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1
Nugroho, Yuni Agung, and Elik Murni Ningtias Ningsih. "HUBUNGAN MORFOLOGI VEGETATIF DAN GENERATIF SALAK PONDOH (Salacca zalacca ) DI SENTRA SALAK PONDOH KABUPATEN MALANG." Agrika 14, no. 2 (2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/ja.v14i2.1321.
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ABSTRAKDeskripsi hubungan sifat morfologi organ vegetatif terhadap organ generatif pada salak pondoh dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pemuliaan tanaman salak pondoh. Tujuan penelitian adalah: mendeskripsikan sifat morfologi dan untuk mengidentifikasi apakah terdapat hubungan sifat morfologi organ vegetatif dengan organ generatif salak pondoh di sentra salak pondoh di Ampelgading Malang. Data hasil survei lapang dianalisa deskriptif untuk mengkomparasikan sifat morfologi pada varietas salak di sentra salak pondoh di Ampelgading Malang, sedangkan data kuantitatif dianalisa untuk mengetahui hubungan antara karakteristik morfologi vegetatif terhadap generatif, dilakukan dengan analisa sidik lintas pada structural equation modeling (SEM). Ada dua varietas yang banyak ditanam di sentra salak pondoh Ampelgading yaitu: pondoh merah kehitaman dan kuning. Salak pondoh merah kehitaman memiliki karakteristik unggul daripada salak pondoh kuning, yaitu: buah lebih besar, manis dan tidak mudah rontok. Terdapat hubungan nyata antara sifat morfologi organ vegetatif dengan organ generatif (buah) pada salak pondoh di Ampelgading. ABSTRACTThe description of the relationship between the morphological traits of vegetative organs to generative organs in salak pondoh can be used as the basis for breeding pondoh salak plants. The research objectives were: to describe the morphological characteristics and to identify whether there was a relationship between the morphological characteristics of the vegetative organs and the generative organs of salak pondoh at the salak pondoh center in Ampelgading Malang. The field survey data were analyzed descriptively to compare the morphological characteristics of the salak variety in the center of salak pondoh in Ampelgading Malang, while the quantitative data were analyzed to determine the relationship between vegetative and generative morphological characteristics, using cross-fingerprint analysis in structural equation modeling (SEM). There are two varieties that are widely planted in the center of salak pondoh Ampelgading, namely: pondoh red-black and yellow. The red-black salak pondoh has superior characteristics than the yellow salak pondoh, namely: the fruit is bigger, sweet and does not fall off easily. There is a significant relationship between the morphological characteristics of vegetative organs and generative organs (fruit) in salak pondoh in Ampelgading.
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Kim, Kangsan, Byung Hyun Byun, Ilhan Lim, Sang Moo Lim, and Sang-Keun Woo. "Deep Learning-Based Delayed PET Image Synthesis from Corresponding Early Scanned PET for Dosimetry Uptake Estimation." Diagnostics 13, no. 19 (2023): 3045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13193045.
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The acquisition of in vivo radiopharmaceutical distribution through imaging is time-consuming due to dosimetry, which requires the subject to be scanned at several time points post-injection. This study aimed to generate delayed positron emission tomography images from early images using a deep-learning-based image generation model to mitigate the time cost and inconvenience. Eighteen healthy participants were recruited and injected with [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose. A paired image-to-image translation model, based on a generative adversarial network (GAN), was used as the generation model. The standardized uptake value (SUV) mean of the generated image of each organ was compared with that of the ground-truth. The least square GAN and perceptual loss combinations displayed the best performance. As the uptake time of the early image became closer to that of the ground-truth image, the translation performance improved. The SUV mean values of the nominated organs were estimated reasonably accurately for the muscle, heart, liver, and spleen. The results demonstrate that the image-to-image translation deep learning model is applicable for the generation of a functional image from another functional image acquired from normal subjects, including predictions of organ-wise activity for specific normal organs.
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Chin, Chiun-Li, Hsien-Chun Tseng, Yu-Hsiang Shao, et al. "RTGAN: ORGAN CONTOURS IN RADIATION THERAPY WITH GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORK." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 33, no. 02 (2021): 2150014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237221500149.
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Generally, radiation oncology applies evaluation and prediction in medical imaging and diagnosis, specifically for contouring organs, which results in the production of the clinical target volume (CTV) that corresponds to disease risk and organ exclusion. Medical physicists contour organs and combine computed tomography (CT) scans to digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) radiation therapy (RT) to assist physicians for diagnosing tumors and calculating the dosages in treatments including radiation and chemotherapy. Thus, to generate RT images with high accuracy, this paper proposes a new Generator Adversarial Network (GAN) for RT images called radiation therapy GAN (RTGAN). We combine multiple loss functions with synthetic similarity DICOM-RT images and compare the results with Pinnacle, a radiation oncology treatment planning system. Further, we evaluate the method to get a score of 0.984 in structured similarity (SSIM) and 31.26 in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and find that it costs 0.058 s to finish contouring one CT image. The proposed method is applied and tested in the department of radiation oncology at the Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, and the results are similar to the ground truth images. Thus, it not only effectively reduces the false-positive rate but also makes a breakthrough in medicine.
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Zhao, Gen-hua, Cui-ping Yan, Zi-sheng Xu, Qian-qian Gao, Zhi-peng Chen, and Wei-dong Li. "The Effect of Salt-Processed Psoralea corylifolia on Generative Organ Targeting." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7484202.
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Psoralen and isopsoralen are two isomers and main effective components within Psoralea corylifolia. In order to investigate the salt-processing effect on tissue distribution characters of psoralen and isopsoralen, a sensitive and accurate ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the 2 components in rats’ tissues after administration of the extracts that came from either crude or salt-processed Psoralea corylifolia L. Data displayed that both areas under the curve (AUC) of psoralen and isopsoralen from salt-processed scurfpea fruit group were significantly increased compared with that of the crude herb group, especially in heart (p<0.05), ovary, and testes (p<0.001). Though the RE and RCmax of psoralen and isopsoralen in all of the investigated organs were over 1.0, generative organs kept the maximum value. The experiment manifested that salt-processing of scurfpea fruit can increase the distribution of psoralen and isopsoralen to generative organs, heart and spleen, and the distribution of psoralen and isopsoralen to generative organs is significantly higher compared to heart and spleen (p<0.01). Results indicate that salt-processing of scurfpea fruit can significantly increase the distribution of psoralen and isopsoralen to generative organs.
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Zhuravlyeva, I., and N. Savinykh. "Structure of elementary module of Solanum dulcamara L." Modern Phytomorphology 5 (April 1, 2014): 173–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.161022.
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The structures (metamers) of Solanum dulcamara at the level of elementary module have been studied. The features for identification of their variability have been ascertained. 44 variants of metamers are described. The characteristic is represented for such individual features as: the type of lateral organ (leaf of a middle formation) and axillary structure (bud, shoot, serial complex); the degree of development of the generative organs; and the presence and type of roots.
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S.R., Gasanov, and Akparov Z.I. "Anomalies occurring under the influence of environmental conditions in species of genus Allium L." Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 73, no. 3 (2018): 35–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7409351.
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The anomalies of generative and vegetative organs of species of the genus Allium L., which occur under the influence of environmental factors, both in prevalent natural areas, and during introduction into agriculture in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, have been investigated. In some species of onion A.waldsteinii Don. in the ecological conditions of their natural germination, along with seeds, the appearance of air bulbs (profilication - replacement of one organ by another) was observed in floral umbrellas. Anomalies such as fasciation (fusion of organs among themselves), deformation (change of form) and prolification occurred in the structural elements of the species (A. waldsteinii Don., A.erubescens C.Koch., A.fuscoviolaceum Fom., A.viride Grossh) introduced into the agriculture. Prolification occurred in the Khachmaz variety of onion (A.cepa L.) and germination of air bulbs in umbrellas was observed in the Jalilabad variety of garlic (A.sativum L.)
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Yu, Ting, Zixuan Tong, Jun Yu, and Ke Zhang. "Fine-grained Adaptive Visual Prompt for Generative Medical Visual Question Answering." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 9 (2025): 9662–70. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i9.33047.
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Medical Visual Question Answering (MedVQA) serves as an automated medical assistant, capable of answering patient queries and aiding physician diagnoses based on medical images and questions. Recent advancements have shown that incorporating Large Language Models (LLMs) into MedVQA tasks significantly enhances the capability for answer generation. However, for tasks requiring fine-grained organ-level precise localization, relying solely on language prompts struggles to accurately locate relevant regions within medical images due to substantial background noise. To address this challenge, we explore the use of visual prompts in MedVQA tasks for the first time and propose fine-grained adaptive visual prompts to enhance generative MedVQA. Specifically, we introduce an Adaptive Visual Prompt Creator that adaptively generates region-level visual prompts based on image characteristics of various organs, providing fine-grained references for LLMs during answer retrieval and generation from the medical domain, thereby improving the model's precise cross-modal localization capabilities on original images. Furthermore, we incorporate a Hierarchical Answer Generator with Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques, significantly enhancing the model's understanding of spatial and contextual information with minimal parameter increase, promoting the alignment of representation learning with the medical space. Extensive experiments on VQA-RAD, SLAKE, and DME datasets validate the effectiveness of our proposed method, demonstrating its potential in generative MedVQA.
