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Halpern-Manners, Andrew, John Robert Warren, and Florencia Torche. "Panel Conditioning in the General Social Survey." Sociological Methods & Research 46, no. 1 (2016): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124114532445.
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Does participation in one wave of a survey have an effect on respondents’ answers to questions in subsequent waves? In this article, we investigate the presence and magnitude of “panel conditioning” effects in one of the most frequently used data sets in the social sciences: the General Social Survey (GSS). Using longitudinal records from the 2006, 2008, and 2010 surveys, we find convincing evidence that at least some GSS items suffer from this form of bias. To rule out the possibility of contamination due to selective attrition and/or unobserved heterogeneity, we strategically exploit a series of between-person comparisons across time-in-survey groups. This methodology, which can be implemented whenever researchers have access to at least three waves of rotating panel data, is described in some detail so as to facilitate future applications in data sets with similar design elements.
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Marsden, Peter V., Tom W. Smith, and Michael Hout. "Tracking US Social Change Over a Half-Century: The General Social Survey at Fifty." Annual Review of Sociology 46, no. 1 (2020): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054838.
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In the five decades since its inception in 1971, the General Social Survey (GSS) project has prospectively recorded the current characteristics, backgrounds, behaviors, and attitudes of representative cross sections of American adults covering more than two generations and more than a century of birth cohorts. A foundational resource for contemporary social science, the data it produces and disseminates enable social scientists to develop broad and deep understandings into the changing fabric of US society, and aid legions of instructors and students in teaching and learning. It facilitates internationally comparative survey research and places the United States in the context of other societies through the International Social Survey Program, which it cofounded. This article first recounts the GSS's origins, design, and development. It then surveys contributions based on GSS data to studies of stratification and inequality, religion, sociopolitical trends, intergroup relations, social capital and social networks, health and well-being, culture, and methodology.
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Smith, Tom W. "Changes in the General Social Survey (GSS) in 1994." PS: Political Science and Politics 26, no. 1 (1993): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/419517.
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Smith, Tom W. "Changes in the General Social Survey (GSS) in 1994." PS: Political Science & Politics 26, no. 01 (1993): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096500037434.
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Lagos, Danya, and D'Lane Compton. "Evaluating the Use of a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure in the 2018 General Social Survey." Demography 58, no. 2 (2021): 763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-8976151.
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Abstract In 2018, the General Social Survey (GSS) asked some respondents for their sex assigned at birth and current gender identity, in addition to the ongoing practice of having survey interviewers code respondent sex. Between 0.44% and 0.93% of the respondents who were surveyed identified as transgender, identified with a gender that does not conventionally correspond to the sex they were assigned at birth, or identified the sex they were assigned at birth inconsistently with the interviewer's assessment of respondent sex. These results corroborate previous estimates of the transgender population size in the United States. Furthermore, the implementation of these new questions mirrors the successful inclusion of other small populations represented in the GSS, such as lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, as well as Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus. Data on transgender and gender-nonconforming populations can be pooled together over time to assess these populations' attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and social inequality patterns. We identified inconsistencies between interviewer-coded sex, self-reported sex, and gender identity. As with the coding of race in the GSS, interviewer-coded assessments can mismatch respondents' self-reported identification. Our findings underscore the importance of continuing to ask respondents to self-report gender identity separately from sex assigned at birth in the GSS and other surveys.
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McPherson, Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Matthew E. Brashears. "Models and Marginals: Using Survey Evidence to Study Social Networks." American Sociological Review 74, no. 4 (2009): 670–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400409.
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Fischer (2009) argues that our estimates of confidant network size in the 2004 General Social Survey (GSS), and therefore the trend in confidant network size from 1985 to 2004, are implausible because they are (1) inconsistent with other data and (2) contain internal anomalies that call the data into question. In this note, we assess the evidence for a decrease in confidant network size from 1985 to 2004 in the GSS data. We conclude that any plausible modeling of the data shows a decided trend downward in confidant network size from 1985 to 2004. The features that Fischer calls anomalies are exactly the characteristics described by our models (Table 5) in the original article.
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Robinson, John P., and Steven Martin. "IT and Activity Displacement: Behavioral Evidence from the U.S. General Social Survey (GSS)." Social Indicators Research 91, no. 2 (2008): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9285-9.
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Jehn, Anthony. "The happiness and income correlation in Canada." SURG Journal 7, no. 2 (2014): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v7i2.2971.
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Does having more income make you happier? Current literature shows varied results regarding the correlation between perceived happiness and income. This article uses data from Statistics Canada's General Social Survey (GSS) in order to examine the relationship between income and perceived happiness in a Canadian context. Findings indicate that annual income does not seem to be correlated with perceived happiness in Canada, thus challenging the age-old adage that money can buy happiness.
 
 Keywords: happiness; income; correlation; Statistics Canada General Social Survey (GSS)
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Frankel, Laura Lazarus, and D. Sunshine Hillygus. "Looking Beyond Demographics: Panel Attrition in the ANES and GSS." Political Analysis 22, no. 3 (2014): 336–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt020.
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Longitudinal or panel surveys offer unique benefits for social science research, but they typically suffer from attrition, which reduces sample size and can result in biased inferences. Previous research tends to focus on the demographic predictors of attrition, conceptualizing attrition propensity as a stable, individual-level characteristic—some individuals (e.g., young, poor, residentially mobile) are more likely to drop out of a study than others. We argue that panel attrition reflects both the characteristics of the individual respondent as well as her survey experience, a factor shaped by the design and implementation features of the study. In this article, we examine and compare the predictors of panel attrition in the 2008–2009 American National Election Study, an online panel, and the 2006–2010 General Social Survey, a face-to-face panel. In both cases, survey experience variables are predictive of panel attrition above and beyond the standard demographic predictors, but the particular measures of relevance differ across the two surveys. The findings inform statistical corrections for panel attrition bias and provide study design insights for future panel data collections.
