To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles US GAAP.
Journal articles on the topic 'Generally Accepted Accounting Principles US GAAP'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Generally Accepted Accounting Principles US GAAP.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Tsuji, Mineo, and Mitsuki Hiraiwa. "An Analysis of the Internal Consistency of the New Accounting Standard for Virtual Currencies in Generally Accepted Japanese Accounting Principles." International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering 8, no. 2 (2018): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssoe.2018040103.
Full textAbstract:
While there is no specific guidance in IFRS or US GAAP on accounting for virtual currencies, the ASBJ issued the PITF on the Accounting for Virtual Currencies under the PSA on March 14, 2018 as part of J-GAAP. The standard subscribes that, if an active market exists for the virtual currency, such a virtual currency should be measured using the market price at the balance sheet date, and any difference between the carrying amount should be recognized as a gain or loss. This article examines logically the internal consistency of the accounting information of virtual currencies subscribed by the standard in J-GAAP and between the standard and IFRS. The results indicated that it is appropriate to present virtual currencies at the recoverable amount as in the case of other monetary assets in J-GAAP and that there are no significant differences internationally between the standard and the IFRS.
2
Rinke, Dolores. "Case Study: Differences Between US And International Financial Statements." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 7, no. 5 (2011): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v7i5.5608.
Full textAbstract:
This case examines the differences in format and terminology in financial statements between US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Students download the financial statements of two different companies in the same industry; i.e., Nokia (reporting under IFRS) and Motorola (reporting under US GAAP). Questions related to the differences in format and terminology are addressed.
3
Gray, Dahli, and Clemense Ehoff Jr. "Lower Of Cost Or Market Inventory Valuation: IFRS Versus US GAAP." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 12, no. 1 (2013): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v12i1.8372.
Full textAbstract:
The lower of cost versus market (LCM) controversy regarding inventory cost measurement is presented. The differences between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and United States (US) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are analytically compared. The link between US federal tax law and US GAAP is emphasized relative to a discussion of deferred taxes and potential US federal income tax revenue.
4
Harris, Peter, and Liz Washington Arnold. "US GAAP Conversion To IFRS: A Case Study Of The Balance Sheet." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 9, no. 2 (2013): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v9i2.7699.
Full textAbstract:
International Reporting Standards (IFRS) has become the required framework for most of the world financial market economies. In the United States, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is still required. However, plans are presently in place by the SEC to abandon US GAAP and to adhere to IFRS requirements by as early as the period ending December 31, 2014. This case study requires the student to transform a US GAAP presented Balance Sheet to IFRS and is most suitable for an Intermediary Accounting 11 and a Financial Analysis class at the graduate level.
5
Vergoossen, Ruud, and Frans Van Der Wel. "Wereldstandaard financiële verslaggeving: IFRS of US GAAP?" Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 76, no. 12 (2002): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.76.13793.
Full textAbstract:
De roep om een wereldstandaard voor de financiële verslaggeving is groot. De Europese Unie heeft gekozen voor de International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) die in 2005 worden ingevoerd, terwijl de Verenigde Staten blijven vasthouden aan de United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). Dit artikel gaat in op de implementatie van de IFRS in de Europese Unie en de obstakels die een consistente interpretatie en toepassing van de IFRS in de weg kunnen staan. Daarna worden de IFRS vergeleken met de US GAAP en komt de positie van de IFRS in de Verenigde Staten aan de orde. In een korte slotbeschouwing wordt een drietal scenario’s geschetst om te komen tot een wereldstandaard. Het scenario waarbij de IFRS en de US GAAP naar elkaar toegroeien, lijkt, gegeven de omstandigheden, het meest realistisch en wenselijk (convergentiestrategie).
6
Yallapragada, RamMohan R. "Incorporating International Financial Reporting Standards Into The United States Financial Reporting System: Timeline And Implications." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 3 (2012): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i3.6860.
Full textAbstract:
In the United States of America (US), all the accounting procedures and guidelines for measurement and reporting by business firms are governed by a body of principles and concepts known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). These GAAP are presently issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) with the authority delegated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Historically, each country developed its own GAAP and there was no uniformity among the GAAPs of different countries. Comparison of financial statements issued by business firms from different countries has become impossible leading toward suboptimal capital allocation across countries in the world. Gradually, with the advent of multinational corporations, there emerged a global demand for convergence of GAAP of different countries into a single set uniform accounting standards applicable to all countries. Initiative for uniform global accounting standards came from International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) which was established in 1973. The IASC formed International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2001 which began issuing International Financial Accounting Standards (IFRS). Till now about 100 countries have adopted IFRS for their financial reporting purposes. The SEC has yielded to the global pressure to adopt IFRS in the US. SEC has set a timeline for US business firms to change over from US GAAP to IFRS. This paper presents the background and development of the movement of IFRS, timeline for the change in US and the implications involved in the adoption of IFRS in the US.
7
Harris, Peter, and Liz Washington Arnold. "US GAAP Conversion To IFRS: A Case Study Of The Income Statement." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 8, no. 4 (2012): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v8i4.7034.
Full textAbstract:
International Reporting Standards (IFRS) has become the required framework for most of the world financial market economies as of January 1, 2011. In the United States, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is still required. However, plans are presently in place by the SEC to abandon US GAAP and to adhere to IFRS requirements by as early as for the period ending December 31, 2014. This case study requires the student to transform a US GAAP presented Income Statement to IFRS. This case study is most suitable for an Intermediary Accounting or a Financial Analysis class at the graduate level.
8
Penner, James, Jerry Kreuze, and Sheldon Langsam. "Long-Lived Asset Impairments in the Shipping Industry and the Impact on Financial Statement Ratios: Comparing U.S. GAAP and IFRS Standards." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 3, no. 2 (2013): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v3i2.4226.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we investigate asset impairment standards particularly as they relate to differences between United States generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) and international financial reporting standards (IFRS) for the impairment of long-lived assets in the shipping industry and the corresponding impact on financial statement analysis ratios. Our study provides evidence that return on assets and asset turnover ratios diverge significantly as a result of the difference between US GAAP and IFRS on asset impairments within the shipping industry. Reporting differences between US GAAP and IFRS can impede the comparability of financial reporting. Asset impairment accounting differences can have significant differences for companies reporting under these two accounting standards.
9
Alhaj-Yaseen, Yaseen S., Kean Wu, and Leslie B. Fletcher. "Accounting Standards and Earnings Quality — Evidence from Registered ADRs." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 21, no. 04 (2018): 1850022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091518500224.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the changes in earnings quality of registered American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) as a result of switching accounting standards. We aim to shed light on the potential impact of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) adoption on US firms. A suboptimal approach to achieve this goal is through examination of US firms’ surrogates such as ADRs. Unlike previous studies, we made a distinction between registered and unregistered ADRs and affirmed that registered ADRs are the closest surrogates with which to conduct our analysis because they are exclusively required to adhere to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)’s stringent disclosure requirements. When cross-listing their equity on the US exchanges, foreign issuers can file their financial reports with the SEC using IFRS, US GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles), or their domestic GAAP with reconciliation to US GAAP. An improvement in earnings quality is documented when ADRs adopt US GAAP or IFRS versus domestic GAAP. However, when the comparison is made between US GAAP and IFRS, no difference in earnings quality is documented. These results indicate that switching to high-quality accounting standards is likely to improve earnings quality. This improvement is maximized when the difference between reporting standards is high and minimized if otherwise. Our conclusion is that the adoption of IFRS in the US is unlikely to change earnings quality of local issuers. Moreover, we drew a distinction between reconciliation with and adoption of high-quality accountings standards and find that while the former can enhance earnings quality, the latter can further improve it.
