Academic literature on the topic 'Generative organ'
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Journal articles on the topic "Generative organ"
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Nugroho, Yuni Agung, and Elik Murni Ningtias Ningsih. "HUBUNGAN MORFOLOGI VEGETATIF DAN GENERATIF SALAK PONDOH (Salacca zalacca ) DI SENTRA SALAK PONDOH KABUPATEN MALANG." Agrika 14, no. 2 (2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/ja.v14i2.1321.
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ABSTRAKDeskripsi hubungan sifat morfologi organ vegetatif terhadap organ generatif pada salak pondoh dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pemuliaan tanaman salak pondoh. Tujuan penelitian adalah: mendeskripsikan sifat morfologi dan untuk mengidentifikasi apakah terdapat hubungan sifat morfologi organ vegetatif dengan organ generatif salak pondoh di sentra salak pondoh di Ampelgading Malang. Data hasil survei lapang dianalisa deskriptif untuk mengkomparasikan sifat morfologi pada varietas salak di sentra salak pondoh di Ampelgading Malang, sedangkan data kuantitatif dianalisa untuk mengetahui hubungan antara karakteristik morfologi vegetatif terhadap generatif, dilakukan dengan analisa sidik lintas pada structural equation modeling (SEM). Ada dua varietas yang banyak ditanam di sentra salak pondoh Ampelgading yaitu: pondoh merah kehitaman dan kuning. Salak pondoh merah kehitaman memiliki karakteristik unggul daripada salak pondoh kuning, yaitu: buah lebih besar, manis dan tidak mudah rontok. Terdapat hubungan nyata antara sifat morfologi organ vegetatif dengan organ generatif (buah) pada salak pondoh di Ampelgading. ABSTRACTThe description of the relationship between the morphological traits of vegetative organs to generative organs in salak pondoh can be used as the basis for breeding pondoh salak plants. The research objectives were: to describe the morphological characteristics and to identify whether there was a relationship between the morphological characteristics of the vegetative organs and the generative organs of salak pondoh at the salak pondoh center in Ampelgading Malang. The field survey data were analyzed descriptively to compare the morphological characteristics of the salak variety in the center of salak pondoh in Ampelgading Malang, while the quantitative data were analyzed to determine the relationship between vegetative and generative morphological characteristics, using cross-fingerprint analysis in structural equation modeling (SEM). There are two varieties that are widely planted in the center of salak pondoh Ampelgading, namely: pondoh red-black and yellow. The red-black salak pondoh has superior characteristics than the yellow salak pondoh, namely: the fruit is bigger, sweet and does not fall off easily. There is a significant relationship between the morphological characteristics of vegetative organs and generative organs (fruit) in salak pondoh in Ampelgading.
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Kim, Kangsan, Byung Hyun Byun, Ilhan Lim, Sang Moo Lim, and Sang-Keun Woo. "Deep Learning-Based Delayed PET Image Synthesis from Corresponding Early Scanned PET for Dosimetry Uptake Estimation." Diagnostics 13, no. 19 (2023): 3045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13193045.
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The acquisition of in vivo radiopharmaceutical distribution through imaging is time-consuming due to dosimetry, which requires the subject to be scanned at several time points post-injection. This study aimed to generate delayed positron emission tomography images from early images using a deep-learning-based image generation model to mitigate the time cost and inconvenience. Eighteen healthy participants were recruited and injected with [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose. A paired image-to-image translation model, based on a generative adversarial network (GAN), was used as the generation model. The standardized uptake value (SUV) mean of the generated image of each organ was compared with that of the ground-truth. The least square GAN and perceptual loss combinations displayed the best performance. As the uptake time of the early image became closer to that of the ground-truth image, the translation performance improved. The SUV mean values of the nominated organs were estimated reasonably accurately for the muscle, heart, liver, and spleen. The results demonstrate that the image-to-image translation deep learning model is applicable for the generation of a functional image from another functional image acquired from normal subjects, including predictions of organ-wise activity for specific normal organs.
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Chin, Chiun-Li, Hsien-Chun Tseng, Yu-Hsiang Shao, et al. "RTGAN: ORGAN CONTOURS IN RADIATION THERAPY WITH GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORK." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 33, no. 02 (2021): 2150014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237221500149.
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Generally, radiation oncology applies evaluation and prediction in medical imaging and diagnosis, specifically for contouring organs, which results in the production of the clinical target volume (CTV) that corresponds to disease risk and organ exclusion. Medical physicists contour organs and combine computed tomography (CT) scans to digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) radiation therapy (RT) to assist physicians for diagnosing tumors and calculating the dosages in treatments including radiation and chemotherapy. Thus, to generate RT images with high accuracy, this paper proposes a new Generator Adversarial Network (GAN) for RT images called radiation therapy GAN (RTGAN). We combine multiple loss functions with synthetic similarity DICOM-RT images and compare the results with Pinnacle, a radiation oncology treatment planning system. Further, we evaluate the method to get a score of 0.984 in structured similarity (SSIM) and 31.26 in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and find that it costs 0.058 s to finish contouring one CT image. The proposed method is applied and tested in the department of radiation oncology at the Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, and the results are similar to the ground truth images. Thus, it not only effectively reduces the false-positive rate but also makes a breakthrough in medicine.
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Zhao, Gen-hua, Cui-ping Yan, Zi-sheng Xu, Qian-qian Gao, Zhi-peng Chen, and Wei-dong Li. "The Effect of Salt-Processed Psoralea corylifolia on Generative Organ Targeting." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7484202.