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Fischer, Claude S. "The 2004 GSS Finding of Shrunken Social Networks: An Artifact?" American Sociological Review 74, no. 4 (2009): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400408.
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McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Brashears (2006, 2008b) reported that Americans' social networks shrank precipitously from 1985 to 2004. When asked to list the people with whom they discussed “important matters,” respondents to the 2004 General Social Survey (GSS) provided about one-third fewer names than did respondents in the 1985 survey. Critically, the percentage of respondents who provided no names at all increased from about 10 percent in 1985 to about 25 percent in 2004. The 2004 results contradict other relevant data, however, and they contain serious anomalies; this suggests that the apparently dramatic increase in social isolation is an artifact. One possible source of the artifact is the section of the 2004 interview preceding the network question; it may have been unusually taxing. Another possible source is a random technical error. With as yet no clear account for these inconsistencies and anomalies, scholars should be cautious in using the 2004 network data. Scholars and general readers alike should draw no inference from the 2004 GSS as to whether Americans' social networks changed substantially between 1985 and 2004; they probably did not.
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Giordano, Giuseppe Nicola, Jan Mewes, and Alexander Miething. "Trust and all-cause mortality: a multilevel study of US General Social Survey data (1978–2010)." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 1 (2018): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211250.
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BackgroundWithin public health research, generalised trust has been considered an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality for over two decades. However, there are no population-based studies that have scrutinised both contextual-level and individual-level effects of generalised trust on all-cause mortality. We, therefore, aim to investigate such associations by using pooled nationally representative US General Social Survey (GSS) data linked to the National Death Register (NDI).MethodsThe combined GSS–NDI data from the USA have 90 contextual units. Our sample consisted of 25 270 respondents from 1972 to 2010, with 6424 recorded deaths by 2014. We used multilevel parametric Weibull survival models reporting HRs and 95% CI (credible intervals for Bayesian analysis). Individual-level and contextual-level generalised trust were the exposures of interest; covariates included age, race, gender, marital status, education and household income.ResultsWe found a robust, significant impact of individual-level and contextual-level trust on mortality (HR=0.92, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.97; and HR=0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.98, respectively). There were no discernible gender differences. Neither did we observe any significant cross-level interactions.ConclusionHigh levels of individual and contextual generalised trust protect against mortality, even after considering numerous individual and aggregated socioeconomic conditions. Its robustness at both levels hints at the importance of psychosocial mechanisms, as well as a trustworthy environment. Declining trust levels across the USA should be of concern; decision makers should consider direct and indirect effects of policy on trust with the view to halting this decline.
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Robinson, John P. "Arts and Leisure Participation Among IT Users." Social Science Computer Review 29, no. 4 (2010): 470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439310385643.
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A major concern about new technologies like IT is how much they might displace time on media and other daily activities. Three highly-publicized early studies of the initial impact of IT indicated it was reducing time on both social life and mass media use. However, data from a number of high-quality national surveys since then—from the Pew Center, the General Social Survey (GSS), the Survey of Public Participation in the Arts (SPPA) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS)—have not replicated these results, in some cases finding increased social life and media use (especially reading) among IT users. The present article examines data from two separate national surveys (the GSS 2002 and the SPPA 2008), Even though the two studies asked different IT questions and examined different arts activities over different periods of Internet diffusion, progressively higher arts participation was found among Internet users, before and after education and other predictors of arts activity were controlled. The SPPA data also show that users and heavier IT users were also more active in a variety of other free time activities like attending movies, volunteering and sports. IT use here then becomes a away of extending or enhancing live attendance rather than displacing it. However, the results also raise questions about whether these correlations result from a “response set” of respondents overestimating their activity participation.
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Pan, Zhiwen, Jiangtian Li, Yiqiang Chen, Jesus Pacheco, Lianjun Dai, and Jun Zhang. "Knowledge discovery in sociological databases." International Journal of Crowd Science 3, no. 3 (2019): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-09-2019-0023.
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Purpose The General Society Survey(GSS) is a kind of government-funded survey which aims at examining the Socio-economic status, quality of life, and structure of contemporary society. GSS data set is regarded as one of the authoritative source for the government and organization practitioners to make data-driven policies. The previous analytic approaches for GSS data set are designed by combining expert knowledges and simple statistics. By utilizing the emerging data mining algorithms, we proposed a comprehensive data management and data mining approach for GSS data sets. Design/methodology/approach The approach are designed to be operated in a two-phase manner: a data management phase which can improve the quality of GSS data by performing attribute pre-processing and filter-based attribute selection; a data mining phase which can extract hidden knowledge from the data set by performing data mining analysis including prediction analysis, classification analysis, association analysis and clustering analysis. Findings According to experimental evaluation results, the paper have the following findings: Performing attribute selection on GSS data set can increase the performance of both classification analysis and clustering analysis; all the data mining analysis can effectively extract hidden knowledge from the GSS data set; the knowledge generated by different data mining analysis can somehow cross-validate each other. Originality/value By leveraging the power of data mining techniques, the proposed approach can explore knowledge in a fine-grained manner with minimum human interference. Experiments on Chinese General Social Survey data set are conducted at the end to evaluate the performance of our approach.
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Shields, Margot, Lil Tonmyr, and Wendy E. Hovdestad. "The Decline of Child Sexual Abuse in Canada: Evidence From the 2014 General Social Survey." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 9 (2019): 638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743718818417.
