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Journal articles on the topic 'Générateur central de patron'
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1
Campbell, Joel R., and Hieyeon Keum. "Chinese Patron-Clientelism for the Twenty-First Century: The Rise of Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang." International Studies Review 15, no. 1 (October 15, 2014): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01501001.
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Patron-clientelism is the central dynamic propelling leadership change in China, and this model of personal association opened a path for China’s current top leaders. Patron-clientelism bolsters the key features of the Chinese political system: Leninist political organization, intra-party divisions, conflictual decision-making processes, and the vital roles played by senior figures. Patron-clientelism is characterized by both vertical and horizontal dimensions, and it is accompanied by endemic personalism, factionalism, corruption, and nepotism. Clientelistic ties have shaped all leadership transitions since the Maoist period, and they were most evident in the falls of leaders Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang in the 1980s. Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang are the latest beneficiaries of the patron-clientelistic system. Xi was propelled by his “princeling” background and his association with the Shanghai faction of former top leader Jiang Zemin. Li is the latest scion of the Communist Youth League faction that produced Xi’s predecessor, Hu Jintao. The recent fall of Bo Xilai illustrates some of the pitfalls of factional and “princeling” leadership.
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Wank, David L. "The Institutional Process of Market Clientelism: Guanxi and Private Business in a South China City." China Quarterly 147 (September 1996): 820–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100005181x.
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Patron—client ties are pervasive in the post-Mao economy between entrepreneurs operating private firms and cadres staffing the state's administrative, distributive and production organs. The burgeoning literature on private business is converging on a view of them as localized exchanges of commercial wealth for bureaucratic power. These deviations from central policies and standard procedures enable entrepreneurs to manage their dependence on local authorities while giving officials new sources of income that buttress their power within jurisdictions. However, less attention has been paid to the ties themselves. This article shifts the focus from patron–client ties as localized exchange to examine their operation in private business and function in marketization. The starting assumption is that patron–client exchange is also a type of market transaction: although expressed in popularly legitimated sentiments of social trust, goods and services are voluntarily exchanged.
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Shlapentokh, Dmitry. "Dugin, Eurasianism, and Central Asia." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40, no. 2 (May 29, 2007): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.04.002.
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Eurasianism as a concept emerged among Russian émigrés in the 1920s, with the premise that Russia is a unique ethnic blend, primarily of Slavic and Turkic peoples. Its geopolitical implications for Russia include gravitation toward mostly Turkic Central Asia. Alexander Dugin, one of its best-known proponents, believes that the demise of the Soviet Union was simply a tragic incident. The people of the former USSR should again be united in a grand Eurasian empire, with Russia a benign and generous patron, providing its “younger brothers” clients economic largesse and defense, mostly against the predatory USA. The “orange revolutions” and the rise of Russian nationalism, for whose proponents a restored imperial presence is rather marginal, indicate that Eurasianism—along with the dream of the resurrection of the USSR—is becoming less viable.
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EDEN, JEFF. "A Sufi Saint in Sixteenth-Century East Turkistan: New Evidence Concerning the Life of Khwāja Isḥāq." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 25, no. 2 (September 29, 2014): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618631400056x.
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AbstractThe rise of Khwāja Isḥāq, one of the most influential figures in the history of Central Asian Sufism, has often been explained by the patronage of particular royals. This “royal patron” model has, however, been based on a flawed reading of hagiographical sources by which crucial questions of genre are overlooked in the effort of mining these complex narratives for apparent historical facts. New evidence, presented here, allows us to question the “royal patron” model, along with the commonly-accepted chronology of Khwāja Isḥāq's life, and calls for a different approach to Sufi hagiography as a historical source.
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Karenberg, Axel, and Ferdinand Peter Moog. "Heilige Als Patrone Gegen Den Schlaganfall1." Early Science and Medicine 8, no. 3 (2003): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338203x00062.
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AbstractIn Christian Europe of the High Middle Ages, saints played a central role in the everyday life of the ailing. Alongside healing attempts which involved magic and/or scientifically-based medicine, the invocation of specific patron saints for protection against evils or for the curing of ailments was a widespread practise. A large choice of patron saints was "available" for a wide range of diseases, especially those nowadays classified as neurologic or psychiatric. For the falling sickness alone, e.g., there is evidence of some twenty patron saints reputed to have a particular involvement. Surprisingly, there is no evidence of a comparable devotion to patrons for apoplectics. This "negative result" is confirmed by a thorough examination of medieval sources. St. Wolfgang and St. Andreas Avellino are the only two proven stroke patrons. Both, however, were only known within their respective locations. The absence of a specific supportive Christian figure for stroke victims deserves particular analysis: The high fatality rate of apoplexy and the lack of commercial interest on the part of the Christian places of pilgrimage may serve as possible explanations.
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Burnakov, V. A., and A. A. Burnakov. "Remnants of the Snake Cult Among the Khakas (Late 19th to Mid 20th Century)." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.2.122-130.
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On the basis of folklore and ethnographic data, some of which are introduced in this article, the Khakass mytho-ritual complex relating to the snake is reconstructed. It is demonstrated that these beliefs were central to the traditional Khakass worldview, and the snake was endowed with elaborate symbolic meanings. It was a sacred animal, associated with ideas of life and death. It played a key role in mystical initiation practices, including those related to shamanism, and it was perceived as a patron spirit. Among the Khakass traditional beliefs was the idea that the elect could marry snakes, which turned into beautiful girls. Such a union, short-lived as it was, brought wealth and luck. Also, the snake was associated with elements and landscape features, such as water and mountains, linked to the ideas of sacred center, fertility, and the ancestor cult, which were central in the Khakass worldview. This reptile was often believed to be a mountain spirit, a mystical patron, and donator of magical capacities. Thereby beliefs about snakes were part of Khakass folk medicine and domestic magic.
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Shepherd, John, Larissa Petrillo, and Allan Wilson. "Does size matter? In-library study of two Canadian public library branches." Library Management 41, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-08-2019-0058.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to summarize a library use study of the central and community branches of a Canadian public library. An exit survey documented the in-branch activities of users as a part of a library strategic planning process. Survey results were used in combination with branch statistics, postal code circulation statistics, neighbourhood demographics and other data sources to document the in-library use of the two facilities. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaires were administered to library users 15 years of age or older at the exits of the central and community branches. The survey collected data on their activities and services used during their current visit. Additional sources such as branch-level statistics, furniture tally sheets, photographs, Canada Census data and circulation analysis by patron postal code and lending branch were used during the analysis stage. Findings Both branches are heavily used but in different ways. Branch circulation and gate count per square foot of floor space were high relative to other Canadian libraries. Patron visits to the community branch were short in duration, in line with previous public library studies. User visit duration and in-library activities within the main branch somewhat resembled those of the central branch of a larger library system but likely for different reasons. Research limitations/implications The study was exploratory. Data were collected during two coinciding days of library operation, a Thursday and a Saturday, and may not be representative of the underlying population. The study was limited in scope as it was a community service project for undergraduate university students. Practical implications Branch library use surveys, in combination with library statistics and demographics, can provide useful insights concerning in-library patron behaviour when the use of ethnographic techniques is not feasible. Originality/value The study explored differences and similarities in user behaviour in two types of library facilities, a central and a community branch. Few published studies make such a direct comparison. The study explored the perceived benefits received by patrons from public library use and incorporated branch statistics, circulation analysis and Census data.