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Sedelnikova, L. L. "Comparative organogenesis of the species of the genus Hosta Tratt." Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, no. 135 (August 6, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2020-135-147-153.
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For the first time, a comparative analysis of organogenesis in Hosta species - H. decorate, H. sieboldiana, and H. lancifolia in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia was performed. It was found that the intrarenal formation of generative organs in these species is laid during the growth of monocarpic shoot in May- June. Differentiation of the growth cone of the renewal shoot occurs synchronously from stages III to VIII of organogenesis for 56-91 days. In the early-flowering species H. decorate, the organ-forming process occurs 25 - 27 days faster than in the late-flowering H. lancifolia. Generative organs in the rudimentary inflorescence are formed acropetally. Stages of organogenesis from IX to XII correspond to phenophases from the beginning of flowering to fruiting. In the pre-winter period, the cone of growth of the renewal shoot in all species is at the II stage of organogenesis, with 4 to 6 leaf metamers embedded in its basal part.
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Duran-Nebreda, Salva, Iain G. Johnston, and George W. Bassel. "Efficient vasculature investment in tissues can be determined without global information." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 165 (2020): 20200137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0137.
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Cells are the fundamental building blocks of organs and tissues. Information and mass flow through cellular contacts in these structures is vital for the orchestration of organ function. Constraints imposed by packing and cell immobility limit intercellular communication, particularly as organs and organisms scale up to greater sizes. In order to transcend transport limitations, delivery systems including vascular and respiratory systems evolved to facilitate the movement of matter and information. The construction of these delivery systems has an associated cost, as vascular elements do not perform the metabolic functions of the organs they are part of. This study investigates a fundamental trade-off in vascularization in multicellular tissues: the reduction of path lengths for communication versus the cost associated with producing vasculature. Biologically realistic generative models, using multicellular templates of different dimensionalities, revealed a limited advantage to the vascularization of two-dimensional tissues. Strikingly, scale-free improvements in transport efficiency can be achieved even in the absence of global knowledge of tissue organization. A point of diminishing returns in the investment of additional vascular tissue to the increased reduction of path length in 2.5- and three-dimensional tissues was identified. Applying this theory to experimentally determined biological tissue structures, we show the possibility of a co-dependency between the method used to limit path length and the organization of cells it acts upon. These results provide insight as to why tissues are or are not vascularized in nature, the robustness of developmental generative mechanisms and the extent to which vasculature is advantageous in the support of organ function.
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Wang, Haoran, Gengshen Wu, and Yi Liu. "Efficient Generative-Adversarial U-Net for Multi-Organ Medical Image Segmentation." Journal of Imaging 11, no. 1 (2025): 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11010019.
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Manual labeling of lesions in medical image analysis presents a significant challenge due to its labor-intensive and inefficient nature, which ultimately strains essential medical resources and impedes the advancement of computer-aided diagnosis. This paper introduces a novel medical image-segmentation framework named Efficient Generative-Adversarial U-Net (EGAUNet), designed to facilitate rapid and accurate multi-organ labeling. To enhance the model’s capability to comprehend spatial information, we propose the Global Spatial-Channel Attention Mechanism (GSCA). This mechanism enables the model to concentrate more effectively on regions of interest. Additionally, we have integrated Efficient Mapping Convolutional Blocks (EMCB) into the feature-learning process, allowing for the extraction of multi-scale spatial information and the adjustment of feature map channels through optimized weight values. Moreover, the proposed framework progressively enhances its performance by utilizing a generative-adversarial learning strategy, which contributes to improvements in segmentation accuracy. Consequently, EGAUNet demonstrates exemplary segmentation performance on public multi-organ datasets while maintaining high efficiency. For instance, in evaluations on the CHAOS T2SPIR dataset, EGAUNet achieves approximately 2% higher performance on the Jaccard metric, 1% higher on the Dice metric, and nearly 3% higher on the precision metric in comparison to advanced networks such as Swin-Unet and TransUnet.
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Makarov, Vladimir P., Olga F. Malykh, and Tatyana V. Zhelibo. "Variability in Traits of Gmelin Larch Generative Organs in Eastern Transbaikalia." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 4 (July 5, 2022): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-4-70-90.
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Forest vegetation in Zabaykalsky Krai covers 86.6 % of the total area. The dominant forest species is Gmelin larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.), which occupies about 57 % of the forest lands. The area of forests and the amount of certain forest species, in particular Gmelin larch, is decreasing due to climate warming and, as a consequence, the increased number of forest fires, reduction of the range of growing stands, their degradation, as a result of logging including illegal logging. This can lead to the loss of genetic resources. Plantations and forest species valuable for economic use are necessary for the restoration of forests and the creation of artificial plantations. The need for information on genetic and phenotypic traits and properties of plants emerges from the need to reproduce forest plantations with desired features and properties. Such information is currently insufficient in Zabaykalsky Krai. The research aims to determine the phenotypic variability of traits of Gmelin larch generative organs in Zabaykalsky Krai, as well as their relationship with the site conditions. The traits of generative organs of 40 Gmelin larch cenopopulations were studied as a result of expeditionary research in Zabaykalsky Krai. We have found endogenous, population and geographic variability, correlation dependence of traits on the geographic location of plantations, and ecological conditions of the habitat. Correlations between the traits were revealed, and the location of promising larch plantations for selection of seed material was specified. The larch generative organs are described, conclusions on the levels of endogenous, population, and geographic variability of generative organ traits are drawn. Significant and moderate correlations between traits have been found. A number of traits of generative organs are moderately correlated with latitude, longitude of habitat and altitude above sea level, as well as with exposure and steepness of slope, type of hydrotope. The research results will be useful in larch breeding, selection of plantings for seed productivity, as well as for analyzing the patterns of larch variability within the region.
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Lovinskaya, Anna V., Saule Zh Kolumbayeva, Oksana L. Kolomiets, and Serikbay K. Abilev. "Genotoxic effects of N-nitrosodimethylamine in somatic and generative cells of mice." Ecological genetics 15, no. 3 (2017): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen15334-41.
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N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was shown to have genotoxic properties in acute and subacute studies on laboratory mice. The organ-specificity of the genotoxic effect of NDMA was revealed using the Comet assay. The most sensitive organs to the action of NDMA were kidneys and liver. DNA damage in liver cells of NDMA-treated animals at doses of 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg, increased compared to control in 6.9 and 12.5 (р < 0.001), and in kidney cells – in 8.1 and 14.2 times (р < 0.001), respectively. NDMA also showed genotoxic activity in the reproductive cells of experimental animals, causing structural disorders of synaptonemal complexes in spermatocyte. In NDMA-treated animals at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg in acute and subacute studies, the level of spermatocytes with damaged synaptonemal complexes increased statistically significantly compared to control in 6.0 and 7.0 (р < 0.05) times, respectively.
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Usmanti, Evilili, Febri Yuda Kurniawan, Maura Indria Meidianing, Amru Rizal Basri, and Endang Semiarti. "Biodiversitas dan Kekerabatan Fenetik Spesies Anggrek Alam di Kawasan Ekowisata Ayunan Langit, Kulonprogo." Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi 15, no. 2 (2022): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v15i2.19801.