10
Harris, Peter, William Stahlin, and Moade Fawzi Shubita. "US GAAP Conversion To IFRS: A Case Study Of The Cash Flow Statement." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 10, no. 1 (2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v10i1.8325.
Full textAbstract:
International Reporting Standards (IFRS) has become the required framework for most of the world financial market economies as of January 1, 2011. This includes, in a non-comprehensive listing, the many European Union countries - Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In the United States, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is still required. However, plans are presently in place by the SEC to abandon US GAAP and to adhere to IFRS requirements by as early as for the period ending December 31, 2014. As such, it is important to introduce IFRS accounting rules in the college curriculum and make it a major component of accounting classes. This case study takes a US GAAP Prepared Cash Flow Statement and, based on the facts of the case, requires students to prepare an IFRS-based Cash Flow Statement. The need to understand both US GAAP and IFRS rules is required to adequately address this case study, which is most suitable for an Intermediary Accounting, Accounting Theory and a Financial Statement Analysis class, as well as an Investment Finance course, at the graduate level.
11
Jerman, Mateja, and Massimo Manzin. "Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in IFRS and US GAAP." Organizacija 41, no. 6 (2008): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10051-008-0023-5.
Full textAbstract:
Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in IFRS and US GAAPThe article presents an overview of the new accounting treatment of goodwill regarding International Financial Reporting Standards and American Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Goodwill acquired through a business combination is no longer amortized but tested for impairment. Despite the fact that the objective of the new International Financial Accounting Standard has been to move towards international convergence; significant differences between standards still exist. The article presents the main changes of the regulation in the last years and the key differences between the two accounting treatments. In spite of the new accounting approach there are still lots of discussions, which indicate that the field is still not properly regulated. Finally, the article offers possible directions for future research and reporting practice.
12
Wright, Gail B., Daniel Fernandez, Jeremy Burns, Ryan Hawkins, Christina Hornsby, and Sunny Patel. "Big GAAP/Little GAAP: Will The Debate Ever End?" Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 10, no. 5 (2012): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v10i5.6981.
Full textAbstract:
There has been an ongoing debate for decades, especially since the inception of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), over the appropriate application of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to private companies. This so-called Big GAAP vs. Little GAAP debate has now come to a crisis point. The Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) has taken a position that is contrary to the recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Panel on Standard Setting for Private Companies (the Panel) presented in January 2011, despite having been represented on the Panel. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), also represented on the Panel, has responded by taking a strong stand in favor of the Panels position and against the new FAF recommendation and Invitation to Comment, published on October 4, 2011. Additionally, the International Accounting Standards Board has developed a set of reporting standards for small and medium size enterprises (IFRS for SMEs) that has not been recognized in the US. In this paper, we examine the history of the Big GAAP/Little GAAP debate in the US and internationally. We find substantial support for reducing requirements of private companies and recommend that International Financial Reporting Standards for Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises (IFRS for SMEs) be used for public companies of all sizes to be consistent with standards that have been accepted globally.
13
Carpenter, Vivian L., Rita Hartung Cheng, and Ehsan H. Feroz. "Toward an empirical institutional governance theory: Analyses of the decisions by the 50 US state governments to adopt generally accepted accounting principles." Corporate Ownership and Control 4, no. 4 (2007): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv4i4p3.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we develop and empirically test an institutional governance theory for explaining the decisions by the population of 50 US state governments to adopt Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for external financial reporting. Governmental accounting studies have generally explained the governance choice of an accounting method in terms of the economic consequences of these choices for managerial welfare and other microeconomic determinants of those decisions. While the explanatory power of these models are generally good, there is often a large unexplained variance which is presumably not explainable in terms of the extant agency models of accounting choice. Our study develops an institutional governance theory and demonstrates that institutional governance variables in conjunction with traditional economic agency variables can improve the explanatory power of government accounting choice models. Our empirical results are consistent with the stipulations of the institutional governance theory
14
Dovbush, Vita, and Roman Kozhushko. "PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF CHANGES IN THE FINANCIAL REPORTING OF ENTERPRISES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY." Management 32, no. 2 (2021): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2415-3206.2020.2.2.
Full textAbstract:
Statement of the problem and tasks. Ukraine is a country with transitive economy characterized by creation and development of market institutions aimed at privatization of state property, deregulation and liberalization of economic relations. Transformation of economy of Ukraine requires from enterprises the application of management concepts, focused on the new conditions of economic management – uncertainty and crisis nature of market environment. The effectiveness of the implementation of new principles of management depends on the completeness and reliability of the information and analytical support of management decisions.Methods. The study used: a dialectical method, system analysis – for detailing and decomposition of the object of research into separate important constituent elements; synthesis – to summarize the various aspects of the financial statements of the enterprise.Results. The technical issues of accounting were investigated: the key differences in approaches to enterprise accounting between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) and the Regulations (Standards) of Accounting (NARS) were determined; the impact of the identified differences on the data processing in the accounting systems was assessed. It is determined that governmental accounting rules in the United States are governed by its generally accepted GAAP accounting principles. It has been proven that conceptually, IFRS, which is used by states around the world, is more "principled" than GAAP, making it somewhat less complex and consistent, offering fewer exceptions and unique applications.Conclusions. The current trend in financial reporting is to produce integrated reports that combine financial and non-financial information. However, not all companies find it necessary to disclose more information than the amount required of them by regulators. Therefore, there is a need to standardize not only financial information, but also non-financial indicators and the very structure of an integrated report.
15
Liu, Chunhui, Chun Yip Yuen, Lee J. Yao (posthumously), and Siew H. Chan. "Differences in earnings management between firms using US GAAP and IAS/IFRS." Review of Accounting and Finance 13, no. 2 (2014): 134–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-10-2012-0098.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the relatively rules-based US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the more principles-based International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) provide different opportunities for earnings management (EM). Such an examination is critical as the world moves toward principles-based standards. Design/methodology/approach – Financial information for the fiscal years 1999-2004 from the annual reports of firms listed under the Prime Standard on the Germany Frankfurt Stock Exchange is analyzed. Data from the German Frankfurt Stock Exchange are used to resolve the difficulty in comparing accounting standards across different markets and countries with different institutional factors and corporate governance issues. The unique feature of dual listing in the German Frankfurt Stock Exchange allows firms listing shares under the Prime Standard to report in accordance with either the US GAAP or the IAS/IFRS before the IFRS adoption by the European Union in 2005. Strong legal enforcement in Germany ensures that reporting under each standard is in close compliance to the standard under comparison. Extending extant IFRS vs US GAAP EM research with discretionary accruals, this research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding by also examining EM through deferred tax expense and EM through research and development investment. Findings – The findings reveal that EM through research and development investment is significantly higher for the IAS/IFRS firms. Similar to prior findings, EM through accruals is not found to be significantly different between US GAAP and IAS/IFRS firms. Originality/value – The findings of this study advance the understanding of differences between US GAAP and IFRS with data from Germany where legal enforcement of standards is strong. In particular, this study reveals that principles-based standards with imprecise rules like IAS/IFRS may encourage structured management due to the expectation of error costs and compliance uncertainty. The results inform regulators considering IAS/IFRS adoption. In addition, this research highlights the importance of considering real EM in US GAAP vs IAS/IFRS studies.
