Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Génération ciblée'
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Lorriaux, Etienne. "Etude de méthodes métaheuristiques appliquées à l'optimisation aérodynamique ferroviaire." Valenciennes, 2007. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ec593272-c953-4cfa-8769-3eb3b82c3fa7.
Full textImproving the quality of railway transport requires higher operational speeds with equivalent security and comfort levels. Under these conditions aerodynamic effects play an important role and can imply conflicting design constraints. This work lays the basis of a global optimization method. This work is based on numerical simulations of trains aerodynamics, demanding substantial computing resources. The complexity of the search space to be explored imposes the use of a flexible and highly efficient optimization process. The study concerns metaheuristic methods and particularly a genetic algorithm relying on a fully automatic process for the flow simulations. The hybrid method, consisting in using a local search method with the general algorithm, are advantageous but are difficult to set up. An original solution is proposed, consisting in incorporating the simplex method in the generation process of a genetic algorithm. This method, called Targeted Generation Simplex, combines the genetic algorithm advantages with the accuracy of the local search and does not need any transitions between each method. The Targeted Generation Simplex has been first validated on classical examples. Therefore, it has been applied to two dimensional profiles representative of railway shapes. Sensitivity with respect to the genetic algorithm characteristics and to the estimator has been studied. The method has been successfully applied to a three dimensional single objective application to demonstrate its feasibility
Gasc, Cyrielle. "Capture de gènes par hybridation couplée au séquençage de nouvelle génération pour l'exploration d'échantillons métagénomiques. : Génomique et écologie microbienne." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM24.
Full textMicroorganisms are the most diverse and abundant life forms on Earth and are key players in thefunctioning of all biological processes. Nevertheless, PCR and metagenomics strategies aiming to describemicrobial communities are hampered by their huge diversity. Indeed, these molecular methods only drive to apartial description of communities and do not systematically allow linking functions back to the identities of themicroorganisms. Hybridization capture applied to complex metagenomic samples has demonstrated its efficiency to reveal all known and unknown diversity of targeted biomarkers, and to enrich their flanking regions over a few hundred bp facilitating the discovery of gene associations.Thus, this work aimed at developing a new hybridization capture method capable of specifically enrichinglarge genomic regions from complex samples allowing to associate structure and functions of communities. Thedevelopment of this method required the design of capture probes, the use of a high molecular weight DNAextraction method, and the elaboration of a capture protocol dedicated to the enrichment of large genomicfragments (up to 50 kbp).The validation of the hybridization capture method on an environmental soil sample uncovered all itspotential. Applied to the 16S rRNA gene, this strategy revealed greater microbial diversity than conventionalmolecular methods and improved phylogenetic resolution up to the species level thanks to the reconstruction offull-length genes. Applied to a functional gene, the method enabled the reconstruction of large genomic regionscarrying the targeted biomarker and its flanking regions over several tens of kbp, leading to the identification ofmicroorganisms with specific metabolic functions. Hybridization capture thus appears as a promising alternativemethod for environmental diagnosis, through providing a better knowledge of microbial communities
Beaudoux, Olivia. "Caractérisation anatomo-clinique et moléculaire du mélanome primitif muqueux Prognostic factors and incidence of primary mucosal melanoma: a population-based study in France Massively invasive orbital melanoma: Uveal or conjunctival origin? “Response to imatinib of a patient with double-mutant KIT metastatic penile melanoma." Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMM201.
Full textPrimary mucosal melanoma (M) (MM) is a rare and serious malignant tumor, including oral and nasopharyngeal, vulvovaginal, conjunctival, anorectal and penile (PM) M. The oncogenes involved are largely unknown. Unresectable and metastatic cases are not very sensitive to current treatments, targeted therapies and immunotherapies. In order to better characterize these orphan cancers, we have: (1) studied, on the basis of incident cases in Champagne-Ardenne between 2004 and 2014 (n = 39): the annual incidence (0.18 / 100,000) and the incidence ratio between MM / cutaneous M (1/50), the relative frequency of different mucosal sites, the diagnosis (late at 77%), the median survival (24 months) and the 5-year specific survival (32%); (2) reported the first case of response to imatinib and long-term survival of a patient with KIT-mutated metastatic PM and discussed the possible mechanisms of this exceptional response; (3) reported a case of GNA11 mutated massively invasive orbital M, and discussed its origin, conjunctival or uveal; (4) carried out a systematic review of the literature (n = 88), in order to establish the frequency of the KIT (13.5%), BRAF (12.9%) and NRAS (12.1%) variants, and triple negative (64.2%), to discuss the mutated genes in more than 5% of cases (including MTOR, TSC1, ATRX, POM121 and DISP3), and, in less than 5% of cases if there was an impact clinic (including POLE); (5) studied, using a panel of 275 genes, on 29 PMM, the mutational frequency of KIT (31%), BRAF (24%), NRAS (14%), TP53 (14%), SF3B1 (10%), NF1 (45%), PIK3CA and KRAS (both at 7%). Our studies indicated that a dedicated NGS custom panel should be useful for clinical practice
Durupt, Marc. "Le compilateur de coprocesseurs "SCOOP", architectures opératives cibles et leur génération." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20271.