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Objective: To provide evidence of trends in child sexual abuse (CSA) in Canada. Methods: Using data from 15,801 males and 18,669 females who responded to the 2014 General Social Survey (GSS), we compared the prevalence of CSA by age cohorts. Age cohort patterns were examined for several sub-populations including males, females, Indigenous peoples, and people living in low-income households. Results: After an increase in the post-World War II period, there has been a decline in CSA in Canada since the early 1990s. Findings indicate a decline for both sexes; although, the evidence is more compelling for females. There is also evidence of a decline for Indigenous peoples, for those living in low-income households, and regardless of the relationship to the perpetrator (i.e., family member, a teacher/professor/tutor, a babysitter, a nanny, other non-family member but known to the respondent, or a stranger). Conclusions: In Canada, evidence from 3 retrospective population surveys suggests a decline in CSA since the early 1990s. However, given the associated harm, continued progress to the eradication of CSA is essential.
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Chai, Lei, and Michelle Maroto. "Economic Insecurity among Gay and Bisexual Men: Evidence from the 1991–2016 U.S. General Social Survey." Sociological Perspectives 63, no. 1 (2019): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121419849100.
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Although a sizeable body of research has examined the labor market outcomes for sexual minority men, suggesting that gay and bisexual men earn less than their heterosexual counterparts, fewer studies have addressed whether any apparent earnings disadvantages for sexual minority men extend to economic insecurity more broadly. Using 1991–2016 U.S. General Social Survey (GSS) data, we examine three measures of economic insecurity—household income, perceived financial satisfaction, and views about family income—among gay and bisexual men. We find that most sexual minority men experience multiple types of economic insecurity with larger disparities present for bisexual men. Consistent with the labor market literature, we observe that family structure and human capital acquisition primarily accounted for economic insecurity disparities for gay men, and family structure partially explained disparities for bisexual men.
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Mitnik, Pablo A., Erin Cumberworth, and David B. Grusky. "Social Mobility in a High-Inequality Regime." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 663, no. 1 (2015): 140–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215596971.
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Are opportunities to get ahead growing more unequal? Using data from the General Social Survey (GSS), it is possible to provide evidence on this question, evidence that is suggestive but must be carefully interpreted because the samples are relatively small. The GSS data reveal an increase in class reproduction among young and middle-age adults that is driven by the growing advantage of the professional-managerial class relative to all other classes. This trend is largely consistent with our new “top-income hypothesis” that posits that rising income inequality registers its effects on social mobility almost exclusively in the divide between the professional-managerial class and all other classes. We develop a two-factor model in which the foregoing effects of the inequality takeoff are set against the countervailing effects of the expansion of mass education. As the model implies, the trend in intergenerational association takes on a convex shape in the younger age groups, with the change appearing to accelerate in the most recent decade. These results suggest that the takeoff in income inequality may account in part for the decline in mobility.
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Smith, Todd D., and David M. DeJoy. "Occupational Injury in America: An analysis of risk factors using data from the General Social Survey (GSS)." Journal of Safety Research 43, no. 1 (2012): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2011.12.002.
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He, Y. H., A. Colantonio, and V. W. Marshall. "Later-Life Career Disruption and Self-Rated Health: An Analysis of General Social Survey Data." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 22, no. 1 (2003): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s071498080000372x.
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ABSTRACTThe transition from employment to retirement is changing dramatically in Canada and other industrialized societies, with a decreasing proportion of working life being spent in stable career progression. This study used a sample of 2,592 subjects, aged 45 to 64, from the 1994 General Social Survey of Canada (GSS): Cycle 9, to describe situations of later-life career disruption (LLCD) in older workers in Canada and to investigate the association between LLCD and self-rated health. Results showed that a large proportion of older Canadian workers had experienced such LLCD as job interruption and job loss. Experience of job loss and job interruption over the prior 5-year period was found to be significantly associated with poor self-rated health, after controlling for age, education, body mass index, and activity limitation. However, after excluding respondents whose LLCD was known to be due to poor health, job interruption and job loss were separately found not to be significantly associated with poor health. The complexity of the findings and the direction of causation between LLCD and self-rated health, as well as some methodology issues, are discussed. Areas of future research are indicated.
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Wright, Paul J. "Pornography Consumption, Cocaine Use, and Casual Sex among U.S. Adults." Psychological Reports 111, no. 1 (2012): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/18.02.13.pr0.111.4.305-310.
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This study utilized nationally representative longitudinal survey data from the 2006–2008 General Social Survey (GSS) to explore the interplay between U.S. adults' self-reported past pornography consumption, past cocaine use, and recent participation in casual sex. Participants in the longitudinal component of the 2006–2008 GSS were 867 women and 669 men ( N = 1,536) ranging in age from 18 to at least 89 years ( M = 45.46; SD = 16.91). Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze the data. After controlling for past casual sex and demographic covariates, the interaction of past pornography consumption and past cocaine use on recent casual sex was significant. Past cocaine users were more likely than non-cocaine users to have had recent casual sex (OR = 4.56), but past pornography consumption was unrelated to recent casual sex for past cocaine users (OR = 0.20). Conversely, past pornography consumption was associated with an increase in the odds of recent casual sex for non-cocaine users (OR = 2.74).
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Yucel, Deniz. "Number of siblings and generalized trust." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 41, no. 8 (2013): 1399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.8.1399.
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While demographers have long been concerned with population increases, recent significant declines in fertility also warrant concern. However, most researchers to date have focused on the causes of lower fertility rather than its consequences. Using General Social Survey (GSS) data, I tested the relationship between sibship size and generalized trust. I found that there is a negative relationship between sibship size and generalized trust among adults who have at least 4 siblings. These findings have implications for researchers who seek to have a better understanding of the consequences of declining sibship size.