16
Janjani, Reza. "Comparing US-GAAP and Iran-GAAP operating cash flows to predict future cash flows." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 13, no. 1 (2015): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-06-2013-0047.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The main objective of this paper is to compare the ability of US-generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) operating cash flows versus Iran-GAAP operating cash flows in predicting future cash flows. Design/methodology/approach – The sample comprises 240 firms (1,200 firm-years) during the period from 2004 to 2008 for which operating cash flows and other variables are available. Cross-sectional and panel data regression models are used in testing the hypotheses. Findings – This study finds that operating cash flows based on Iran-GAAP are no more effective in predicting future cash flows than those based on USA-GAAP, and the predictive ability of the model is improved by adding the earnings accrual components to the operating cash flows. Originality/value – The study suggests that the Iranian accounting standard setting committee recommends that the statement of cash flows be prepared based on the three-category model instead of the five-category model in an attempt to converge with the International Financial Reporting Standards. Consistent with Financial Accounting Standards Board and financial analyst recommendations, the results reveal that earnings are a better predictor than cash flows from operations.
17
Solsma, Lori, and W. Mark Wilder. "Pro forma disclosure practices of firms applying IFRS." International Journal of Accounting & Information Management 23, no. 4 (2015): 383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijaim-12-2014-0083.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is empirically investigate the pro forma disclosure behavior of US-listed foreign firms applying International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Design/methodology/approach – The annual earnings press releases of US-listed foreign firms on the New York Stock Exchange are analyzed to compare the effect that reporting standard (specifically IFRS) has on pro forma disclosure frequency, disclosure characteristics and benchmarking. Findings – US-listed foreign firms applying IFRS report pro forma disclosures more frequently than firms using the USA’s generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), but less opportunistically. Originality/value – This paper extends Epping and Wilder’s (2011) study and contributes to the pro forma disclosure literature by providing a cross-country analysis of non-GAAP disclosure based on reporting standard (IFRS or US GAAP). Understanding the non-GAAP disclosure of firms applying IFRS is useful to investors and regulators, as more countries adopt IFRS.
18
Yallapragada, RamMohan R., C. William Roe, and Alfred G. Toma. "The Prospects Of Replacing GAAP With IFRS In The United States." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 1 (2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i1.7509.
Full textAbstract:
Historically, each country developed its own Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for financial accounting and reporting and there was no uniformity among the GAAPs of different countries. Comparison of financial statements issued by business firms from different countries has become difficult leading toward suboptimal capital allocation across countries in the world. Gradually, there emerged a global demand for convergence of GAAP of different countries into a single set uniform accounting standards applicable to all countries. As a result, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was established in 1973. The IASC formed International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2001 which began issuing International Financial Accounting Standards (IFRS). At this point about 100 countries have adopted IFRS for their financial reporting purposes. In 2010, the US Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) stated that it would be able to make a decision on the adoption of the IFRS in the United States within that year and would allow a five-year period for complete transition, if it is decided to incorporate the IFRS into the U S reporting standards. An intense debate ensued for and against incorporation of IFRS into the US GAAP. Four alternative processes are suggested for the transition - outright adoption, convergence, endorsement, and co-endorsement. This paper presents details of each of these suggested alternatives and future perspective of the adoption of IFRS into the U S accounting and reporting system.
19
Bakker, R. W., and Ruud Vergoossen. "US GAAP en de jaarrekening van Nederlandse ondernemingen." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 78, no. 11 (2004): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.78.12777.
Full textAbstract:
In dit artikel wordt verslag gedaan van een onderzoek naar de mate waarin Nederlandse ondernemingen met een beursnotering in de Verenigde Staten de United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) toepassen in hun in Nederland gepubliceerde jaarrekening. Daartoe is onderzocht in hoeverre deze ondernemingen in de periode 1995-2002 grondslagwijzigingen hebben doorgevoerd die leiden tot het (meer) toepassen van US GAAP en is nagegaan wat de belangrijkste verschillen tussen US GAAP en de Nederlandse verslaggevingsregels zijn zoals die blijken uit de jaarrekening 2002. Bovendien omvat het onderzoek een vergelijking van de additionele informatieverschaffing in de in Nederland gepubliceerde jaarrekening 2002 en de jaarrekening 2002 zoals opgenomen in het Form 20-F dat bij de Securities and Exchange Commission is gedeponeerd. De onderzoeksresultaten worden vergeleken met eerder soortgelijk onderzoek. Hoewel de in het onderzoek betrokken ondernemingen meer en meer waarderings- en resultaatbepalingsgrondslagen toepassen die in overeenstemming zijn met US GAAP, wordt het aantal in de aansluitingsoverzichten opgenomen afwijkingen tussen de cijfers op basis van US GAAP en die op basis van de Nederlandse verslaggevingsregels niet kleiner, maar juist groter. Daarnaast blijkt dat veel additionele informatie die in de Verenigde Staten verplicht is, ook steeds vaker terechtkomt in de in Nederland gepubliceerde jaarrekening.
20
Gray, Dahli. "IFRS And US GAAP Convergence Progressing: As Taxpayers Voluntarily Stop Using LIFO." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 4 (2013): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i4.7743.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the potential benefits of the last in, first out (LIFO) inventory valuation method being eliminated as a requirement in financial statements prepared under United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles when also used for United Stated federal income tax reporting. Research results show that corporations have been voluntarily switching from LIFO to another method since inflation declined well below double digits. Of the corporations still using LIFO, the potential billions of federal tax revenue is presented that might help keep the United States federal budget from going over the fiscal cliff.
21
Eaton, Sarah B. "Crisis and the Consolidation of International Accounting Standards: Enron, The IASB, and America." Business and Politics 7, no. 3 (2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1137.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the interplay between leading international and American accounting authorities over the span of a critical four-year period, 2001–2005. Historically, US regulators and private-sector accounting institutions have taken a cautious approach to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs), citing the superior rigor and overall quality of their own Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). During the past four years, however, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have each become markedly receptive to the International Accounting Standards Board's (IASB) efforts to harmonize accounting standards worldwide based on IFRSs. Why? This paper offers an explanation that highlights the role of the high-profile American corporate scandals (2001–2002) in precipitating a shift in US accounting authorities' views of the optimal form of accounting rules, an issue that has stood in the way of trans-Atlantic accounting standard convergence. Prior to the accounting scandals, the highly-detailed rules that are characteristic of US GAAP were widely seen to be the most effective form of accounting rule. Since 2002, a normative shift has taken place such that the SEC now endorses objectives-oriented rules that are conceptually aligned with the principles-based standards promulgated by the IASB. The analysis is framed by insights from contemporary International Relations theory which emphasize the influence of scope conditions on patterns of governance.
22
Costa, Fábio Moraes da, and Alexsandro Broedel Lopes. "Ajustes aos US-GAAPS: estudo empírico sobre sua relevância para empresas brasileiras com ADRs negociados na bolsa de Nova Iorque." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 18, spe (2007): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-70772007000300005.