Full textTrisorio, Alexandre. "Développement d'une source laser femtoseconde de quelques cycles optiques pour la génération d'harmoniques sur cible solide." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112316.
Full textResearch at the « Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée » (LOA) is oriented on the development of ultra-short and ultra-intense laser sources and on their application for laser-matter interaction experiments. Indeed, ultra-short laser sources are a nice tool allowing experiments in several areas of high field physics like particle acceleration, secondary X ray and Gamma sources, time resolved study of chemical processes… Among them it is worth considering high harmonic generation in gases or in over dense plasmas (solid state targets). The generation and the phase matching of these harmonics open the way to the production of attosecond light pulses that can be a nice probe to study ultra-fast processes like electron dynamics in atoms. The scientific work of the « Physique du Cycle Optique » (PCO) group is mainly devoted to this last thematic. « En effet » theoretical work have demonstrated that attosecond pulse generation in the relativistic regime is possible with an unprecedented efficiency of 10-3. It is now possible to obtain relativistic intensities (1018 W. Cm-2) with kHz lasers delivering few-cycle pulses (with a duration of less than 10 fs at 800 nm). One particular interaction regime, called « 3 regime » has been highlighted theoretically. In this regime, a few-cycle light pulse is focused on a solid state target, the focal spot size is in the order of the laser wavelength. All the energy is then concentrated in a focal volume of the order of the wavelength to the power 3. High order harmonics are then produced due to the interaction of the light pulse with the generated over dense plasma. In this case, the efficiency can reach 10-1. In order to generate experimentally such a type of harmonics, one have to build a laser source delivering few-cycle pulses with an energy of more than 1 mJ at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. Moreover, two additional constrains have to be overcome. The first one is the temporal contrast of the laser pulse: it has to be more than 1010 in order to avoid unwanted pre-ionisation of the target. The second one is the stabilisation of the relative phase between the maximum of the electric field and the maximum of the envelope of the pulse. Indeed, for few-cycle pulses, the harmonic generation process is sensitive to this Carrier-Envelope phase Offset (CEO phase). This PhD thesis’ work is integrated in the following goal: the design, development and characterization of a few-cycle, high contrast and CEO phase stabilized laser source for harmonic generation in the relativistic regime. We performed a complete characterization of the performances of the commercial system. We experimentally validated an hybrid pulse compression scheme on this CPA laser source. This compressor made of a prisms delay line and chirped mirrors seems to be a good choice. In fact, this solution allows to decrease non-linear effects due to the prisms’ material. Compressed pulse energy was brought to 1. 26 mJ and it’s FWHM duration was decreased to 24 fs. This improvement lead to a 53 GW laser source which is 1. 8 times better than the commercial system. Temporal contrast is quite good and CEO phase stabilization was performed leading to a phase jitter of 200 mrad. We also developed and characterized a CPA laser source delivering 22 fs, 4 mJ light pulses at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. This laser source uses the oscillator, the stretcher and the amplifier stage of the previously described commercial system. After the first amplifier, we added a home-made multi-pass amplifier. This amplifier allows to increase the amplified pulse energy to 6 mJ. Temporal pulse compression is done with an hybrid compression scheme (prisms line + chirped mirrors). This compressor associated with the DazscopeTM apparatus (allowing spectral phase measurement and optimisation) allow the generation of Fourier transform limited pulse duration showing the quality of the temporal pulse compression. The picosecond contrast (107) and the pulse energy stability (2. 6 % rms) are satisfying. Concerning the beam quality, the spatial intensity profile is not Gaussian, however in the far field, the beam profile is good enough and usable. The initial goal, consisting of the development and characterization of a sub-25 fs, multi-mJ laser source at 1 kHz is reached. Moreover this laser system is successfully used for few-cycle pulse generation thanks to non-linear techniques. This laser source is used to produce sub-10 fs pulses, our choice is to use the hollow fibre technique to generate such pulses. We succeeded in generating 5 fs pulses carrying a 172 GW power with a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The hollow fibre technique seems to be a robust way to produce this type of pulses. The main advantage is the excellent mode quality thanks to the guiding into the fibre. In addition, since the output of the fibre is fixed, the beam pointing stability is enhanced. In order to obtain more energetic pulses, experiments are still in progress with a fibre with a bigger core in order to inject the 4 mJ pulses out coming from the CPA source. We want to obtain 5 fs pulses with an energy of 2 mJ which would be a 0. 