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Gillis, Kelly J., and John P. Hirdes. "The Quality of Life Implications of Health Practices Among Older Adults: Evidence from the 1991 Canadian General Social Survey." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 15, no. 2 (1996): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800006760.
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ABSTRACTThe health promotion literature for young adults is not generalizable to the elderly, and different outcomes are likely to motivate changes in health practices within the two populations. Main and interactive effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and physical activity on older Canadians' quality of life are examined with 1991 GSS data. Quality of life is operationalized with psychological well-being and subjective health indicators. Two dichotomous outcomes are used for each dimension, where one outcome is relatively sensitive in detecting impaired quality of life and the other relatively specific. Smoking was consistently associated with negative outcomes, but there was little evidence of adverse effects for alcohol consumption. Physical activity effects were most pronounced comparing sedentary and moderately active individuals. Body mass index showed curvilinear associations with impaired quality of life and interactions with smoking and activity level in separate models.
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Wodtke, Geoffrey T. "The Effects of Education on Beliefs about Racial Inequality." Social Psychology Quarterly 81, no. 4 (2018): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272518804145.
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It is commonly hypothesized that education promotes more “enlightened” beliefs about racial inequality, and many prior studies document that white Americans with higher levels of education are more likely to agree with structural rather than individualist explanations for black disadvantages. Nevertheless, an alternative perspective contends that the ostensibly liberalizing effects of education are highly superficial, while yet another perspective cautions that any association observed between education and racial attitudes may be due to unobserved confounding. This study evaluates these perspectives by estimating the effects of education on beliefs about racial inequality from a set of cross-sectional, sibling, and panel models. Consistent with prior research, results from cross-sectional models fit to the General Social Survey (GSS) suggest that education promotes a genuine belief in structural over individualist explanations for racial inequality. However, results from sibling and individual fixed-effects models fit, respectively, to the 1994 Study of American Families and to the 2006–2010 GSS three-wave panels suggest that these effects may be superficial and are likely inflated by unobserved confounding.
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Applegate, Brandon K., and Joseph B. Sanborn. "Public Opinion on the Harshness of Local Courts." Criminal Justice Review 36, no. 4 (2011): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016811418822.
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Drawing on framing theory, the present study tests the impact of question wording on people’s reported opinions about the harshness of their local courts. A randomized experimental design tested two salient variations against the standard wording used in the National Opinion Research Center’s General Social Survey (GSS). The results indicated statistically significant differences, with fewer respondents expressing a desire for greater harshness with the alternative forms than the standard question form. Four of the five correlates that the authors examined also showed differential relationships with punitiveness among the question forms. These findings suggest that scholars should carefully consider the meaning of people’s responses when interpreting the GSS question as an indicator of public punitiveness.
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Vaisey, Stephen, and Andrew Miles. "What You Can—and Can’t—Do With Three-Wave Panel Data." Sociological Methods & Research 46, no. 1 (2016): 44–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124114547769.
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The recent change in the general social survey (GSS) to a rotating panel design is a landmark development for social scientists. Sociological methodologists have argued that fixed-effects (FE) models are generally the best starting point for analyzing panel data because they allow analysts to control for unobserved time-constant heterogeneity. We review these treatments and demonstrate the advantages of FE models in the context of the GSS. We also show, however, that FE models have two rarely tested assumptions that can seriously bias parameter estimates when violated. We provide simple tests for these assumptions. We further demonstrate that FE models are extremely sensitive to the correct specification of temporal lags. We provide a simulation and a proof to show that the use of incorrect lags in FE models can lead to coefficients that are the opposite sign of the true parameter values.
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Findlay, Leanne, and Dafna Kohen. "GSS 2011 Linked with TIFF: Exploring the Cost of Child Care in Canada and the Use of the Child Care Tax Benefit." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 12, no. 1 (2019): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29492.
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Affordability of child care is fundamental to parents’, in particular, women’s decision to work. However, information on the cost of care in Canada is limited. The purpose of the current study was to examine the feasibility of using linked survey and administrative data to compare and contrast parent-reported child care costs based on two different sources of data. The linked file brings together data from the 2011 General Social Survey (GSS) and the annual tax files (TIFF) for the corresponding year (2010). Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine the socio-demographic and employment characteristics of respondents who reported using child care, and child care costs were compared. In 2011, parents who reported currently paying for child care (GSS) spent almost $6700 per year ($7,500 for children age 5 and under). According to the tax files, individuals claimed just over $3900 per year ($4,700). Approximately one in four individuals who reported child care costs on the GSS did not report any amount on their tax file; about four in ten who claimed child care on the tax file did not report any cost on the survey. Multivariate analyses suggested that individuals with a lower education, lower income, with Indigenous identity, and who were self-employed were less likely to make a tax claim despite reporting child care expenses on the GSS. Further examination of child care costs by province and by type of care are necessary, as is research to determine the most accurate way to measure and report child care costs.
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Findlay, Leanne, and Dafna Kohen. "GSS 2011 Linked with TIFF: Exploring the Cost of Child Care in Canada and the Use of the Child Care Expense Deduction." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 12, no. 1 (2020): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29535.