Full textAbstract:
A relevância das informações disponibilizadas ao mercado por empresas brasileiras com American Depositary Recepts (ADRs) negociados na Bolsa de Nova Iorque foi avaliada neste trabalho. Essas empresas devem atender à exigência da Securities and Exchange Commission e elaborar suas demonstrações contábeis de acordo com os United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US-GAAP) até 30 de junho, anualmente. Diante desse fato, dois conjuntos de informações estão disponíveis, promovendo a base de dados para o estudo da relevância das variáveis lucro líquido e patrimônio líquido para o período entre 1999 e 2003. Após a utilização do modelo desenvolvido por Ohlson (1995) e de seus desdobramentos posteriores, os resultados evidenciam que (1) as informações elaboradas segundo os princípios de contabilidade geralmente aceitos no Brasil são relevantes; (2) as informações em US-GAAP disponibilizadas em junho possuem menor ou igual relevância do que as divulgadas em abril e (3) os ajustes aos US-GAAP efetuados no patrimônio líquido são relevantes para o mercado de capitais brasileiro.
23
Senteney, David L., Grace H. Gao, and Mohammad S. Bazaz. "Impact of ADR Forms 20-F reconciliation on trading volume." International Journal of Accounting and Information Management 23, no. 3 (2015): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijaim-03-2014-0014.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the impact of the filing of Form 20-F to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on short-term trading volume and return by those foreign firms which list their securities in the US Stock Exchanges. Design/methodology/approach – The authors collected 402 American depository receipt (ADR) firms from 38 different countries that listed their securities in the US Stock Exchanges over a 10-year period of 2000-2009. A regression model was used to examine such impact, including the post year 2007 SEC elimination of reconciliation. Findings – This paper found significant abnormal trading volumes and abnormal returns one day, two days and three days following the 20-F report for the sample firms whose financial statements were prepared under both home-country accounting principles and US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Firms originally using international financial reporting standards (IFRS) do not present abnormal return and abnormal trading volume. This indicates that US investors view IFRS to be as high-quality as US GAAP. Research limitations/implications – The findings might be limited to this period and might not draw statistical inference for the future period. This evidence offers support for the SEC’s elimination of the reconciliation requirement to US GAAP. Practical implications – This study was carried out with the aim to investigate whether the release of Form 20-F by ADR firms offers any additional information useful to investors incorporating both abnormal return and trading volume, which is thought to be more sensitive. Originality/value – This paper investigates the short-term return and volume reactions caused by the earnings and equity reconciliation from home-country accounting standards or IFRS to US GAAP for foreign cross-listed firms in the USA.
24
El-Gazzar, Samir M., and Philip M. Finn. "Restatements and accounting quality: a comparison between IFRS and US-GAAP." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 15, no. 1 (2017): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-10-2015-0090.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper aims to examine whether sanctioning adoption of IFRS for US firms would produce accounting information of the same quality as those produced under US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). This is a timely research since the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC; 2014) has asked for further review. Design/methodology/approach This study uses restatements of financial statements made by a sample of foreign firms listed on US stock exchanges using International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in comparison to a control sample of US firms using US GAAP during the period of 2001to 2010. Statistical analysis of the frequency, sources and magnitude of the restatements and market revaluations to the announcement of the restatements are examined. Cross-country differences are also examined. Findings The results indicate that IFRS firms have a lower rate of restatements than US GAAP firms but with no significant differences in terms of sources of restatements and the impact on net income or shareholders’ equity. The market revaluations to restatement announcements show no significant differences between the two accounting regimes. Cross-sectional analyses indicate IFRS firms are on average from countries characterized by weak rule of law, ineffective corruption controls and lower efforts to promote private sector advancement. Research limitations/implications The sample size in the paper is relatively small. To increase validity of the inferences from the Results, this issue should be readdressed with larger sample. Practical implications Results are important to accounting practitioners and policymakers. Social implications Results are contributing in clarifying the SEC’s concerns of adopting the IFRS by US-based firms; thus, saving the investors the additional efforts and costs in comparing financial statements prepared under different accounting regimes. Originality/value This research is the first to use restatements as accounting quality criteria. The results suggest that adoption of IFRS by US-based firms would not produce accounting information that is significantly different in quality from those generated under US GAAP. This result should be of interest to the SEC in clarifying its concerns.
25
Parrino, Richard J. "Bringing order to non-GAAP financial measures: SEC sues to enforce “equal-or-greater-prominence” requirement." Journal of Investment Compliance 20, no. 4 (2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-08-2019-0052.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This article examines the first action by the US Securities and Exchange Commission to enforce the “equal-or-greater-prominence” requirement of its rules governing the presentation by SEC-reporting companies, in their SEC filings and earnings releases, of financial measures not prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Design/methodology/approach This article provides an in-depth analysis of the equal-or-greater-prominence rule and the SEC’s enforcement posture in the context of the SEC’s concern that some companies present non-GAAP financial measures in a manner that inappropriately gives the non-GAAP measures greater authority than the comparable GAAP financial measures. Findings Although the appropriate use of non-GAAP financial measures can enhance investor understanding of a company’s business and operating results, investors could be misled about the company’s GAAP results by disclosures that unduly highlight non-GAAP measures. The SEC’s enforcement action signals a focus on the manner in which companies present non-GAAP financial measures as well as on how they calculate the measures. Originality/value This article provides expert guidance on a major SEC disclosure requirement from an experienced securities lawyer.
26
Buchman, Thomas A., and C. Patrick Fort. "Alternative Disclosure Methods For Accounting Changes And Analysts Earnings Forecasts." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 12, no. 3 (2011): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v12i3.5800.
Full textAbstract:
<span>Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require that firms changing accounting principles must report the change in one of three ways: the cumulative effect method, the retroactive restatement method, or a no-adjustment (prospective) method. The method a company should use is determined by the type of change being made. This raises the following question: can it be demonstrated that one of these methods is better, in some sense, than the other methods? A major problem in evaluating alternative methods of accounting of the same economic event and in deciding which one method should be adopted as GAAP is that it is impossible to objectively determine which of the alternatives is best. However, it is possible to rank alternatives on one dimension of interest-which method minimizes the income forecasts in years after the change. We obtained a sample of forms making accounting changes and formed three portfolios of firms based on the method they used to account for the change in accounting principle. We then compared financial analysts earnings forecast errors for the firms in the three portfolios. After controlling for relevant variables, we found that, in the year firms made accounting changes the firms making the changes requiring retroactive restatement had significantly larger forecast errors than the firms making changes requiring the other forms of disclosure, but in years subsequent to the year of change there were no significant differences in forecast errors. This leads us to the conclusion that, from an earnings forecast accuracy perspective, there is no advantage to calculating and presenting the cumulative effect of an accounting change or in preparing restated or pro-forma financial statements.</span>
27
Okafor, Oliver N., Mark Anderson, and Hussein Warsame. "IFRS and value relevance: evidence based on Canadian adoption." International Journal of Managerial Finance 12, no. 2 (2016): 136–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-02-2015-0033.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether financial information prepared and disclosed under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has incremental value relevance vs information prepared under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ a difference in differences methodology and estimate value relevance using: first, the adjusted R2 of regressions of stock price on book value and earnings; second, the adjusted R2 of regressions of stock returns on earnings and changes in earnings; and third, a time series incremental association return estimation. The authors use multiple models including a model similar to the Ohlson (1995) model and a modified Balachandran and Mohanram (2011) model to investigate value relevance in the period 2008-2013. Findings – The authors provide empirical evidence, based on unique Canadian environment, that accounting information prepared and disclosed under IFRS exhibits higher price and returns value relevance than accounting information prepared previously under local GAAP. Sensitivity analyses and yearly trends regressions produce collaborating evidence. Originality/value – The study provides early empirical evidence that value relevance increases in mandatory IFRS adoption, based on unique Canadian adoption. The Canadian adoption is unique because Canada: first, is the first G7 non-European country to adopt IFRS; second, had pursued a dual strategy of harmonizing with the US GAAP while supporting IFRS convergence; third, provided information environment that mitigates the problems associated with measuring the effects of IFRS adoption in the European countries where IFRS or its predecessor – international accounting standards – had permeated the reporting environment prior to the mandatory adoption in 2005; and fourth, allowed firms listed on the US exchanges to continue to use or adopt the US GAAP for financial reporting and thus, provided a group of benchmark firms drawn from the same social-political and economic environment as the treatment firms. The study clarifies prior inconsistent results from European samples.
