the moral standards that international law should satisfy in light of its purpose. The thesis posits the existence of an ‘international common good’, encompassing a set of supranational conditions that are instrumental to human welfare and that require international cooperation for their realisation. The thesis claims that the primary moral purpose of international authority and international law is to further the international common good through resolving the coordination problems of the international community of states. Identifying ‘principles of justice’ for international law, the thesis asserts that positive international law should promote and demonstrate respect for human rights, and should also promote and protect the international common good. The thesis further argues that states have a general moral obligation to obey international law, based primarily on the necessity of state compliance with international laws in order to facilitate the effectiveness of such laws in promoting the international common good. These claims are elaborated with reference to existing features of international law, and through comparison with existing normative and non-normative perspectives in international legal theory on the concepts considered.
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Petrauskaitė, Dovilė. "Principle of self-determination of peoples in international law and the borders of implementation." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080924_213505-88461.
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Principle of self-determination of peoples is one of the issues of international law, which is complicated. International commentators agree that the content of the principle is unclear. The same should be said about the borders of implementation of the principle. There are a number of legal acts on the question, however the two problems remain. This master thesis was aimed to analyze and to reveal the purport of the principle of self-determination of peoples and the borders of implementation.Laisvas tautų apsisprendimo principas tarptautinėje teisėje yra priskiriamas sudėtingesniems klausimams. Mokslininkai analizavę principą pabrėžia, kad sunku yra atskleisti principo esmę, nes ji yra labai neapibrėžta. Sunku apibrėžti ir aiškias principo taikymo ribas. Nors yra priimta daug teisinių dokumentų, kurie reglamentuoja laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principo taikymą, jie neatskleidžia principo esmės bei mažai prisideda prie ribų nustatymo. Šio darbo tikslas buvo išanalizuoti ir atskleisti laisvo tautų apsisprendimo principo esmę bei jo taikymo ribas.
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Sutton, Rebecca. "The international humanitarian actor as 'civilian plus' : the circulation of the idea of distinction in international law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3803/.
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This socio-legal study reconceptualizes the principle of distinction in international humanitarian law (IHL). Moving away from the dominant vision of fixed civilian and combatant entities separated by a bright line, it introduces an alternative vision of how distinction works in different places and at different times, or what we might think of as ‘a new law of distinction’. This account is grounded in the practices of international actors across a number of global sites: from Geneva and The Hague to civil–military training programmes in Europe and the operational context of South Sudan. The main character of interest is the international humanitarian actor, who is situated alongside other international actors, such as NATO soldiers, UN peacekeepers and UN civilian actors. As is shown, the everyday interactions of these actors are shaped by contests over distinction. In the law of distinction that is distilled from these practices, qualities of ‘civilianness’ and ‘combatantness’ float around in the air, able to attach to any individual at any given moment, depending upon their self-presentation, behaviour and context. Three new figures emerge around these qualities: the ‘civilian plus’, the ‘mere civilian’ and the ‘civilian minus’. The ‘civilian plus’, this study proposes, represents a special status that international humanitarian actors disseminate on a daily basis. This special status relies upon a concept of civilianness that is relative, contingent and aligned with an alreadyfragmented civilian category in IHL. The distinction practices of humanitarian actors also have an important performance component, designed to influence the perceptions of an omnipresent observer – the ‘phantom local’. The overarching aim of this inquiry is to uncover and contend with distinction’s perpetually disrupted nature. The study dismantles the idea of distinction as we know it, enabling us to recognize distinction in strange and unfamiliar forms.
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Boister, Neil. "The suppression of illicit drugs through international law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11121/.
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This study examines the suppression through international law of the illicit production, supply and use of drugs. The study focuses upon the provisions relating to the suppression of illicit drugs in the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Psychotropic Convention, the 1972 Protocol to the Single Convention and the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Drug Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. It examines the content of the obligations imposed on states party by these conventions, and gives select examples of how these provisions have been incorporated into domestic law. Chapter one introduces the global drug problem, the policy options available to deal with it, and the regulation of this problem by a system established by international law. Chapter two places the international drug control system in historical context. Chapter three examines the crimes and penalties that the drug conventions require Parties to create in their national law. Chapter four examines the provisions in the drug conventions that deal with jurisdiction over drug offences, extradition of drug offenders, and miscellaneous procedural provisions. Chapter five investigates the international regulation of enforcement in the sense of actual policing, prosecution and punishment of drug offenders. Chapter six examines the alternative methods of control of illicit drug related activities provided for under international law, such as treatment and rehabilitation. Chapter seven examines the supervisory organs of the international drug control system, the supervision of the system and its execution and enforcement. Chapter eight attempts a general comment upon the nature of the system and its aim of suppressing illicit drug use. While the major concern of this study is an examination of the technical rules of international law designed to suppress illicit drugs, it is also concerned with the policy of prohibition that underpins these rules, because of the interrelationship between this policy and the shape of the international legal provisions designed to implement it.
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Ilieva, P. "Judicialisation of international commercial arbitration." Thesis, City, University of London, 2016. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17891/.