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Psoralen and isopsoralen are two isomers and main effective components within Psoralea corylifolia. In order to investigate the salt-processing effect on tissue distribution characters of psoralen and isopsoralen, a sensitive and accurate ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the 2 components in rats’ tissues after administration of the extracts that came from either crude or salt-processed Psoralea corylifolia L. Data displayed that both areas under the curve (AUC) of psoralen and isopsoralen from salt-processed scurfpea fruit group were significantly increased compared with that of the crude herb group, especially in heart (p<0.05), ovary, and testes (p<0.001). Though the RE and RCmax of psoralen and isopsoralen in all of the investigated organs were over 1.0, generative organs kept the maximum value. The experiment manifested that salt-processing of scurfpea fruit can increase the distribution of psoralen and isopsoralen to generative organs, heart and spleen, and the distribution of psoralen and isopsoralen to generative organs is significantly higher compared to heart and spleen (p<0.01). Results indicate that salt-processing of scurfpea fruit can significantly increase the distribution of psoralen and isopsoralen to generative organs.
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Zhuravlyeva, I., and N. Savinykh. "Structure of elementary module of Solanum dulcamara L." Modern Phytomorphology 5 (April 1, 2014): 173–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.161022.
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The structures (metamers) of Solanum dulcamara at the level of elementary module have been studied. The features for identification of their variability have been ascertained. 44 variants of metamers are described. The characteristic is represented for such individual features as: the type of lateral organ (leaf of a middle formation) and axillary structure (bud, shoot, serial complex); the degree of development of the generative organs; and the presence and type of roots.
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S.R., Gasanov, and Akparov Z.I. "Anomalies occurring under the influence of environmental conditions in species of genus Allium L." Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 73, no. 3 (2018): 35–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7409351.
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The anomalies of generative and vegetative organs of species of the genus Allium L., which occur under the influence of environmental factors, both in prevalent natural areas, and during introduction into agriculture in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, have been investigated. In some species of onion A.waldsteinii Don. in the ecological conditions of their natural germination, along with seeds, the appearance of air bulbs (profilication - replacement of one organ by another) was observed in floral umbrellas. Anomalies such as fasciation (fusion of organs among themselves), deformation (change of form) and prolification occurred in the structural elements of the species (A. waldsteinii Don., A.erubescens C.Koch., A.fuscoviolaceum Fom., A.viride Grossh) introduced into the agriculture. Prolification occurred in the Khachmaz variety of onion (A.cepa L.) and germination of air bulbs in umbrellas was observed in the Jalilabad variety of garlic (A.sativum L.)
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Yu, Ting, Zixuan Tong, Jun Yu, and Ke Zhang. "Fine-grained Adaptive Visual Prompt for Generative Medical Visual Question Answering." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 9 (2025): 9662–70. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i9.33047.
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Medical Visual Question Answering (MedVQA) serves as an automated medical assistant, capable of answering patient queries and aiding physician diagnoses based on medical images and questions. Recent advancements have shown that incorporating Large Language Models (LLMs) into MedVQA tasks significantly enhances the capability for answer generation. However, for tasks requiring fine-grained organ-level precise localization, relying solely on language prompts struggles to accurately locate relevant regions within medical images due to substantial background noise. To address this challenge, we explore the use of visual prompts in MedVQA tasks for the first time and propose fine-grained adaptive visual prompts to enhance generative MedVQA. Specifically, we introduce an Adaptive Visual Prompt Creator that adaptively generates region-level visual prompts based on image characteristics of various organs, providing fine-grained references for LLMs during answer retrieval and generation from the medical domain, thereby improving the model's precise cross-modal localization capabilities on original images. Furthermore, we incorporate a Hierarchical Answer Generator with Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques, significantly enhancing the model's understanding of spatial and contextual information with minimal parameter increase, promoting the alignment of representation learning with the medical space. Extensive experiments on VQA-RAD, SLAKE, and DME datasets validate the effectiveness of our proposed method, demonstrating its potential in generative MedVQA.
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Sedelnikova, L. L. "Comparative organogenesis of the species of the genus Hosta Tratt." Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, no. 135 (August 6, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2020-135-147-153.
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For the first time, a comparative analysis of organogenesis in Hosta species - H. decorate, H. sieboldiana, and H. lancifolia in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia was performed. It was found that the intrarenal formation of generative organs in these species is laid during the growth of monocarpic shoot in May- June. Differentiation of the growth cone of the renewal shoot occurs synchronously from stages III to VIII of organogenesis for 56-91 days. In the early-flowering species H. decorate, the organ-forming process occurs 25 - 27 days faster than in the late-flowering H. lancifolia. Generative organs in the rudimentary inflorescence are formed acropetally. Stages of organogenesis from IX to XII correspond to phenophases from the beginning of flowering to fruiting. In the pre-winter period, the cone of growth of the renewal shoot in all species is at the II stage of organogenesis, with 4 to 6 leaf metamers embedded in its basal part.
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Duran-Nebreda, Salva, Iain G. Johnston, and George W. Bassel. "Efficient vasculature investment in tissues can be determined without global information." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 165 (2020): 20200137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0137.