28
Ricketts, Robert C., Mark E. Riley, and Rebecca Toppe Shortridge. "Information content of IFRS versus GAAP financial statements." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 16, no. 1 (2018): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-08-2016-0067.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This study aims to determine whether financial statement users suffered a significant loss of information when, in November 2007, the SEC dropped the requirement for foreign private issuers using International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS firms”) to reconcile their financial statements to US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Design/methodology/approach The study investigates whether analyst forecast errors and forecast dispersion increased for IFRS firms to a greater extent than for US GAAP firms after the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) dropped the reconciliation requirement. Using a treatment group comprised of IFRS firms and a matched sample of US GAAP firms, this study uses regression analyses to compare forecast errors and dispersion for the last fiscal year the reconciliation was available and the first fiscal year during which the reconciliation was unavailable to analysts. Findings The study finds evidence that forecast errors for IFRS firms exhibited no systematic change after the reconciliation was no longer available for analysts covering those firms. Thus, it does not appear that dropping the reconciliation requirement was associated with a change in forecast accuracy. However, the study does find evidence of increased dispersion in the IFRS firms’ forecasts relative to their US GAAP counterparts after the reconciliation requirement was dropped. Practical implications These findings have implications for evaluating the Securities and Exchange Commission’s 2007 decision to eliminate the reconciliation for IFRS firms. Specifically, the Securities and Exchange Commission’s decision does not appear to have significantly altered analysts’ information environments. Originality/value This paper contributes to the understanding of how a group of sophisticated financial statement users adapt to different sets of accounting standards.
29
Mura, Alessandro, and Gianluigi Roberto. "Nature and duration of the accounting differences between Italian and US GAAP." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 15, no. 1 (2014): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-04-2012-0027.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on alternative accounting treatments over time to assess their impact on the level of conservatism in a comparison between Italian local accounting standards and USA generally accepted accounting principles. Design/methodology/approach – A case study approach is adopted to investigate the accounting adjustments applied to net income and shareholders’ equity as included in the Form 20-F reconciliations reported by all Italian firms that were listed on a US market over the period 1999-2008. The methodology first introduced by Gray (1980) and frequently applied over 30 years to several international accounting comparisons is adapted to recognise a multi-period dimension of the accounting choice. In particular, the paper focuses on the temporal dimension of such adjustments in order to capture their attitude to reverse or become permanent over time. Findings – The results show that the level of conservatism is visible in the measurement of net assets and is shaped by the prevailing directional effect of accounting adjustments that become permanent as their cumulative reversal is persistently delayed. Such a phenomenon arises and intensifies when the accounting differences relate to recurring operations and/or to long-term assets and liabilities. Amongst them those violating the clean surplus relation are the most controversial as they not only generate a permanent effect in the measurement of net assets, but also an opposite permanent effect in the measurement of earnings. Research limitations/implications – Future empirical research confirming the finding in different contexts might overcome the limitations of a relatively poor number of observations in the case study. Practical implications – Identifying the duration of alternative accounting treatments is relevant to assess their potential influence on stakeholders decision-making process as this may steadily influence the future of a firm. Originality/value – The propositions express a sequence of the timing effects of alternative accounting treatments that highlight the primary role of permanent differences in persistently shaping the value of net assets and help to provide a less erratic interpretation of the level of conservatism.
30
Kumar, Gaurav, and Jagjit S. Saini. "Effect of eliminating mandatory reconciliation requirements for foreign issuers in the U.S." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 17, no. 2 (2019): 271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-02-2018-0008.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of choice of accounting standards on the value relevance and accrual quality of reported earnings and book values under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) versus US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Design/methodology/approach The authors examine the effect of choice of accounting standards on the value relevance and accrual quality of reported earnings and book values under IFRS versus US GAAP using 404 firms from 37 countries listed in the USA. They use the modified Jones (1991) model to measure accruals. Findings The authors find that value relevance of the book value of equity is increasing (significantly) when the sample firms use IFRS to prepare their financial statements. They also find some evidence in support of the mediating effect of the choice of accounting standards on the accrual quality of the sample firms. The results of this paper indicate that sample firms with lower accrual quality (larger discretionary accruals) experience higher returns during the fiscal year. However, the authors also find that the positive association between size of discretionary accruals and returns is decreasing in the use of IFRS by the sample firms. Originality/value This paper adds to prior literature on the harmonization of accounting standards and emphasizes the role of accounting standards in the quality of financial reporting. By using the financial data of all foreign registrants listed in the USA, the authors are able to provide deeper and more representative evidence.
31
Santos, Edilene Santana, Joanília Neide Sales Cia, and Josilmar Cordenonssi Cia. "US GAAP x normas brasileiras: mensuração do impacto das diferenças de normas no lucro duplamente reportado pelas empresas brasileiras emissoras de ADRS na NYSE." RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie 12, no. 1 (2011): 082–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-69712011000100004.
Full textAbstract:
A falta de um conjunto único de normas contábeis válido para todos os países pode conduzir a resultados conflitantes. Por exemplo, entre as emissoras brasileiras de ADRs (American Depositary Receipts) na NYSE (New York Stock Exchange), a CEMIG apresentou em 2002 um prejuízo de R$ 12 milhões conforme as normas americanas (US GAAP) e, sob as normas brasileiras, um prejuízo de R$ 1 bilhão (ou seja, 83 vezes maior). Também a CSN apresentou no mesmo ano um lucro de R$ 6 milhões conforme os US GAAP (United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), contra um prejuízo de R$ 218 milhões conforme as normas brasileiras (ou seja, 30 vezes maior). Este estudo objetiva verificar se diferenças entre as normas contábeis brasileira e norte-americana (US GAAP) geram impacto significativo no resultado duplamente reportado no Formulário 20F pelas 30 emissoras brasileiras de ADRs na NYSE. Para mensurar o efeito dessas diferenças normativas no resultado foi utilizado o "Índice de Conservadorismo" (IC) de Gray, que mede o quanto um sistema contábil nacional gera lucros menores ("é conservador") ou maiores ("é otimista") em relação aos US GAAP. A média e a mediana do IC no período 2001 a 2005 indicaram conservadorismo das normas brasileiras, não confirmado pelo teste t-Student, mas corroborado pelo teste de Wilcoxon a 10% de significância. Dividindo-se em dois subperíodos, obteve-se um IC médio de 1,2 para 2001-2002 (significativo a 3,3%) e de 0,86 para 2003-2005 (significativo a 3%), indicando uma disparidade de comportamento: a contabilidade brasileira mostra-se mais otimista que os US GAAP até 2002, passando a mais conservadora a partir de 2003 até 2005.