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It has been increasingly argued that international commercial arbitration is stripping off its intrinsic features of an alternative dispute resolution method and turning into a mechanism that is almost indistinguishable from litigation. The development describing the metamorphosis of international commercial arbitration into a method that is very similar in process and substance to national litigation is referred to as the judicialisation of international commercial arbitration. The focus of this research is the process of judicialisation. The thesis questions whether it exists at all and, if yes, to what extent it has permeated both international arbitration proceedings and arbitral decision-making. While attempting to answer those questions other salient considerations are raised, such as: • Which characteristics of international commercial arbitration are fundamental for this method of dispute resolution and should remain intact; • What are the driving forces of the process of judicialisation; • Is the judicialised approach entirely consistent with the benefits of international commercial arbitration and to what extent? The ultimate objective of this thesis is to answer the question whether the judicialisation of international commercial arbitration is a positive development and thus be encouraged. Where negative implications are recognised, an attempt is made to identify the causes of the judicialisation process and offer solutions, if attainable.
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Kheroua, Ahmed. "The cultural dimension in international law : "the case of the Arab world" : a theoretical essay in the sociology of international law." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6632/.
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Wang, Wanli. "Role of the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong special administrative region under China's "one country, two systems" principle." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14204.
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This thesis examines the constitutional performance of Hong Kong’s Court of Final Appeal (the CFA or the Court), and explores the appropriate role it should play in Hong Kong’s new constitutional order defined by China’s “one country, two systems” principle. It includes a wider discussion of China’s political and constitutional structure within which the Court’s operational context is defined, a consideration of the legitimate role of senior courts, and an investigation of relevant UK and EU constitutional practices. It evaluates the Court’s part, inter alia, in constitutional judicial review, the interpretation of the Hong Kong Basic Law, human rights protection, and the resulting constitutional and political implications. The Court’s role mirrors questions in relation not only to the internal political and legal order of Hong Kong itself but also to the broader constitutional order as to the central-regional relationship in China. It is the only institutional connection between Hong Kong’s common law legal system and Mainland China’s communist civil law system. When exercising its power of constitutional review and Basic Law interpretation, the Court faces dilemmas and sensitive situations, in which it has to handle with care the relationships between individual freedoms and collective good, judicial independence and executive efficiency, judicial scrutiny and legislative authority, regional interests and national concerns, the region’s autonomy and the centre’s power. A tendency of judicial supremacy emerges in post- handover Hong Kong, with profound implications for Hong Kong’s political life. While playing a significant role in human rights protection, the maintenance of good governance, and the achievements in constitutionalism and the rule of law in Hong Kong, the Court may also make some positive contributions to Mainland China’s own development in these areas. It is suggested that the Court adopt a modest and restrained approach in deciding politically sensitive constitutional questions, defining itself not only as a regional supreme court safeguarding Hong Kong’s autonomy but also as a national court protecting sovereign interests. A relationship of coordination, reciprocity, mutual trust and mutual respect between Hong Kong and the Central Government, and between Hong Kong courts (the CFA in particular) and other Hong Kong institutions should be built.
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Thiratangsathira, Urasee. "The precautionary principle in international environmental law (with a special focus on the marine environment of Thailand)." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/405.
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Although rather recently-emerged principle in the history of international environmental law, arguably, the precautionary principle is more controversial than other principles. Many questions are still unanswered which make further examination of the precautionary principle necessary. In relation to the Law of the Sea, the precautionary principle has been summoned to restrict various marine activities relating to marine pollution, fisheries, and transports of radioactive and hazardous substances, etc. Indeed, the purpose of this study is to examine the present state of affairs regarding the implementation of the precautionary principle in the Law of the Sea, with a particular focus on marine pollution, in order to find a relationship therein. The thesis begins with an introduction into the history and some basic importance of the precautionary principle under general international law. It exemplifies the requirements for state practice as accepted custom, which would also be the applied standard for ultimately evaluating whether the precautionary principle has evolved into a rule of customary international law. Furthermore, in the subsequent part of the thesis, the implementations of the precautionary principle will be scrutinised through the (in-depth) analysis of treaties, declarations, resolutions, national laws and strategies (of Thailand, especially), which will paint numerous pictures of how the precautionary principle has been put into practice over the years. Finally, the main findings of these two parts are summarised. The study shows that despite its ambiguity, the precautionary principle has direct and primary relevance for environmental protection. It recognises a legal character in the concept further than legislative processes, and a flexibility of interpretation within legal rules to boost environmental protection both at the international and national levels. A large number of publications on the precautionary principle have been made over recent years, but the need for explanation still remains. It is not claimed, but merely hoped that the outcomes of this study will put certain things in order.
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Grušić, Uglješa. "The international employment contract : ideal, reality and regulatory function of European private international law of employment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/583/.