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Fox, Robert. "Return to relevance." OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives 31, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oclc-10-2014-0035.
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Purpose – In order to continue to respond to patron needs in a relevant way, it is necessary to continuously reevaluate the central message that the library website is intended to convey. It ' s necessary to question assumptions, listen to user needs, and shift our paradigm to make the library web presence as effective as possible. Design/methodology/approach – This is a regular viewpoint column. A basic literature review was done prior to the column being written. Findings – The library Web site remains, in many respects, the “first face” of the library for patrons. To remain relevant, traditional methodologies used in library science may need to be set aside or catered to the needs of the patron. Originality/value – Various methods regarding design philosophy are explored which may be of use to information professionals responsible for the design and content of the library Web sites.
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Hernandez, Cornelio Sanchez, Ma Teresa Castrejon Osorio, and Catalina B. Chavez Tapia. "Patron reproductivo de Sturnira lilium parvidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en la costa central del Pacifico de Mexico." Southwestern Naturalist 31, no. 3 (September 11, 1986): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3671837.
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Arponen, Aki Voitto, Heli Maijanen, and Visa Immonen. "From Bones to Sacred Artefact." Temenos - Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 54, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 149–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33356/temenos.66687.
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The cult of saints and the subsequent interest in relics constituted one of the essential characteristics of medieval Western Christianity. In particular, relics and reliquaries are prime examples of the importance of materiality in devotion. In the present article we analyse one of the medieval skull relics of Turku Cathedral and its material characteristics in detail. Previous examinations undertaken in the 1920s and 1940s produced two theories of its origins and identification. By analysing the bone material and the narrative depiction of martyrdom embroidered on the silk wrapping, State Archaeologist Juhani Rinne connected the relic to St Henry, the patron saint of Finland and the cathedral, while State Archaeologist Carl Axel Nordman identified it as belonging to St Eric, the patron saint of the Kingdom of Sweden. By re-examining the central element of the skull relic, the bones, with osteological analysis and radiocarbon dating, we show both theories to be highly problematic. Our analysis reveals the complex material features of the skull relic and the medieval cult of relics.
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Doronila, Amando. "The Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences in Postwar Philippines." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16, no. 1 (March 1985): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400012789.
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The declaration of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos on 21 September 1972 marked the overthrow of the open and competitive Filipino political system that had operated on the principle of institutional checks and balances adapted from the American model of liberal democracy. The Marcos power seizure represented a breakthrough by a coalition of the central Executive and new social forces that had emerged from the Philippines' transition to modernity against the constitutional restraints on presidential power. The new coalition, in which the military, the technocracy, and foreign economic interests were important components, succeeded in destroying the old balance of power, which had rested on the adversary relationship between the Chief Executive and Congress. The disbanding of Congress by emergency fiat reflected the decisive flew of power towards the Executive; for twenty-six years since independence, the legislature had acted as the main institutional check on the presidency.
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Daragó, László, Balázs Máté, and Géza Varga. "Analysis of Medieval Rotundas in the Former Kingdom of Hungary Considering Central European Corresponding Monuments." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 51, no. 2 (November 27, 2020): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.15841.
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In Central Europe, medieval rotundas are found in great numbers, with the subject strongly connected to the spread of Christianity amongst peoples living in the area. The aesthetics of pagan religions is still present, but they adapted to Christian functions. Thus, on the border of Eastern and Western Christianity, a new design was created.This study introduces the features of round churches in the former Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th to 14th century and places them in the context of the Central European rotundas.To examine the buildings, we considered aspects such as location, periods of construction, possible layout variations, functions and patron saints. The database we created regarding the rotundas in Central Europe was the foundation for the investigations. Using this analysis, the goal is to find underlying patterns, identify different groups of rotundas and provide an overview of the monuments, which could be used for further investigations in the topic.
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Chornomorets, Yu P. "The importance of the works of Professor of the Kiev Theological Academy Epiphanovich S.L. in the study of the work of Christian Neo-Platonist Maxim the Confessor." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 45 (March 7, 2008): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2008.45.1908.
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Maxim the Confessor (580–662) is an outstanding thinker, Christian follower of the tradition of the last ancient Neo-Platonists. Historical and philosophical study of the work of Maxim the Confessor is relevant given its central role in Eastern Christian Neo-Platonism.
In this article, we aim to carry out a historical and philosophical analysis of the research of Maxim Confessor's work by a prominent Kiev patron of the early 20th century. S. L. Epifanovich, specifically focusing on the experience of reconstruction of the philosophical and theological system of Maxim, carried out by this researcher.
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Lohse, Russell. "“La Negrita” Queen of The Ticos: The Black Roots of Costa Rica's Patron Saint." Americas 69, no. 03 (January 2013): 323–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500002315.
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In sharp contrast to her mestizo and mulatto neighbors, Costa Rica is one of a handful of Latin American countries commonly regarded as “white.” For more than a century, national elites and foreign observers alike attributed Costa Rica's relative political stability, high rate of literacy, and prosperity to the nation's supposed racial homogeneity. The “Switzerland of Central America” was rarely regarded as part of the African Diaspora, yet people of African descent have been part of Costa Rican society since its colonial beginnings. In fact, the patron saint of Costa Rica has always been depicted as black. Known affectionately as La Negrita, the Virgen de los Angeles is believed to have appeared with a divine mandate of harmony at a remote time when Costa Rica was divided by racial tensions. In the legend of her apparition some have found the key to Costa Rica's tradition of “rural democracy.”
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Lohse, Russell. "“La Negrita” Queen of The Ticos: The Black Roots of Costa Rica's Patron Saint." Americas 69, no. 3 (January 2013): 323–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2013.0025.
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In sharp contrast to her mestizo and mulatto neighbors, Costa Rica is one of a handful of Latin American countries commonly regarded as “white.” For more than a century, national elites and foreign observers alike attributed Costa Rica's relative political stability, high rate of literacy, and prosperity to the nation's supposed racial homogeneity. The “Switzerland of Central America” was rarely regarded as part of the African Diaspora, yet people of African descent have been part of Costa Rican society since its colonial beginnings. In fact, the patron saint of Costa Rica has always been depicted as black. Known affectionately as La Negrita, the Virgen de los Angeles is believed to have appeared with a divine mandate of harmony at a remote time when Costa Rica was divided by racial tensions. In the legend of her apparition some have found the key to Costa Rica's tradition of “rural democracy.”
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Hasibuan, Winna Margaretha, Heri Kusmanto, and Warjio Warjio. "Kaitan Sistem Pemiliham Umum dan Korupsi Legislatif Tapanuli Tengah Periode 2015-2020." JUPIIS: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL 11, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jupiis.v11i2.14117.