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Cells are the fundamental building blocks of organs and tissues. Information and mass flow through cellular contacts in these structures is vital for the orchestration of organ function. Constraints imposed by packing and cell immobility limit intercellular communication, particularly as organs and organisms scale up to greater sizes. In order to transcend transport limitations, delivery systems including vascular and respiratory systems evolved to facilitate the movement of matter and information. The construction of these delivery systems has an associated cost, as vascular elements do not perform the metabolic functions of the organs they are part of. This study investigates a fundamental trade-off in vascularization in multicellular tissues: the reduction of path lengths for communication versus the cost associated with producing vasculature. Biologically realistic generative models, using multicellular templates of different dimensionalities, revealed a limited advantage to the vascularization of two-dimensional tissues. Strikingly, scale-free improvements in transport efficiency can be achieved even in the absence of global knowledge of tissue organization. A point of diminishing returns in the investment of additional vascular tissue to the increased reduction of path length in 2.5- and three-dimensional tissues was identified. Applying this theory to experimentally determined biological tissue structures, we show the possibility of a co-dependency between the method used to limit path length and the organization of cells it acts upon. These results provide insight as to why tissues are or are not vascularized in nature, the robustness of developmental generative mechanisms and the extent to which vasculature is advantageous in the support of organ function.
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Wang, Haoran, Gengshen Wu, and Yi Liu. "Efficient Generative-Adversarial U-Net for Multi-Organ Medical Image Segmentation." Journal of Imaging 11, no. 1 (2025): 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11010019.
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Manual labeling of lesions in medical image analysis presents a significant challenge due to its labor-intensive and inefficient nature, which ultimately strains essential medical resources and impedes the advancement of computer-aided diagnosis. This paper introduces a novel medical image-segmentation framework named Efficient Generative-Adversarial U-Net (EGAUNet), designed to facilitate rapid and accurate multi-organ labeling. To enhance the model’s capability to comprehend spatial information, we propose the Global Spatial-Channel Attention Mechanism (GSCA). This mechanism enables the model to concentrate more effectively on regions of interest. Additionally, we have integrated Efficient Mapping Convolutional Blocks (EMCB) into the feature-learning process, allowing for the extraction of multi-scale spatial information and the adjustment of feature map channels through optimized weight values. Moreover, the proposed framework progressively enhances its performance by utilizing a generative-adversarial learning strategy, which contributes to improvements in segmentation accuracy. Consequently, EGAUNet demonstrates exemplary segmentation performance on public multi-organ datasets while maintaining high efficiency. For instance, in evaluations on the CHAOS T2SPIR dataset, EGAUNet achieves approximately 2% higher performance on the Jaccard metric, 1% higher on the Dice metric, and nearly 3% higher on the precision metric in comparison to advanced networks such as Swin-Unet and TransUnet.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Generative organ"
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Skareas, Spyros D. "The internal male genitalia of selected genera of Melanoplinae (Orthoptera:Acrididae) /." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21641.
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The morphology of the internal male genitalia of selected genera of Melanoplinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) was studied. A detailed comparison of these structures was carried out, in an attempt to identify new characters that may be useful in analyzing relationships between the members of the subfamily. Twenty-two genera were examined, mostly of North American distribution, using one exemplar species for each of them. Standard dissection and drawing techniques were followed. The epiphallus and the apical parts of the aedeagus were found to be the most important taxonomic characters. The genera Aptenopedes and Buckellacris were highly divergent from the rest of the melanoplines, while the close relationship between Appalachia, Dendrotettix and Podisma was confirmed by genital characters. Internal male genitalic characters did not provide significant support for many currently recognized tribes and subtribes, suggesting that there is a great need for reclassification in the subfamily.
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Ismail, Zarina. "Pre-operative anxiety and uncertainty in gynecological cancer patients /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36396692.
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Chen, Chunling. "A study of genomic imprinting and DNA methylation in gynecological cancers /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2344017X.
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Man, Pui-sum Ellen. "Histone acetylation in gynaecological malignancies." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31972068.
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Ho, Shek-yin, and 何碩然. "Detection of merkel cell polyomavirus in gynaecological diseases." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193567.
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Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is an oncogenic virus exist in about 80% of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive human skin cancer. Evidence of MCPyV existing in other kind of skin neoplasms such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) has been reported. Since the major type of cervical cancer is SCCs, MCPyV may be associated with cervical cancer tumorigenesis. A Japanese research group has documented the presence of MCPyV DNA in both cervical SCCs and cervical adenocarcinomas (ACs) from Japanese patients. Nevertheless, the association between MCPyV and cervical cancer remains inconclusive and the prevalence of MCPyV in cervical cancer may show demographic variation. This study is aimed to examine whether MCPyV is present in some of the most common gynaecological cancers, namely cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and gestational choriocarcinoma, in Hong Kong patients.
Genomic DNA was obtained from 50 cases of cervical cancer, 20 cases of ovarian cancer, and 35 common gynaecological cancers cell lines. Genomic DNA extracted from four MCC samples were used as positive controls. The integrity of the samples was first checked by β-globin PCR. Detection of MCPyV was then performed by MCPyV Large T antigen (LT-ag) PCR. Our PCR analysis showed that only 1 out of 50 (2%) of the cervical cancer samples was positive for MCPyV DNA. The PCR product was purified and cloned for sequencing analysis. Comparing the LT-ag sequence obtained from the only MCPyV positive cervical cancer with reference sequence and with the MCPyV sequence from one of the control cases revealed the presence of different MCPyV variants in Hong Kong patients. None of the ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, or choriocarcinoma was positive for MCPyV. Our data did not support the notion that MCPyV is associated with gynaecological malignancies. MCPyV may hence be a fairly specific oncogenic agent for Merkel cell carcinoma.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Pathology<br>Master<br>Master of Medical Sciences
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Hyde, Jonathan A. J. "The effect of flow generation technique during cardiopulmonary bypass on remote organ injury." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268855.
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Man, Pui-sum Ellen, and 萬佩心. "Histone acetylation in gynaecological malignancies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972068.
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Yang, Huijuan, and 楊慧娟. "Identification of genetic and epigenetic alterations in gynecologic cancers and their clinical implications." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30274394.