5 TW laser source at a 1 kHz repetition rate. The filament self-compression technique seems to be a less interesting technique for high energy few-cycle pulse generation mainly due to pulse energy limitation inherent to the filamentation process. It also seems that the pulse duration is varying across the beam. However, the self-compression regime can be interesting for applications that need only low energy pulses. Finally we did experiments that lead to two new techniques allowing to influence the multi-filamentation regime. The first one is the use of a circularly polarized beam that allows to increase the energy and the beam pointing stability of the filamenting pulses. The second one is the use of a deformable mirror in order to control dynamically the number of out coming filamenting pulses by changing the wavefront of the initial laser pulse. These methods can have an application in the design of few-cycle, multi-beam laser source
Bouillon, Anthony. "Etude structurale et sélection d'inhibiteurs de la sérine protéase de Plasmodium SUB1, une cible thérapeutique de nouvelle génération." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066325.
Full textRed blood cell egress and invasion by Plasmodium merozoites are crucial steps of the parasite life cycle, orchestrated by a cascade of proteases. Among these, the subtilisin SUB1, a Plasmodium serine protease, plays a prominent role. Its properties - accessible, essential and different from the host enzymes- qualify it as an interesting drug target. The objectives of this work were to select SUB1 inhibitors and to better understand its auto-activation process thanks to the resolution of its tridimensional structure. Following an in silico screening performed on P. Vivax-SUB1 3D-structural models, a first generation of SUB1s inhibitors has been selected. The best compound has been validated on the Pv/Pf/PbSUB1recombinant enzymes, on in vitro cultures of P. Falciparum and on P. Berghei in vivo growth in mice. A structure-activity relationship study is in progress in order to improve the potency of this inhibitor. To support this optimisation phase, we have resolved the 3D-structure of the Pv and PfSUB1 enzymes. The analysis of the SUB1 3D structures reveals the existence of a new domain, which does not exist in other known subtilisins. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we have shown that this domain plays an important role in the regulation of SUB1 enzyme activity in vitro and in vivo. These data provide novel important insights into Plasmodium subtilisins. We now capitalize on these results to design an inhibitor with increased potency and complying with the properties of a novel antimalarial candidate
Bertrand, Sarah. "Séquençage ciblé en tant qu'outil diagnostique et pronostique dans le lymphome à cellules du manteau." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV033.
Full textLymphoma is a cancer of the lymph nodes which are organs in which immune cells, particularly the antibody producing B cells, proliferate and differentiate before circulating in the blood and tissues to fight infection. B cell lymphoid cancers – ‘B cell lymphoma’ arise as a consequence of the occurrence of gene mutations in B cells. By affecting the functions of key B cell genes, these mutations drive the malignant transformation of the affected B cells which then begin to divide abnormally eventually destroying normal lymph node organization and function. The lymph node is divided into distinct micro-anatomical compartments or zones which are called (from the inner to outer most compartment – germinal centre, mantle zone, and marginal zone). B cell lymphoma classification follows this general organization and classifies tumours depending on the compartment of origin of the particular tumour B cell population. This classification thus defines lymphoma according to a ‘histological subtype’ with defined clinic-biological features. Among these subtypes, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a particularly aggressive form of B lymphoid cancer. This type of lymphoma is characterised by successive relapses and short survival (median is 4 to 5 years), although some patients can show long survival. Predictive biomarkers of this clinical behavior are lacking. This project aims to address this question. More specifically we propose to perform whole ‘exome’ sequencing – i.e. sequencing of all protein coding sections of all known protein coding genes in the genome – of the tumour B cell DNA from patients who show refractory or early relapsing disease compared to patients who show relatively long survival. By doing this genome scale study we hope to identify new gene mutations that can serve as molecular predictors of survival and bring new knowledges in the understanding between genetics and epigenetics in MCL
Gouyou, Baptiste. "Génération et caractérisation de nouveaux peptides et protéines bifonctionnels pour des applications pharmaceutiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30181.