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Affordability of child care is fundamental to parents’, in particular, women’s decision to work. However, information on the cost of care in Canada is limited. The purpose of the current study was to examine the feasibility of using linked survey and administrative data to compare and contrast parent-reported child care costs based on two different sources of data. The linked file brings together data from the 2011 General Social Survey (GSS) and the annual tax files (TIFF) for the corresponding year (2010). Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine the socio-demographic and employment characteristics of respondents who reported using child care, and child care costs were compared. In 2011, parents who reported currently paying for child care (GSS) spent almost $6700 per year ($7,500 for children age 5 and under). According to the tax files, individuals claimed just over $3900 per year ($4,700). Approximately one in four individuals who reported child care costs on the GSS did not report any amount on their tax file; about four in ten who claimed child care on the tax file did not report any cost on the survey. Multivariate analyses suggested that individuals with a lower education, lower income, with Indigenous identity, and who were self-employed were less likely to make a tax claim despite reporting child care expenses on the GSS. Further examination of child care costs by province and by type of care are necessary, as is research to determine the most accurate way to measure and report child care costs.
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Alwin, Duane F., and Paula A. Tufiş. "The Changing Dynamics of Class and Culture in American Politics." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 663, no. 1 (2015): 229–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215596974.
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This article investigates the implications of Thomas Frank’s “conservative backlash” thesis that cultural cleavages have become much more important in contemporary American political life relative to traditional socioeconomic bases for political differentiation. We frame our research within the recent literature on the “polarization” of the electorate with respect to social and cultural issues. Using Hunter’s “culture war” imagery, we examine the extent to which opposing cultural forces on issues of abortion, gay rights, women’s extra-familial labor force participation, and child-rearing have become more important in shaping political identities and party preferences. We use data from twenty-six nationally representative surveys of the General Social Survey (GSS) from 1974 through 2010, and we find evidence of polarization in the liberal-conservative identities of respondents. We find that occupational class had a clear and consistent relationship to political views, which is relatively stable over time. We also find that cultural views are related to political identities, and that most features of the cultural component in our analysis are increasingly associated with liberal political views. Our results favor an interpretation of a changing role of cultural orientations in shaping political identities and provide tentative support for Frank’s “Kansas hypothesis” as revealed in the GSS data.
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Coyne, Paige, Sara Santarossa, Nicole Polumbo, and Sarah J. Woodruff. "The associations of social networking site use and self-reported general health, mental health, and well-being among Canadians." DIGITAL HEALTH 4 (January 2018): 205520761881253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055207618812532.
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Objectives To investigate social networking site (SNS) use and frequency, and their potential associations with self-reported general health, mental health, and well-being among the Canadian population using the nationally representative 2013 General Social Survey (GSS). Methods Data were collected via Statistics Canada GSS 2013 (cycle 27). Six separate one-way analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs) were conducted to determine differences in general health, mental health, and well-being for both SNS use and frequency, controlling for age, gender, number of children at home, household location, education, and income. Results SNS users were younger (with nearly 96% being 15–24 years old vs. 27% ≥ 75 years; p < .001), female ( p < .001), have three or fewer children at home ( p < .001), live in urban/Prince Edward Island locations, were at the lower or higher ends of household income ( p < .001), and were less educated ( p < .001). Among all Internet users, better general health ( p = .03) was associated with using SNSs, yet better mental health ( p = .001) and well-being ( p = .001) were associated with not using SNSs. Among SNS account-holders, those who never accessed their accounts had significantly lower general health ( p = .007), mental health ( p < .001), and well-being ( p < .001) compared with those who accessed their accounts, regardless of frequency. Conclusion Differences exist for SNS use and frequency and health outcomes. However, investigations into the possible differences that may exist between individuals who do not have a SNS account and those who do, but do not use it, are needed in the future.
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Banerjee, Sanchayan, Matteo M. Galizzi, and Rafael Hortala-Vallve. "Trusting the Trust Game: An External Validity Analysis with a UK Representative Sample." Games 12, no. 3 (2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g12030066.
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Using a nationally representative sample of 1052 respondents from the United Kingdom, we systematically tested the associations between the experimental trust game and a range of popular self-reported measures for trust, such as the General Social Survey (GSS) and the Rosenberg scale for self-reported trust. We find that, in our UK representative sample, the experimental trust game significantly and positively predicts generalised self-reported trust in the GSS. This association is robust across a number of alternative empirical specifications, which account for multiple hypotheses corrections and control for other social preferences as measured by the dictator game and the public good game, as well as for a broad range of individual characteristics, such as gender, age, education, and personal income. We discuss how these results generalise to nationally representative samples from six other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (France, Germany, Italy, Korea, Slovenia, and the US).
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Waters, Thomas R., Robert B. Dick, Joi Davis-Barkley, and Edward F. Krieg. "A Cross-Sectional Study of Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Symptoms in the Workplace Using Data From the General Social Survey (GSS)." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 49, no. 2 (2007): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e3180322559.
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Warner, L., J. Anderson, and M. Macaluso. "P2-S3.04 Condom use among US adults at last sexual intercourse, 1996-2008: an analysis of general social survey (GSS) data." Sexually Transmitted Infections 87, Suppl 1 (2011): A237—A238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.323.
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Bélanger, Alain, Jean-Dominique Morency, and Martin Spielauer. "A Microsimulation Model to Study the Interaction between Fertility and Union Formation and Dissolution: An Application to Canada and Quebec." Canadian Studies in Population 37, no. 3-4 (2010): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6d047.
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Union formation and dissolution are among the main determinants explaining variations in fertility. Compared to the rest of Canada, Quebec’s marital histories are more complex and its prevalence of common-law unions much higher. The objective of this article is to examine the role of marital behaviours on fertility by comparing different indicators of fertility and conjugal life that were obtained through microsimulation. Parameters of the microsimulation model were estimated from hazard regressions performed on the marital and fertility histories collected in two retrospective longitudinal surveys: the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS) 2001 and 2006. Results show that the more complex marital histories of Quebecers can explain more than one-quarter of their fertility differences with the rest of the country.