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Wong, Ching-shan, and 黃靖珊. "Characterization of C35 in gynaecological cancers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45208566.
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Corron, Ashley, and Ashley Corron. "Energy Generation with Greywater Reuse Systems: The Case of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622898.
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At the rate the population is growing it is important to find ways to be more efficient with the energy and water we use. The increase in population increases the need for electricity and water, but the way we are using our sources will not leave us with enough for future generations. The constant use of "dirty energy", energy that emits CO2 and other chemicals into the atmosphere, will continue to harm our environment. A new system is needed to help preserve water and produce green energy that will not harm the only earth we have.
Books on the topic "Generative organ"
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Karram, Mickey M. Surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse. Elsevier/Saunders, 2013.
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Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Study Group. Lower genital tract neoplasia. RCOG Press, 2003.
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Meeting, International Urogynaecological Association Annual. Practical aspects of gynaecourology: Proceedings of the 9th annual meeting of IUGA. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986.
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Farley, Dixie. Endometriosis, painful, but treatable. Food and Drug Administration, 1993.
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Farley, Dixie. Endometriosis, painful, but treatable. Food and Drug Administration, 1995.
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Canadian Medical Association. (10th : 1877 : Montreal, Quebec), ed. Remarks on ovariotomy: With an appendix containing the history of several typical cases met with in practice. s.n.], 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Generative organ"
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Hu, Yipeng, Eli Gibson, Tom Vercauteren, et al. "Intraoperative Organ Motion Models with an Ensemble of Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66185-8_42.
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Liu, Yu, and Yilin Cao. "Generation of Ear Cartilage for Auricular Reconstruction." In Organ Tissue Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18512-1_6-1.
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Liu, Yu, and Yilin Cao. "Generation of Ear Cartilage for Auricular Reconstruction." In Organ Tissue Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44211-8_6.
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Vogelmann, Thomas C., and Holly L. Gorton. "Leaf: Light Capture in the Photosynthetic Organ." In The Structural Basis of Biological Energy Generation. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8742-0_19.
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Little, Melissa H., Minoru Takasato, Joanne Y. C. Soo, and Thomas A. Forbes. "Recapitulating Development to Generate Kidney Organoid Cultures." In Organ Regeneration Based on Developmental Biology. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3768-9_11.
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Múnera, Jorge O., and James M. Wells. "Generation of Gastrointestinal Organoids Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells." In Organ Regeneration Based on Developmental Biology. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3768-9_10.
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Ravikumar, K., Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, and Bikramjit Basu. "New Generation Materials for Applications in Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine." In Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429422652-2.
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Ravikumar, K., Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, and Bikramjit Basu. "New Generation Materials for Applications in Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine." In Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429422652-2.
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Chawla, Shikha, Juhi Chakraborty, and Sourabh Ghosh. "Next Generation Tissue Engineering Strategies by Combination of Organoid Formation and 3D Bioprinting." In Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429422652-4.
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Chawla, Shikha, Juhi Chakraborty, and Sourabh Ghosh. "Next Generation Tissue Engineering Strategies by Combination of Organoid Formation and 3D Bioprinting." In Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429422652-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Generative organ"
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Gu, Tiancheng, Kaicheng Yang, Xiang An, Ziyong Feng, Dongnan Lin, and Weidong Cai. "ORID: Organ-Regional Information Driven Framework for Radiology Report Generation." In 2025 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv61041.2025.00047.
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Memida, Shoko, and Satoshi Miura. "Visualization of Surgical Needle Tips Hidden Inside Organs Using Generative Adversarial Networks." In 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782754.
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Cao, Chongyang, Jianghong Xiao, Bo Zhan, et al. "Adaptive Multi-Organ Loss Based Generative Adversarial Network For Automatic Dose Prediction In Radiotherapy." In 2021 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi48211.2021.9433847.
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Nerem, Robert M. "Tissue Engineering: The Next Generation of Medical Implants." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1161.
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Abstract The engineering of living tissue, i.e. tissue engineering, involves the use of living cells, manipulated through their extracellular environment or even genetically, to develop biological substitutes for implantation into the body and/or to foster the remodeling of tissue in some other active manner (1). The purpose is to either repair, replace, maintain, or enhance the function of a particular tissue or organ. For some organs, the first step will be extracorporeal devices; however, the long term goal of tissue engineering should be either implantable systems or the in vivo remodeling of tissue. Because there are not enough organs available for transplantation to meet the needs of the individuals on waiting lists, there is a real need for tissue-engineered biological substitutes.
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Daher, Rema, Francisco Vasconcelos, and Danail Stoyanov. "A Temporal Learning Approach to Inpainting Endoscopic Specularities and Its effect on Image Correspondence." In The Hamlyn Symposium on Medical Robotics: "MedTech Reimagined". The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London London, UK, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31256/hsmr2022.22.
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Computer vision has been utilized to analyze mini- mally invasive surgery videos and aid with polyp detec- tion, tool localization, and organ 3D modelling tasks. However, irregular light patterns such as saturation, specular highlights, or extreme contrasts occlude texture and hinder these tasks. In this work, specular highlights were removed and the occluded data was reconstructed. To do that, an unsupervised temporal generative ad- versarial network (GAN) was used to inpaint specular highlights spatially and temporally. Due to the absence of a dataset with ground truth occluded textures, the network was trained on the in-vivo gastric endoscopy dataset (Hyper-Kvasir [1]) with specular highlight masks that were automatically created and processed to act as pseudo ground truths. Ablation studies and direct comparison with other methods were used to show the improved results of our system. In addition, the results on various datasets show the generalizability of our net- work on different environments and procedures as shown in Fig. 1. Finally, experiments also show the positive effect of inpainting on other computer vision tasks under the umbrella of 3D reconstruction and localization in endoscopy including feature matching as well as optical flow and disparity estimation.