Full textMultispecific molecules based on proteins or peptides represent a new generation of targeted biopharmaceuticals that hold great therapeutic promise. Engineered biotherapeutics drugs offer the possibility to combine multiple molecules with specific therapeutic functions featuring additional therapeutic activities, selective localization to the site of the disease and possibly extended half-life. Targeting disease-specific antigens with antibodies or small molecules has been an extensively explored strategy to selectively deliver therapeutically active payloads (e.g., cytokines, cytotoxic drugs or radionuclides) to the site of disease. The target antigen choice is of crucial importance for the successful development of targeted drugs. Alternative splice isoforms of fibronectin, such as the ones containing the extra-domain A (EDA), are extracellular matrix markers of tissue remodeling. EDA is overexpressed in different pathological conditions, including cancer and inflammatory diseases, but it is virtually absent from adult healthy tissues. Similarly, carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a cell surface tumor-associated antigen, which is overexpressed in 90% of renal cell carcinomas, but in healthy tissues his pattern of expression pattern is highly restricted to some gastrointestinal structures. Both EDA and CAIX represent excellent molecular targets for pharmacodelivery applications. Over the past two decades, a variety of cytokines or bioactive molecules have been fused to antibodies (e.g., immunocytokines and antibody drug conjugates) and small molecules (e.g., small molecule drug conjugates), in order to improve their therapeutic properties. Some of these bifunctional therapeutics have shown promising preclinical efficacy and have been further investigated in clinical trials for a variety of pathological conditions. In this thesis, we used different methodologies to generate bifunctional therapeutics and performed initial evaluations of their therapeutic and pharmacokinetic properties. Prompted by the postulated activity of interleukin 9 (IL9) in tumor immunity and resolution of chronic inflammation in arthritis, we have genetically engineered antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokines) based on IL9 and the F8 antibody, which specifically recognize the EDA domain of fibronectin. An immunocytokine variant showing improved in vivo targeting efficacy was further tested for therapeutic efficacy in various preclinical disease models. In a second approach we have investigated the possibility of using small molecular ligands as targeting moieties for the pharmacodelivery of cytokines. To this aim we used the Sortase A enzyme to catalyze the covalent linkage between moieties containing specific peptidic sequences. The obtained product, termed AAZ-IL2, consisted in the fusion between acetazolamide, a CAIX ligand, and interleukin-2. Whereas AAZ-IL2 retained CAIX binding activity in vitro, it demonstrated only modest in vivo targeting efficacy. Finally, we used a chemical assembly approach to generate a fusion molecule between a therapeutic peptide and a small molecule specific to human and mouse Albumin. Due to small size, peptides have very short half-life which limits their therapeutic use. To improve the pharmacokinetics of therapeutics, Albumin represents an attractive target, due to its very high abundance in blood. Albutag, a small ligand that selectively targets specific to Albumin, has been previously used to extend the half-life of various payloads. With the aim of enhancing the pharmacokinetic properties of a therapeutically relevant peptide, we have generated a new peptide-Albutag fusion molecule, and characterized it in vitro for Albumin binding affinity and in vivo for pharmacokinetic properties. Altogether the research presented in this thesis may be of significance for the further development of bifunctional biopharmaceuticals with improved therapeutic and pharmaceutical properties
Crozat, Estelle. "La superhélicité de l'ADN comme cible clef de l'adaptation au cours de 20 000 générations d'évolution expérimentale chez Escherichia coli." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10005.
Full textMolecular mechanisms of bacterial adaptation have been studied by an experimental evolution strategy. Twelve populations have been founded from an ancestor strain of Escherichia coli and daily propagated in a glucose-minimum media for 20,000 generations. During the course of evolution, the fitness of all 12 populations increased by 70%. The aim of this work is to identify beneficial mutations responsible for this increase and to analyze them in order to understand the mechanisms of evolution. Beneficial mutations were found in two genes implicated in DNA supercoiling : fis, encoding a global regulator, and topA, encoding topoisomerase I, the enzyme responsible for DNA relaxation. The evolution is characterized by a high level of phenotypic parallelism : the DNA superhelicity degree increases in almost all populations, and this parallelism is associated to an exceptional level of genetic and molecular parallelism, and achieved through the modification of DNA superhelicity
Lersteau, Charly. "Optimisation de réseaux de capteurs sans fil pour le suivi de cibles mobiles." Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIS412/document.