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AbstrakEkowisata Ayunan Langit memiliki kondisi geografis yang mendukung bagi pertumbuhan anggrek, sehingga daerah tersebut memiliki diversitas anggrek alam yang tinggi sebagai salah satu daya tarik wisata. Beberapa spesies anggrek dapat memiliki kemiripan secara morfologi meskipun tidak berkerabat dekat. Dalam rangka pengembangan Kawasan Wisata Terpadu Ayunan Langit diperlukan data keragaman spesies-spesies anggrek di kawasan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan inventarisasi, identifikasi, dan melihat hubungan kekerabatan antar spesies anggrek alam di Kawasan Ayunan Langit. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah koleksi spesimen, identifikasi, dan karakterisasi morfologi organ vegetatif spesimen, serta analisis hubungan kekerabatan. Analisis kekerabatan menggunakan software Ms Excel dan MVSP. Terdapat 14 spesies anggrek alam yang ditemukan di Kawasan Ayunan Langit. Anggrek alam di kawasan tersebut didominasi dari anggota Subfamili Epidendroideae dan anggrek epifit. Semua spesies masuk dalam kategori Appendix II CITES. Berdasarkan analisis kekerabatan fenetik, dendogram terbagi dalam dua kluster berdasarkan karakter morfologi organ vegetatifnya. Spesies anggrek yang berasal dari genus yang sama belum tentu dapat mengelompok pada klaster yang sama, misalnya pada Dendrobium. Karakter morfologi organ vegetatif belum dapat digunakan untuk melihat hubungan kekerabatan fenetik secara akurat pada anggrek. Karakter organ generatif berperan penting dalam memberikan hasil visualisasi kekerabatan antar spesies anggrek yang lebih akurat.AbstractAyunan Langit ecotourism has favorable geographical conditions for orchid growth, hence the area has a high diversity of wild orchids as a tourist attraction. Several orchid species can be morphologically similar even though they are not closely related. For Ayunan Langit integrated tourism area development, orchid diversity data are required. This study aimed to conduct an inventory, identification, and relationship analysis between wild orchid species in Ayunan Langit ecotourism. Specimen collection, identification, and morphological characterization were conducted on specimen's vegetative organs. Relationship analysis was conducted with Ms Excel and MVSP. There are 14 wild orchid species found in the Ayunan Langit, dominated by Epidendroideae members and epiphytic orchids. All species are included in the CITES Appendix II category. Based on the phenetic relationship analysis, the dendrogram was divided into two clusters based on the morphological characters of the vegetative organs. Orchid species belongs to the same genus may not necessarily be grouped in the same cluster, for example in Dendrobium. Morphological characters of vegetative organs cannot be used to visualize the phenetic relationship accurately in orchids. Generative organ characters play an important role in providing a more accurate visualization of the relationship between orchid species.
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Salybekov, Amankeldi A., Ainur Yerkos, Martin Sedlmayr, and Markus Wolfien. "Ethics and Algorithms to Navigate AI’s Emerging Role in Organ Transplantation." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 8 (2025): 2775. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082775.
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Background/Objectives: Solid organ transplantation remains a critical life-saving treatment for end-stage organ failure, yet it faces persistent challenges, such as organ scarcity, graft rejection, and postoperative complications. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to address these challenges by revolutionizing transplantation practices. Methods: This review article explores the diverse applications of AI in solid organ transplantation, focusing on its impact on diagnostics, treatment, and the evolving market landscape. We discuss how machine learning, deep learning, and generative AI are harnessing vast datasets to predict transplant outcomes, personalized immunosuppressive regimens, and optimize patient selection. Additionally, we examine the ethical implications of AI in transplantation and highlight promising AI-driven innovations nearing FDA evaluation. Results: AI improves organ allocation processes, refines predictions for transplant outcomes, and enables tailored immunosuppressive regimens. These advancements contribute to better patient selection and enhance overall transplant success rates. Conclusions: By bridging the gap in organ availability and improving long-term transplant success, AI holds promise to significantly advance the field of solid organ transplantation.
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R.Z.Quliyeva. "The Age And Quantitative Spectrum Of Coenopopulations Of Alopecurus vaginatus and Alopecurus laguroides In The Highlands Of The Small Caucasus." Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 68, no. 2 (2013): 98–103. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7452506.
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3 periods and 9 ontogenetic states have been allocated in the ontogenesis of Alopecurus vaginatus and Alopecurus laguroides. Studied coenopopulations of species are normal with incomplete organ system. Basic age spectrum is symmetric with a maximum in a young generative ontogenetic group.
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Ciano, Giorgio, Paolo Andreini, Tommaso Mazzierli, Monica Bianchini, and Franco Scarselli. "A Multi-Stage GAN for Multi-Organ Chest X-ray Image Generation and Segmentation." Mathematics 9, no. 22 (2021): 2896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9222896.
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Multi-organ segmentation of X-ray images is of fundamental importance for computer aided diagnosis systems. However, the most advanced semantic segmentation methods rely on deep learning and require a huge amount of labeled images, which are rarely available due to both the high cost of human resources and the time required for labeling. In this paper, we present a novel multi-stage generation algorithm based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) that can produce synthetic images along with their semantic labels and can be used for data augmentation. The main feature of the method is that, unlike other approaches, generation occurs in several stages, which simplifies the procedure and allows it to be used on very small datasets. The method was evaluated on the segmentation of chest radiographic images, showing promising results. The multi-stage approach achieves state-of-the-art and, when very few images are used to train the GANs, outperforms the corresponding single-stage approach.
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Sahetapy, Lepinus, and Ritha L. Karuwal. "VARIASI KARAKTER MORFOLOGIS LIMA JENIS SAGU (Metroxylon sp) DI PULAU SAPARUA." BIOPENDIX: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 1, no. 2 (2015): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol1issue2page105-111.
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Background: Sago (Metroxylon sp) is one of food commodities that contains many carbohydrates, so it serves as a staple food for some regions in Indonesia such as Maluku, Papua and Sulawesi. Sago can also be used as raw material for food industry such as bagea, sago pearl, pastry, wet cake, noodle, biscuit, cracker and vermicelli. Various uses of sago cause attention in terms of development and conservation. Saparua Island is one of the areas in the Maluku archipelago with sago potential that is wide enough. There are 5 types of sago in the area such as sago tuni, sagu molat, sago eataru, sagu ihur, and sago thorn rattan.Methods: This research took place in February-March 2014 by conducting exploration on location and samples selected by proposive sampling. For each quantitative parameter such as height, length, width, using a measuring instrument of ruler, roll meter while qualitative parameters such as shape, color can be observed visually.Results: Exploration was conducted on February-March 2014 with morphological character parameters on vegetative and generative organs of 70 characters. The results of the study showed a varied morphological appearance in each variety. Visually, variations of morphological characters in the vegetative organ seen in the trunk character are height, surface, circumference, color. Leaf character has variation in leaf sponge, leaf bone flexibility, midst of base of midrib, midrib, midrib, midrib, midlet, child length, upper surface. Morphological characters in generative organs appear to vary in flower, ie, the length and width of the stem, the diameter of the flower. Variations in fruits such as shape, amount, and color while on the seeds are the color and weight.Conclusion: There are variations of morphological characters in the five varieties of sago on Saparua Island in shape, size, and color, appearance of each organ either on stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.
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Wang, Xiaochen, and Zhi Wang. "Enhancing Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Using a Markov Discriminator in Generative Adversarial Networks." Frontiers in Science and Engineering 5, no. 3 (2025): 369–77. https://doi.org/10.54691/zs78vp41.
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Multimodal medical images, comprising anatomical and functional images, offer complementary insights into organ structure and metabolism. Anatomical images depict internal organ structures, whereas functional images illustrate metabolic activity but lack detailed structural information. Multimodal image fusion integrates data from different sensors to create images enriched with diverse semantic content, overcoming the limitations of single-modality imaging. Current fusion methods based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) use discriminators that convolve the entire input image, which can reduce efficiency and result in detail loss. To address this, we propose a GAN framework with a Markov discriminator that leverages local (Markov) properties. By redesigning the discriminator and formulating the loss function based on Markov correlation principles, our method focuses on local areas, thereby enhancing network performance and preserving finer details in the fusion images.Experimental results demonstrate that our approach produces fusion images with significantly improved detail retention and superior performance compared to conventional methods.
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Nugroho, Yuni Agung, Elik Murni Ningtias Ningsih, and Maryani Dwi Kusuma. "HUBUNGAN SIFAT MORFOLOGI VEGETATIF TERHADAP PRODUKSI PADA TANAMAN STROBERI VARIETAS MENCIR." Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIASTECH) 7, no. 1 (2025): 131–36. https://doi.org/10.31328/ciastech.v7i1.6928.
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Produksi stroberi di Indonesia belum optimal. Faktor morfologi mempengaruhi produksi stroberi, termasuk hasil, bentuk, ukuran, dan ukuran buah. Memahami peran hubungan sifat morfologi dalam tanaman stroberi dapat membantu meningkatkan produksi stroberi. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk pemodelan hubungan antara sifat morfologis organ vegetatif terhadap organ generatif. Hal ini untuk memprediksi pengaruh variabel yang mempunyai hubungan nyata/berkontribusi terhadap produksi stroberi secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan hubungan/kontribusi sifat morfologi terhadap kualitas dan kuantitas hasil stroberi. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Analisa data dilakukan dengan analisa jalur (path ways anaysis) menggunakan Smart PLS untuk menjelakan hubungan secara langsung antara variabel vegetatif terhadap variabel generative Luaran yang diharapkan adalah terbentuknya model hubungan antara variabel vegetatif terhadap produksi stroberi secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan nyata jumlah daun dengan jumlah buah pertanaman, panjang tanaman tidak berhubungan nyata dengan semua sifat morfologi produksi, dan Sifat morfologi produksi saling berhubungan nyata, kecuali bobot buah pertanaman dengan diameter buah.