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Cao, Lun-xiu, Nan Chao, Yong-kuo Liu, and Zhi-tao Chen. "The Dose Assessment Method Based on the Local Method of Characteristics and Skeletal Animation." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92195.
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Abstract Flexible and accurate estimation of dose absorbed by critical human organs is important to ensure and improve workers’ radiation safety. Absorbed doses for different organs and tissues are affected by their positions and the orientation of the body in the radiation field. This paper presents a skeletal animated local method of characteristic (SALMOC) dose assessment method that considers the working dynamics and organ-level dose for occupational workers during nuclear facility decommissioning. The proposed method combines the verisimilitude of skeletal animation technology (SA) with the flexibility of the local method of characteristics (LMOC). To account for the working posture, the change in different working postures are controlled by skeletal animation, and then the voxel model in a certain pose is generated according to the changed human model. Finally, the LMOC is used to perform the dose assessment. The proposed SALMOC method not only accounts for different working postures during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities but also considers the occlusion and scattering effect of the human model to achieve accurate organ-level dose assessment. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the results with those derived from the Monte-Carlo method and Point-Kernel method evaluated on two different organs. The result shows that the proposed method can generate voxel models for irregular organs, and the tests show better consistency with the Monte-Carlo method compared with the Point-Kernel method.
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Nazarov, V. V., and A. K. Martusevich. "MICROWAVE MONITORINGOF ORGAN VIABILITY DURING TRANSPLANTATION." In Terahertz and Microwave Radiation: Generation, Detection and Applications (ТЕRА-2023). Our Style, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59043/9785604953914_74.
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Sehrawat, Anjali, Kenji Shimada, and Yoed Rabin. "Geometric Deformation of Three-Dimensional Prostate Model With Applications to Computerized Training of Cryosurgery." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53205.
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As a part of an ongoing effort to develop computerized training tools for cryosurgery, this study presents a computational technique to geometrically deform a three-dimensional organ template in order to generate clinically relevant prostate models. Cryosurgery is the destruction of undesired tissues by freezing, where prostate cryosurgery often involves the complete destruction of the gland. The objective of creating deformed models is to develop a database for computerized training [1]. The challenges in generating a prostate model from a template are associated with asymmetry of the organ, and the variability in growth patterns exhibited in the population of prostate cancer patients.
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Duong, Neal, Audrey Wethington, and Paul A. Iaizzo. "Digital Histology of Intact Organs: Iodine Perfusion of Fixed Human Hearts Allows for Contrast Enhanced Micro Computed Tomography." In 2025 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1115/dmd2025-1049.
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Abstract Micro-computed Tomography (micro-CT) has emerged as a valuable tool for generating whole organ models with micron-level resolution (&gt;50 microns). It can be used to identify key structural and anatomical differences that correlate with clinical pathophysiology. Contrast-enhanced micro-CT using iodine as a contrast agent, aids in non-destructively accentuating differences in soft tissue’s properties, thereby allowing one to differentiate structures within the heart. Iodine preferentially binds to glycogen, aiding in the distinction between tissue types, including muscular, nervous, adipose, and fibrous tissues. Visualizing and modeling these distinctions is crucial for understanding cardiac function, pathology, and the potential effects of therapeutic interventions. This technique also provides unique insights into the tissue’s microstructure, which is difficult to obtain with more traditional imaging techniques that do not utilize contrast agents. This project aimed to detail the methods involved in contrast-enhanced micro-CT scans, including the perfusion system for staining and the subsequent scanning process. While human hearts were the focus of this study, these methods can be adapted for use with any isolated fixed organ, providing high-resolution imaging that enables detailed tissue analyses. This technique has the potential to advance our understanding of complex tissue structures in both healthy and diseased organs.
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Liu Xuemei, Liu Huan, and Yu Hui. "Generation of organ texture with Perlin noise." In 2010 International Conference on E-Health Networking, Digital Ecosystems and Technologies (EDT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edt.2010.5496618.
Full textReports on the topic "Generative organ"
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MR (Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), Clinically Feasible Profile. Chair Michael Boss, Dariya Malyarenko, and Daniel Margolis. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) / Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/qiba/20221215.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of a QIBA Profile is to help achieve a useful level of performance for a given biomarker. The Claim (Section 2) describes the biomarker performance and is derived from the body of scientific literature meeting specific requirements, in particular test-retest studies. The Activities (Section 3) contribute to generating the biomarker. Requirements are placed on the Actors that participate in those activities as necessary to achieve the Claim. Assessment Procedures (Section 4) for evaluating specific requirements are defined as needed to ensure acceptable performance. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) and the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) are being used clinically as qualitative (DWI) and quantitative (ADC) indicators of disease presence, progression or response to treatment. Use of ADC as a robust quantitative biomarker with finite confidence intervals places additional requirements on Sites, Acquisition Devices and Protocols, Field Engineers, Scanner Operators (MR Technologists, Radiologists, Physicists and other Scientists), Image Analysts, Reconstruction Software and Image Analysis Tools. Additionally, due to the intrinsic dependence of measured ADC values on biophysical tissue properties, both the Profile Claims and the associated scan protocols (Section 3.6.2) are organ-specific. All of these are considered Actors involved in Activities of Acquisition Device Pre-delivery and Installation, Subject Handling, Image Data Acquisition, Reconstruction, Registration, ADC map generation, Quality Assurance (QA), Distribution, Analysis, and Interpretation. The requirements addressed in this Profile are focused on achieving ADC values with minimal systematic bias and measurement variability. DISCLAIMER: Technical performance of the MRI system can be assessed using a phantom having known diffusion properties, such as the QIBA DWI phantom. The clinical performance target is to achieve a 95% confidence interval for measurement of ADC with a variable precision depending on the organ being imaged and assuming adequate technical performance requirements are met. While in vivo DWI/ADC measurements have been performed throughout the human body, this Profile focused on four organ systems, namely brain, liver, prostate, and breast as having high clinical utilization of ADC with a sufficient level of statistical evidence to support the Profile Claims derived from the current peer-reviewed literature. In due time, new DWI technologies with proven greater performance levels, as well as more organ systems will be incorporated in future Profiles. This document is intended to help a variety of users: clinicians using this biomarker to aid patient management; imaging staff generating this biomarker; MRI system architects developing related products; purchasers of such products; and investigators designing clinical trials utilizing quantitative diffusion-based imaging endpoints. Note that this document only states requirements specific to DWI to achieve the claim, not requirements that pertain to clinical standard of care. Conforming to this Profile is secondary to proper patient care.