32
Yallapragada, RamMohan R., C. William Roe, and Alfred G. Toma. "SECs Push Back On Adoption Of IFRS In The United States." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 12, no. 3 (2014): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v12i3.8728.
Full textAbstract:
For a long time, the United States (US) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), are considered as the gold standard for financial reporting by companies all over the world. With the advent of globalization of capital markets and the proliferation of the multi-national corporations (MNCs), there emerged a movement for developing a uniform set of accounting standards applicable to companies all over the world in order to achieve uniformity in financial reporting. The movement is initiated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) which started to issue International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Over the last decade, four alternative methods have been considered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a possible adoption of IFRS in the US: outright adoption, convergence, endorsement, and condorsement. Recently, the SEC appears to be taking a step backwards in its policy towards adoption of IFRS. The process involves prohibitive costs to US companies which are already suffering under the ill effects of a great recession. The adoption of IFRS would also impose enormous burden on the academia, the accounting profession, and the regulatory apparatus of the SEC. Also, there is a question as to whether a single set of international accounting standards applicable to all countries is even desirable. The FASB and the IASB have been working on convergence since 2002. The SEC began studying the pros and cons of adoption of IFRS since 2010. But, in its latest staff report, issued in July 2012, the SEC did not include any final policy decision as to whether IFRS will ever be adopted at all in any manner in the US. Furthermore, the SEC, in its report, made it very clear that turning over control of US accounting standard-setting authority to the IASB is out of question. This paper presents the various efforts made so far in aligning US GAAP with the IFRS and the future outlook regarding adoption of IFRS in the US.
33
Angeloni, Silvia. "Cautiousness on convergence of accounting standards across countries." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 21, no. 2 (2016): 246–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-06-2015-0034.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an updated picture of the convergence process between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), with IFRS clearly emerging as a global financial reporting benchmark. This study is aimed at evaluating the main benefits but also some significant issues arising from the adoption of a single set of accounting standards. Design/methodology/approach – The main examples of theoretical and empirical literature for and against IFRS implementation are reviewed. Findings – Since markets became increasingly global, the comparability of financial statements is required to enable better corporate communication and transparency to the advantage of all stakeholders. The main difficulties of IFRS adoption by the USA are explored. Practical implications – The study’s implications are to emphasize the practical obstacles to resolving the issues of financial communication through a uniform set of standards, by highlighting the importance of taking into account other dynamics in improving the corporate disclosure domestically and globally. Originality/value – The key contribution of this study is to reflect on the best ways to reach global communication without sacrificing the effectiveness and affordability of financial reporting.
34
Grinenko, Julia, Dmytro Melnychuk, Larysa Mykhalchyshyna, Svitlana Belei, and Nataliia Yevtushenko. "Improving transfer pricing in Ukraine using American Experience." Independent Journal of Management & Production 12, no. 3 (2021): s205—s231. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i3.1524.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the present research is to determine the characteristics of transfer pricing and proposals for its improvement, identifying key factors applying transfer pricing and the development of organizational and economic measures for the implementation of the mechanism of transfer pricing in Ukrainian enterprises based on US experience. Due to significant growth of the number of multinationals since 1950, and expanding the geographical environment of their activities caused the increase in the number of studies on transfer pricing. Strengthening external instability greatly affected the formation and increased use of transfer pricing, as well as the use of market prices for the companies is risky. The research is based on the requirements of the fundamental documents of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and by the United Nations Tax Committee (UN), International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), as well as on empirical data obtained in the process of analysis of reporting of Ukrainian companies.
35
Matsubara, Saori, and Takahiro Endo. "The role of local accounting standard setters in institutional complexity." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 31, no. 1 (2018): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-01-2016-2375.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to locate the role of local standard setters in institutional complexity, where multiple sources of pressure for change and continuity coexist. The existing research does not fully explore this since it tends to illustrate the way in which a particular interpretation concerning certain accounting standards prevails over time (Archel et al., 2011; Murphy and O’Connell, 2013; Pelger, 2016; Young, 2014). Design/methodology/approach It empirically examines and critiques the Japanese experience through the concepts of institutional complexity and translation that specify the relationship between the name and types of practice of accounting standards in the local context (Czarniawska and Sevón, 1996, 2005; Erlingsdóttfr and Lindberg, 2005; Røvik, 2016; Sahlin and Wedlin, 2008). Data sources are texts produced (between 2001 and 2015) by the local accounting standard setter and relevant organisations that represent firms, the certified public accountants and regulatory agency, respectively. Findings The local accounting standard setter in Japan was exposed to competing pressures between change and maintenance, which was translated by the standard setter in Japan. Consequently, the translation led to an “explosion” of local accounting standards (“pure” International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), Japanese Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), modified IFRS and US GAAP). Originality/value This paper is the first attempt to systematically examine the role of a local standard setter under institutional complexity. It illustrates how institutional complexity is turned into divergent outcomes against the assumption of previous research that indicates multiple interpretations of particular accounting standards finally merging into a specific one.
36
Szekeres, Alexandra, and Ildikó Dékán Tamásné Orbán. "Egy vállalat fizetőképességének vizsgálata nemzetközi számviteli viszonylatban." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 3, no. 4 (2018): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2018.4.28.
Full textAbstract:
Minden vállalkozás számára rendkívül fontos, hogy rövid-, illetve hosszútávon fizetőképes legyen. A fizetőképesség egy vállalat működésének alapfeltétele, így különösen a rövidtávú fizetőképesség, másnéven a likviditás kiemelt fontosságú szerepet tölt be az adott vállalkozás életében. Éppen emiatt fontos arra törekednie, hogy elkerülje a likviditási problémákat. Jelen cikkben egy amerikai nagyvállalat rövidtávú fizetőképességének vizsgálatára kerül sor, amely a pénzügyi kimutatásait a US GAAP (The United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles – az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Általánosan Elfogadott Számviteli Alapelvek) szerint készíti. Bemutatásra kerülnek az alapvető rövidtávú fizetőképességi mutatók, majd az ezek alapján levont következtetések. Mivel a mutatók számolásához a vizsgált vállalat pénzügyi kimutatásának adataira van szükség, amely eltéréseket mutat egy magyar vállalkozás éves beszámolójához képest, így tanulmányunkban kitérünk a két számviteli rendszer közötti különbségekre is azoknál a tételeknél, amelyek hatással vannak a likvidtási mutatókra, különös tekintettel a forgóeszközök tételeire, illetve a rövid lejáratú kötelezettségekre.