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Corruption has become one of the most extraordinary phenomena that occur in various democratic countries, including in Indonesia, so that it makes Indonesia ranked 96th in the world as one of the most corrupt countries, and the most dominated by legislative institutions whose members are elected through electoral system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship and corruption factors of the Central Tapanuli legislature by using qualitative research methods with a type of descriptive analysis research and using electoral system theory, legislative corruption and types of political corruption. The results in this study that general election focused on people (people centered) makes political costs very expensive, also makes the attitude of patron-client between the regional head and members of the legislature, and raises a practical political attitude in society and the politicians of Central Tapanuli
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Olivier, Guilhem, and Roberto Martínez. "TRANSLATING GODS: TOHIL AND CURICAUERI IN MESOAMERICAN POLYTHEISM IN THE POPOL VUH AND THE RELACIÓN DE MICHOACÁN." Ancient Mesoamerica 26, no. 2 (2015): 347–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536115000280.
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AbstractAlthough it was common in Mesoamerica to adopt foreign deities from other pantheons, less is known about the processes of “translating” foreign deities as a function of the divinities' attributes. This article analyzes the degree of intelligibility among pre-Hispanic K'iche’, P'urepecha, and Nahua peoples based on the study of patron gods Tohil and Curicaueri and their possible equivalents in the Central Highland pantheon. We can see that the search for divine homologues on the part of Mesoamerican peoples implies, beyond cultural homogeneity, an ongoing exchange of information, and recognition of the religion of the “other” based on equal standing, which tends to be a characteristic of polytheistic peoples in general.
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Givari, Hilwan. "Adaptasi Sirkulasi Patron dalam Implementasi Sentralisme Demokratik Partai Komunis Vietnam dalam Kongres pada era “Doi Moi”." Jurnal Politik 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jp.v4i1.192.
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Kebertahanan negara satu partai pimpinan Partai Komunis Vietnam (PKV) pada era Doi Moi (Đổi Mới atau reformasi ekonomi) biasanya dijelaskan oleh para ilmuwan politik secara struktural dan kultural melalui teori ‘performance-based legitimacy’ atau pemikiran nasionalisme dari Ho Chi Minh. Kedua penjelasan itu menilai bahwa PKV memiliki ciri-ciri akuntabilitas politik yang sama dengan partai komunis lain yang berkuasa di dunia dengan sifatnya yang singular dan top-down birokratis, namun belum menyentuh fitur institusional negara-partai komunis seperti prinsip sentralisme demokratik. Dengan menerapkan sejumlah teori/konsep alternatif dan hasil penelitian kontemporer seputar institusionalisasi PKV dan pelaksanaan Kongres partai yang dilakukan pada era Doi Moi, tulisan ini melihat bahwa PKV mampu melaksanakan nilai- nilai akuntabilitas vertikal dan horizontal prinsip sentralisme demokratik secara lebih konsekuen dalam Kongres partai sebagai lembaga tertinggi partainya. Hal itu diraih melalui beberapa strategi seperti (1) keberadaan troika yang terdifusi, (2) penguatan Komite Sentral (Central Committee atau CC) di atas Politbiro, (3) peningkatan kompetisi dalam pemilihan anggota CC, serta (4) rivalitas blok voting dalam CC. Tulisan ini juga membuktikan secara kualitatif berdasarkan studi literatur yang digunakan keberadaan variabel konseptual ‘adaptasi sirkulasi patron’ sebagai penggerak dilaksanakannya prinsip akuntabilitas tersebut. Temuan tersebut membuktikan bahwa kebertahanan PKV tidak bisa disamakan dengan partai komunis di negara lain karena PKV terlihat mampu secara adaptif mengakomodasi tuntutan reformasi dan kepentingan para elite patron yang semakin pragmatis.
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KRUCKENBERG, LORI. "Neumatizing the Sequence: Special Performances of Sequences in the Central Middle Ages." Journal of the American Musicological Society 59, no. 2 (2006): 243–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2006.59.2.243.
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Abstract In his liturgical commentary Rationale divinorum officiorum, the thirteenthcentury writer Guillaume Durand describes a special, “antique” way of singing sequences called “neumatizing” (“neumatizare”). According to Durand, a sequence could be neumatized either by singing certain phrases melismatically or by vocalizing the entire sequence without words. The chief focus of this investigation is the identification of which sequences were still being neumatized after the decline of that practice around 1100, where and at which feasts they were sung, and why. The evidence suggests that neumatizing was especially cultivated in northern France during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, especially in the cathedral towns of Rouen, Laon, Cambrai, and Amiens, as well as at various religious institutions in Metz, Andenne, Chichester, and Bamberg. The liturgical period of Advent, Christmas Eve, the Feast of John the Evangelist, and masses celebrating patron saints were the most typical liturgical occasions where neumatizing took place. The rationales for the singing practice appear to have been manifold, ranging from the practical and mundane to the spiritual and sacred. Motives for neumatizing include improving preexisting structures for purposes of fulfilling expectations about genre; using musical responses to highlight poetic topoi; lending solemnity and symbolic meaning to important liturgical feasts; and honoring ancient traditions while resisting some of the newer trends found with late examples of the genre.
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Klantschnig, Gernot. "The politics of law enforcement in Nigeria: lessons from the war on drugs." Journal of Modern African Studies 47, no. 4 (November 12, 2009): 529–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x09990036.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines the institutional politics of law enforcement in Nigeria by focusing on illegal drug control since the mid 1980s. It assesses the available academic research on law enforcement governance, and contrasts it with an in-depth case study of drug law enforcement. The case study confirms views of the politicised nature of law enforcement. However, it goes beyond the patron–client centred approach to politics prevalent in the literature on African policing. The article adds an institutional dimension to the study of law enforcement governance, highlighting processes of centralisation, exclusion and shifting bureaucratic interests that have been central to the development of Nigerian drug law enforcement. It is based on previously inaccessible data from inside Nigerian drug law enforcement.
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Kusche, Isabel. "Functions of Clientelism in Modern Politics." Soziale Systeme 23, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2018): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sosys-2018-0003.
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Abstract Clientelism as a structure of political expectations is relevant for understanding both the development of states and present-day politics in many segments of the world-political system. It is a solution to three general problems that modern political systems face: the affirmation of central authority over a territory, the mobilization of voters in democratic elections, and the need to provide political careers for individuals. The article illustrates these problems and their clientelistic solution by drawing on the examples of Russia, Greece and Japan. In these cases, patron-client ties function as equivalents to solutions on which systems theory has mostly focused when describing modern political systems: autonomous bureaucratic administration, electoral campaigns based on political programs, and party organizations based on formal membership and ideology.