Full textWireless sensor networks have received a particular attention during the last years, involving many applications, such as vehicle tracking or battlefield monitoring. A set of sensors is randomly dispatched in a region in order to monitor moving targets. Each sensor has a limited battery lifetime and two states: active or inactive. An active sensor is able to monitor targets inside its sensing radius, which consumes energy. In this thesis, the studied problems consist in deciding an optimal schedule of sensing activities, in order to cover all the targets at any instant of the mission. First, we study a robust scheduling problem. A target such that the spatial trajectory is exactly known is subject to temporal uncertainties. This context is met for a plane flying in an airline route, a train running on a railway, or any vehicle following a predetermined path. The objective is to compute a schedule of activities able to resist to the largest uncertainties This first problem is solved using an exact pseudo-polynomial algorithm, relying on a dichotomy. Second, we study a problem aiming at preserving enough sensor network capacity in order to perform further missions. For this problem, the targets are subject to spatial uncertainties, i.e. their actual position may be at a distance delta of their expected position. This second problem is solved using an exact algorithm based on column generation, accelerated by a metaheuristic. All the proposed methods have a common phase, called discretization, that leads to reformulate the original problems as activity scheduling problems. The monitored area is split into faces, that are defined as sets of points covered by the same set of sensors. Computing the stay duration of targets inside each face leads to split the mission duration into time windows, so the moving target tracking problem can be seen as a sequence of static target tracking problems. The proposed algorithms are tested on many instances, and the analysis of the results is provided. Numerous open perspectives of this work are also given
Santos, Joao Jorge. "Génération et transport des électrons rapides dans l'interaction laser-solide à très haut flux." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPXX0008.
Full textGauthier, Lovic. "Génération de système d'exploitation pour le ciblage de logiciel multitâche sur des architectures multiprocesseurs hétérogènes dans le cadre des systèmes embarqués spécifiques." Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0132.
Full textGras, Simon. "Caractérisation des aminopeptidases N du parasite Eimeria tenella et implication en tant que cibles thérapeutiques de nouvelle génération pour lutter contre les coccidioses aviaires." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4042/document.
Full textEimeria tenella is an apicomplexan parasite causing avian coccidiosis, one of the most important parasitic diseases in world poultry industry. To identify E. tenella pathogenesis factors, we were interested in proteases and more specifically in aminopeptidases N. We characterized Et-ApN1 and identified Et-ApN3, two aminopeptidases of E. tenella. We revealed strong homologies in the sequences, structures, biochemical properties, cleavage patterns and localization between Et-ApN1 and PfA-M1, the homologue from Plasmodium falciparum. Taken together, our results suggest that, as PfA-M1, Et-ApN1 is involved in parasite development and could be considered as a therapeutic target. To confirm this hypothesis, we screened a small molecule library and identified the compound C36. This molecule not only inhibits Et-ApN1 but also the in vitro development of E. tenella. This inhibition of parasite development was also observed for Toxoplasma gondii and P. falciparum. In perspectives, a pharmaco-modulation approach will be performed to improve chemical properties of the compound C36. New molecules derived from C36 will then be tested in vivo. Future studies will aim to prove the direct implication of Et-ApN in E. tenella development
Chelle, Pierre. "Vers une définition patient-spécifique du taux cible de facteur anti-hémophilique à partir de la génération de thrombine : Apports des approches expérimentales et des modèles dynamiques de la cascade de la coagulation." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM014/document.
Full textHaemophilia is a genetic disease corresponding to the deficiency of coagulation factor VIII or IX and leading to a bleeding tendency. The current substitutive treatment is defined essentially by the basal level of deficient factor and not the individual capacity to generate thrombin, a key enzyme of the clot formation. The thrombin generation assay could help in the individualisation of the anti-haemophilia treatment. Indeed, the factor VIII or IX level needed to normalise the thrombin generation vary potentially from one patient to another for a same degree of severity. We can wonder which experimental approach could emphasise the relation between level of anti-haemophilic factor and thrombin generation. Is it possible to mathematically model coagulation to obtain a relation, either explicit, or implicit, between factor level and thrombin generation? Could existing models provide this relation? An extensive experimental campaign was carried out to build a database that has been used to identify the determinant coagulation factors of thrombin generation and the individual relation between thrombin generation and anti-haemophilic factor level, to define their reference values, and also to evaluate and parametrise subject-specifically mathematical models of the coagulation cascade
Grosdidier, Samuel. "Détection de cibles en milieu maritime par radar HF à ondes de surface." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2048.