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Stolte, John F. "THE VALUE OF SOCIALLY EXTRINSIC VS. INTRINSIC OUTCOMES: AN EXPLORATION OF AMERICANS FROM 1974 TO 1994." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 28, no. 4 (2000): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2000.28.4.387.
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Stimulated by a recent exchange theory of value (Emerson, 1987; Stolte, 1998), the research reported here used archived data from the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey (GSS)[1] to examine 1974–1994 trends in the value placed by Americans on socially “extrinsic” vs. “intrinsic” outcomes of exchange. The data show an increase in the value placed on socially extrinsic outcomes (specifically income) and a decrease in the value placed on socially intrinsic outcomes (specifically those mediated by marriage, kin contact, neighborly interaction, fraternal and church group membership). These trends raise questions about a possible imbalance in the pursuit of extrinsic over intrinsic outcomes, and possible deleterious social psychological consequences. While the present results are exploratory and highly provisional, they strongly encourage further research aimed at answering these questions.
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Barna, Gréta. "Cikkismertetés: Közvélekedés a kábítószer-függőségről és a mentális betegségekről." Egészségfejlesztés 62, no. 1 (2021): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24365/ef.v62i1.657.
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Korábbi kutatások alapján egyértelműen megállapítható, hogy a mentális zavarban szenvedőkkel szemben a közvélemény hozzáállása alapvetően negatív, melynek mértéke az Általános Szociális Felmérés (General Social Survey, GSS) – melyet az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban végeztek el – 1999-es és 2006-os adatait összehasonlítva csekély mértékben változott. Az egyének igénye továbbra is igen magas arra, hogy elkerüljék a mentális zavarban szenvedőket, és többnyire veszélyesnek tartják őket. Bár kevesebb információ áll rendelkezésre a drogfüggőségben szenvedők elítélését illetően, mégis megállapítható, hogy az egyének attitűdje negatívabb a drogfogyasztó személyekkel szemben, mint a mentális zavaroktól szenvedők iránt.
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Banerjee, Sube, James Lindesay, and Elaine Murphy. "Psychogeriatricians and general practitioners: a national survey." Psychiatric Bulletin 17, no. 10 (1993): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.17.10.592.
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Recent changes in the provision of health and social care in the UK such as the institution of a purchaser/provider system and regular screening of the elderly by GPs are of importance to the relationship between primary health care teams (PHCT) and psychogeriatricians. These changes have clarified the necessity for sensitivity by psychogeriatric services to the needs of GPs and commissioning authorities.
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Mahay, Jenna, and Alisa C. Lewin. "Age and the Desire to Marry." Journal of Family Issues 28, no. 5 (2007): 706–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x06297272.
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Understanding attitudes toward marriage at older ages is increasingly important as young adults delay marriage and large numbers of people return to the marriage market after divorce. This study examines age differences in the desire to marry among singles age 18 to 69 years, taking into account selection into marriage. Using data drawn from the General Social Survey (GSS), multinomial regressions show that single men and women age 55 to 69 years have less desire to marry than younger single men and women. This age difference in single people's desire to marry is not fully explained by differences in factors that are likely to affect the real or perceived gains from marriage, such as personal resources, children, experience of divorce, or religiosity.
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Sweeney, Megan M. "Socioeconomic Standing and Variability in Marriage Timing in the Twentieth Century." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 663, no. 1 (2015): 270–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215596975.
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This research draws on extensive data from the General Social Survey (GSS) and the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to shed new light on change and variability in family life. I address two overarching questions. First, how did variability in marriage timing change over the course of the twentieth century? Second, did changes in the variability of marriage timing occur broadly across socioeconomic groups, or have they been limited to the top or bottom of the socioeconomic ladder? Because identifying consistent measures of socioeconomic standing over broad historical periods is not straightforward, and because one’s own socioeconomic standing may be in part flow from marriage decisions, I triangulate results using multiple measures of social standing. Although the magnitude and timing of changes in age of first marriage vary somewhat across social class, my results point to generally similar underlying trends across class groups. Social class variation in marriage patterns is well documented, yet explanations for the changing variability in marriage timing over the course of the twentieth century also needs to consider factors that could have affected all social class groups to some extent.
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Martin, Valerie, Melinda Mills, and Céline Le Bourdais. "The Consequences of Parental Divorce on the Life Course Outcomes of Canadian Children." Canadian Studies in Population 32, no. 1 (2005): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6v315.
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Applying the theory of the intergenerational transmission of divorce, this paper examines the consequences of parental divorce on three aspects of the life course of children: union formation, nonmarital fertility, and marital dissolution. The 1995 Canadian General Social Survey (GSS) is used to estimate various regression models (Cox proportional hazards). Results show that children of divorced parents have a significantly higher likelihood to have births outside of marriage, enter into cohabiting unions, and to experience higher levels of divorce. Throughout the paper, attention is placed on the markedly different behaviour observed in Quebec compared to elsewhere in Canada.
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Ysseldyk, Renate, Natasha Kuran, Simone Powell, and Paul J. Villeneuve. "Self-reported health impacts of caregiving by age and income among participants of the Canadian 2012 General Social Survey." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 39, no. 5 (2019): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.39.5.01.