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Ori, Naomi, and Mark Estelle. Role of GOBLET and Auxin in Controlling Organ Development and Patterning. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697122.bard.
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The size and shape of plant leaves are extremely diverse within and among species, and are also sensitive to growth conditions. Compound leaves, such as those of tomato, maintain morphogenetic activity during early stages of their development, enabling them to elaborate lateral appendages such as leaflets. The aim of the research project was to understand the interaction between the plant hormone auxin, the putative auxin response inhibitor ENTIRE (E, SlIAA9) and the NAM/CUC transcription factor GOBLET (GOB) in compound-leaf development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The specific aims of the project were: 1. Investigation of the role of GOB in compound-leaf development. 2. Characterization of E function in auxin signaling. 3. Characterization of the role of auxin in compound-leaf development. 4. Investigation of the genetic and molecular interaction between E and GOB. 5. Investigate the role of these factors in fruit development. There were no major changes in these objectives. GOB was shown to mark and promote the boundaries between the leaf and initiating leaflets. Its accurate distribution was found to be required for proper leaflet initiation and separation. E was found to interact with the TIR1 and AFB6 proteins in an auxin-dependant manner, indicating that these are functional auxin receptors that mediate E degradation in the presence of auxin. This was further supported by the stabilization of E by a mutation in domain II of the protein, which is thought to mediate its auxin-dependant degradation. Over expression of this stabilized form in tomato leaves and characterization of the e mutant phenotype and the E expression domain indicated that E acts between initiating leaflets to inhibit auxin response and lamina growth. Generation and analysis of tomato plants expressing the auxin response reporter DR5::VENUS, and analysis of the effect of auxin microapplication or overexpression of an auxin biosynthesis gene, indicated that auxin marks the sites of leaflet initiation and promotes lamina growth. Investigation of the molecular and genetic interaction between auxin, GOB and E revealed a complex network of mutual regulation that is utilized to precisely pattern the leaf margin in a manner that enables the combination of tight control and flexibility. E, auxin and GOB were shown to affect fruit development and fruit set, and in an extension of the project are currently utilized to identify new players that affect these processes. The research project yielded enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of compound leaf patterning and provided tools that will enable the manipulation of leaf shape and fruit set.
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Tucker, Mark L., Shimon Meir, Amnon Lers, Sonia Philosoph-Hadas, and Cai-Zhong Jiang. Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate ethylene-induced leaf and flower abscission of agriculturally important plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597929.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The Problem: Abscission is a highly regulated process, occurring as a natural terminal stage of development, in which various organs are separated from the parent plant. In most plant species, the process is initiated by a decrease in active auxin in the abscission zone (AZ) and an increase in ethylene, and may be accelerated by postharvest or environmental stresses. Another potential key regulator in abscission is IDA (Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission), which was identified as an essential peptide signal for floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. However, information is still lacking regarding the molecular mechanisms integrating all these regulators. In our previous BARD funded research we made substantial progress towards understanding these molecular events in tomato, and the study is still in progress. We established a powerful platform for analysis of genes for regulatory proteins expressed in AZ. We identified changes in gene expression for several transcription factors (TFs) directly linked to ethylene and auxin signaling and several additional regulatory proteins not so obviously linked to these hormones. Moreover, we demonstrated using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay that several play a functional role in the onset of abscission. Based on these results we have selected 14 genes for further analysis in stably transformed tomato plants. All 14 genes were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) using a constitutive promoter, and 5 of them were also suppressed using an abscission-specific promoter. Transformations are currently at different stages of progress including some lines that already display an abscission phenotype. Objectives: We propose here to (1) complete the functional analysis of the stably transformed tomato plants with T2 lines and perform transcriptome analysis using custom abscission-specific microarrays; (2) conduct an indepth analysis of the role of IDA signaling in tomato leaf and flower abscission; (3) perform transcriptome and proteome analyses to extend the earlier gene expression studies to identify transcripts and proteins that are highly specific to the separation layer (i.e., target cells for cell separation) prior to the onset of abscission; (4) extend and compliment the work in tomato using a winnowed set of genes in soybean. Methodology: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of mRNA will be used to further increase the list of abscission-associated genes, and for preparation of a custom tomato abscission microarray to test altered gene expression in transgenic plants. Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of protein extracts from leaf petiole, flower pedicel and their AZ tissues will be used to identify the proteome of the AZ before and during abscission. AZ-specific gene promoters will be used in stably transformed tomato plants to reduce non-target phenotypes. The bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) plasmid vectors will be used for VIGS analysis in soybean. Expected Contribution: Our study will provide new insights into the regulation of ethylene-induced abscission by further revealing the role of key regulators in the process. This will permit development of novel techniques for manipulating leaf and flower abscission, thereby improving the postharvest performance of agriculturally important crops.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov, and Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