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Sardarova, Aygun. "THE ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEGETATIVE AND GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE MEDICINAL SILYBUM MARIANUM L. SPREAD IN THE MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF THE LESSER CAUCASUS." Advances in Biology & Earth Sciences 9, no. 3 (2024): 381–88. https://doi.org/10.62476/abes93381.
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In this study, the anatomical characteristics of the vegetative and generative organs of Silybum marianum L. were thoroughly investigated. Plant samples were carefully collected from a mountainous area and processed with the necessary chemical reagents to preserve their structure for analysis. Thin sections from different organs were obtained and examined under a microscope to observe detailed tissue arrangements. High-magnification objective lenses were employed to closely study individual tissues, which allowed a more precise observation of their composition. In the leaf, the outer epidermis layer, composed of a single layer of cells, was observed. This layer contained stomata and trichomes, which were also found on the epidermal tissue of other aerial organs. Beneath the epidermis, chlorenchyma cells were found to constitute the mesophyll in the leaf lamina, playing a crucial role in photosynthesis. In the flower stem, a generative organ of the plant, both main parenchyma cells and aerenchyma were identified. Additionally, pith parenchyma was noted in the stem and flower axis, while cortex parenchyma was present in the root. The vascular system in the aerial parts of the plant comprised complex fibrous collateral-type bundles. Furthermore, in the root, secretory cavities were detected along the central cylinder. The xylem of the root displayed a diarch structure, distinguished by parenchymal rays in the central cylinder. This comprehensive anatomical study provides insight into the structural organization of Silybum marianum L. across its various organs, contributing to a better understanding of its physiological functions.
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Mahdihassan, S. "The Sufi, His Headdress and Its Significance." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 18, no. 03n04 (1990): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x90000241.
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Etymologically Sufi, as an Arabic word, means woolen-clad. This is unsuitable in designating a devotee who tries to have union with God. When the word is taken to Chinese it means (my) master-and-father, my Guru. There are at least nine more words used in addressing the Sufi or speaking of him, all of Chinese origin. This leaves no word specially used for the sufi which is not derived from Chinese. Next comes a rite special to the sufis, its is whirling-dancing. It has no precedence in traditional Islam. On the contrary "Dancing in ancient China was a powerful means of seeking divine will, and producing ecstasy for calling down spirits from the invisible word". Thus sufism would be an adaptation from Chinese Shamanism. The headdress, rather than the dress covering the body, is special to the sufis; it is a long hat made to resemble the male generative organ. In ancient times this organ was sanctified and, as sacred object, its emblem formed the headdress of male and female deities. Even sages were buried with emblem of the male organ on their heads. The earlier form of Hindu Trinity was called Trai-Linga-Ishwara, where Linga literally neans the male organ but semantically connotes creative power. To understand creation man had projected Birth as Creation when the male organ of reproduction was sublimated as power of creation. The prehistoric word was Chhiu, meaning phallus. This was pronounced as Shiu or Shew and later became Shiva, who was Phallus-god. In Greece Hermes was Phallus-god. With Shiva there was the Trinity Trai-Linga-Ishwara; Hermes was correspondingly called Tris-Majestis. The headdress, originally formed to resemble the male organ of reproduction underwent modifications. It grew in length while the top, from being round became flat. In this form it could be used without a cloth wrapped round to support it on the head. This was again unique and used only by the Sufis. Its past took it to emblem of male generative organ but in all stages represented creative power.
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Salma Humairo, Saskia Asila Zahwa, Tatang Hernawan, Tifani Siti Fatiah, Yasmin Pajrin Maulani, and Ita Fitriyyah. "Pengamatan Struktur Internal Organ Reproduksi Tumbuhan Gymnospermae dan Angiospermae pada Bunga Bakung (Hippeastrum sp.), Pinus (Pinus merkusii), serta Pengamatan Preparat Awetan Organ Reproduksi Jagung (Zea mays)." Tumbuhan : Publikasi Ilmu Sosiologi Pertanian Dan Ilmu Kehutanan 2, no. 1 (2024): 95–104. https://doi.org/10.62951/tumbuhan.v2i1.192.
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Seed plants or spermatophytes are divided into two, namely angiosperms (open seed plants) and gymnosperms (closed seed plants). These seeds are a means of generative development of spermatophytes. This research aims to observe the internal structure of the reproductive organs of seed plants and observe the phases of embryo development in seed plants. The method used is observing the structure of internal plant organs and is supported by literature studies related to the research carried out. The objects of this research are lilies (Hippeastrum sp.), pine (Pinus merkusii), and preserved corn (Zea mays).
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Gheshlaghi, Saba Heidari, Chi Nok Enoch Kan, Taly Gilat Schmidt, and Dong Hye Ye. "Age Encoded Adversarial Learning for Pediatric CT Segmentation." Bioengineering 11, no. 4 (2024): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11040319.
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Organ segmentation from CT images is critical in the early diagnosis of diseases, progress monitoring, pre-operative planning, radiation therapy planning, and CT dose estimation. However, data limitation remains one of the main challenges in medical image segmentation tasks. This challenge is particularly huge in pediatric CT segmentation due to children’s heightened sensitivity to radiation. In order to address this issue, we propose a novel segmentation framework with a built-in auxiliary classifier generative adversarial network (ACGAN) that conditions age, simultaneously generating additional features during training. The proposed conditional feature generation segmentation network (CFG-SegNet) was trained on a single loss function and used 2.5D segmentation batches. Our experiment was performed on a dataset with 359 subjects (180 male and 179 female) aged from 5 days to 16 years and a mean age of 7 years. CFG-SegNet achieved an average segmentation accuracy of 0.681 dice similarity coefficient (DSC) on the prostate, 0.619 DSC on the uterus, 0.912 DSC on the liver, and 0.832 DSC on the heart with four-fold cross-validation. We compared the segmentation accuracy of our proposed method with previously published U-Net results, and our network improved the segmentation accuracy by 2.7%, 2.6%, 2.8%, and 3.4% for the prostate, uterus, liver, and heart, respectively. The results indicate that our high-performing segmentation framework can more precisely segment organs when limited training images are available.
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A.I., Zhila. "Flowering and fruitage peculiarites of Protoasparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Oberm. f. sarmentosus." Plant Introduction 15-16 (December 1, 2002): 52–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3253746.
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The structure of generative sphere of <em>Protoasparagus densiflorus</em> f. <em>sarmentosus</em> is described. Peculiarities of reproductive organ formation and flowering of shoots of different periods vegetation are noticed. The results of flowering and fruitage rhythms observations are presented. <em>P. densiflorus</em> f. <em>sarmentosus</em> has the endogenic rhythm of development.
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Tsibu, George. "The Child Brain." Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports 2, no. 02 (2020): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8794/011.
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The brain is an organ is a part of the central nervous system created for responses and impulse of the movement of charges and information across the whole body.It is the major organ because it is the first portion to start growing immediately the zygote is form after fertilization .The weight of the brain is fully grown when the child reaches 15years.Boy did you fight your way through, that is unheard of,The embryo of male generative fluid is responsible for the characteristic of the kind of brain a child will have,The growing brain is having a shock recognisable in it shell,vast growth occurs in the next Seven month.
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Lyu, Yu, and Xiaolin Tian. "MWG-UNet: Hybrid Deep Learning Framework for Lung Fields and Heart Segmentation in Chest X-ray Images." Bioengineering 10, no. 9 (2023): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10091091.
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Deep learning technology has achieved breakthrough research results in the fields of medical computer vision and image processing. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have demonstrated a capacity for image generation and expression ability. This paper proposes a new method called MWG-UNet (multiple tasking Wasserstein generative adversarial network U-shape network) as a lung field and heart segmentation model, which takes advantages of the attention mechanism to enhance the segmentation accuracy of the generator so as to improve the performance. In particular, the Dice similarity, precision, and F1 score of the proposed method outperform other models, reaching 95.28%, 96.41%, and 95.90%, respectively, and the specificity surpasses the sub-optimal models by 0.28%, 0.90%, 0.24%, and 0.90%. However, the value of the IoU is inferior to the optimal model by 0.69%. The results show the proposed method has considerable ability in lung field segmentation. Our multi-organ segmentation results for the heart achieve Dice similarity and IoU values of 71.16% and 74.56%. The segmentation results on lung fields achieve Dice similarity and IoU values of 85.18% and 81.36%.
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Kirillova, E. N., T. I. Nikolaeva, S. A. Myreeva, and T. A. Sosina. "Organ-sparing treatment for early-stage endometrial cancer with reproductive function." YAKUT MEDICAL JOURNAL 82, no. 2 (2023): 131–34. https://doi.org/10.25789/ymj.2023.82.32.