Full textHigh Frequency Surface Wave (HFSW) radars (3-30MHz) provide largely better ranges than classical costal systems used for sea monitoring. HFSW radars make possible to get range further than line of sight and to monitor continuously and cheaply a large area of sea. But for different reason it is hard to process the received signal: a low spatial and temporal resolution and a strong tendency to be polluted by different kind of interferences and noises. The general topic of this PhD thesis is to deal with a very noisy signal for detection purpose. The first work deals with the development of a methodology to generate images obtained by HSWR radars (Range-Doppler images). This tool was developed taking into account most of the system parameters and leads to control entries parameters for the sea (wave height, wave directions. . . ), the radar (central frequency, bandwidth. . J, and target characteristics (radar cross section, range, velocity. . . ). For the detection task, from generated and real data, a source separation techniques called Morphological Component Analysis (MCA), initially proposed by Starck et al. 2005, is considered. The goal is to extract an image made of the target signature, the decision part being solved by using a common constant false alarm rate method. The selected methodology in this thesis in order to solve the detection problem by HFSW radars combines modeling and simulation aspects, and real data use
Gilles, Olivier. "Vers une prise en compte fine de la plate-forme cible dans la construction de systèmes temps réel embarqués critiques par ingénierie des modèles." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006222.
Full textForestier-Colleoni, Pierre. "Etude expérimentale des champs magnétiques en surface d'une cible irradiée par laser et leurs implications sur le faisceau d'électrons." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0036/document.
Full textThis thesis concerns magnetic fields, generated by the interaction between strong laser pulse (intensity up to1018 W/cm2) and solid target, and their effects on the fast electron beam. Indeed, the various magnetic fields created during this interaction can inuence the divergence of the fast electron beam. The magnetic field createdduring this interaction have a fundamental role on the fast electron beam characteristics : its source and its transportin the material. Diagnotics of polarimetry and crossed interferometry were developed during this thesis to observethe on-surface magnetic field of the target, and in particular, their spatial and temporal evolutions. Two types oftemporal evolution of the magnetic field were observed according to the contrast in intensity of the laser pulse : afast rise of magnetic field followed by a slower decrease created by the travel of the fast electrons in the material,and a slower growth of logarithmic form created by the pre-pulse of the laser by thermoelectric effect. The interpretation of our results obtained by these diagnotics allowed us to estimate the resistivity of the plasma.This resistivity named "anomalously high resistivity" in the literature can be explained by taking into account theinuence of the magnetic field on the electrons transport (creation of an anisotropy) and thus on the resitivity.The last diagnotic allowing the estimation of the magnetic field detailed in this thesis is the proton deectometry. itallows to observe the deviation of a proton beam during its propagation under the inuence of electric and magneticfields. Other experiments were focused on the fast electron beam divergence. Two main diagnotics were used : the K α imaging and the coherent transition radiation (C.T.R) imaging at the rear side of solid targets. These diagnoticsallowed to estimate the fast electron beam divergence for two distinct energetic electron populations. The differenceof divergence coming from characteristics of both diagnotics (electrons in charge of the emissions in different energies). The diagnotics of on-surface magnetic fields of target irradiated by intense laser, such as the technics of polarimetry and crossed interferometry developed in this thesis, are dedicated to be combined with diagnotics determining the evolution of the radial size of the fast electron beam generated by the laser-matter interaction. Their simultaneous use, and the correlation between their respective data, should allow to establish experimentally, in the short term, the inuence of the on-surface magnetic fields on the fast electron beam initial characteristics, in particular the angular and energy distributions. Our results of polarimetry on the spatio-temporal evolution of the magnetic fields of surface establish the state of the art for this type of measures. There are possible improvements, in particular as regards their use in conditions of irradiation by lasers of intensities > 1018 W/cm2. These perspectives are also the object of discussions in this manuscript
Crozat, Estelle. "La superhélicité de l'ADN comme cible clef de l'adaptation au cours de 20000 générations d'évolution expérimentale chez Escherichia coli." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128144.
Full textGauthier, L. "Génération de système d'exploitation pour le ciblage de logiciel multitâche sur des architectures multiprocesseurs hétérogènes dans le cadre des systèmes embarqués spécifiques." Phd thesis, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00163404.
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