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Meir, Shimon, Michael S. Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592657.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Original objectives: To understand the regulation of abscission by exploring the nature of changes of auxin-related gene expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculatumMill) abscission zones (AZs) following organ removal, and by analyzing the function of these genes. Our specific goals were: 1) To complete the microarray analyses in tomato flower and leaf AZs, for identifying genes whose expression changes early in response to auxin depletion; 2) To examine, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the effect of silencing target genes on ethylene sensitivity and abscission competence of the leaf and flower AZs; 3) To isolate and characterize promoters from AZ-specific genes to be used in functional analysis; 4) To generate stable transgenic tomato plants with selected genes silenced with RNAi, under the control of an AZ-specific promoter, for further characterization of their abscission phenotypes. Background: Abscission, the separation of organs from the parent plant, results in postharvest quality loss in many ornamentals and other fresh produce. The process is initiated by changes in the auxin gradient across the AZ, and is triggered by ethylene. Although changes in gene expression have been correlated with the ethylene-mediated execution of abscission, there is almost no information on the initiation of the abscission process, as the AZ becomes sensitized to ethylene. The present project was focused on elucidating these early molecular regulatory events, in order to gain a better control of the abscission process for agricultural manipulations. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Microarray analyses, using the Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip®, revealed changes in expression, occurring early in abscission, of many genes with possible regulatory functions. These included a range of auxin- and ethylene-related transcription factors (TFs), other TFs that are transiently induced just after flower removal, and a set of novel AZ-specific genes. We also identified four different defense-related genes, including: Cysteine-type endopeptidase, α- DOX1, WIN2, and SDF2, that are newly-associated with the late stage of the abscission process. This supports the activation of different defense responses and strategies at the late abscission stages, which may enable efficient protection of the exposed tissue toward different environmental stresses. To facilitate functional studies we implemented an efficient VIGS system in tomato, and isolated two abscission-specific promoters (pTAPG1 and pTAPG4) for gene silencing in stable transformation. Using the VIGS system we could demonstrate the importance of TAPGs in abscission of tomato leaf petioles, and evaluated the importance of more than 45 genes in abscission. Among them we identified few critical genes involved in leaf and flower abscission. These included: PTRP-F1, PRP, TKN4, KNOTTED-like homeobox TF, KD1, and KNOX-like homeodomain protein genes, the silencing of which caused a striking retardation of pedicel abscission, and ERF1, ERF4, Clavata-like3 protein, Sucrose transporter protein, and IAA10 genes, the silencing of which delayed petiole abscission. The importance of PRPand KD1 genes in abscission was confirmed also by antisense–silencing using pTAPG4. Experiments testing the effects of RNAi silencing of few other genes are still in progress, The analysis of the microarray results of flower and leaf AZs allowed us to establish a clear sequence of events occurring during acquisition of tissue sensitivity to ethylene, and to confirm our hypothesis that acquisition of ethylene sensitivity in the AZ is associated with altered expression of auxin-regulated genes in both AZs. Implication, both scientific and agricultural: Our studies had provided new insights into the regulation of the abscission process, and shaded light on the molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of abscission competence in the AZ. We pointed out some critical genes involved in regulation of abscission, and further expanded our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the abscission process. This permits the development of novel techniques for manipulating abscission, and thereby improving the postharvest performance of ornamentals and other crops.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Kapulnik, Yoram, Maria J. Harrison, Hinanit Koltai, and Joseph Hershenhorn. Targeting of Strigolacatones Associated Pathways for Conferring Orobanche Resistant Traits in Tomato and Medicago. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7593399.bard.
Full textAbstract:
This proposal is focused on examination of two plant interactions: parasitic with Orobanche, and symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), and the involvement of a newly define plant hormones, strigolactones (SLs), in these plant interactions. In addition to strigolactones role in regulation of above-ground plant architecture, they are also known to be secreted from roots, and to be a signal for seed germination of the parasitic plants Orobanche. Moreover, secreted strigolactones were recognized as inducers of AMFhyphae branching. The present work was aimed at Generation of RNAi mutants of both tomato and Medicago, targeting multiple genes that may be involved in strigolactone production, carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, Pi signaling or other metabolic pathways, and hence affect AMF colonization and/or Orobanche resistance. Following the newly formed and existing RNAi mutants were examined for AMF colonization and Orobanche resistance. At the first phase of this project Orobanche seed germination assays and AMF colonization were examined in intact plants. These assays were shown to be effective and resulted with enhancement of Orobanche seed germination and AMF colonization in WT tomato plants, whereas roots of strigolactones impaired lines did not result with Orobanche seed germination and mycorrhiza colonization. Unexpectedly, root organ cultures (ROC) that were produced from the same wild type (WT) and mutant lines did not induce the Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. This implies that under in vitro conditions ROC cultures are missing an important component for induction of Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. In another line of experiments we have tested transgenic lines of Medicagotruncatula for AMFhuyphal branching and Orobanche seed germination assays. These lines included lines silenced for a GRAS transcription factor (RNAi 1845), an NBS-LRR type resistance gene (RNAi 1847), a kinase (RNAi 2403) and a protein of unknown function (RNAi 2417). In all cases, five independent transgenic root lines showed altered AMFphenotypes with reduced or aberrant colonization patterns. Following, we transformed tomato plants with the M. truncatulaTC 127050 PhosphoinositidekinaseRNAi construct. Transgenic lines that contained GUS constructs were used as control. All transgenic lines showed reduced level of Orobanche seed germination, masking any strigoalctones-specific effect. The research demonstrated that SLs production may not be examined in ROC –based bioassays. It was shown by the 3 independent assays employed in this project that none of the recognized characters of SLs may be reflected in these bioassays. However, when the whole plant root exudates were examined, SLs activity in root exudates was demonstrated. Hence, it can be concluded that the presence of an intact shoot, and possibly, shoot factors, may be necessary for production of SLs in roots. Another point of interest that rises from these results is that the presence of SLs is not necessary for AMF completion of life cycle. Hence, it may be concluded that SLs are important for AMFhyphal branching, before symbiosis, but not essential for AMF colonization and life cycle completion under ROC system conditions.