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Endometrial cancer ranks among the leading malignant diseases of the female reproduc-tive system and remains a pressing issue in oncogynecology. Although endometrial cancer is pre-dominantly a disease of the menopausal period, 10-14% of cases are diagnosed in patients of re-productive age. Most of these women do not yet have children, making fertility-preserving treatment a priority. As such, if a patient wishes to maintain her reproductive function, standalone hormone therapy may be conducted. Hormonal treatment induces atrophy of the tu-mor-altered endometrium, after which estrogen-progestin medications restore its function. The article presents a clinical case of successful realization of generative function following a favora-ble outcome of endometrial cancer treatment. A 41-year-old patient with low ovarian reserve and unrealized reproductive potential was offered fertility-preserving treatment, involving hyster-oscopic resection followed by hormone therapy. In deciding on fertility-preserving treatment, the presence of favorable prognostic factors was considered: positive receptor status of the tumor and tumor differentiation degree. After treatment, follow-up examinations revealed no recur-rence or disease progression, and the patient was advised to plan for pregnancy using assisted reproductive technologies. However, this was not carried out because of the patient’s spontane-ous pregnancy. During gestation, the patient underwent regular oncogynecological examinations according to the established schedule, and no recurrence or disease progression was detected. At 35 weeks of gestation, a surgical delivery was performed, resulting in the birth of a girl weighing 2820 g, with a height of 48 cm and an Apgar score of 8/8 points. This clinical case demonstrated that fertility-preserving treatment for early-stage endometrial cancer not only cured the malignant process but also subsequently fulfilled the generative function, without reducing the effective-ness of the treatment. Keywords: endometrial cancer, organ-preserving treatment, hormone therapy, clinical case.
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A.I., Zhila. "Peculiarities of flowering and fruiting of Protoasparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Oberm. f. sarmentosus." Plant Introduction 21 (March 1, 2004): 48–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3253046.
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The structure of generative sphere of <em>Protoasparagus densiflorus</em> f. <em>sarmentosus</em> is described. Peculiarities of reproductive organ formation and shoots blooming in the different period of vegetation are noted. The results of bloom and fruitage rhythms observation are presented. The obtained results make it possible to say that <em>P. densiflorus</em> f. <em>sarmentosus</em> has the endogenic rhythm of development.
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Ogrean, Valentin, and Remus Brad. "Multi-Organ Segmentation Using a Low-Resource Architecture." Information 13, no. 10 (2022): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13100472.
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Since their inception, deep-learning architectures have shown promising results for automatic segmentation. However, despite the technical advances introduced by fully convolutional networks, generative adversarial networks or recurrent neural networks, and their usage in hybrid architectures, automatic segmentation in the medical field is still not used at scale. One main reason is related to data scarcity and quality, which in turn generates a lack of annotated data that hinder the generalization of the models. The second main issue refers to challenges in training deep models. This process uses large amounts of GPU memory (that might exceed current hardware limitations) and requires high training times. In this article, we want to prove that despite these issues, good results can be obtained even when using a lower resource architecture, thus opening the way for more researchers to employ and use deep neural networks. In achieving the multi-organ segmentation, we are employing modern pre-processing techniques, a smart model design and fusion between several models trained on the same dataset. Our architecture is compared against state-of-the-art methods employed in a publicly available challenge and the notable results prove the effectiveness of our method.
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Egi, Yunus, Mortaza Hajyzadeh, and Engin Eyceyurt. "Drone-Computer Communication Based Tomato Generative Organ Counting Model Using YOLO V5 and Deep-Sort." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (2022): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091290.
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The growth and development of generative organs of the tomato plant are essential for yield estimation and higher productivity. Since the time-consuming manual counting methods are inaccurate and costly in a challenging environment, including leaf and branch obstruction and duplicate tomato counts, a fast and automated method is required. This research introduces a computer vision and AI-based drone system to detect and count tomato flowers and fruits, which is a crucial step for developing automated harvesting, which improves time efficiency for farmers and decreases the required workforce. The proposed method utilizes the drone footage of greenhouse tomatoes data set containing three classes (red tomato, green tomato, and flower) to train and test the counting model through YOLO V5 and Deep Sort cutting-edge deep learning algorithms. The best model for all classes is obtained at epoch 96 with an accuracy of 0.618 at mAP 0.5. Precision and recall values are determined as 1 and 0.85 at 0.923 and 0 confidence levels, respectively. The F1 scores of red tomato, green tomato, and flower classes are determined as 0.74, 0.56, and 0.61, respectively. The average F1 score for all classes is also obtained as 0.63. Through obtained detection and counting model, the tomato fruits and flowers are counted systematically from the greenhouse environment. The manual and AI-Drone counting results show that red tomato, green tomato, and flowers have 85%, 99%, and 50% accuracy, respectively.
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Cai, Jinzheng, Zizhao Zhang, Lei Cui, Yefeng Zheng, and Lin Yang. "Towards cross-modal organ translation and segmentation: A cycle- and shape-consistent generative adversarial network." Medical Image Analysis 52 (February 2019): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2018.12.002.
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Vimala Khatri, Sneha Someshwar Ghawale, Rubina Bano, and Kiran. "Scientific evaluation and comparative analysis of Srotomula: Insights from Charaka and Sushruta." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 19, no. 3 (2024): 050–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.3.0586.
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The concept of Srotomula, the root site of Srotas (body channels), is pivotal in Ayurveda, encompassing its role as a developmental, generative, or regulatory site. This review examines the Srotomula from both anatomical and physiological perspectives as detailed by Charaka and Sushruta, aiming to provide a comprehensive analysis and comparison. According to Ayurvedic texts, Srotomula is described as the foundational site of Srotas, serving multiple functions: Prabhavsthan (origin/nutrition), Samchara Vahana (conduction/transportation), Niyantraka Sthana (regulation/control), and Samgrahasthana (storage). Charaka emphasizes the physiological aspects, viewing Srotomula as the primary organ for the origin and regulation of Srotas. Sushruta, however, focuses on the anatomical perspective, identifying it as the hollow organ from which the Srotas begins. Both viewpoints highlight the importance of root organs in maintaining systemic balance. For instance, the Yakrit (liver) and Pleeha (spleen) are crucial for Raktavaha Srotas (blood transport), while the Hridaya (heart) is central to Pranavaha (respiratory) and Rasavaha (nutrient) Srotas. Disturbances at these sites can manifest in various health issues, such as blood disorders or respiratory problems. This study underscores that understanding Srotomula's multifaceted roles is essential for effective Ayurvedic practice, offering valuable insights into the regulation and function of body channels. This comprehensive analysis bridges classical Ayurvedic concepts with modern scientific perspectives, enhancing our understanding of systemic health and disease management.
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Burlakov, Ivan, Irina Volkova, Vicktor Kryuchkov, Vera Egorova, and Leila Seidalieva. "Adaptive and pathological responses of cyprinidae liver towards habitat in the Volga delta." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 2 (2021): 022068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/2/022068.
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Abstract Human impact on ecosystems makes it imperative to monitor populations of different fish species from various perspectives. The consequence of environmental impact on living organisms is the reactions of organs and organ systems, which find their reflection in pathological changes in the fish body particularly. Reactions in the fish body are the result of the combined influence of environmental factors and natural physiological processes associated with feeding, migrations, generative cycles, etc. The changes in the structure of organs detected in fish make it possible to assess the influence of the environment on fish. The research was carried out in the Volga delta, the Bereket (upper delta) and the Kostyl (lower delta) rivers. Reservoirs for research were chosen in such a way that they were subject to anthropogenic influence to varying degrees. Unfavorable living environment represented by pollutants increase the functional load on the liver. The research has shown an increase in the liver index in fish from reservoirs with a higher level of anthropogenic load. Metabolic functioning of liver cells is considered as an important protective mechanism against toxicants, while the associated transformations are somehow connected with detoxification. Histological preparations were made according to standard methods.
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Mátyás, Kinga Klára, Géza Hegedűs, János Taller, et al. "Different expression pattern of flowering pathway genes contribute to male or female organ development during floral transition in the monoecious weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae)." PeerJ 7 (October 4, 2019): e7421. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7421.
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The highly allergenic and invasive weed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. is a monoecius plant with separated male and female flowers. The genetic regulation of floral morphogenesis is a less understood field in the reproduction biology of this species. Therefore the objective of this work was to investigate the genetic control of sex determination during floral organogenesis. To this end, we performed a genome-wide transcriptional profiling of vegetative and generative tissues during the plant development comparing wild-growing and in vitro cultivated plants. RNA-seq on Illumina NextSeq 500 platform with an integrative bioinformatics analysis indicated differences in 80 floral gene expressions depending on photoperiodic and endogenous initial signals. Sex specificity of genes was validated based on RT-qPCR experiments. We found 11 and 16 uniquely expressed genes in female and male transcriptomes that were responsible particularly to maintain fertility and against abiotic stress. High gene expression of homologous such as FD, FT, TFL1 and CAL, SOC1, AP1 were characteristic to male and female floral meristems during organogenesis. Homologues transcripts of LFY and FLC were not found in the investigated generative and vegetative tissues. The repression of AP1 by TFL1 homolog was demonstrated in male flowers resulting exclusive expression of AP2 and PI that controlled stamen and carpel formation in the generative phase. Alterations of male and female floral meristem differentiation were demonstrated under photoperiodic and hormonal condition changes by applying in vitro treatments.