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Kont, Kate-Riin. "To buy or to borrow? Evaluating the cost of an eBook in TalTech library." Bottom Line 33, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bl-07-2019-0100.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find out how much the purchasing and lending of individual electronic books really cost. Additionally, this paper investigates which kind of approach would be cheaper and less time-consuming for library staff as well as library patrons – purchase or short-term loan. Design/methodology/approach This study was conducted at the Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech) Library. This is the only university library in Estonia where the Ebook Central platform is adapted on a large scale. For background information, all statistical data of expenditures and average prices of purchases and short-term loans during April 2013 and December 2018 were calculated and analysed. Through a case study, the time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) method was used – all activities related to acquisition and lending of eBooks were identified, recorded in detail and analysed. More specifically, the study concerned eBooks offered in the Ebook Central platform and covered purchasing and short-term loan processes, such as receipt of order request, communication with the patron (if necessary) making a purchase or short-term loan, and feedback to the patron. Findings While analysing the results, it appeared there are many additional activities libraries can avoid during the eBook short-term loan process compared to purchasing. As a normality in TalTech library, purchase is always followed by a cataloguing process which increases the time and cost of this process in turn. On the basis of the current study, it can be said that short-term loan is a cheaper way to use eBooks; many activities related to the short-term loan of eBooks take remarkably less staff time and financial resources than eBooks acquisition/purchasing activities. When analysing the literature reviewed as well as collected statistical data, the problem may arise when the decision-maker librarian is not experienced, professional or long-sighted enough to understand the future behaviour of the patron or the usage of the specific eBook. When the usage reaches a certain point, it becomes an indicator of continuing future usage and so it makes sense to purchase the eBook, as the library pays no further charges once an eBook is owned. Originality/value Most studies reviewed by the author are based on the statistical data collected about expenditure, costs, usage, cost-per-use, etc. of short-term loans and purchases. While acquisitions costs, average cost per acquired item per year and cost per usage are easy to identify, it has been difficult to measure associated costs of acquisition, cataloging and circulation. The TDABC methodology seems to be one of the best tools for understanding cost behaviour and refining a cost system for university libraries. Based on the information known to the author, there is no study carried out using the TDABC methodology for analysing costs of eBook programmes.
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Rockel, Stephen J. "The Tutsi and the Nyamwezi: Cattle, Mobility, and the Transformation of Agro-Pastoralism in Nineteenth-Century Western Tanzania." History in Africa 46 (April 1, 2019): 231–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.5.
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Abstract:The key role of the Nyamwezi in the nineteenth-century caravan trade of East and Central Africa is well known. The convergence of rapid change in Unyamwezi, a region connecting areas of economic specialization, is more obscure. The development of agro-pastoralism in Unyamwezi was an adaptation and an opportunity forged by (unequal) partnerships between the Nyamwezi commercial elite and Tutsi immigrants. Patron-client relationships reflected prevailing economic and political forces, reversing the pattern of pastoral dominance in the Great Lakes region. Two different agro-ecological, sociological and political regions – the East African woodland savannah and the Great Lakes zone – were interlinked in a trans-regional cattle, salt, and labor economy intertwined with global capitalism. Human mobility stimulated change but so too did movements of livestock, diseases, agricultural regimes, and ecological boundaries.
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Falah, Fajrul. "Hegemony and Ideology in Novel Bidadari Bermata Bening by Habiburrahman el Shirazy (Gramsci Hegemony Study)." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207068.
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The purpose of this study is to reveal the hegemony and ideology contained in the novel Bidadari Bermata Bening (BBB) by Habiburrahman el Shirazy. Research with the novel's object and Gramsci's hegemony approach, based on searches in online journals not yet found. The research method used is descriptive analytic. This research data consists of words, phrases, sentences, texts, and discourses included in novel BBB. The results showed that the central character Ayna was built to have a positive character such as being obedient, religious, beautiful, and smart. The religious ideology embraced by Ayna, able to bind and make himself face various tests of life, like divorced and then remarried. The hegemony process between Ayna (student) and Gus Afif (teacher) also went well, because the patron-client culture in the pesantren environment is still strong.
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Matic, Marina. "The connections of Savina Monastery with Russia in the XVIII century and their influence in Boka Kotorska." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 162 (2017): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1762267m.
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The connections of the Savina Monastery in Boka Kotorska with Russia in the XVIII century were intensive and deep. They contained the concept of Russia as the patron of Orthodox people under foreign dominion. Inspired by Russia, the Savina Monastery fraternity had an important role in social and political events in the area of Boka Kotorska. These relations influenced the local community in Boka Kotorska through a growing awareness of the necessity of liberation from foreign dominion, migrations of people to Russia, as well as through religious and cultural novelties brought by Russian literature and artistic design motifs, which were used and applied in the local community. The central point of unification of all these influences was the Savina Monastery, where the Great Church was raised mainly due to Russian donations.
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Moin, A. Azfar. "Sovereign Violence: Temple Destruction in India and Shrine Desecration in Iran and Central Asia." Comparative Studies in Society and History 57, no. 2 (March 20, 2015): 467–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417515000109.
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AbstractWas the destruction of Sufi and ‘Alid saint shrines as a rite of conquest in Iran and Central Asia a phenomenon comparable to the desecration of temples in war in India? With this question in mind, this essay examines the changing nature of Islamic kingship in premodern Iran and Central Asia and compares it to developments in Indic kingship. It begins with the thesis that the decline of the caliphate and the rise of Muslim saints and shrines in thirteenth-century Iran and Central Asia led to a new form of “shrine-centered” sovereignty practiced by the rulers of these regions. This development, in turn, gave rise to a notable pattern in which Muslim kings threatened or attacked the shrines of their enemies’ patron saints in times of war. A focus on this ritual violence, which remains neglected in the studies of Islamic iconoclasm and jihad, reveals how the protocols of violence and accommodation that governed these Muslim milieus became analogous to those enacted by Indic kings who also sacked temples of rival sovereigns in times of war. With the spread of Muslim shrines and the related belief that the “real” sovereign was not the caliph but the enshrined saint, Islam and Hinduism developed comparable grammars of “gifting” and “looting.” This argument allows for a new, transcultural perspective to examine the premodern history of India, Iran, and Central Asia, connected by the rise of Muslim saints and their shrines.
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Órdenes, Mathias, and José Díaz-Diego. "Cuando la mano de obra se subleva: estrategias terratenientes durante la reforma agraria chilena (1964-1973)." Historia Agraria. Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 74 (February 22, 2018): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.074e07o.
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The object of this article is to describe and analyze the strategies landowners used against mobilized workers in south-central Chile during the agrarian reform. Key aspects analyzed in the development of landowner strategies include the traditional composition of the rural world, the changes occurring in the socio-political panorama over time, as well as workers’ unions and landowner organizations. Along with the potential for violence, unusual actions included patron organization unity, a propositional discourse opposing agrarian reform, a search for agreements with the peasant movement, and the establishment of an alliance with higher-level legal and tenant resources. A review of bibliographic, documentary and archival sources offers greater understanding of the reformist period. It has traditionally been conceptualized through a historiographic narrative of interclass struggles and political and labor confrontation, but here incorporates variables that include negotiation, coalitions and modernization.
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Gottdang, Andrea. "Triumph der Phantasie und der Magnifizenz Überlegungen zur Rezeption Veroneses im venezianischen Settecento." Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 81, no. 3 (October 15, 2018): 374–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkg-2018-0027.