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Introduction Increases in life expectancy and the underlying age structure of the Canadian population have contributed to dramatic increases in the number of seniors who are caregivers. While caregiving is associated with several adverse health impacts, there is a need to better understand how these impacts might be different among older caregivers, and whether those impacts are modified by socioeconomic status. Methods We sought to address these research gaps by using cross-sectional data pro¬vided by participants of the 2012 Canadian General Social Survey (GSS). Descriptive analyses were performed to compare the self-reported health impacts that participants attributed to caregiving, and how these varied by age and income. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify which factors were associated with self-reported impacts on overall health among caregivers 65 years of age and older. Results The demographic characteristics of the care-providers varied substantially by age with older caregivers having lower incomes and devoting more time to caregiving relative to those who were younger. The self-reported impacts of caregiving on overall health were greatest among those between the ages of 35 and 64, and this pattern was evident across all income groups. Feelings of loneliness and social isolation as a result of caregiving responsibilities appeared to be mitigated by both greater age and income. However, across all age groups, caregiving was more likely to adversely impact exercise habits, healthy eating, and alcohol consumption than to promote more positive behaviours. Conclusion Providing care impacts health behaviours and mental health regardless of age and income. However, our findings suggest that older caregivers (who are most often women)—who provide the most hours of care and on reduced incomes relative to younger caregivers—appear less impacted in terms of health behaviours, perhaps as a result of fewer competing demands relative to younger caregivers. Taken together, these findings suggest that support systems must consider caregiver impacts that vary in com¬plex ways across age, sex, and income.
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Billette, Jean-Michel, Céline Le Bourdais, and Benoît Laplante. "An assessment of heterogeneity in first home-returning trends of young Canadians." Canadian Studies in Population 38, no. 1-2 (2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p66s49.
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This study uses data taken from the 2001 General Social Survey on family history (GSS, Cycle 15) to examine home-returning among Canadian men and women born in 1942–76. In addition to conducting a detailed analysis of the numerous factors at play in determining the likelihood of home-returning, we pay specific attention to the timing of the transition and provide an estimation of the overall influence of unobserved characteristics that contribute to generate home-returners. Results suggest that early, intermediate, and late home-returners have different socio-demographic profiles and that unobserved characteristics play a significant part in the determination of home-returning.
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Stater, Keely Jones, and Mark Stater. "Is It “Just Work”? The Impact of Work Rewards on Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intent in the Nonprofit, For-Profit, and Public Sectors." American Review of Public Administration 49, no. 4 (2018): 495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074018815261.
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This article uses the General Social Survey (GSS) to compare the effects of “social” work rewards on job satisfaction and turnover intent for nonprofit, public, and for-profit workers. Drawing on properties of the nonprofit sector, we hypothesize that social rewards should be more prevalent in nonprofit workplaces and have a larger impact on job decisions for nonprofit than for government and for-profit workers. Consistent with this, we find that social rewards are perceived as more prevalent in nonprofit organizations. In addition, having helpful coworkers and having a supervisor who cares about one’s welfare have larger effects on job satisfaction for nonprofit workers than for workers in the other two sectors, and having a helpful supervisor discourages turnover intent to a larger extent in the nonprofit sector than in the for-profit and public sectors. Overall, however, we find that differences in the magnitude of impact of social rewards by sector are less pronounced than theory would suggest.
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Krishnan, Vijaya, and Kelly Martin. "Contraceptive sterilization among Canadians, 1984-1995." Canadian Studies in Population 31, no. 1 (2004): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p68888.
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Prior to early 1970s, traditional methods were the principal means of controlling the number and spacing of births. Today, an estimated 57 per cent of the world’s married women use contraceptives and half use modern methods such as medical sterilizations. Recent statistics suggest that Canada has the highest sterilization rate in the Western world. This paper presents findings of research examining sterilization trends in Canada with respect to changing patterns in the use of modern contraceptives, using data from the 1984 Canadian Fertility Survey (CFS) and the 1995 General Social Survey (GSS). The main finding is that there is a decrease in the use of tubal ligation and an increase in the use of hysterectomy over the period 1984-1995. Less educated women are more likely to be in the forefront of modern methods of contraception.
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Grinshteyn, Erin, Peter Muennig, and Roman Pabayo. "Using the General Social Survey – National Death Index cohort to study the relationship between neighbourhood fear and mortality in the USA." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (2019): e030330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030330.
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ObjectivesFear of crime is associated with adverse mental health outcomes and reduced social interaction independent of crime. Because mental health and social interactions are associated with poor physical health, fear of crime may also be associated with death. The main objective is to determine whether neighbourhood fear is associated with time to death.Setting and participantsData from the 1978–2008 General Social Survey were linked to mortality data using the National Death Index (GSS-NDI) (n=20 297).MethodsGSS-NDI data were analysed to assess the relationship between fear of crime at baseline and time to death among adults after removing violent deaths. Fear was measured by asking respondents if they were afraid to walk alone at night within a mile of their home. Crude and adjusted HRs were calculated using survival analysis to calculate time to death. Analyses were stratified by sex.ResultsAmong those who responded that they were fearful of walking in their neighbourhood at night, there was a 6% increased risk of death during follow-up in the adjusted model though this was not significant (HR=1.06, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.13). In the fully adjusted models examining risk of mortality stratified by sex, findings were significant among men but not women. Among men, in the adjusted model, there was an 8% increased risk of death during follow-up among those who experienced fear at baseline in comparison with those who did not experience fear (HR=1.08, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14).ConclusionsResearch has recently begun examining fear as a public health issue. With an identified relationship with mortality among men, this is a potential public health problem that must be examined more fully.
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Gomez, Rafael, and Morley Gunderson. "Volunteer Activity and the Demands of Work and Family." Articles 58, no. 4 (2004): 573–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007817ar.
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Abstract The importance of volunteer activity for employees, employers and governmental and non-governmental organizations that are increasingly relying on volunteers is discussed, followed by an econometric analysis relating volunteer activity to a variety of characteristics of work and family as well as to personal and demographic characteristics of the volunteers. The analysis is based on Cycle 9 of the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS) of 1994—an ideal data set since it links volunteer activity to a wide range of characteristics of work and family. The results are interpreted through the lens of a household production function framework, highlighting the importance of time cost and income, but also characteristics of work and family.