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Kim, Sihwan, Changmin Park, Gwanghyeon Jeon, Seohee Kim, and Jong Hyo Kim. "Automated Audit and Self-Correction Algorithm for Seg-Hallucination Using MeshCNN-Based On-Demand Generative AI." Bioengineering 12, no. 1 (2025): 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12010081.
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Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly improved medical image segmentation. However, the generalization performance and potential risks of data-driven models remain insufficiently validated. Specifically, unrealistic segmentation predictions deviating from actual anatomical structures, known as a Seg-Hallucination, often occur in deep learning-based models. The Seg-Hallucinations can result in erroneous quantitative analyses and distort critical imaging biomarker information, yet effective audits or corrections to address these issues are rare. Therefore, we propose an automated Seg-Hallucination surveillance and correction (ASHSC) algorithm utilizing only 3D organ mask information derived from CT images without reliance on the ground truth. Two publicly available datasets were used in developing the ASHSC algorithm: 280 CT scans from the TotalSegmentator dataset for training and 274 CT scans from the Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) dataset for performance evaluation. The ASHSC algorithm utilizes a two-stage on-demand strategy with mesh-based convolutional neural networks and generative artificial intelligence. The segmentation quality level (SQ-level)-based surveillance stage was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating curve, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. The on-demand correction performance of the algorithm was assessed using similarity metrics: volumetric Dice score, volume error percentage, average surface distance, and Hausdorff distance. Average performance of the surveillance stage resulted in an AUROC of 0.94 ± 0.01, sensitivity of 0.82 ± 0.03, specificity of 0.90 ± 0.01, and PPV of 0.92 ± 0.01 for test dataset. After the on-demand refinement of the correction stage, all the four similarity metrics were improved compared to a single use of the AI-segmentation model. This study not only enhances the efficiency and reliability of handling the Seg-Hallucination but also eliminates the reliance on ground truth. The ASHSC algorithm offers intuitive 3D guidance for uncertainty regions, while maintaining manageable computational complexity. The SQ-level-based on-demand correction strategy adaptively minimizes uncertainties inherent in deep-learning-based organ masks and advances automated auditing and correction methodologies.
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Bao, Yuntian. "Medical image super-resolution reconstruction: A comprehensive investigation of Generative Adversarial Networks." Applied and Computational Engineering 51, no. 1 (2024): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/51/20241148.
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Medical images play a crucial role in modern healthcare diagnostics and treatment. However, many medical images suffer from limitations in resolution, potentially impeding a comprehensive understanding of a patient's condition by healthcare professionals. This comprehensive review delves into the applications of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in medical image super-resolution reconstruction to address this challenge. In the Methods section, this paper first focused on the direction of medical image classification, including cell classification of histopathological images and synthetic data enhancement using GANs to improve liver lesion classification. Subsequently, this paper focused on the direction of medical image segmentation, looking into the use of Structure-Corrected Adversarial Networks (SCAN) for organ segmentation in chest radiographs and Deep Adversarial Networks for biomedical image segmentation using unannotated images. In the Applications and Discussion section, this paper thoroughly examined the current progress of GANs in telemedicine diagnosis and disease state generation and prediction. This paper emphasized the significant potential of GAN technology in telemedicine while outlining the current constraints and challenges. Furthermore, this paper highlighted the prospects of GANs in medical image super-resolution reconstruction and how they affect the discipline of medical imaging. This comprehensive review consolidates the latest research findings on GANs in medical image super-resolution reconstruction, underscoring their importance in the realm of healthcare. By critically analysing existing literature, this paper provides valuable insights for medical image analysts are researchers while inspiring future research directions and innovations.
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Katsuma, Daiki, Hiroharu Kawanaka, V. B. Surya Prasath, and Bruce J. Aronow. "Data Augmentation Using Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Class Segmentation of Lung Confocal IF Images." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 26, no. 2 (2022): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2022.p0138.
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The human lung is a complex organ with high cellular heterogeneity, and its development and maintenance require interactive gene networks and dynamic cross-talk among multiple cell types. We focus on the confocal immunofluorescent (IF) images of lung tissues from the LungMAP database to reveal lung development. Using the current state-of-the-art deep learning-based model, the authors consider obtaining accurate multi-class segmentation of lung confocal IF images. One of the primary bottlenecks in using deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models is the lack of availability of large-scale training or ground-truth segmentation labels. Then, we implement the multi-class segmentation with Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) models to expand the training dataset, improve overall segmentation accuracy, and discuss the effectiveness of created synthetic images in the segmentation of IF images. Consequently, experimental results indicated that 15.1% increased the accuracy of six-class segmentation using Mask R-CNN. In particular, the accuracy of our few data was mainly improved by using our proposed method. Therefore, the synthetic dataset can moderate the imbalanced data and be used for expanding the dataset.
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Burlakov, Ivan Alexeyevich, Victor Nickolaevich Kryuchkov, and Irina Vladimirovna Volkova. "REACTIONS OF KIDNEYS OF SILVER BREAM (BLICCA BJOERKNA) FROM VOLGA DELTA TO HABITAT." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry 2021, no. 3 (2021): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2021-3-142-149.
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The article focuses on the intensive anthropogenic impact on the aquatic ecosystems, which makes it necessary to monitor the populations of different fish species. The method of mor-phophysiological indicators was used to study the kidneys of silver bream in different water bodies of the Volga Delta. The morphometric characteristics of the kidneys of silver bream are presented. It is shown that the reactions of organs and body systems are caused by the environmental impact on the living organisms, which results, in particular, in the pathological changes in the fish body. Reactions in the body of fish are the result of a combined effect of environmental factors and natural physiological processes related to feeding, migrations, generative cycles, etc. The detected changes in the organ structure make it possible to assess the impact of the environment on fish. The seasonal and sexual variability of the indices of the mesonephros of silver bream from the Volga Delta is shown. Analysis of the kidneys of fish from two water bodies showed the variability of kidney mass due to the anthropogenic load on the water body, in particular, an increase in the kidney index in silver bream Blicca bjoerkna was registered in the ecosystem with an increased toxic load. It has been stated that the increase in the relative mass of mesonephros was caused by the changes in the organ. Changes were detected both in the intratubular tissue, and in the convoluted tubules and renal capsules. The study helped to find the differences in the relative weight and structure of the kidneys of silver bream, which lives in the water bodies with different anthropogenic load. A real increase of the kidney index was found in fish from the water body with a higher level of anthropogenic impact.
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Harun, M. Umar, Chandra Irsan, and Haris Kriswantoro. "Morfologi, Hasil, dan Korelasi Organ Vegetatif dan Generatif Tanaman Kedelai Varietas Wilis di Tanah Masam pada Musim Hujan." AGROSAINSTEK: Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pertanian 6, no. 2 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/agrosainstek.v6i2.393.
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Tanaman kedelai menunjukkan penampilan yang rendah jika ditanam saat musim kemarau. Penanaman saat musim hujan dapat mengatasi masalah terbatasnya ketersediaan air. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji respons kedelai terhadap musim hujan di lahan kering masam. Penelitian dilaksanakan Desa Timbangan, Ogan Ilir, Sumsel sejak Oktober 2020 sampai Januari 2021. Benih kedelai berasal dari varietas wilis yang berumur satu bulan. Penelitian disusun menggunakan metode noneksperimental. Ada lima petak tanam yang dipersiapkan dengan masing-masing ukuran (4 m x 2.5 m), jarak tanam 40 cm x 20 cm, dan ada enam baris tanam. Setiap petak tanam diberi dolomit dosis 2 ton ha-1,pupuk kandang ayam 10 ton ha-1, dan Urea (50 kg ha-1), SP 36 (100 kg ha-1), dan KCl (50 kg ha-1). Pengambilan sampel secara sengaja. Peubah yang diukur yaitu tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah cabang, jumlah polong isi, berat biji per tanaman, bobot kering untuk polong, batang-cabang, daun, dan akar. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kedelai varietas Wilis mempunyai tinggi (68.5±5.45 cm) dan berat 100 biji per tanaman (13.19±3.27 g) yang melebihi rata-rata deskripsi. Persentase distribusi bobot kering organ vegetative (41.92%) dan organ generative (58.08%). Pengujian regresi-korelasi menunjukan bobot kering akar berkorelasi positif yang signifikan terhadap bobot kering batang dan cabang, bobot kering daun dan bobot kering polong.