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Abstract Although the Veronese revival is the formative phenomenon of Venetian painting in the eighteenth century, the causes for this circumstance are not entirely clear. The love of splendor is considered to be a significant motif that can be easily misinterpreted as shallow. The fundamental element of the Veronese revival is magnificenza, which also recognizes splendor, luxury, and imagination as aesthetic qualities in the art and literature of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries while presenting them in a complex reciprocal relationship whose aim is meraviglia, the amazement of the viewer. Fantasia plays the central role in Algarotti’s, Muratori’s, Vico’s, Maffei’s, and Conti’s theories as well as in Sebastiano Ricci’s and Giambattista Tiepolo’s artistic practices. This quality is as important for the patron as it is for the artist whose work is supposed to stimulate the fantasia of the audience.
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Bristley, Joseph, and Erdene-Ochir Tumen-Ochir. "‘Tears of Rejoicing Spirits’." Inner Asia 23, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340165.
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Abstract Accounts of Mongol mountain sacrifices (ovoo takhilga) variously focus on transactional offerings that elicit benefits from local spirits and on the patron-like position held by spirits towards those who supplicate them. In contrast this article explores how, in such ceremonies, human–spirit relations are shaped through the enactment of emotions: in this context, happiness. Bringing classic literature on sacrifice into dialogue with recent studies of happiness as a social phenomenon, we argue that the generation of happiness (bayarluulakh; bayasgakh) in local spirits is of great importance in mediating the distance between spirits and their human neighbours. This mediation allows for the shaping of optimal post-sacrificial relations between these two categories of being. Our argument is made through an analysis of ethnographic and linguistic data relating to an ovoo takhilga in a Khalkha area of central Mongolia.
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Fuad, Iwan Zaenul, Aenurofik Aenurofik, and Ahmad Rosyid. "BELENGGU TENGKULAK ATAS PETANI PEMBUDIDAYA LELE: Relasi Patron-Klien Budidaya Lele Di Wonotunggal Jawa Tengah." JURNAL HUKUM ISLAM 13, no. 2 (December 7, 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v13i2.488.
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Abstract: Within the context of Indonesia as a muslim majority country, Islamic teaching has been widely implemented throughout the country. As a result, Islamic values have become the foundation and basic values within societal economic practices. These values, among others, include social and economic justice and equality. However, these values are not always implemented when people's injustice and greed are in play. One of the cases that can provide example in this case is the relationship between catfish farmers and distributors in Wonotunggal, Batang, Central Java. As a commodity with high economical value, many farmers grow catfish. Thus, there was a big need for catfish distributors to facilitate the rising numbers of catfish farmers, to help them sell the catfish. However, there were many distributors who made attempt to control the market, which give disadvantages to the farmers. One of the examples of such disadvantageous practices is 'ijon', or lending money to the farmers with high interest. As a result many farmers were trapped into debt. This study aims at exploring the relationship between catfish farmers and distributors in Siwatu Village, Wonotunggal, Batang.Abstrak: Keberadaan ajaran Islam yang sarat akan pesan moral, tidak diperuntukkan bagi sebagian golongan saja, melainkan rahmatan li al-‘alamin (berlaku universal). Implikasinya, dalam mendistribusikan kesejahteraan-kemakmuran, harus selalu berpijak pada nilai keadilan dan pemerataan. Namun dalam praktiknya, nilai moral luhur ini berhadapan dengan nafsu keserakahan manusia, yang tidak segan melakukan penindasan dalam mengeksplorasi sumber-sumber kekayaan. Hal ini juga nampak dalam relasi antara petani lele dan tengkulak di Batang. Jawa Tengah. Sebagai komoditas yang punya nilai ekonomis, membuat petani berlomba membudidayakannya. Seiring dengan merebaknya budidaya lele, muncul tengkulak, yang awalnya membantu petani dalam memasarkan budidayanya. Hubungan mulai berkembang dalam pola patron-klien, di mana tengkulak mulai mengendalikan sekaligus menindas petani dengan keunggulan modal dan daya tawar yang dimilikinya. Seringkali ini didahului dengan praktik ijon di mana tengkulak memberikan kredit rente yang mengakibatkan petani lele terjerat hutang berlipat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguak proses terjadinya hubungan patron-klien antara petani dengan tengkulak sekaligus melihat kekuatan daya ikat hubungan ini dalam budidaya lele, khususnya di Desa Siwatu, Kecamatan Wonotunggal Kabupaten Batang.
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Mattlin, Mikael. "Nested Pyramid Structures: Political Parties in Taiwanese Elections." China Quarterly 180 (December 2004): 1031–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004000736.
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The nature of the political party in Taiwan has been insufficiently problematized in recent writings on the island's elections. Based on field research this article argues that the informal structure of political support in Taiwan takes the shape of nested pyramid structures, built of successive dyadic support relations between politician and supporter and two politicians at different hierarchical levels, culminating in a handful of top political leaders. The political party is only the widest kind of support network, and in lower-level elections not the central agent. The dyads in Taiwan politics differ from traditional patron–client relations in being more dynamic, equal and voluntary. This informal political structure coupled with generally weak party loyalty and large benefits of incumbency produces pervasive party instability and subsequent election instability at higher election levels. The number of top political leaders and relations between them are critical in structuring the party scene.
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Miller, Maureen C. "The Significance of St Cuthbert’s Vestments." Studies in Church History 47 (2011): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400000875.
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Sanctity is a quality first perceived, then acclaimed, contested or affirmed. Most commonly the visual perception of sanctity took the form of witnessing miracles: individuals saw with their own eyes divine power working through another human being. The development of the cult of the saints in western Europe, however, gave rise to a rich visual and material culture. The tombs of saints and the churches dedicated to them were adorned with precious works of art intended to glorify the holy patron. This essay considers quite intimate gifts: articles of clothing laid on the body of a saint. It moves from a particular set of vestments left at a saint’s shrine to wider considerations of what the clergy wore during the central Middle Ages. Liturgical attire might not only honour the sanctity of a long-venerated individual but might also be used to claim sanctity for others.
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Harless, David W., and Frank R. Allen. "Using the Contingent Valuation Method to Measure Patron Benefits of Reference Desk Service in an Academic Library." College & Research Libraries 60, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.60.1.56.
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The authors apply a survey technique known as the contingent valuation (CV) method to estimate the economic value that patrons attach to reference desk service in an academic library. The CV method has been used in environmental economics for the past thirty years to estimate the value of environmental amenities. The authors argue that the appropriate measure of patron benefit from reference service includes use value (the usual benefit concept in the library literature) and option value (the benefit to potential users of knowing they have the option of using the services). The survey population consisted of the students and faculty of the academic campus of Virginia Commonwealth University. The authors surveyed 382 students and faculty eliciting willingness to pay (WTP) for reference desk services: WTP to maintain existing hours, WTP to keep the desk open an additional eighteen hours per week; and WTP to add 18.5 more hours (all hours the library is open). The 10 percent trimmed mean (a robust measure of central tendency) indicates that, on average, students are willing to pay $5.59 per semester to maintain current hours of the reference desk; instructional faculty indicate they are willing to pay $45.76 per year to maintain current hours. Given reasonable assumptions about the cost of service, students and faculty place a value on the current hours of reference desk service that exceeds the cost by a ratio of 3.5 to 1.