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Private international law has traditionally been perceived as a field of law concerned with resolving individual private disputes and achieving private justice and fairness in individual cases. This dissertation challenges this view by examining the systemic function of European private international law of employment, one of allocating and protecting regulatory (i.e. legislative and adjudicatory) authority of states in the field of labour law, thus maintaining and managing the diversity of European national labour law systems and safeguarding the objectives of uniform and harmonised EU employment legislation. This dissertation also explores the changes that the ‘Europeanization’ of private international law of employment has brought about in the traditional rules and perception in this field of law in England. In addition to introducing special rules of jurisdiction in employment matters that had not existed before, the European private international law instruments have largely merged the traditionally perceived contractual, statutory and tortious claims into one type of claim for choice-of-law purposes, thereby also abolishing concurrent causes of action. The conceptualisation of this field of law in terms of its regulatory function reveals something about the nature of private international law as a whole. The fact that European private international law of employment performs a regulatory function is a piece of evidence for the proposition that the division between the ‘private’ and the ‘public’, traditionally perceived as embedded in the foundations of the discipline and even expressed in its very name, has faded away.
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Posman, Kisakiu Pomalat. "Compensation for nationalization of private foreign investment international law standards." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5078.
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Yang, Philemon Y. "The inviolability of diplomatic and consular premises in international law." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5849.
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Li, Zhao. "Securities regulation in the international environment." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/691/.
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It is undisputed that the world’s securities markets are becoming increasingly international and increasingly integrated. The internationalization of the world’s securities markets is one of the most significant developments affecting the securities markets of many nations. “How should regulators respond?” is an issue that is hotly contested. The purpose of this thesis is not to introduce a new theory but rather to offer a comprehensive analysis of past and present practice, in order to identify what is effective and what is not. There are three competing approaches to international securities regulation – harmonization, regulatory competition and cooperation. Thus the thesis analyzes these three leading current theoretical arguments in turn as paradigms for international securities regulation. On this basis, the paper will focus on these three approaches and address the fundamental questions posed by the internationalization of securities markets: which regulatory approach is the proper and best way to govern securities regulation in the new international market? Are there any areas which need to be improved? And therefore, how can international regulation be improved? The thesis will answer these questions in two ways: in theory and in practical application. With regard to theory, the thesis examines the definitions and arguments given to each approach. Harmonization is the idea that rules and regulations should be standardized across countries as much as possible. In contrast to the harmonization is the regulatory competition approach. Under this model, countries do not coordinate with one another – each country is free to enact whatever rules and regulations it chooses. Whereas, the third approach cooperation traditionally is an instrument to reduce conflicts and tensions. International cooperation is defined as conscious policy coordination among states. On a practical level, the thesis delineates the current stage of harmonization, regulatory competition and cooperation developments in the EU, US, as well as internationally. It should be recognized that each of the three securities regulatory approaches analyzed in this thesis have contributed much towards international securities regulation. However, as discussed each approach has its problems, none is perfect. As long as there are regulations, there will be abuses and room for improvements. One of major problem in the international arena is that there are no international law-making institutions vested with legal authority to address these issues. Instead of a formal international securities regulator there is a set of international institutions which include a limited number of countries which produce standards and norms that are then adopted by national authorities on a voluntary basis. Because of the diversity, complexity, and universality of issues likely to continue to arise over the next decade, a single international body should be considered to facilitate world cooperation in addressing these issues.
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Alhelali, Shaikhah. "International transfer of technology under the TRIPS Agreement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/47722/.
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The international transfer of technology plays a critical role to developing countries. It enhances the economic development and welfare, in addition to reducing the gaps between developing and developed countries. The promotion of the international transfer of technology increases the capabilities of developing countries and assists them to gain more independency. Therefore, the central question that this thesis tries to answer is related to whether the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) fosters international transfer of technology to developing countries or not. Developing countries as per the TRIPS Agreement are requested to comply with minimum standards of intellectual property (IP) protection, since they are linked to international trade under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) regime. So, in order to have balanced rights and obligations, we have to evaluate whether the TRIPS Agreement is benefiting all parties and whether the transfer of technology is well-managed under the TRIPS Agreement. The terms and conditions of the TRIPS Agreement will be analysed using the doctrinal legal method. We find that the TRIPS provisions are still far from fostering the international transfer of technology to developing countries although the preamble and its principles and objectives under Articles 7 and 8 emphasize its importance. In addition to analysing the provisions related to transfer of technology under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) through both the doctrinal legal method and empirical study on the transfer of environmental sound technologies under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) that was established in Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997. We find that CDM works mainly for reducing the greenhouse gases (GHG) while the international transfer of technology is not an obligatory element of it. We reached a number of recommendation to improve the current situation and enhance more development in the field of international transfer of technology. At the beginning we need to define the international transfer of technology in the TRIPS Agreement. Lack of definition results in challenges and obstacles in the way we are evaluating its promotion. In addition, TRIPS Agreement is required to create a new mechanism, similar to the CDM, but particularly for the promotion of international transfer of technology.
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O'Connor, John Francis. "The principle of good faith in legal theory: ( with particular reference to public international law)." Thesis, University of London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488809.
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Boll, Alfred Michael. "Multiple nationality the context and significance of state practice in international law /." Connect to full text, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1540.
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Thesis (S.J.D.)--Faculty of Law, University of Sydney, 2003.Title from title screen (viewed 21st January, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney. Bibliography: leaves 356-396. Also available in print form.