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Poonam L Rakibe. "Enhanced Generative Adversarial Network for Medical Image Inpainting using Automatic Multi-Task Learning Approach." Advances in Nonlinear Variational Inequalities 28, no. 2s (2024): 411–29. https://doi.org/10.52783/anvi.v28.2712.
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Disease categorization, severity confirmation, and future hazard avoidance based on patient medical visual data require an automated Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system. However, distorted medical images can greatly damage diagnosis. Thus, medical image classification requires enhancing diagnostic imaging accuracy and reconstructing damaged regions. These issues have lately received attention in the context of medical image inpainting using Deep Learning (DL) methods. The recent Enhanced Generative Adversarial Networks (EGANs) have proven effective image inpainting solutions, but suffered from the complex and non-optimized training process due to mode collapse and non-convergence. In this paper, Optimized Multi-Tasking GAN (OMT-GAN) automatic medical image inpainting model for performance enhancement is proposed. As the name suggests, the OMT-GAN consisted of three individual tasks for the medial image inpainting such as image edge detection, image completion, and organ boundary generation. A lightweight OMT-GAN model that consists of optimized GAN models is designed in this paper. The conventional GAN models optimized in this paper reduce the complexity and enhance the performances by altering the encoder and decoder layers. Training and evaluation of the OMT-GAN model is done on publicly available medical image. Compared to state-of-the-art approaches, the proposed OMT-GAN had superior Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Universal image Quality Index (UQI). The SSIM, PSNR, and UQI is improved by 5.31 %, 4.72 %, and 4.67 % compared to existing methods.
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Marciniak, Katarzyna, and Krzysztof Przedniczek. "Gibberellin Signaling Repressor LlDELLA1 Controls the Flower and Pod Development of Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (2020): 1815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051815.
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Precise control of generative organ development is of great importance for the productivity of crop plants, including legumes. Gibberellins (GAs) play a key role in the regulation of flowering, and fruit setting and development. The major repressors of GA signaling are DELLA proteins. In this paper, the full-length cDNA of LlDELLA1 gene in yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) was identified. Nuclear-located LlDELLA1 was clustered in a second phylogenetic group. Further analyses revealed the presence of all conserved motifs and domains required for the GA-dependent interaction with Gibberellin Insensitive Dwarf1 (GID1) receptor, and involved in the repression function of LlDELLA1. Studies on expression profiles have shown that fluctuating LlDELLA1 transcript level favors proper flower and pod development. Accumulation of LlDELLA1 mRNA slightly decreases from the flower bud stage to anther opening (dehiscence), while there is rapid increase during pollination, fertilization, as well as pod setting and early development. LlDELLA1 expression is downregulated during late pod development. The linkage of LlDELLA1 activity with cellular and tissue localization of gibberellic acid (GA3) offers a broader insight into the functioning of the GA pathway, dependent on the organ and developmental stage. Our analyses provide information that may be valuable in improving the agronomic properties of yellow lupine.
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Kovtun-Vodyanitska, S. "Features life cycle Isodon japonicus var. glaucocalyx (Lamiaceae) for introduction on the north of right-bank foreststeppe of Ukraine." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 78, no. 2 (2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2019.78.13-18.
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In the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Department of Cultural Flora), which is located in the north of the right bank of the forest-steppe zone, is being conducted for the introduction tests of plants of the species of the genus Isodon (Schrad. Ex Benth.) Spach. Representatives of this genus by number of species are most concentrated in East Asia – China, Korea and Japan, where they have long been known as medicinal plants and are used in traditional medicine, in particular, for the treatment of oncological diseases.In Ukraine, the Isodon genus is little known. During 2012–2018, the object of complex research was Isodon japonicus (N. Z. Burm) Hara var. glaucocalyx (Maxim.) H.W. Li. The article presents the results of studying the large life cycle of this plant species during the introduction. To establish age periods and plant conditions, classical methodical approaches are applied.The descriptive part of the work presents key morphological features that reflect changes in the shoot and root systems that a plant experiences during life. According to the duration of the study period, it was found that individuals of I. japonicus var. glaucocalyx undergo pregenerative and generative periods of development and all age states corresponding to them. It has been established that seedlings are characterized by the presence of two cotyledon leaves of a renal form, having a notch at the apex, and fragmentary lignification of root sections, which is a rather rare phenomenon. Juvenile plants lose cotyledon leaves, the shoot from the round becomes four-sided, the main root thickens. In immature plants, the shoot is stretched by lengthening the internodes, the leaves acquire the signs and dimensions of the present. In the virginal state, second-order shoots develop in plants, rhizome begins to form. For young generative individuals, there are 2–3 shoots, the development of a pair of skeletal roots, the beginning of the formation of caudex. This age condition begins for the vast majority of individuals in the first year of life. Adult generative plants reach a maximum in the development of the shoot and root systems: they have 3–5 vegetative-generative shoots, many-headed dense caudex. Spring renewal takes place: from the renewal buds – vegetative-generative shoots, dormant buds – vegetative shoots and from the buds of the plagiotropic rhizomes – partial single-shoot plants. This age condition lasts for three years. The age state of old generative individuals begins from the sixth year of plant life and is characterized by attenuation of organ-forming processes. This leads to a weakening of the escapes and root system and to the disruptive irreversible changes of the latter
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Beksheneva, Liliya, and Antonina Reut. "Accumulation of heavy metals by representatives of the generic complex Iris L." Agrarian Bulletin of the 222, no. 07 (2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2022-222-07-49-57.
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Abstract. Technogenic emission of heavy metals (HM) leads to their accumulation and migration in the “soil – plant” system. Herbaceous perennials occupy a significant place among the landscaping components exposed to toxicants. The purpose of the research is to study the accumulation and distribution of elements of hazard class I in plants of the genus Iris L. Methods. The research was carried out in 2020–2021 on the basis of the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute UFRC RAS. Objects of study: soil of the site and plant organs (Iris orientalis, I. pseudacorus, I. sibirica, I. spuria subsp. carthaliniae). The elemental composition was determined by the atomic absorption method with electrothermal atomization. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the distribution of pollutants was evaluated using the biological absorption coefficient (BAC) and total cumulation in organs. Results. It has been shown that the content of mobile forms of HM in the soil does not exceed the MPC and averages: Cd – 0.03, As – 0.59, Pb – 0.48 mg/kg. It was found that the distribution of cadmium in organs depends on the species: both basipetal (I. orientalis) and acropetal accumulation of the element (I. spuria subsp. carthaliniae) are possible. Accumulation in above-ground organs exceeds cumulation in roots from 1.4 to 7.5 times. It was shown that the roots of I. orientalis, I. pseudacorus, I. spuria subsp. carthaliniae perform a barrier function and accumulate arsenic in amounts exceeding the MPC. The root system of I. sibirica does not prevent the entry of the toxicant, which is concentrated in the generative organs at a concentration exceeding the MPC. It was determined that the BAC of arsenic in the leaves of all species is less than 1. Lead uptake is species-independent, as evidenced by close total elemental values, similar organ distribution, and consistently high MPC. A predominantly above-ground concentration of the pollutant was revealed. The result of the regression analysis showed that the content of the mobile form of lead in the soil does not affect its accumulation in the leaves.
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Kiran Gulia, Izhar Ahmad Hamdan, Nilay Datta, et al. "Machine learning models for personalised healthcare on marketable generative-AI with ethical implications." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 3 (2024): 707–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.3.2660.
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Personalised healthcare, underpinned by a deep understanding of individual patient variability, demands innovative solutions. Machine Learning (ML) models offer a promising avenue to achieve this by facilitating the development of enhanced Digital Twins (DTs). This research proposes a novel framework for creating DTs tailored to individual patients, considering not only physical attributes but also the intricate interplay of social, and biological factors. By capturing this comprehensive patient profile, ML-powered DTs have the potential to revolutionise healthcare by enabling predictive, preventive, and personalised care strategies, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and the development of a marketable, trust-worthy product. Current healthcare solutions lack personalisation, often failing to consider individual differences in disease presentation and response to treatment. Traditional DTs in healthcare often adopt a disease-centric or organ-specific approach, thereby restricting their capacity to deliver comprehensive, personalised care. To address this limitation, we propose a holistic Artificial Intelligence (AI) framework centered on ML models. Initially focusing on diabetes, our research aims to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and predictive capabilities through personalised insights, thereby optimising patient outcomes and care management. The benefits identified with our ML model are early disease prevention and risk stratification, optimised treatment planning and therapy selection, enhanced patient-physician communication and shared decision-making, reduced healthcare costs and improved resource allocation. Our models are designed to optimise patient care while prioritising safety and societal benefit. To ensure this, we have conducted a thorough assessment of potential ethical implications. Key challenges identified include data privacy and security, algorithmic bias, diagnostic accuracy, data interoperability and standardisation, integration with existing healthcare systems, ethical management of sensitive patient data, refinement of ML methodologies, addressing legal and ethical AI challenges, and suggesting robust ethical guidelines. A comprehensive evaluation of accuracy, reliability, and associated risks will be conducted prior to full-scale integration into the healthcare ecosystem to establish a robust ethical framework for our research models.