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McLennan-Dillabough, Sarah. "Mediating Access: The Utilization of Status Evaluation Processes in the Work of Bouncing." Arbutus Review 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/tar41201312682.
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Evaluative processes play a central role in our social world. These processes are especially salient in the work of bouncing, the work carried out by security staff at establishments licensed to serve alcohol. Bouncers have the power to admit or deny patrons who seek admittance to bars and nightclubs. Although the continual evaluation of patrons’ statuses (including their social status, race, and age) is common in this line of work, little sociological research has focused on these processes. Using interviews and participant observations, this article provides a grounded theory study that aims to expand the sociological knowledge about evaluative processes in the work of bouncing. This article argues that bouncers rely on socially constructed stereotypes in their evaluations of patron attitude and dress, associating certain attitudes and dress with violent behaviour. Bouncers’ reliance on status characteristic stereotypes systematically excludes classes and races of patrons who are perceived to have characteristics associated with violence.
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Sandberg, Tommy. "A “fucked up” novel, narratology, and the Difference approach to literary fiction." Frontiers of Narrative Studies 3, no. 2 (November 23, 2017): 256–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fns-2017-0017.
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AbstractDrömfakulteten (2006) is an experimental novel by the Swedish writer Sara Stridsberg portraying the life of political activist and writer Valerie Solanas. I read Drömfakulteten as a “literary fantasy” where the forms, the themes, and the atmosphere are foregrounded rather than the biography of Solanas, and suggest that it can be viewed as a deliberate work of art filled with affordances for the reader. Central to my analysis is the recurring idea of “fucking up” as a way of disobeying social, political, and literary (narrative) norms. In relation to narratology, I take on the novel with a Difference approach to fiction, guided by notions from Sylvie Patron, Lars-Åke Skalin, and Richard Walsh. In this approach, fiction is seen as functioning differently in a qualitative sense compared to natural narrative. The Difference approach leads to a reading that lies close to the intuitions of reviewers and highlights the strong literary potential of the novel.
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Massarella, Derek. "Envoys and Illusions: the Japanese embassy to Europe, 1582–90, De Missione Legatorvm Iaponensium, and the Portuguese viceregal embassy to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1591." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 15, no. 3 (November 2005): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186305005304.
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AbstractOn 20 February 1582 when Alessandro Valignano, Visitor to the Jesuit missions in the East Indies (the geographical area from Goa eastwards, to Japan, and southwards, to the Indonesian archipelago) left Japan, the country had been in a state of civil war, (the sengoku jidai) for more than a century. That was about to change. Oda Nobunaga had succeeded in uniting the central and western parts of Honshu under his rule and was intent on imposing his rule over the rest of the country. The Jesuits considered him if not quite a patron, then certainly someone sympathetic to Christianity and their mission in Japan. Yet on 22 June Nobunaga died, the victim of an attack by an ambitious rival, and ironically, considering the previous esteem in which he had been held, unlamented by the Jesuits who believed that during the final months of his life he had transformed himself into a megalomanic tyrant, a Nebuchadnezzar.
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Waheed, Ahmed Waqas. "Pakistan’s Dependence and US Patronage: The Politics of ‘Limited Influence’." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 4, no. 1 (April 2017): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797016689220.
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Despite having poured billions of dollars of aid into Pakistan’s economy and its military over the years, there is a general acceptability among scholars and policymakers that the United States exercises limited leverage in Pakistan. Although India remains the centrepiece in US–Pakistan policy divergences, US frustrations often stem from the ineffectiveness of its aid-for-leverage policy, especially given Pakistan’s dependence on US military assistance. The limited US influence in Pakistan can best be understood within the framework of patron–client relationship and arms dependence. If the theory suggests anything, it is that various factors including US and Pakistan’s behaviour contribute in channelling the relationship towards its apparent demise. Most important within these is China’s central role in helping Pakistan indigenize its military production and diversify its arms supply. In that sense, then, China has colluded with Pakistan in indirectly limiting US influence in Pakistan and the trend suggests that this collaboration will further reduce US leverage over Pakistan.
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Smith, Daniel Jordan. "‘The Arrow of God’: Pentecostalism, Inequality, and the Supernatural in South-Eastern Nigeria." Africa 71, no. 4 (November 2001): 587–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.4.587.
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ABSTRACTIn September 1996 the city of Owerri in south-eastern Nigeria erupted in riots over popular suspicion that the town'snouveaux richeswere responsible for a spate of ritual murders allegedly committed in the pursuit of ‘fast wealth’. In addition to destroying the properties of the purported perpetrators, the rioters burned several pentecostal churches. This article examines the place of religion in the Owerri crisis, particularly the central position of pentecostal Christianity in popular interpretations of the riots. While pentecostalism itself fuelled local interpretations that ‘fast wealth’ and inequality were the product of satanic rituals, popular rumours simultaneously accused some pentecostal churches of participating in the very occult practices that created instant prosperity and tremendous inequality. The analysis explores the complex and contradictory place of pentecostalism in the Owerri crisis, looking at the problematic relationship of pentecostalism to structures of inequality rooted in patron-clientism and focusing on the ways in which disparities in wealth and power in Nigeria are interpreted and negotiated through idioms of the supernatural.
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Haj Omar, Husam. "Ideology in the Translation of Political Speeches during the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Critical Discourse Analysis." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 12, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/tc29460.
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Ideology plays a central role in people’s lives and thus in shaping politicians’ decisions and translators’ choices. This role becomes clearer and more active in the context of the Middle East political domain, due to the constant ideological conflict in the region. This paper aims to analyse the translations of political speeches delivered by the Hamas and Hezbollah leaders during two Arab-Israeli conflicts: Lebanon War 2006 and Gaza War 2008/9. These translations often took the form of news reports that included translated excerpts from the speeches. The study suggests that there was a degree of distortion in the translation and editing processes by key English-speaking media outlets. Certain ideological strategies and devices were used by news outlets to manipulate the translation of the messages embedded in the speeches. The study investigates the role of the translator as well as the patron in deciding the outcome of the translation process.
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Ellis, Anthony. "The Comic Old Man in a Medicean Context: Lorenzino, the Florentine “New Brutus,” and ARIDOSIA." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 37, no. 1 (March 2003): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458580303700103.
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Playwright Lorenzino de' Medici (1514–48) is best known for assassinating his cousin and patron Alessandro, the despotic Duke of Florence, in 1537 and for justifying the murder publicly in an Apologia, which advocated the restoration of republican government in the city. While Lorenzino's stage comedy Aridosia (1536) has received considerable critical attention, its own political implications — its standing as ideological precursor to the apology — have been underestimated. With its central character, the miserly senex Aridosio, the play delineates an advanced form of corruption consonant with the wider ills described in the Apologia. The domestic tyrant's obsessive resolve to keep his wealth from his children evokes the Medicean determination to maintain absolute control in Florence. At other moments, Aridosio's unflattering portrayal recalls a different target: the older generation of greedy Florentine aristocrats, whom Lorenzino also charged with hindering the republican cause. The significant modifications made to the Plautine and Terentian source plays support this reading of Aridosia as political allegory.