37
Linthicum, Cheryl L., Andrew J. McLelland, and Michael A. Schuldt. "An analysis of SEC comment letters and IFRS." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 15, no. 2 (2017): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-02-2016-0015.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This study investigates the influence of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on the interpretation and application of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by examining a group of SEC-selected foreign private issuers filing 2005 annual reports in the USA and reporting using IFRS for the first time. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses hand-collected information from SEC comment letters to analyze IFRS topics and documents the ultimate resolution of each SEC comment (no change to filing, current change to filing or prospective change to future filing). The authors use descriptive statistical analyses, as well as a logistic regression model involving the resolution of each SEC comment, to examine the SEC’s influence on the interpretation of IFRS. Findings The study finds both higher comment totals, and higher numbers of required filing modifications, for those IFRS pronouncements which were identified as needing improvement during the 2006-2008 convergence efforts by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Additionally, the study documents a decreasing likelihood of a filing modification when US generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) guidance is referenced in comment letter correspondence involving IFRS topics. Originality/value The study extends the IFRS literature and the SEC comment letter literature by focusing on the resolution of comments directed at IFRS disclosures, as well as exploring the factors which influence whether a comment ultimately requires a filing modification.
38
El-Firjani, Essa, Karim Menacere, and Roger Pegum. "Developing corporate accounting regulation in Libya past and future challenges." Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies 4, no. 1 (2014): 22–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaee-07-2011-0019.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and development of corporate accounting regulation in Libya. Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview methods were used to collect data. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with external auditors, financial managers, accounting academics and regulators. Findings – This paper found general agreement that the accounting regulation of public corporations and banks is strongly influenced by the Libyan Commercial Code and the Income Tax Law. Although listed companies and the banking sector in Libya are required to comply with International Accounting Standards (IASs), the majority of them still comply with the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). Moreover, the conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that the enforcement of IASs through the Libyan Accountants and Auditors Association (LAAA), local auditors and the Libyan Stock Market has not achieved its purpose. The results also indicate that the accounting profession in Libya is still in its infancy and still lacks clear structure in order to develop corporate accounting practice and it appears to play only an important role in retaining external influences on the accounting practice. The empirical results of this research show that the Salter and Niswander (1995) criteria (longevity, setting exam and auditors’ opinion on companies’ financial reports) found that the level of professionalism in Libya is below the required standard. Originality/value – This paper focuses on corporate accounting regulation and practices and the role of the LAAA in the development of corporate accounting in Libya. This paper, therefore, aims to contribute to the literature by examining the corporate accounting regulation in Libya and fills a gap in international accounting research.
39
Jian, Ming, and Rony Lim. "Minority shareholders dispute tang Plaza’s value." CASE Journal 16, no. 4 (2020): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-03-2019-0025.
Full textAbstract:
Theoretical basis This case covers the framework and process to determine fair value as specified in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 13. It illustrates an instance in which auditors interpret the concept of fair value to be consistent with other principles in standards such as the principle of prudence in the conceptual framework. In addition, a lot of the discussion in the case is applicable to accounting education in any regulatory jurisdictions given the convergence of US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and IFRS 13. In addition, while fair value accounting may have been designed to give investors more useful information, in practise it could involve highly subjective judgement and the resulting implementation may be affected by incentives of different stakeholders. The CK Tang’s case provides an excellent opportunity to discuss incentives of varies parties in determining the fair value in financial reporting decisions. In short, this case could be a good jumping-off point to talk about management and auditors’ incentives in financial reporting in general. Research methodology Publicly available information (e.g. financial reporting standards, corporate announcements and reports, news reports) was used as the basis for this case. Case overview/synopsis The case centres on an iconic Singaporean integrated retailing and property landlord entity: Tang holdings. As part of its succession planning, the company’s founding family decided to take its listing arm, C.K. Tang Limited (CK Tang hereafter), private in May 2006. The Tang brothers, who represented the controlling family, initiated several attempts to delist the company. The minority shareholders of CK Tang were unhappy that the offer price was below the net asset value of the company. The minority shareholders also highlighted that the reported fair value of the flagship Tang Plaza complex understated its highest and best use and might not possibly comply with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 13. Complexity academic level The case can be used for class discussions with undergraduate students or master students in intermediate accounting courses.
40
Doran, David T. "Diluted Earnings Per Share Overstatement Bias: Including Unrecognized Employee Compensation In Proceeds From Assumed Exercise Of Employee Stock Options Under The Treasury Stock Method." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 29, no. 6 (2013): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i6.8204.
Full textAbstract:
Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require firms to recognize compensation expense under the fair value method in the case of employee stock options. Straight line amortization of the options grant date fair value must be recognized as expense over the service period which decreases the earnings per share numerator. For diluted earnings per share (EPS), GAAP requires using the treasury stock method, where proceeds from assumed stock option exercise is used to purchase treasury shares at the average for the period price. Exercise proceeds include the exercise price plus unrecognized future employee compensation. For profitable firms, exercise is assumed if dilutive - more shares are assumed issued than are reacquired for the treasury which increases the diluted EPS denominator. These requirements are consistent across US GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. This paper tests whether including unrecognized employee compensation in proceeds from the assumed exercise of employee stock options under the treasury stock method is appropriate. A simple multi period model that assumes a risk free environment with complete certainty is applied. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that future unrecognized employee compensation should not be included in proceeds from the assumed exercise of stock options under the treasury stock method. Doing so consistently causes diluted EPS overstatement, and in certain instances causes assumed exercise of in the money options to be antidilutive, which results in complete exclusion from the diluted EPS calculation. This research extends the employee stock option work of Doran (2005 and 2008) that found: 1) Compensation expense recognized over the employee service period should equal the periodic annuity amount that provides the options grant date fair value, and 2) Treasury shares should be assumed purchased at the higher end of period stock price.
41
Danijela, Andjelković Milivoj, and Danijela Zubac. "The Impact of Accounting Harmonization on Financial Statements Quality in Serbia." Economic Analysis 52, no. 1 (2019): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28934/ea.19.52.12.pp128-137.
Full textAbstract:
The general process of the world market globalization and the great influence of international financial organizations, especially the IMF and the World Bank, caused the need for standardization and harmonization of financial statements of the participants involved in international economics and trade. In this process, in the Republic of Serbia, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the IASB.S project for IAS/IFRS implementation have a crucial role. By adopting the International Financial Reporting Standards - IFRSs (including International Accounting Standards - IASs), financial statements prepared in Serbia may be comparable with financial statements in other countries. Starting from this, the main goal of the research is to indicate whether the financial statements in Serbia based on the IASB project can be comparable with financial statements in other countries, and on this basis can they satisfy the needs of external users of information (investors, creditors and others). In doing so, it points to the experience in the Republic of Serbia, the accounting practice and experiences of other countries, above all members of the European Union. The results of the research show that, in addition to the IAS/IFRS, the US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAPs) and the Directive 34 of the European Union represent the key segments of professional regulation contributing to greater accounting harmonization, and on this basis, the higher quality of financial reporting. Most countries that have national accounting regulations align the accounting rules in the most important issues with those regulations.
42
Fisher, Steven A. "Measuring The Evolution Of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 14, no. 3 (2011): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v14i3.5708.