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Kiran, Gulia, Ahmad Hamdan Izhar, Datta Nilay, et al. "Machine learning models for personalised healthcare on marketable generative-AI with ethical implications." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 3 (2024): 707–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14931637.
Full textAbstract:
Personalised healthcare, underpinned by a deep understanding of individual patient variability, demands innovative solutions. Machine Learning (ML) models offer a promising avenue to achieve this by facilitating the development of enhanced Digital Twins (DTs). This research proposes a novel framework for creating DTs tailored to individual patients, considering not only physical attributes but also the intricate interplay of social, and biological factors. By capturing this comprehensive patient profile, ML-powered DTs have the potential to revolutionise healthcare by enabling predictive, preventive, and personalised care strategies, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and the development of a marketable, trust-worthy product. Current healthcare solutions lack personalisation, often failing to consider individual differences in disease presentation and response to treatment. Traditional DTs in healthcare often adopt a disease-centric or organ-specific approach, thereby restricting their capacity to deliver comprehensive, personalised care. To address this limitation, we propose a holistic Artificial Intelligence (AI) framework centered on ML models. Initially focusing on diabetes, our research aims to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and predictive capabilities through personalised insights, thereby optimising patient outcomes and care management. The benefits identified with our ML model are early disease prevention and risk stratification, optimised treatment planning and therapy selection, enhanced patient-physician communication and shared decision-making, reduced healthcare costs and improved resource allocation. <strong>Our models are designed to optimise patient care while prioritising safety and societal benefit.</strong> To ensure this, we have conducted a thorough assessment of potential ethical implications. Key challenges identified include data privacy and security, algorithmic bias, diagnostic accuracy, data interoperability and standardisation, integration with existing healthcare systems, ethical management of sensitive patient data, refinement of ML methodologies, addressing legal and ethical AI challenges, and suggesting robust ethical guidelines. A comprehensive evaluation of accuracy, reliability, and associated risks will be conducted prior to full-scale integration into the healthcare ecosystem to establish a robust ethical framework for our research models.
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Koster, Jan. "Ceaseless, Unpredictable Creativity: Language as Technology." Biolinguistics 3, no. 1 (2009): 061–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/bioling.8683.
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Notions like ‘biolinguistics’ have a trivial and a non-trivial interpretation. According to the trivial version, a cultural phenomenon like language is only based on our innate biological capacities. Language, in this view, is not a matter of biology per se but of applied biology, i.e. a form of technology. Under this interpretation, ‘biolinguistics’ is uncontroversial and trivial because all our cultural activities are grounded in our biology. According to the non-trivial interpretation, the concept of language can be sufficiently narrowly construed so that we can define a core capacity that is comparable to a biological organ (like the heart or the liver). Recently, it has become common to see this ‘faculty of language in the narrow sense’ (FLN) as some abstract form of syntax characterized by recursive Merge. According to this article, only the trivial interpretation of ‘biolinguistics’ is correct. It does not make sense to define language in such a way that it excludes words. Words are human inventions and the necessary tools to give linguistic functionality to whatever biological capacities for recursive syntax we may have. Ultimately, this means that only ‘lexicalist’ versions of generative grammar can be correct. The agentive function assignment involved in the invention of words distinguishes language from bodily organs, which do not derive their functionality from human agency. More generally, cultural transparency of biological structures is rejected as an ideological form of Panglossian determinism and a denial of the “ceaseless creativity” and freedom coming with human agency.
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Saedler, H., A. Becker, K. U. Winter, C. Kirchner, and G. Theissen. "MADS-box genes are involved in floral development and evolution." Acta Biochimica Polonica 48, no. 2 (2001): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2001_3920.
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MADS-box genes encode transcription factors in all eukaryotic organisms thus far studied. Plant MADS-box proteins contain a DNA-binding (M), an intervening (I), a Keratin-like (K) and a C-terminal C-domain, thus plant MADS-box proteins are of the MIKC type. In higher plants most of the well-characterized genes are involved in floral development. They control the transition from vegetative to generative growth and determine inflorescence meristem identity. They specify floral organ identity as outlined in the ABC model of floral development. Moreover, in Antirrhinum majus the MADS-box gene products DEF/GLO and PLE control cell proliferation in the developing flower bud. In this species the DEF/GLO and the SQUA proteins form a ternary complex which determines the overall "Bauplan" of the flower. Phylogenetic reconstructions of MADS-box sequences obtained from ferns, gymnosperms and higher eudicots reveal that, although ferns possess already MIKC type genes, these are not orthologous to the well characterized MADS-box genes from gymnosperms or angiosperms. Putative orthologs of floral homeotic B- and C-function genes have been identified in different gymnosperms suggesting that these genes evolved some 300-400 million years ago. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms also contain a hitherto unknown sister clade of the B-genes, which we termed Bsister. A novel hypothesis will be described suggesting that B and Bsister might be involved in sex determination of male and female reproductive organs, respectively.
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Németh, Gyöngyi, Orsolya Hegyi, Attila Dunai, and Laszlo Kocsis. "Stilbenes in the different organs of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot grafted on Teleki Kober 5BB rootstock." OENO One 51, no. 3 (2017): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2016.50.4.1068.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine which of the grapevine organ is the richest in stilbene, like the t-piceid, t-resveratrol and ε-viniferin and would it be useful as by-product of viticulture for processing stilbene concentrate.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Nine organs, such as cane, buds, shoot tips, inflorescences, clusters at veraison, matured berry skins, seeds and cluster stems, of Merlot grafted on Teleki Kober 5BB rootstock were collected during a year and its ethanolic extractions were analyzed via HPLC-FLD. Stilbene content of the different organs occurred in a wide range, the lowest was 3.15 mg/kg dry weight (dw) measured in the seeds and the highest 2265 mg/kg dw in the buds.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The present research demonstrated that different grapevine organs contain different amount of stilbene in the vineyard. The winter-buds, the roots and the matured cane internodes of Merlot are significantly richer in t-resveratrol and t-ε-viniferin than the green vegetative and generative parts we examined in one growing year. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study: </strong>According to our knowledge there was no stilbenes measuring in several plant organs of a vine cultivar in field study, in vineyard. Our research pointed out the pruned cane could be primary source of stilbene of the health-industry. Beside that grape root is a by-product of grapevine nursery is also rich in stilbene. </span></p>
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Sugiyama, Keita, Masami Morishita, and Eisho Nishino. "Seedless Watermelons Produced Via Soft-X-Irradiated Pollen." HortScience 37, no. 2 (2002): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.2.292.
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Watermelon fruit that results from pollination with pollen irradiated with soft-X-ray contains only empty seed, although the fruit develops to a normal size. In this study the processes of fertilization and embryo formation were compared between unirradiated and irradiated pollen in order to reveal the mechanisms by which seedless fruits are generated. The use of soft-X-irradiated pollen resulted in normal pollen tube penetration into the synergid and discharge of sperm cells. Two to three days after pollination, the sperm nucleus was present alongside the egg nucleus before fusion. The polar nuclei divided and the endosperm cell spread in the embryo sac before zygote division. A globular embryo was observed on day 7 to 10 after pollination. Subsequently, the embryo failed to differentiate to organ tissue and degenerated. These results indicate that double fertilization occurred after pollination with the irradiated pollen and that abortion of the embryo results from soft-X-ray induced chromosomal abnormalities in generative nucleus.
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Bull–Hereñu, Kester, Patricia dos Santos, João Felipe Ginefra Toni, et al. "Mechanical Forces in Floral Development." Plants 11, no. 5 (2022): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11050661.
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Mechanical forces acting within the plant body that can mold flower shape throughout development received little attention. The palette of action of these forces ranges from mechanical pressures on organ primordia at the microscopic level up to the twisting of a peduncle that promotes resupination of a flower at the macroscopic level. Here, we argue that without these forces acting during the ontogenetic process, the actual flower phenotype would not be achieved as it is. In this review, we concentrate on mechanical forces that occur at the microscopic level and determine the fate of the flower shape by the physical constraints on meristems at an early stage of development. We thus highlight the generative role of mechanical forces over the floral phenotype and underline our general view of flower development as the sum of interactions of known physiological and genetic processes, together with physical aspects and mechanical events that are entangled towards the shaping of the mature flower.