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Vanpee, Katrien. "Allegiance Performed: Waṭaniyyah Poetry on the Stage of the Shāʿir al-Milyūn Competition." Journal of Arabic Literature 50, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570064x-12341384.
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Abstract This article examines the understudied political dynamics of the televised nabaṭī poetry competition Shāʿir al-Milyūn (“Million’s Poet”) to offer a new understanding of the program. Media coverage has focused on the participation of a single female participant, while scholars have assessed Shāʿir al-Milyūn as primarily an experiment in the wedding of local tradition to modern technology, overlooking the central and complex negotiations of ruler-ruled relationships taking place on the show’s stage. Shāʿir al-Milyūn’s political aspect becomes particularly apparent in the regular performances of waṭaniyyah verse, i.e. poetry for the waṭan or homeland. Reading a waṭaniyyah poem performed during the fifth season of Shāʿir al-Milyūn by Emirati poet Aḥmad bin Hayyāy al-Manṣūrī, I argue that Shāʿir al-Milyūn, rather than merely celebrating local poetic tradition, operates as a political technology that provides both poetry contestants and the show’s princely patron with opportunities to articulate and enact expectations of proper citizenship.
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Abidin, Min Hajul, and Yang Dong. "The Value of Santri in Political Moments: an Identity." Santri: Journal of Pesantren and Fiqh Sosial 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35878/santri.v1i2.237.
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Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) is one of the largest religious organizations in Indonesia. The santri community that is very identical to NU has contributed to Indonesia's development. When viewed from history, Santri were actively involved in Indonesian politics. The contribution of the santri is seen in various strategic positions of the country. The purpose of this study was to determine the attitude of the santri identity in political moments. This study uses a case study method to determine the process and central dynamics of santri in political activity. Semi-structured interviews were used to determine the identity construction of two subjects who had different backgrounds, but both were NU members who were raised in the santri tradition. The results showed that the santri's attitude did not have a particular patron/command and was amoeba/spread in various positions. Santri builds a unique identity as pride and has more value than other groups. Another result shows that political activity is considered an activity in worship.
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Zaki, Moshe. "Towards a New Model in Political Psychology for School Psychologists." School Psychology International 8, no. 1 (January 1987): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014303438700800104.
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This paper rests on the assumption that it is less the quality and level of service delivery than the status of a professional organization which is in direct relationship to the power which it accumulates through affiliation with central political systems. In Israel, the status of school psychology within the organizational structure of the Ministry of Education is relatively weak, and school psychologists have little hope of gaining central political power; thus they are exposed to a present plight which includes curtailing of resources and a constant threat of closing down psychoeducational services. The steps taken by school psychologists to counter these measures by raising professional standards, adopting new advanced techniques of intervention in schools and creating political lobbies seem to be inefficient. Since school psychologists have no political patron to protect their professional interests and resources, it is assumed that the most efficient way they can pursue their profession is to strengthen their local power within the community they serve, and thus to broaden and enhance their sphere of influence from a limited clientele of patients to the larger social structures. The prerequisite for the implementation of this model will be delineated and the implications for political educational psychology will be discussed.
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Szyszko, Magdalena, and Karolina Tura. "Can inflation forecast and monetary policy path be really useful? The case of the Czech Republic." Equilibrium 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2015.022.
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Producing and revealing inflation forecast is believed to be the best way of implementing a forward-looking monetary policy. The article focuses on inflation forecast targeting (IFT) at the Czech National Bank (CNB) in terms of its efficiency in shaping consumers’ inflation expectations. The goal of the study is to verify the accuracy of the inflation forecasts, and their influence on inflation expectations. The research is divided into four stages. At the first stage, central bank credibility is examined. At the second stage – accuracy of the inflation forecasts. The next step of the research covers a qualitative analysis of IFT implementation. Finally, the existence of the interdependences of inflation forecast, optimal policy paths and inflation expectations is analyzed. Credibility of the central bank, accuracy of the forecast and decision-making procedures focused on the forecast are the premises for the existence of relationship between forecasts and expectations. The research covers the period from July 2002 – till the end of 2013. Its methodology includes qualitative analysis of decision-making of the CNB, quantitative methods (Kia and Patron formula, MAE forecasts errors, quantification of expectations, non-parametric statistics). The results confirm the existence of interdependences between inflation forecasts and expectations of moderate strength. The preconditions of such interdependences are partially fulfilled. The research opens the field for cross-country comparisons and for quantification of IFT implementation.
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Verellen, Franciscus. "Taoism." Journal of Asian Studies 54, no. 2 (May 1995): 322–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058739.
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Circumscribing the place of taoists in Chinese society is not straightforward for any period: honored by emperors and members of the nobility, they were scorned, as a rule, by literati-officials and treated with a mixture of reverence and familiarity by ordinary people. The paradoxical strength of passivity, the power of compliance, and the endurance of the peripheral already form a central theme in the mystical writings gathered in the fourth and third centuryb.c.Lao-tzuandChuang-tzu. The Taoism of these ancient texts advanced a doctrine of liberation through submission, of control by means of noninterference, and of transcendence as a result of physiological and mental regimens. The ideal of liberation from the physical, epistemological, and social constraints of the human condition in time translated into a quest for immortality which, by the Ch'in unification of the empire, became quite explicit. Huang-Lao thought, named for the Yellow Emperor and patron of the immortals (Huang-ti) and Lao-tzu, dominated court politics from this period through the middle of the second centuryb.c.
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PETERSEN, NILS HOLGER. "Theological construction in the offices in honour of St Knud Lavard." Plainsong and Medieval Music 23, no. 1 (February 26, 2014): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0961137113000107.
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ABSTRACTThis article discusses the theology of the late twelfth-century offices in honour of the Danish patron saint Knud Lavard, asking to what extent this theology can be seen to have been underlined in musical representations. Altogether, there is surprisingly little war imagery in the offices. Although Knud Lavard was a military leader, a dux, and is presented in the offices as a miles Christi, and although some formulations in the office can be read to construct him as a crusader, his mildness and his passive suffering are much more emphasized. Indeed, the theological tenor is that of a Christ-like martyr being slaughtered without resistance. The emphasis is thus on suffering as a consequence of evil and unprovoked aggression, verbally as well as musically. This will be underscored by textual as well as musical analysis of central parts of the offices, focusing on the relationship between the responsories and the homiletic readings of the last Nocturns of Matins, which so far have not been much discussed in scholarship, taking also the sequence for the Translation Mass, Diem festum veneremur, into consideration.
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van den Bos, Matthijs. "Conjectures on Solṭānᶜalīshāh, the Valāyat-nāme and Shiite Sufi authority." Sociology of Islam 3, no. 3-4 (February 2, 2015): 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00303010.