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
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99mTc SPECT-CT, Consensus QIBA Profile. Chair Yuni Dewaraja and Robert Miyaoka. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)/Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA), 2019. https://doi.org/10.1148/qiba/20191021.
Full textAbstract:
The quantification of 99mTc labeled biomarkers can add unique value in many different settings, ranging from clinical trials of investigation new drugs to the treatment of individual patients with marketed therapeutics. For example, goals of precision medicine include using companion radiopharmaceutical diagnostics as just-in-time, predictive biomarkers for selecting patients to receive targeted treatments, customizing doses of internally administered radiotherapeutics, and assessing responses to treatment. This Profile describes quantitative outcome measures that represent proxies of target concentration or target mass in topographically specific volumes of interest (VOIs). These outcome measures are usually expressed as the percent injected dose (i.e., radioactivity) per mL of tissue (%ID/mL), a standard uptake value ratio (SUVr), or a target-to-background ratio (TBR). In this profile, targeting is not limited to any single mechanism of action. Targeting can be based on interaction with a cell surface protein, an intracellular complex after diffusion, protein-mediated transport, endocytosis, or mechanical trapping in a capillary bed, as in the case of transarterial administration of embolic microspheres. Regardless, the profile focuses on quantification in well-defined volumes of interest. Technetium-99m based dopamine transporter imaging agents, such as TRODAT, are nearly direct links with some aspects of the predecessor profile on 123I-ioflupane for neurodegenerative disorders. (See www.qibawiki.rsna.org ) Cancer is often a base case of convenience for new material in this profile, but the intent is to create methods that can be useful in other therapeutic areas where the diseases are characterized by spatially-limited anatomical volumes, such as lung segments, or multifocal aggregations of targets, such as white blood cell surface receptors on pulmonary nodules in patients with sarcoidosis. Neoplastic masses that can be measured with x-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the starting point. However, the intent is to create a profile that can be extrapolated to diseases in other therapeutic areas that are also associated with focal, or multi-focal pathology, such as pulmonary granulomatous diseases of autoimmune or infectious etiology, non-oncological diseases of organs such as polycystic kidney disease, and the like. The criteria for measurability are based on the current resolution of most SPECT-CT systems in clinical practice, and are independent of criteria for measurability in other contexts. For this SPECT profile, conformance requires that a “small” VOI must be greater than 30 mL to be measurable. It is understood that much smaller VOIs can sometimes exhibit high conspicuity on SPECT, but these use cases are beyond the scope of this profile and will not be tested for conformance in this version. It is left to individual stakeholders to show the extent to which they can achieve conformance when measuring VOIs less than 30 mL. The detection of smaller changes during clinical trials of large groups can be achieved by referring to the QIBA companion guidance on powering trials. The Claims (Section 2) asserts that compliance with the specifications described in this Profile will produce cross sectional estimates of the concentration of radioactivity [kBq/mL] in a volume of interest (VOI) or a target-to-background ratio (TBR) within a defined confidence interval (CI), and distinguish true biological change from system variance (i.e., measurement error) in individual patients or clinical trials of many patients who will be studied longitudinally with 99mTc SPECT agents. Both claims are founded on observations that target density varies between patients with the same disease as well as within patients with multi-focal disease. The Activities (Section 3) describes the requirements that are placed on the Actors who need to achieve the Claim. Section 3 specifies what the actors must do in order to estimate the amount of radioactivity in a volume of interest, expressed in kBq/mL (ideal) or as a TBR (acceptable) within a 95% CI surrounding the true value. Measurands such as %ID/mL are targets for nonclinical studies in animal models that use terminal sacrifice to establish ground truth for imaging studies. TBRs can be precarious, as the assumptions that depend on the physiology of the background regions matching the volume of interest can be hard to accept sometimes. It is up to each individual stakeholder to qualify the background regions used in their own use case. This profile qualifies only a few in some very limited contexts as examples. The Assessment Procedures (Section 4) for evaluating specific requirements are defined as needed. The requirements are focused on achieving sufficient accuracy and avoiding unnecessary variability of the measurements. The clinical performance target is to achieve a 95% confidence interval for concentration in units of kBq/mL (kilobequerels per milliliter) or %ID/mL (percent injected dose per milliliter) or TBR with both a reproducibility and a repeatability of +/- 8% within a single individual under zero-biological-change conditions. This document is intended to help clinicians basing decisions on these biomarkers, imaging staffs generating measurements of these biomarkers, vendors who are developing related products, purchasers of such products, and investigators designing trials. Note that this document only states requirements to achieve the claims, not “requirements on standard of care” nor compliance with any particular protocol for treating participants in clinical trial settings. Conformance to this Profile is secondary to properly caring for patients or adhering to the requirements of a protocol. QIBA Profiles addressing other imaging biomarkers using CT, MRI, PET and Ultrasound can be found at www.qibawiki.rsna.org.