Full textAbstract:
<span>Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) guide financial reporting. Although numerous opinions and standards have been issued over the past 45 years, there is little quantitative evidence concerning the degree of change in GAAP. The purpose of this study is to generate a quantitative understanding of the degree of evolution in GAAP since Accounting Research Bulletin (ARB) 43. The results indicate that significant changes are occurring in GAAP. Less than 50% of the GAPP issued in the 1950s and in the 1960s remains in effect today. Furthermore, significant changes have occurred in GAAP issued within just the past 20 years. The primary implication is that GAPP is continually being reviewed and revised in response to investors and creditors changing information needs.</span>
43
Noe, Kelly. "We Are Not Publicly Traded And So The Rules Dont Apply Or Do They Should They?" Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 8, no. 1 (2011): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v8i1.6743.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a case study of the accounting practices of a company that is privately held. The company follows Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) but has some questionable transactions. The paper then follows up with a discussion of baby-GAAP and possible consequences of two different GAAP options.
44
Schneider, Douglas K., Gordon S. May, and David R. Shaffer. "On Narrowing The Credibility GAAP: Has The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Enhanced The Credibility Of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 9, no. 2 (2011): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v9i2.6079.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to apply social-psychological research methods to address an issue of widespread concern in the accounting profession. One of the primary motives underlying the creation of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was to increase the credibility of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Our main objective was to assess any differences in the perceived credibility of FASB GAAP and pre-FASB GAAP, as indicated by three groups of FASB constituents familiar with these procedures: corporate preparers of financial statements (preparers), CPAs who audit financial reports to ensure their adherence to GAAP (auditors), and accountants who use financial reports to make lending and investment decisions (users). The results indicated that (a) the credibility of accounting principles can be assessed, (b) not all dimensions that have been touted as contributors to the credibility of accounting practices predict accountants perceptions of credibility, and (c) examples of FASB GAAP were perceived as less credible than corresponding examples of pre-FASB GAAP by each of the above three groups of FASB constituents. Some implications of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
45
Henry, Elaine, and Ya-Wen Yang. "Making the Right Comparisons: Novartis AG." Issues in Accounting Education 22, no. 4 (2007): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2007.22.4.721.
Full textAbstract:
This case introduces the concept of convergence between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The scenario involves a securities analyst's evaluation of Novartis AG's financial performance under IFRS and U.S. GAAP, and provides an opportunity to examine the issues giving rise to differences under the two sets of standards. Based on the company's 20-F disclosure, the case uses the reconciliation footnotes to recast the company's IFRS financial statements to U.S. GAAP. The analytical skill of adjusting financial statements is useful beyond the IFRS-to-U.S. GAAP context.
46
Jamal, Karim, Robert Bloomfield, Theodore E. Christensen, et al. "A Perspective on the Canadian Accounting Standards Board Exposure Draft on Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for Private Enterprises." Accounting Horizons 24, no. 1 (2010): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2010.24.1.129.
Full textAbstract:
SYNOPSIS: The Canadian Accounting Standards Board (hereafter, AcSB) recently issued an exposure draft to adopt separate GAAP for private enterprises. This new GAAP is justified as being consistent with the current FASB/IASB conceptual framework, but is sensitive to the different cost-benefit considerations facing private entities. We view this proposal as being innovative and responsive to the differential reporting needs of private entities. In this article we explain our reasoning and conclusions on several issues raised by the exposure draft starting with a discussion about the need for a separate conceptual framework for private enterprises. We sketch a preliminary conceptual framework that could be used to develop and justify the type of changes proposed in this exposure draft. We then discuss key issues raised in the exposure draft such as reliance on historical cost as the key basis of measurement, the significant reduction in disclosure requirements for private enterprises, and stopping the emerging issues committee from providing implementation guidance (no EICs). We also comment on the mechanism for financing the standard-setting board, the need to ensure compatibility between accounting and auditing standards, and a process for adjusting the education system to support this new private enterprise GAAP.
47
Jo, Koren M., and Shuo Yang. "SEC Comment Letters on Firms' Use of Non-GAAP Measures: The Determinants and Firms' Responses." Accounting Horizons 34, no. 2 (2019): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/horizons-16-134.
Full textAbstract:
SYNOPSIS This paper explores Securities and Exchange Commission comment letters that address firms' use of non-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) measures in 10-Ks, 10-Qs, and earnings releases. We investigate the determinants of firms' receiving non-GAAP comments and the revisions to non-GAAP reporting undertaken by these recipients. Firms that experience poor GAAP performance and emphasize non-GAAP measures are more likely to receive non-GAAP comments. Recipients of non-GAAP comments are more likely than other reviewed firms to abandon non-GAAP measures in future filings. When recipients of non-GAAP comments continue to report non-GAAP measures, they provide more justifications for the use and reduce the prominence of these measures. However, higher non-GAAP earnings and GAAP earnings differentials do not appear to attract non-GAAP comments. In addition, the amount of non-GAAP exclusions does not decrease after the receipt of non-GAAP comments. Overall, our findings suggest that non-GAAP comments are effective in deemphasizing non-GAAP measures. JEL Classifications: M41, M48.
48
Ter Hoeven, Ralph. "Principle-based versus rule-based accounting standards." Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie 79, no. 10 (2005): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mab.79.11801.
Full textAbstract:
Als gevolg van het Enron-schandaal werd in de Verenigde Staten ferme kritiek geleverd op de rule-based structuur van US-General Accepted Accounting Principles (US-GAAP). Deze structuur zou teveel handvatten geven voor misbruik van managers en derhalve het herstel van het publieke vertrouwen in financiële markten in de weg staan. Zowel de Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) als de Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) hebben zich in de afgelopen periode uitgesproken over de wenselijkheid en haalbaarheid om US-GAAP te laten opschuiven naar een set van principle-based standards. In dit artikel worden de standpunten van achtereenvolgens de FASB en de SEC besproken en worden uitspraken gedaan over de verwachte richting van de aanpassingen binnen US-GAAP. Tevens geeft de auteur zijn visie over de optimale balans tussen rule-based-standards en principle-based standards mede aan de hand van recent verschenen Nederlandse literatuur.
49
Khumawala, Saleha, Justin Marlowe, and Daniel Gordon Neely. "Accounting professionalism and local government gaap adoption: A national study." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 26, no. 2 (2014): 292–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-26-02-2014-b003.
Full textAbstract:
We examine the factors that associate with local government decisions to comply with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). GAAP non-compliance is surprisingly common among larger local governments, and that trend has important implications for public policy, financial management transparency, and government accountability. To examine the factors that drive GAAP compliance, we develop a conceptual framework based on the politico-economic perspective on accounting policy choice, and then test that model with data from a national survey of local government finance professionals. Our key contribution is that we incorporate accounting professionalism. The findings suggest that for many local governments the decision to adopt GAAP is a response to the pressures of professionalism rather than a rational response to political and economic motives.
50
Williams, L. K., Richard C. Chen, and Michael G. Tearney. "Bankers Perceptions Of Accounting Principles: Some Implications For The Small Business." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 7, no. 4 (2011): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v7i4.6212.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines perceptions of bankers regarding the usefulness of generally accepted accounting principles for small businesses financial statements. Perceptions were obtained regarding four accounting standards that have been criticized as being unnecessarily costly for smaller businesses. Although results were somewhat mixed, support was given to prior research that has suggested bankers would accept financial information prepared from a less costly non-GAAP basis for some small businesses.