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Few concepts if any are more central to Shiite Sufism (as to Shiism generally) than valāyat, and the current essay briefly explores its significance in and around an Iranian treatise of the early twentieth-century named the Valāyat-nāme. Three perspectives frame the discussion: the modern theory of friendship generally, Christian mystical and Islamic concepts of Friendship with God, and (Sunni and) Shiite Sufi authority. It is proposed that typical Islamic formulations of Friendship with God are particularised from their mentioned Christian and secular counterparts by the Friend’s conception as an initiatory patron, which provides a basis to Sufi authority. Given that Sufi claims to patronage remain contested in Shiite spheres, where legitimacy is predicated on subordination to the Imamate, ambiguous articulations of hierarchy are crucial to understanding Shiite Sufi authority. The Valāyat-nāme read thus sheds light on the downfall of its author, the Sufi master Solṭānᶜalīshāh (d.1909). The latter’s projection of spiritual authority unravelled on interrelated religious, economic and political grounds, in the context of the Constitutional Revolution in early twentieth-century provincial Khorasan.
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Pizzorusso, Ann C. "A portrait of central Italy's geology through Giotto's paintings and its possible cultural implications." Geoscience Communication 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 427–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-427-2020.
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Abstract. Central Italy has some of the most complex geology in the world. In the midst of this inscrutable territory, two people emerged – St. Francis and Giotto – and they would ultimately change the history of ecology, religion and art by extolling the landscapes and geology of this region. From antiquity to the Middle Ages, humans had a conflicting relationship with nature, seeing it as representing either divine or satanic forces. On the vanguard of a change in perspective toward the natural world was St. Francis of Assisi (ca. 1181–1226) who is now, thanks to his pioneering work, a patron of ecology. He set forth the revolutionary philosophy that the Earth and all living creatures should be respected as creations of the Almighty. St. Francis' affinity for the environment influenced the artist Giotto (ca. 1270–1337), who revolutionized art history by including natural elements in his religious works. By taking sacred images away from heaven and placing them in an earthly landscape, he separated them definitively from their abstract, unapproachable representation in Byzantine art. Giotto's works are distinctive because they portray daily life as blessed, thus demonstrating that the difference between the sacred and profane is minimal. Disseminating the new ideas of St. Francis visually was very effective, as the general populace was illiterate. Seeing frescoes reflecting their everyday lives in landscapes that were familiar changed their way of thinking. The trees, plants, animals and rocky landscapes were suddenly perceived as gifts from the Creator to be used, enjoyed and respected. Furthermore, Giotto recognized that the variety of dramatic landscapes would provide spectacular visual interest in the works. By including the striking landforms of central Italy, and portraying them accurately, Giotto allows us the opportunity to identify the types of rock in his frescoes and possibly even the exact locations he depicted. In fact, it would be discoveries in the pink Scaglia Rossa limestone – depicted in Giotto's frescoes as pink buildings and used to construct the Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi – which would revolutionize the history of geology.
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Sudarman, Sudarman, and Ahmad Taufik Hidayat. "Relasi Guru-Murid di Surau Minangkabau Pertengahan Abad 20." Sains Insani 3, no. 3 (December 6, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol3no3.65.
Full textAbstract:
In the twentieth century, Minangkabau became the center of renowned Islamic education. Its students came from many countries in Southeast Asia. One of the uniqueness of the Islamic education system in Minangkabau in the 20 century is the continuing relationship between pupils and teachers even though the students have completed their education. This study aims to find patterns of relationships that exist between teachers and students in the Minangkabau region in the past. Based on the contents of the letters and supported by supporting data results in the finding that there are three patterns of relationships between teachers and students in Surau Baru Mungka, namely, the pattern of sheikh and santri relation, a teacher becomes a central figure who has high spiritual values; Patterns of parent and child relationships, where teachers are central figures who protect their children; And patron-client relationship pattern, where the teacher is the source of power. The source of data of this study are letters gathered form Surau Baru in Mungka, in form of documents and interviews with teachers and students who are still in associated with surau Mungka. The method of this study used historical research by performing several stages. First, heuristic (gathering sources). Second, source criticism (selecting primary and secondary sources). Third, interpretation (doing interpretation of the sources found). Fourth, historiography (rewrote from research result).
ABSTRAK
Pada abad ke-20, Minangkabau menjadi pusat pendidikan Islam yang tersohor. Murid-muridnya banyak berasal dari pelbagai negara di Asia Tenggara. Salah satu daya tarikan dari sistem pendidikan Islam di Minangkabau pada abad ke 20 ialah relasi antara murid dan guru yang terus berlangsung meskipun murid telah menuntaskan jenjang pendidikannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pola-pola relasi yang terjalin antara guru dan murid di wilayah Minangkabau pada masa lalu. Berdasarkan konten surat-surat dan didukung oleh data-data penunjang menghasilkan temuan bahawa terdapat tiga pola relasi yang terjalin anatara guru dan murid di Surau Baru Mungka, iaitu: pola relasi syekh dan santri, seorang guru menjadi figur sentral yang memiliki nilai spiritualitas yang tinggi; pola relasi orang tua dan anak, di mana guru merupakan figur sentral yang mengayomi anak-anaknya; serta pola relasi patron-client, di mana guru merupakan sumber kekuasaan. Sumber data daripada penelitian ini adalah surat-surat yang terdapat di Surau Baru Mungka, berupa dokumen dan melakukan wawancara dengan guru dan murid yang masih memiliki kaitan dengan suaru Mungka. Adapun metode penelitian ini mempergunakan metode penelitian Sejarah dengan melakukan beberapa tahap. Pertama, heriustik (mengumpulkan sumber). Kedua, kritik sumber (memilih sumber-sumber primer dan sekunder). Ketiga, interpretasi (melakukan penafsiran terhadap sumber-sumber yang ditemukan). Keempat, historiografi (menuliskan kembali dari hasil penelitian).
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Rosyid, Moh. "Ahmadiyah di Kabupaten Kudus." Analisa 18, no. 1 (June 3, 2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v18i1.126.
Full textAbstract:
This research was picturing the society of Ahmadiyah (which consists<br />of only ten families) in Kudus, Central Java. On one hand this community <br />can be so adaptive to outers (non-Ahmadiyah people) such as joining their yasiinan or manaqiban groups and attending neighborhood meetings and can be so exclusive on the other hand. By exclusive here means that the Ahmadiyah people in Kudus will recite the quran and perform daily prayers together with themselves in their own mosque (Ahmadi mosque). The acceptance of Ahmadiyah in Kudus began when in 1989 some people in Kudus looked for physical and spiritual tranquility to Ahmadi people in Gabus, Pati, Central Java. The Ahmadi people of Gabus then taught them sesorah (Ahmadi teachings) which was suitable with them so that the Ahmadi teaching then well received. Kinship and patron client (employer-employee) relationship are two significant factors for the Ahmadiyah recruitment. The Ahmadiyah in Kudus could exist for the “center” (Bogor) sends them religious teachers who teach and lead their daily prayers in their own masjid. This masjid is built on a piece of land given by Ahmadi people. In order for their existence among local people not to be regarded such as creating “water and oil” relationship, Ahmadi people perform some social events which more outers are involved in, such as inviting them to halal bihalal forum and blood donor.<br /><br />