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Kingma, Bruce, and Ryan Yeung. "Religion, Entrepreneurship, Income and Employment." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 1, no. 1 (2014): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i1.8641.
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This exploratory study compares the entrepreneurial tendency and family income across religious denominations in the United States. Information from the General Social Survey (GSS) database on self-employed and a matched sample of those employed by others is used to compare the family income and incidence of entrepreneurship by religion. We show that Protestants are more likely to be self-employed than Catholics, although both are less likely than those that are not religious or Jews. Religious affiliation has a mixed result on income, although increased attendance at religious services increases income for those employed by others.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i1.8641 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol.1(1) 2014 3-9
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Chen, Chung-An. "“A Little Is Better Than Zero” or “Pay Enough or Don’t Pay at All”? Evidence on the Size of Pay-for-Performance Across the Sectors." Public Personnel Management 47, no. 2 (2017): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091026017747298.
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Regarding the effect of pay-for-performance (PFP), standard economic reasoning suggests that “a little is better than zero,” meaning that even small performance payments can improve employees’ work morale. An alternative view, “pay enough or don’t pay at all,” suggests that paying too little may instead erode employees’ work morale. Using the U.S. General Social Survey (GSS) data, the present study finds evidence that the two views actually complement each other: Small payments can improve employees’ work effort (e.g., working hours), but can also potentially compromise their work attitudes (e.g., job satisfaction). In addition, employees in different working sectors may have different understanding of what “small size” really means. Findings are followed by theoretical and practical implications.
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Ray, Tapas K., and Regina Pana-Cryan. "Work Flexibility and Work-Related Well-Being." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (2021): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063254.
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Work organization practices, including work flexibility, are changing and can affect worker well-being. Common work flexibility types include working at home, taking time off when needed, and changing one’s work schedule. Given the changes in and the importance of work flexibility, the study assesses its prevalence and association with worker well-being in the United States. We used 2002–2018 General Social Survey—Quality of Worklife (GSS-QWL) data, descriptive statistics, and regression analyses to assess the reported likelihood of job stress, job satisfaction, healthy days, and days with activity limitations among workers reporting work flexibility. The prevalence of work flexibility remained relatively stable during the period examined. Working at home increased the likelihood of job stress by 22% and job satisfaction by 65%. Taking time off decreased the likelihood of job stress by 56% and days with activity limitations by 24%, and more than doubled the likelihood of job satisfaction. Changing one’s schedule decreased the likelihood of job stress by 20% and increased the likelihood of job satisfaction by 62%. This study used all the available data from GSS-QWL and demonstrated the ongoing importance of work flexibility for well-being.
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Albattah, Mohammed, Yongwei Shan, Paul M. Goodrum, and Timothy R. B. Taylor. "Relationships between cycles of economic expansion in construction and craft workers’ job satisfaction and preferences." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 1 (2017): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0358.
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When construction craft workers consider potential career alternatives, overall job satisfaction is a fundamental factor that influences their retention and productivity. This paper analyzes changes in job satisfaction and job preferences of craft workers in the US construction industry across successive economic recession–expansion cycles. The analysis used data from the General Social Survey (GSS) collected from 1974 to 2014 and compared job satisfaction and preferences of construction craft workers with those in other industries. The authors found that job preferences of the sampled construction respondents changed with each successive recession–expansion cycle and that the desire for high income became more prevalent than that for a sense of accomplishment in physical work, which has traditionally been the top job preference among construction workers in general. Overall job satisfaction among sampled construction respondents was equal to or slightly exceeded the overall job satisfaction of sampled respondents in other industries. Industry craft recruitment efforts can use these insights to design future recruitment and retention strategies.
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Sharp, Shane. "Belief in Life After Death and Attitudes Toward Voluntary Euthanasia." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 79, no. 1 (2017): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222817715755.
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Research has documented associations among religious affiliation, religious practice, and attitudes toward voluntary euthanasia, yet very few studies have investigated how particular religious beliefs influence these attitudes. I use data from the General Social Survey (GSS; N = 19,967) to evaluate the association between the belief in life after death and attitudes toward voluntary euthanasia. I find that those who believe in life after death are significantly less likely than those who do not believe in life after death or those who doubt the existence of life after death to have positive attitudes toward voluntary euthanasia. These associations hold even after controlling for religious affiliation, religious attendance, views of the Bible, and sociodemographic factors. The findings indicate that to understand individuals’ views about voluntary euthanasia, one must pay attention to individuals’ particular religious beliefs.
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Wu, Cary, and Rima Wilkes. "Finding critical trusters: A response pattern model of political trust." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 59, no. 2 (2018): 110–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715218761520.
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How can declining political trust in Western democracies be explained, especially, when it remains stable and high in authoritarian societies? Underlying this question is a debate about whether political trust represents a diffuse orientation toward the political system as a whole or a specific assessment of incumbent performance. This article argues that the solution requires a move away from existing approaches that focus on question content and instead thinking about the pattern of responses. While previous work assumes that individuals display both specific and diffuse trust, we argue that the individual patterning of responses indicates either diffuse or specific trust but not both. We develop a response pattern model and use it to identify three types of individuals – critical trusters (specific trust), compliants (diffuse trust), and cynics (diffuse distrust). Tests of the model with the World Values Survey (WVS) and the US General Social Survey (GSS) show that democracies have a higher proportion of critical trusters than other systems of government and that the proportion of critical trusters has increased over time in the United States. The response pattern model directly connects cross-national and longitudinal empirical evidence to theory about the relationship between democracy and different types of trust.